自考英美文学选读(英国篇
自考《英美文学选读》(英)现代文学时期(2)-2
自考《英美文学选读》（英）现代文学时期（2）-2二。
识记1. Shaw’s reform ideas：He regarded the establishment of socialism by the emancipation of land and industrial capital from individual and class ownership as the final goal. But on how to achieve it，he differed greatly from the Marxists. He was against the means of violent revolution or armed struggle in achieving the goal of socialism; he also had a distrust of the uneducated working class in fighting against capitalists. This reformist view of his caused him a painful，often conscious，inner conflict between his sincere desire for the new world and his inability to break out of the snobbish intellectual isolation throughout his life and work.2. His major works：Shaw wrote five novels in all the best of which is Cashel Byron’s Profession (1886)，which is about a world-famous prize fighter marrying a priggishly refined lady of property. His criticism is entitled Our Theaters in the Nineties (1931)。
自考《英美文学选读》（英）文艺复兴时期（4）
IV. Francis Bacon 1. ⼀般识记Brief Introduction English Renaissance philosopher， essayist， statesman， born in London， England， Jan 22，1561 and died in London， April 9 1626. One of the outstanding figures of the Renaissance， Bacon made important contributions to several fields. His chief interest were science philosophy， but he was also a distinguished man of letters & held several high governmental positions during the reign of king JamesⅠ。
He was one of the earliest & most eloquent spokesmen for experimental science. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking & fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. 2. 识记His works As an author， Bacon is most famous for his Essays， which deal with such subjects as honor， friendship， love， & riches. Written in a terse， polished style， with many learned allusions & metaphors， the essays rank with the finest in English literature. Bacon’s other important literary works include The New Atlantis， an account of an ideal society & an imaginary voyage， & The History of the Reign of King Henry Ⅶ， a perceptive psychological study of Henry’s mind & characters. His works can be divided into three groups： First group： The Advancement of Learning （1605） Novum Organum （1620）（Latin version） Second group： Essays Apophthagmes New & Old （1605） The History of the Reign of Henry Ⅶ（1622） The New Atlantis （unfinished） Third group： Maxims of Law The Learned Reading upon the Stature of Uses （1642） 3. 领会 His Major Works Essays The term "essay" was borrowed from Montaigne’s Essais， which appeared from 1580 to 1588. Bacon learned from Montaigne， the first great modern essayist， the economic & flexible way of writing. However， as a practical & prudential man， he intends to write for the ambitious Elizabethan & Jacobean youth of his class & tell them how to be efficient & make their way in public life. Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity， compactness & powerfulness. The essays are well arranged & enriched by Biblical allusions， Metaphors & cadence. 4. 领会His achievements As a literary man， Bacon is the first English essayist， whose Essays won him a high place in the history of English literature. As a philosopher， he is the founder of English materialistic philosophy. He advocates the inductive method of reasoning. In his famous plea for progress， Bacon demands three things： 1） the free investigation of nature， 2） the discovery of facts instead of the blind belief in theories 3） the verification of results by experiment rather than by argument. In our day， these are the ABC of science， but in Bacon’s time they were revolutionary， Marx called him "the real father of English materialism & experimental science of modern times in general." 5. 应⽤ Of Studies Of Studies is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for， the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies， & how studies exert influence over human character. Forceful & persuasive， compact & precise， Of Studies reveals to us Bacon’s mature attitude towards learning. Bacon’s language isneat， priest， & weighty. It is some what affected， like the water in the reservoir， restricted & confined. V. John Donne 1.⼀般识记 Donne & the Metaphysical Poetry John Donne： English poet & Clergyman， born in London， England， 1572， and died in London， Mar. 31 1631. Donne is the leading figure of the 17th-century "metaphysical school." His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibiting a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences & attitudes， & a free range of feelings & attitudes， & a free range of feelings & moods. The mode is dynamic rather than static， with ingenuity of speech，vividness of imagery & vitality of rhythms， which show a notable contrast to the other Elizabethan lyric poems， which are pure， serene， tuneful， & smooth running. The most striking feature of Donne’s poetry is precisely its tang of reality， in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world. "Metaphysical Poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellions spirit， the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan Love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with echoes the words & cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved， with God， or with himself. George Herbert， Andrew Marvell， Richard Crashaw， Henry Vaughan， Abraham Cowley， & Thomas Traherne are also considered to be metaphysical poets. They wrote on a variety of religious & secular themes， & to express their ideas， they used startling， highly imaginative comparisons known as conceits. A conceit is a combination of thoughts or images that are not usually associated with one another. The finest works of the metaphysical poets combine intellectual subtlety with great emotional power. The poems reflect a broad knowledge of science， art， & other branches of learning. At the same time， metaphysical poems express an intense awareness of common human feelings & experiences， such as jealousy， the loss of religious faith， the complexities of love & the fear of death. Although the imagery of metaphysical poetry is frequently strained， the language is often as natural & direct as ordinary speech. 2.识记His major works In his life， Donne wrote a large number of poems & prose works， His poems are especially admired for their unique combination of passionate feeling & intellectual wit. Many of his poems rank with the finest in the English language. Among his most famous works are the poems Death Be Not Proud， "Go & Catch a Falling Star，" The Ecstacy， & A Valediction Forbidding Mourning. Most of The Elegies & Satires & a good many of The Songs & Sonnets were written in the early period. He wrote prose works mainly in the later period. His sermons， which are very famous， reveal his spiritual devotion to God as a passionate preacher. His works are classified as songs & sonnets， epistles， elegies， & satires. When read in chronological order， the poems reveal his development from "Gay Jack Donne，" a reckless & cynical youth， to Dean John Donne， a man devoted to God. Donne’s great prose works are his sermons， which are both rich & imaginative， exhibiting the same kind of physical vigor & scholastic complexity as his poetry. For example， the well-known Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions （1623-1624）。
自考英美文学选读-(中英文对照)
Part one: English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
自考《英美文学选读》(英)现代文学时期(2)-1
自考《英美文学选读》（英）现代文学时期（2）-1三。
应用：1. What is Modernism?Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all creative arts，originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided the greatest renaissance of the 20th century. After the First World War，all kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared：symbolism，expressionism，surrealism，cubism，futurism，Dadaism，imagism and stream of consciousness. Towards the 1920s，these trends converged into a mighty torrent of modernist movement，which swept across the whole Europe and America. It has also been called “the tradition of the new”-a conscious rejection of established rules，traditions and conventions，and “the dehumanization of art”-pushing into the background traditional notions of the individual and society. The major figures that were associated with Modernism were Kafka，Picasso，Pound，Webern，Eliot，Joyce and Virginia Woolf. Modernism was somewhat curbed in the 1930s. But after the Second World War，a variety of modernism，or post-modernism，like existentialist literature，theater of the absurd，new novels and black humor，rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that “the world was absurd，and the human life was an agony.”Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted，alienated and ill relationships between man and nature，man and society，man and man，and man and himself. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public，more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. By advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation，Modernism casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story，plot，character，chronological narration，etc.，which are essential to realism. As a result，the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel，anti-poetry and anti-drama.2. The basic philosophy or characteristics of Modernism in literature：Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. One characteristic of English Modernism is “the dehumanization of art”. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted，alienated and ill relationships between man and nature，man and society，man and man，and man and himself. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public，more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. Therefore，they pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. In their writings，the past，the present and the future are mingled together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.Modernism is，in many aspects，a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism，which is the theoretical base of realism; it excludes from its major concern the external，objective，material world，which is the only creative source of realism; by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation，it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story，plot，character，chronological narration，etc.，which are essential to realism. As a result，the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel，anti-poetry and anti-drama.I. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)一。
自考英美文学选读_第一章_文艺复兴时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第一章文艺复兴时期文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。
一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。
它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。
文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。
地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。
因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。
文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。
乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。
好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。
著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。
后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。
然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。
在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。
基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。
自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。
英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。
这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。
但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。
人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。
人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。
通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。
2021年自考《英美文学选读》(英)新古典主义时期：Alexander pope
2021年自考《英美文学选读》（英）新古典主义时期：Alexander popeII. Alexander pope1. 一般识记His life & careerEnglish poet & satirist，born in London，England，May 21，1688，died in Twickenham，England May 30，1744.Pope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. He wrote witty & polished verses ridiculing the behavior of his day. Pope’s mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. He made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. His Dunciad is a scathing attack on dullness & pedantry in literature. He also composed verse essays on philosophy，literature，& criticism. In An Essay on Man，he brilliantly expressed the philosophical trends & concepts of his age.2. 识记Pope’s literally outlookAs a representative of the Enlightenment，Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism，emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order，reason，logic，restrained emotion，good taste & decorum. According to Pope，almost every genre of literature should have some fixed laws & rules. Prose should be precise，direct，smooth & flexible，Poetry should be lyrical，epical，didactic，satiric or dramatic，& drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time，space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to，& type characters rather than individuals should be represented.3. 识记His major works1) The Rape of the LockA delightful burlesque of epic poetry，it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem is based on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady’s hair.2) An Essay on CriticismHis first important work，An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work，he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste，common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style，hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.3) The DunciadGenerally conside red Pope’s best satiric work，The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general，& in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope’s enemies，are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack.Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government，social morals，education & even religion，is expertly exposed & satirized.4. 领会His language stylePope’s works are still enjoyed for their sp arkling wit，good sense & charm of expression. After Shakespeare，he is the most widely quoted poet in English literature. He workedpainstakingly on his poems，developed a satiric，concise，smooth，graceful &well-balanced style.5. 应用Selected ReadingsAn Excerpt from Part 2 of An Essay on Criticism.An Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets. It consists of 744 lines &is divided into three parts. It sums up the art of poetry as up held & practiced by the ancients like Aristotle，Horace，Boileau，etc. & the eighteenth century European classicists.In Part 2，Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language but to pay special attention to True wit which is best set in a plain style.。
自考《英美文学选读》（英）浪漫主义时期（2）
⼆该时期的重要作家 I. William Blake 1.⼀般识记： His life English poet， artist， & philosopher， born in London England， Nov 28， 1757， and died in London， Aug12，1827. Blake made distinguished contributions to both Literature & art. He ranks with great poets in the English language & may be considered the earliest of the major English Romantic poets. His poems range from lyrics of childlike simplicity to mystical or prophetic works of great complexity. As an artist he is best known for his engravings， which are among the masterpieces of graphic art. 2. 识记 His political， religious & literary views Blake never tried to fit into the world； he was a rebel innocently & completely all his life. He was politically of the permanent left & mixed a good deal with the radicals like Thomas Paine& William Godwin. Like Shelley， Blake strongly criticized the capitalists'' cruel exploitation， saying that the "dark satanic mills left men unemployed， killed children & forced prostitution." Meanwhile he cherished great expectations & enthusiasm for the French Revolution， & regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet， showing contempt for the rule of reason， opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century & treasuring the individual''s imagination. 3. 领会 His poems （1） Early works The Songs of Innocence （1809） is a lovely volume of poems， presenting a happy & innocent world， though not without its evils & sufferings. For instance， " Holy Thursday" with its vision of charity children lit " with a radiance all their own" reminds us terribly of a world of loss & institutional cruelty. The wretched child described in " The Chimney Sweeper，" orphaned， exploited， yet touched by visionary rapture， evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. His Songs of Experience （1794） paints a different world， a world of misery，poverty， disease， war & repression with a melancholy tone. The benighted England becomes the world of the dark wood & of the weeping prophet. The orphans of " Holy Thursday" are now "fed with cold & usurious hand." The little chimneysweeper sings "notes of woe" while his parents go to church & praise "God & his Priest & King"——the very instruments of their repression. In "London"， the city is no longer a paradise， but becomes the seat of poverty & despair，of man alienated from his true self. Blake''s Marriageof Heaven & Hell （1790） marks his entry into maturity. The poem was composed during the climax of the French Revolution & it plays the double role both as a satire & a revolutionary prophecy. In this poem， Blake explores the relationship of the contraries. Attraction & repulsion， reason & energy， love & hate，are necessary to human existence. Life is a continual conflict of give & take， a pairing of opposites， of good & evil， of innocence & experience， of body & soul. "Without contraries，" Blake states， "there is no progression." The "marriage，" to Blake， means the reconciliation of the contraries， not the subordination of the one to the other. （2） Later works In his later period， Blake wrote quite a few prophetic books， which reveal him as the prophet of universal political & spiritual freedom and show the poet himself as the spokesman of revolt. The major ones are： The Book ofUrizen（1794），The Book of Los（1795）。
自考《英美文学选读》(英)现代文学时期(1)-3
自考《英美文学选读》（英）现代文学时期（1）-3二。
领会：1.Modern English poetry：It is，in some sense，a revolution against the conventional ideas and forms of the Victorian poetry. The modernist poets fought against the romantic fuzziness and self-indulged emotionalism，advocating new ideas in poetry- writing such as to use the language of common speech，to create new rhythms as the expression of a new mood，to allow absolute freedom in choosing subjects，and to use hard，clear and precise images in poems.2. Modern English novels：The first three decades of 20th century were golden years of the modernist novel. In stimulating the technical innovations of novel creation，the theory of the Freudian and Jungian psycho-analysis played a particularly important role. With the notion that multiple levels of consciousness existed simultaneously in the human mind，that one’s present was the sum of his past，present and future，and that the whole truth about human beings existed in the unique，isolated，and private world of each individual，writers like Dorothy Richardson，James Joyce and Virginia Woolf concentrated all their efforts on digging into the human consciousness. They had created unprecedented stream-of-consciousness novels such as Pilgrimage by Richardson，Ulysses (1922) by Joyce，and Mrs. Dalloway (1925) by Woolf. One of the remarkable features of their writings was their continuous experimentation on new and sophisticated techniques in novel writing，which made tremendous impacts on the creation of both realistic and modernist novels in this century.James Joyce is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist; in Ulysses，his encyclopedia-like masterpiece，Joyce presents a fantastic picture of the disjointed，illogical，illusory，and mental- emotional life of Leopold Bloom，who becomes the symbol of everyman in the post-World-War-ⅠEurope.In the works of E. M. Forster and D. H. Lawrence，old traditions are still there，but their subject matter about human relationships and their symbolic or psychological presentations of the novel are entirely modern. Forster’s masterpiece，A Passage to India (1924)，is a novel of decidedly symbolist aspirations，in which the author set up，within a realistic story，a fable of moral significance that implies a highly mystical，symbolic view of life，death，human relationship，and the relationship of man with the infinite universe. D. H. Lawrence is regarded as revolutionary as Joyce in novel writing; but unlike Joyce，he was not concerned with technical innovations; his interest lay in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature. He believed that life impulse was the primacy of man’s instinct，and that any conscious repression of such an impulse would cause distortion or perversion of the individual’s personality. In his best novels like The Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1920)，Lawrence made a bold psychological exploration of various human relationships，especially those between men and women，with a great frankness Lawrence claimed that the alienation of the human relationships and the perversion of human nature in the modern society were caused by the desires for power and money，by the shams and frauds of middle-class life，and，above all，by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization，which turned men into inhuman machines.After the Second World War，modernism had another upsurge with the rise ofexistentialism which was reflected mainly in drama.[Nextpage]3. The development of 20th century English drama：The most celebrated dramatists in the last decade of the 19th century were Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw，who，in a sense，pioneered the modern drama，though they did not make so many innovations in techniques and forms as modernist poets or novelists. Wilde expressed a satirical and bitter attitude towards the upper-class people by revealing their corruption，their snobbery，and their hypocrisy in his plays，especially in his masterpiece，The Importance-of Being Earnest (1895)。
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The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期Beowulf 《贝奥武夫》：第一部最古老、最长的较完整的文学作品The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》小说集，描写了各行各业中的人物形象Italy 三方面：painting+sculputre+literature主要作家：William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》（1）手法：pun 双关（“Not on thy sole,but on thy soul,harsh Jew /Thou mak ’st thy knife keen.”“狠心的犹太人,你不是在鞋口上磨刀,而是在你的心口上磨刀”）（2）主人公名字：安东尼奥Antonio 巴萨尼奥Bassanio 鲍西亚Portia 犹太人Jews 夏洛克Shylock 生平2long poems 154sonnets38playsVenus and Adonis 《维纳斯与安东尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece 《鲁克丽丝受辱记》四大喜剧A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》（1）手法：soliloquy 独白（“To be,or not to be —that is the question ”）（2）The first and the most popular play of Shakespeare十四行诗（18）（1）起源Italy引入英国的人Wyatt 华埃特（2）经典名句：“Shall I compare thee to a summer ’s day?”我可能把你和夏天相比拟？（3）修辞：Personification 拟人手法（4）主题：美好夏日通常短暂，但诗歌之美却能永存。
A nice summer's day is usually transient,but the beauty in poetry can last forever 四大悲剧哈罗李白Macbeth 《麦克白》King Lear 《李尔王》Othello 《奥赛罗》Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》四个时期学徒期：5部历史剧、4部戏剧个性期巅峰期：悲剧、悲喜剧（黑色喜剧）晚年期5部历史、6部喜剧剧2部悲剧：Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》表达乐观情绪：optimistic 运用反讽刺手法：irony 浪漫悲喜剧：The Tempest 《暴风雨》最后两部剧：《亨利八世》、《两位贵族亲戚》✓John Milton 约翰·弥尔顿失乐园Paradise Lost（1）关键人物：Santan(撒旦)Adam(亚当)Eve(夏娃)（2）灵感来源：the Old Testament 旧约（3）主题：“人类的沉沦”——Fall of ManChristian humanism 基督教人文主义Samson Agonistes 力士参孙灵感来源：古希腊悲剧Greek其他作家●斯宾塞Edmund Spenser（1）作品：仙后（The Faerie Queene ）（2）情节：chivalry 骑士精神（骑士公主打恶龙）（3）选段提问：骑士胸前有血十字，代表垂死的主dying lord ——耶稣Jesus●马洛Christopher Marlowe（1）作品：The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 浮士德博士的悲剧（2）情节：浮士德博士用灵魂从魔鬼手中换取24年时间。
——Time（3）作品：The Passionate shepherd to His Love 激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘（4）关键词：shepherd 牧羊人Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》晚期：写巨作（写神明）great poems 生平Paradise regained 《复乐园》早期：要写诗（没故事）Lycidas 《利西达斯》中期：写册子（搞革命）Areopagitica 《论出版自由》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》●培根Francis Bacon（1）作品：Novum Organum新工具（2）特点：拉丁文书写Latin讲述方法论Methodology（3）作品：Of Studies论学习（4）选段关键词：Reading Books●邓恩John Donne（1）玄学派诗歌Metaphysical Poetry（2）作品：Death,Be Not Proud死神，你休要得意The Neoclassical Period新古典时期1.The Neoclassical Period新古典主义时期18th Century——Reason从英王查理二世复辟开始到浪漫主义时期为止。
中间发生了大火灾（Fire）和瘟疫（Plague）。
英国中产阶级笃信self-reliance自力更生self-restraint自我克制hard work努力工作。
2.启蒙运动the enlightenmentFrance→the whole Europereason equality and science3.新古典主义规定散文要精确，直接，灵活和流畅。
being precisebeing directbeing flexible4.新古典主义时期末期出现的新小说形式：Gothic Novels哥特式小说（内容恐怖、暴力）主要作家：✓Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福(1)写了很多政治小册子《成为异教徒的捷径》The Shortest Way with the Dissenters（身陷囹吾）《地地道道的英国人》The True-born Englishman（成为国王的好朋友friendship with the king）鲁滨逊漂流记Robinson Crusoe national spirit---adventure story（1）特点：第一人称（2）主人公形象：typical English middle -class man+prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonist.典型的十八世纪英国中产阶级人士，也是帝国建造者或先驱殖民者的原型故事简介：(1)出海：on sail(2)遇到海难帆船：perils of the sea(3)漂至一片孤岛：floating to an islet(4)从此在岛上挣扎生存了24年：since then,he has struggled for 24years on the islet(5)救了星期五：saved Friday(6)最后获救返回英国：finally rescused and returned to England(7)种植园发家致富：plantations grow richJonathan Swift 乔纳森·斯威夫特特点：讽刺satire 爱尔兰民族英雄——抵制copper coin 写作特点：a good style as proper words in proper places 在恰当的地方使用恰当的语言作品Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》描写大瘟疫的作品：A Journal of the Plague Year 《大疫年日记》底层人士故事Lover class people作品The Battle of the Books 《书籍的战斗》A Tale of a Tub 《桶的故事》小说Colonel Jack 《杰克上校》Moll Flanders 《摩尔·弗兰》Roxana 《罗克查娜》讽刺巨作a perfect model ：A Modest Proposal 《一个温和的建议》针对腐败的两片讽刺文章讽刺宗教和学术界Drapier （假名）——copper coin 1724✓Henry Fielding 亨利·菲尔丁aristocratic 旧贵族家庭1.生平the father of English Novels 英国小说之父（1）26plays（2）他对文学的最大贡献是他创作的现实主义小说modern novel（3）为现代小说确立了结构与风格the first to give the modernnovel its structure and style 散文喜剧史诗comic epic in prose（4）第三人称叙述方式Tom Jones 《汤姆·琼斯》（1）每一卷第一章是一篇独立散文，大都是文论性质，阐述作者对现实主义文学的见解（2）菲尔丁被誉为“散文荷马”Prose Homer其他作家●班扬John Bunyan天路历程The Pilgrim's ProgressChristian,Faithful and Pliable are the literary figures in it●蒲伯Alexander Pope rationalism 理性主义第一个传入英国The Dunciad 愚人志An Essay On Man 《说教师》运用Heroic couplet 英雄双韵体Pasquin 《巴斯昆》Houyhnhnms 慧烟国Flying Island 飞岛国Brobdingnag 大人国Lilliput 小人国The History of Amelia 《阿米亚的故事》:unfortunate life of an idealized womanGulliver's Travels 格列佛游记greatest satiricThe Tragedy of Tragedies 《悲剧的悲剧》Tom Jones 《汤姆·琼斯》作品The Coffee-House Politician 《咖啡馆的政客》The Romantic Period 浪漫时期(1)开始于1798华兹华斯和柯勒律治《抒情歌谣集》。
结束于1832沃尔特·司各特去世及议会第一个提案通过。
(2)In the Romantic period,poetry is the most prosperous literary form.浪漫主义时期，诗歌是最繁荣的文学形式。
(3)A rebellion against the neoclassical literature,which was later regarded as the poetic revolution 反对新古典主义的运动被称为诗界革命。