(完整word版)语言学练习二第2次作业 Microsoft Word 文档
(完整word版)Chapter-2-Phonology-音系学(现代语言学)
Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学1.The phonic medium of language 语言的声音媒介Linguists are not interested in all sounds ；they are concerned with only those sounds that are produced by the human speech organs in so far as they have a role to play in linguistic communication .These sounds are limited in number .This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language ;and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.语言学家也并不是对所有的声音感兴趣，他们只关注那些在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的那些声音.这些声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限,但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的声音媒介，凡是在这个范围的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
2.Phonetics 语音学2.1What is phonetics？什么是语音学？it is concerned with all the sound that occur in the world’s languages.它的主要研究对象是世界上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音。
These three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics， and acoustic phonetics respectively。
语言学第二章作业
Unit 2 The Sounds of EnglishI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1 Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recentlythe most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics2. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.3 sound(p)in the word “spit” is an inspirited stop4. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.5 super segmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of unitslarger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence6. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting onesound for another result in a change of meaning.7 The airstream provided by the lungs has undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound8. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segmentwhich occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.9 Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and donot contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce different word, but merely a different pronunciation10. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.11. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence oftwo or more phonemic segments.12. [i:] and [i] are allophones of the same phoneme.13. Not all English phonemes have allophones.Note: /N/ and /j/ occur in one single position and therefore do not have allophones.14. The same set of vowels is used in all languages.15. All syllables must contain at least one vowel.Note: Some syllables may contain no vowels. They may, instead, employ some syllabic consonant, as in people and muscle.16. The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English.17. English is a tone language.Note: Chinese is a tone language.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.2 A _________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing thesounds of speech3 P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.4 speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.There movements have an effect on the a__________ coming from the lungs5 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantcavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.6 Consonant sounds can be either v ________ or v________, while all vowel sounds arev__________7 T_______ is pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <! [endif]>8 The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the t _________and the lips9 Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds ofStress: word stress and s_________ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:10p ____________ is the smallest linguisticIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1 Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A [z] B[w] C[b] D[v]2 Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3 The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal4 which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A [if:] B[u] C [e] D[i:]5 __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/6 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a featureof a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar7 Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and theycan distinguish meaning, they are said to beA. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair8 Pitch variation is known as ________when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A intonationB toneC pronunciationD voice9 The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodentals fricative10 which branch of phonetics concern the production of speech sounds?A caustic phoneticsB articulatory phoneticsC auditory phoneticsD neither of themIV. Define the terms below:1. Free variation2. Allophone3 International Phonetic Alphabet4 intonation5. sonority scale6 phonemic contrast7 minimal pair8 rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex­ amples for illustration if necessary:1 what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?2 What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?3. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.4. What does speech sounds for human being?5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?6. A phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of distinctive features. For example, /p/ is defined as composed of such distinctive features as[plosive]+[bi-labial]+[breathed] because each of them can distinguish /p/ from some other phonemes. However, the property of aspiration contained in the allophone [ph] does not distinguish meaning and therefore is not a distinctive feature in this case.ASK:(1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?(2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /F/ (b) /k/ (c) /n/7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing words but are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign” or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k] park[tif] √[lkib] √ Initial [l] must precede a vowel.a. [ŋa:f]b. [ski:]c.[knait]d.[meij]e.[blaft]8. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, English songs, and presidentialaddressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming.Unit 2 The Sounds of EnglishAnswer:I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1F 2F 3T 4F 5T 6T 7T 8F 9T 10 T 11 T 12F 13 T 14 T 15.F 16. F 17.F 18. FII.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 intonation 2articulatory 3 Phonology4 airstream5 oral 6voiced; voiceless;voiced7 tone 8 tongue 9 sentence10 phonemesIII.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement1 B 2.C 3.A 4 B 5.B 6 D 7A 8A 9D 10 BIV. Define the terms below:1 free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units ofmeaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth­er morphemes.2 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of that phoneme.3 International phonetic alphabet: t is a standardized and internationally accepted systemof phonetic transcription.4 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.5 sonority scale:the sonority scale works in the combination of consonant .the degreeof sonority of different classes of sound affects their possible positions in the syllable. vowels are the most sonorous ones and approximants, nasals and fricatives follow vowels. stops are the least sonorous ones6phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes.If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.7 minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 rounded vowel: one of the criteria used in the classification of vowels is the shapeof the lips. If a vowel is pronounced with the lips rounded, then the vowel in question is a rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex­ amples for illustration if necessary:1what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable, for words of more than one syllable, one is more stressed than the other .the more stressed syllable is the primary wile the less stressed syllable is known as the secondary stress2. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.3 Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import andimport. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun anda phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the Englishcompounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is aparticular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronouncedWith greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3)English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spokenin different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is astraight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes aquestion of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.4. What does speech sounds for human being?Human being are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of there sounds have become units in the language sysem, there units are called speech sounds for human being5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme , or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substitutingone sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.6. (1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?[voiced](2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /F/ [fricative] + [voiceless] + [palatal](b) /k/ [velar]+[voiceless]+[plosive](c) /n/ [nasal]+[voiced] +[alveolar]7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing wordsbut are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign”or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k][tif][lkib]a. [ŋa:f] √ [N] must occur after a vowel.b. [ski:] skic.[knait] √d.[meij] √ [j] must occur initially before avowel.e.[blaft] √8. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, Englishsongs, and presidential addressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming.OmitCopyright (C) 2009 南京农业大学外国。
(完整word版)语言学课后练习参考答案
胡壮麟语言学复习及答案Chapter I Introductionl.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8 .F 9.T 10.F11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F19.F 20.FI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.T2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.F3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.F4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. T5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. T6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. F7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. T8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.F9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. T10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. F11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. T12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. T13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. T14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. T15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. T16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. F17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.T18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some pointin time. F19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. F20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.FII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24.arbitrary25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive30. scientific (or systematic)21. Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the pheno广告网址n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.D31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36.Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied… pragmaticD.semantic and linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediatesituations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BIV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics 48.Morphology 49.Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52.Arbitrariness 53 Productivity 54.Displacement 55.Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue 60 ParoleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance ?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T8.F 9.T 10.F11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F19.F 20.FII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive30. scientific (or systematic)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.DIV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It meansthat there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker 55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are.The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.1) ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number.The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before.Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk aboutanything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand competence and performance?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The twoelements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.Chapter 2：Phonology l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. T2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. F3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.F4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. F5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.T6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. T7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. F8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. F9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. T10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.F11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. F 12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. T13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.F14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. F15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.F16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. F17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. T18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast. F19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are languagespecific. T20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation 31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentence21. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22．A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.24． Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. <![endif]>27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with thediacritics is called n_________ transcription.30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31．P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity. 33．T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]>34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.D35． Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38． The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme 44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD.allophones <![endif]>IV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast55. tone 56. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation 31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.DIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is nota sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages 51. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.52. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.53. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking。
语言学练习第二章
Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of English consonants :[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [ ] voiced bilabial stop[ ] voiceless alveolar stop [ ] voiced alveolar stop[ ] voiceless velar stop [ ] voiced velar stop[ ] bilabial nasal [ ] alveolar nasal[ ] velar nasal [ ] voiceless postalveolar affricate [ ] voiced postalveolar affricate [ ] alveolar lateral[ ] voiceless labioldental fricative[ ] voiced labioldental fricative[ ] voiceless dental fricative[ ] voiced dental fricative[ ] voiceless alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar trill[ ] voiceless post-alveolar fricative[ ] voiced post-alveolar fricative [ ] glottal fricative[ ] bilabial approximant [ ] palatal approximantII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 2．A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are allb_______ sounds.4．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.6．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. <![endif]>7．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.9．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics iscalled n_________ transcription.10．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.11．P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.13． T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]> 14．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.15．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative16. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features17. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme18．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones19．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal21．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/22．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature ofa sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similarChoose the best answer:1. Pitch variation is known as ____when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonationB.toneC. pronunciationD.voice2. Conventionally a ____is put in slashes.A.allophoneB.phoneC. phonemeD.morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ___ of the p phoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC. morphemeD.allophones4. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.A. minimal pairsB. alloorphsC. phonesD.allophones5. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds.A. acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC. auditory phoneticsD.neither of them6. which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [θ]D.[v]7. which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D.[p]8. which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[i:]9. what kind of sounds are made when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. voicelessB. voicedC. glottal stopD.consonant10. which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D.[s]True or false:1. of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2. sound [p] in the word “ spit” is an unaspirated stop.3. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4. the airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.5. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a different pronunciation..6. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.7.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.8.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and code.9. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glide take place.10. according to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11. received pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. phonology2. phoneme3.allophone4. acoustic phonetics5.. international phonetic alphabet6. intonation7.. phonetics8.auditoryphonetics 9.phone 10 tone 11. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?2. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?3. What are the major differences between phonology and phone? 音韵学和语音学4. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.5. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?（资料素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。
语言学导论作业答案
语言学导论作业答案第一次作业答案Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?D：MeaningfulnessIf a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______.C：descriptiveThe distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.错误Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.正确Modern linguistics regards the written language as _____.C：secondaryA diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.错误Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.错误Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _____ and meanings.B：soundsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.B：True_____ is the study of meaning in language.D:SemanticsThe branch of linguistic study called _____ is concerned with how speakers use the sentences of a language to achieve effective and successful communication.B:pragmaticsWhen language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas, it serves a _____ function.D:phaticBy _____, we mean language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.C:displacementLanguage serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feeling or attitude in the hearer.C:emotiveForeign language learners' errors may be caused by ________.D:all the above threeWhich one of the following statements does not account for the primacy of speech over writing in linguistic analysis? _______B:Speech is more complex than writing.A ______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.C:stem_____ studies the changes in language and language use with respect to social factors.A:Sociolinguistics_____ are produced when the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate ant the back of the throat and the air is allowed to pass through it.C:NasalsOf the following sounds, ______ is a rounded vowel.B: [u:]Which of the following statements is FALSE:A : Language is just for communication.There are ______ morphemes in the word "policemen".B:threeThe syllabic structure of the word "children" is ______.A:CVCCVC第二次作业答案Some languages are inferior, or superior, to other languages.正确答案：错误For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction on the part of adults.正确答案：正确Observations of children in different language areas of the world reveal that the developmental stages are similar, possibly universal, whatever the nature of the input.正确答案：正确Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.正确答案：正确A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.正确答案：错误Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.正确答案：错误The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.正确答案：错误Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages.正确答案：错误Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.正确答案：错误The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.正确答案：正确Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.正确答案：正确Hyponymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.正确答案：错误“Smog” is a word formed by the word-forming process called acronymy.正确答案：错误Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.正确答案：错误Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.正确答案：错误What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.正确答案：正确The Cooperative Principle is advanced by Paul Grice.正确答案：正确The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by Halliday.正确答案：错误Componential analysis is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.正确答案：正确“alive” and “dead” are complementary antonyms.正确答案：正确第三次作业答案1 Morphemes that may constitute words by themselves are ______. Free morphemes or Content morphemes2 Words which consist more than one free morphemes are called _____. transparent words3 Morphemes that can not occur alone are called _________. bound morphemes4 A ____ is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity Root5 ______ affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to. Inflectional6 An ______ is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Affix7 A ____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added. Stem8 The word "brunch" is formed by way of _____ from "breakfast" and "lunch". Clipping9 ______ is a branch of linguistics which studies teh internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology10 _______ is the study of teh formation of sentences in a language. Syntax11 The _______ relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent. Paradigmatic 12 "Poor John" and "ran away" are the _____ constituents of the sentence "Poor John ran away". Immediate13 The phrase "on the shelf" is an ______ construction. pp （prepositional phrase）14 Michael A. K. Halliday has developed the ______ grammar. TG15 The transformational-generative grammar was proposed by the American linguist Noam ______. Chomsky in 195716 "WTO" is an ______ made up from teh first letters of the name of the organization "World Trade Organization". Acronyms17 ____ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content. Word第四次作业答案The statement "His car is yellow" entails the statement "He has a car". 正确答案：错误All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. 正确答案：正确In first language acquisition, imitation plays ___. A：a minor role B：a significant role C：a basic role D：no role 正确答案：A_____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A：Words B：Morphemes C：Phonemes D：Sentences 正确答案：BBound morphemes are those that ____. A：have to be used independently B：can not be combined with other morphemes C：can stand as words on their own D：have to be combined with other morphemes 正确答案：DThe meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _____. A：lexical B：morphemic C：grammatical D：semantic 正确答案：CA ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A：back B：central C：front D：middle 正确答案：CSense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. 正确答案：错误The sound /f/ is ____. A：voiced palatal affricate B：voiced alveolar stop C：voiceless velar fricative D：voiceless labiodental fricative 正确答案：DSince /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _____. A：in phonemic contrast B：in complementary distribution C：the allophones D：minimal pair 正确答案：A The assimilati on rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ______. A：identical B：same C：exactly alike D：similar 正确答案：D____ is a voiced alveolar stop. A：/z/ B：/d/ C：/k/ D：/b/ 正确答案：BThe sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A：voiceless B：voiced C：vowel D：consonantal 正确答案：AAccording to Grice’s theory, a conversational implicature arises when the cooperative principle and its maxims are _______. A:strictly observed B:secretly and deliberately violated C:blatantly or apparently violated D:Both A and B 正确答案：CTeaching culture in our language classes can _______. A:get the students familiar with cultural differences B:help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will C:emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices D:All of the above. 正确答案：DWhich of the following statements about machine translation is likely to be wrong? _______. A: Machine translation has always been a chief concern in computational linguistics. B:There are areas where machine translation surpasses human translations. C:Sooner orlater, machine translation will replace human translation completely. D:In some areas, human translations surpasses machine translation. 正确答案：CWhich of the following qualities is not the requirement of a good test? _______. A:Objectivity B:Reliability C:Validity D:Both A and C 正确答案：AMany Chinese English learners may, at the beginning stage, produce “mans” and “photoes” as the plural forms of “man” and “photo”. This is most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning. A:Negative transfer B:Overgeneralization C:Positive transfer D:mother tongue interference 正确答案：BThe relation between the two words “buy” and “sell” can be described as____. A: gradable antonymy B:converse antonymy C:complementary antonymy D:synonymy 正确答案：B_______are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words. A:Roots B:Stems C:Affixes D:Compounds 正确答案：CThe syllabic structure of the word “achieved” is ______. A:VCCVCC B:VCVCC C:VCVVCVCD:VCCVCVC正确答案：BThe Cooperative Principle that language users are believed to follow was initially proposed by_________. A:Grice B: Austin C:Chomsky D:Saussure 正确答案：ALanguage serves the _______ function when it is used to talk about languageitself. A:recreational B:metalingual C:phatic D:performativ e 正确答案：B。
语言学练习（一,二）
语言学练习（一,二）Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 2Multiple choices (3*15=45?)1. Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe English consonants?A. voicelessB. oralC. alveolarD. lateral2. Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?A. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeB. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.C. Allophones distinguish meaning.D. Allophones are language-specific.3. The word _____ contains a high vowel.A. matB. mudC. dotD. boot4. Phoneticians adopt the following standards in describing English consonants. Which of the following is NOT correct about [s] sound?A. fricativeB. voicelessC. alveolarD. affricate5. The syllabic structure of “blade” can be described as______.A. CCVCB. CCVCVC. CVCD. CVCV6. _______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. AssimilationD. Metathesis7. Assimilation includes the following phenomena except________.A. nasalizationB. palatalizationC. dentalizationD. transmutation8. Which of the following statements is correct? ( )A. Diacritics added to letter-symbols bring out finer distinctions than the letters alone can do.B. The lips are the most flexible part in articulation, only secondary to tongue.C. The [e] sound in English is a front, semi-close, unrounded, tense vowel.D. Minimal pairs are created in order to show the distinctive value of one phone.9. Which is not a suprasegmental feature? ( )A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. conjuncture10. About phone, phoneme and allophone, which statement is wrong? ( )A. Phones are speech sounds we actually hear and produce during linguistic communication.B. Phones do not necessarily have distinctive values but phonemes do.C. Allophones in some cases also have distinctive values.D. Phones in complementary distribution are not necessarily allophones.11. Which one is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [?]C. [e]D. [I]12. _____ doesn?t form a minimal pair.A. meter-metreB. ill-isC. pad-patD. ton-tongue13. Conventionally, a ____ is put in slashes (/ /). A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme14. In the word______, [l] is velarized.A. leadB. stealC. lethalD. glide15. There are ____ syllables and _____ phonemes in the wordgentlemanly.A. 4, 9B. 3, 10C. 4, 10D. 3, 9Blank-filling (2*10=20?)16. If a sound can be a substitute for the other in a word in the same environment without changing the meaning, the two sounds are in__________ _________ (two words).17. The maximal numbers of consonants in coda position and onset position are respectively _____ and_____ (e.g. ________ and _______).18. The [g] sound is silent in design and paradigm but present in their corresponding forms signature and paradigmatic. This is due to a _______ rule which could be stated as: when occurring before a final consonant, a[g] sound is not pronounced.19. In terms of places of articulation, [θ] and [e ] can be classified into the category _______.20. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit which has distinctive value.21. When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be _______. True or false (T for true and F for false 1*10=10?)22. Linguists are concerned with all the sounds produced by the human speech organs. ( )23. English has four basic types of intonation. ( )24. Suprasegmental features cannot distinguish meaning. ( )25. Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not. ( )26. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception ofspeech sounds. ( )27. The stress can be laid on different syllables of a word, resulting in different meanings. ( )28. Because of assimilation, the negative forms of legal and possible are illegal and impossible. ( )29. All vowels are voiceless. ( )30. [m] sound is both a labiodental and a nasal. ( )31. The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. ( )Brief definitions (3*5=15?)32. phonology33. articulatory phonetics34. complementary distributionSound Description (2*5=10?)Describe the following speech sounds according to the criteria that we have learnt.35. [Λ]____________________________________________36. [ j ]____________________________________________37. [d?]____________________________________________38. [ h ]____________________________________________39. [ I ]____________________________________________Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 1Multiple choices (4*10=40?)1.Which of the following does not fall into the core of linguistics?A. phoneticsB. syntaxC. sociolinguisticsD. semantics2.Of the following statements, which is incorrect?A.Applied linguistics in a narrow sense refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching.B.The study of language variation in terms of gender and psychology belongs to the category ofpsycholinguistics.C.Modern linguistics takes a descriptive attitude rather than a prescriptive one in language study.D.The ultimate goal of language is not just to generate grammatically well-formed sentences but to createmeaningful sentences.3.Which of the following statements are problematic?A.Modern linguistics is supposed to be scientific and objective, which seeks to describe the language people actually use.B.According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of acommunity, while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.C. A diachronic approach in modern linguistics is given priority over a synchronic one.D.N. Chomsky thinks what a linguist should study is an ideal speaker’s performance instead of his competence.4.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in some different ways except ____.A.Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is laying down rules of “correctness”.B.Spoken language is given prominence, not the written language in modern linguistics. The situation wasreverse in traditional grammar.C.Traditional grammar only examined one aspect of language while modern linguistics studies language in a comprehensive way.D.Modern linguists are opposed to the notion that any one language can provide an adequate framework for all others while traditional grammarians proposed a universal framework.5.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”--The famous quotation from Shakespeare's playRomeo and Juliet demonstrates that language and objects in physical world are associated by _____.A. conventionB. rulesC. arbitrarinessD. symbols6.Choose correct statements about arbitrariness of language.______/doc/fd6908020.html,nguage is not entirely arbitrary.B.Onomatopoeic words in language are motivated.C.Some compounds in language are not formed entirely arbitrarily.D.Different sounds may refer to the same object in different languages.7. A professor is employing the _____ function when he says, “Next, I will explain what …Paleozoic? means.”A. referentialB. conativeC. metalinguisticD. poetic8.Human language can be used to refer to situations removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.This design feature is called _____.A. productivityB. displacementC. discretenessD. duality 9.According to Halliday, when we use language to organize our experience of the real or imaginary world, we are performing the _____ function of language.A. textualB. interpersonalC. ideationalD. evaluative10.We can understand abstract words like happiness and motivation. This shows language has the propertyof _______.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacementTrue or false (T for true and F for false) (4*6=24?)11. Recursiveness, as seen in some sentences, well illustrates the creativity of language. ( )12. Some animal communication systems do show the feature of duality. ( )13. The sentence “I like the idea that Joseph proposed at the conference” shows referential function of language.( )14. Human child must learn a specific language after s/hewas born though genetically endowed with the ability to learn. ( )15. The distinction between syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation was made by N. Chomsky. ( )16. A linguistic study is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language. ( )Brief Definitions17. What is language? (6’)18. What is called general linguistics? (10’)Thought-provoking Question (20’)19. Is it necessary to make a distinction between speech and writing in linguistic study? Why?。
(完整word版)语言学试题与答案
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as BritishEnglish and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, forexample, within British English or American English.2.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherentmeaning of the linguistic form.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations.4.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relationto the physical world of experience.5.Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from orreduce meaning to observable contexts.6.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation inwhich the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7.The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8.Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differentlyaccording to their degree of formality.9.“it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.10.In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semanticanalysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12.The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic formand what it refers to.13.R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it dealswith the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14.Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, theyare called h__________.16.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationshipbetween the two items.17.C____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dividedinto meaning components.18.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19.An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with thenominal element(s) in a sentence.20.According to the n____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to belabels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents_______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism23. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresIV. Define the following terms.31.semantics 32.sense33.reference34.synonymy35.polysemy 36.homonymy37.homophones pletehomonyms40.hyponymy41.antonymy ponentialanalysis43.grammatical 44.predication45.Argumentmeaning46.predicate47.Two-placepredicationV. Answer the following questions.48.Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings ofall its components?49.What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.50.How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truthvalues?51.How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymousrelation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?52.According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonymsinto? Illustrate them with examples.53.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How they differ?Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.l.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T7.F8.T9.T10.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.Semantics 12.direct13.Reference14.synonyms15.homophones16.Relational ponential18.selectional19.argument 20.namingIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.2l.A22.B23.D24.D25.B26.C27.A28.C29.D30.AIV. Define the following terms.31. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.32. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It isthe collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.33. Reference:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physicalworld; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience34. Synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.35. Polysemy: Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more thanone meaning.36. Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound orspelling, or in both.37. Homophones: When two words are identical in sound, they are calledhomophones.38. Homographs: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.39. Complete homonyms: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling,they are called complete homonyms.40. Hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, moreinclusive word and a more specific word.41. Antonymy: Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.42. Componential analysis: Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning.It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features.43. The grammatical meaning: The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to itsgrammaticality, i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.44. Predication: The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.45. Argument: An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generallyidentical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.46. Predicate: A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states thelogical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.47. Two-place predication: A two-place predication is one which contains twoarguments.V. Answer the following questions.48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components?The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example:(A) The dog bit the man.(B) The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning a nd semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (B). The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to another.49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.Componential analysis, proposed by structural semanticists, is a way to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in themeaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example, the word “man” is ana lyzed as consisting of the semantic features of [+ HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE]50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truthvalues?Entailment is a relation of inclusion. Suppose there are two sentences X and Y: X: He has been to France.Y: He has been to Europe.In terms of truth values, if X is true, Y is necessarily true, e.g. if he has been to France, he must have been to Europe.If X is false, Y may be true or false, e. g. if he has not been to France, he may still have been to Europe or he has not been to Europe. If Y is true, X may be true or false, e.g. if he has been to Europe, he may or may not have been to France.If Y is false, X is false, e.g. If he has not been to Europe, he cannot have been to France.Therefore we conclude that X entails Y or Y is an entailment of X.The truth conditions that we use to judge presupposition is as follows:Suppose there are two sentences X and Y:X: John's bike needs repairing.Y:John has a bike.If X is true, Y must be true, e.g. if John's bike needs repairing, John must have a bike.If X is false, Y is still true, e. g. If John's bike does not need repairing, John still has a bike. If Y is true, X is either true or false, e.g. if John has a bike, it may or may notneed repairing. If Y is false, no truth value can be said about X, e.g. if John does not have a bike, nothing can be said about whether his bike needs repairing or not. Therefore, X presupposes Y, or Y is a presupposition of X.51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymousrelation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?In terms of truth condition, of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false, therefore X is synonymous with Y.e.g. X: He was a bachelor all his life.Y: He never married all his life.Of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is false; if X is false, Y is true, then we can say A is inconsistent with Y.e.g. X: John is married.Y: John is a bachelor.52. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classifysynonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.According to the ways synonyms differ, synonyms can be divided into the following groups.i. Dialectal synonymsThey are synonyms which are used in different regional dialects. British English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language. For examples:British English American Englishautumn falllift elevatorThen dialectal synonyms can also be found within British, or American English itself. For example, "girl" is called "lass" or "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whisky" in Irish dialect.ii. Stylistic synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in style or degree of formality. Some of the stylistic synonyms tend to be more formal, others tend to be casual, and still others are neutral in style. For example:old man, daddy, dad, father, male parentchap, pal, friend, companioniii. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaningThey are the words that have the same meaning but express different emotions of the user. The emotions of the user indicate the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about. For exam ple, “collaborator” and “accomplice” are synonymous, sharing the meaning of "a person who helps another", but they are different in their evaluative meaning. The former means that a person who helps another in doing something good, while the latter refers to a person who helps another in a criminal act.iv. Collocational synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in their collocation. For example, we can use accuse, charge, rebuke to say that someone has done something wrong or even criminal, but they are used with different prepositions accuse. . . of, charge. . . with, rebuke. . .for.v. Semantically different synonymsSemantically different synonyms refer to the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean. For example, "amaze" and "astound" are very close in meaning to theword "surprise," but they have very subtle differences in meaning. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment, "astound" implies difficulty in believing.53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How do they differ?One of the oldest was the naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, who believed that the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. The form and the meaning are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context.For example, the meaning of the word "seal" in the sentence "The seal could not be found" can only be determined according to the context in which the sentence occurs:The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.(‘seal’ meaning an aquatic mammal)The seal could not be found. The king became worried.(‘seal’ meaning the king's stamp)Behaviorism drew on behaviorist psychology when he tried to define the meaning of linguistic forms. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as "the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer".。
(完整word版)语言学纲要课后 练习题 及 答案
课后习题以及答案导论一：填空。
1、语言学的三大发源地是（）、（）和（）。
2、语言学是（）世纪成为独立的学科的，其标志是（）。
3、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家（）的（）。
4、语言交际过程可分为（）---（）-----（）----( )-----( )五个阶段。
5、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是( ).6、（）、（）、（）是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。
二：判断正误。
1、语文学主要是研究古代的口语和书面语。
2、语言有自身结构的独立性，与系统之外的社会环境没有关系。
3、理论语言学是研究语言一般规律的，不受具体语言研究影响。
4、语言形式和内容的关系是语言研究的根本问题。
三：思考题。
1、语言与人类社会生活有哪些密切联系？2、语文学研究有哪些特征？3、语言学学科内部都有哪些研究分类？如何看待它们之间的答案一、填空1、古希腊、古印度、古代中国2、19、历史比较语言学的出现3、索绪尔、《普通语言学教程》4、编码、发送、传递、接收、解码5、梵语6、音韵学、文字学、训诂学二、判断正误1、×。
语文学主要是研究古代的书面语，因为语文学研究所关注的，首先是反映在古代书面文献中的古代思想观念、政治制度等的，其直接目的大多是解读古典文献，而不是自觉地探索语言自身的规律，对当时的口语研究不是很关注。
2、×。
语言有自身结构的独立性，也与系统之外的社会环境密切联系。
语言学除了关注语言本体的结构性质和发展规律，同时也要探究语言系统与人、与社会之间错综复杂的关系。
而且语言一直在随着社会的发展而变化，会受到社会环境的影响。
3、×。
一般把研究某种具体语言的语言学称为汉语语言学或英语语言学等等，把侧重理论探讨的称为理论语言学。
理论语言学一般注重考察人类语言的共同规律和普遍特征，而不是学习研究某一门具体语言。
它所研究的是从具体的语言现象中总结、归纳出普遍的系统的理论和规律，并用这个理论指导各个具体语言的学习研究。
语言学练习
语言学练习Chapter 1 & 2I. Multiple Choices1. The study of language development at some point in time is generally termed as ___________linguistics.A. comparativeB. appliedC. synchronicD. diachronic2. N. Chomsky is a famous _____________ linguist.A. AmericanB. BritishC. GreekD. Swiss3. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar for it is mostly _________.A.prescriptiveB.descriptiveC. subjectiveD. Latin-based4. In the following sounds ___________ is a voiceless frictive.A. [d]B.[l]C. [f]D. [w]5. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]6.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. bangB. photoC. typewriterD. rumble7. In English, “pill” and “bill” are ___________.A. a phonemic contrastB. complementary distributionC. assimilation D a minimal pair8. Which of the following is a minimal pair? ( )A./\'\'aiiSo/ /\'\'i:iSo/B. /pen/ /hen/C. /pet/ /bit/D./fi:l/ /li:v/II. Fill in the blanks1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed__________.2. The description of a language as it changes through time is a d_________ study.3. Similar to Saussure’s distinc tion between langue and parole is the distinction betweenc________ and performance by the linguist N. Chomsky.4. Language is c________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of newsignals by its uses.5. The English sounds [m],[n] and [N] are called n_______ consonants.6. Language is a system of a ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.7. According to the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure, p___________ refers to the realization oflanguage in actual use.8. The three branches of phonetics are labelled a____________ phonetics, auditory phoneticsand acoustic phonetics respectively.III. True or false1. Competence and performance mean, to N. Chomsky, much the same thing.2. The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that in the pronunciation of theformer it is characterized by the absence of obstruction of the airstream and it does not have a place of articulation in the same sense as a consonant.3. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language.4. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is calledbroad transcription.5. All the phones in complementary distribution are considered to be allophones of the samephoneme.6. Assimilation is often used synonymously with coarticulaton.7. The principal suprasegmental features are stress, tone, and intonation.Chapter 3：MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True orFalse:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.8. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language in grammar.2. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a l____ meaning.3. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.5. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.6. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.7. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.8. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme2. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of__________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.3. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with othermorphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words4. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internalstructure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB.GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic6. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.7. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of theoriginal word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes8. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by thelinguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences9. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootChapter 4：SyntaxI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including thecombination of morphemes into words.2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another followinga simple arithmetic logic.4. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.5. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to thesame syntactic category.6. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.7. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.8. There are three tenses in English, i. e. present tense, past tense and future tense.9. The class of signs which are in paradigmatic relation aresometimes called structure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to forma complete statement, question or command.2. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.3. The relation between a sentence and its component elements, is generally referred to as the relation between a c________ and its c________, in which a very important notion is immediate constituent analysis.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in themind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical2. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional3. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.4. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical5. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infiniteChapter 5 SemanticsI. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The relationship between “human/body” and “face/nose” is hyponymy.2. One merit of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words,it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.3. The British English word “autumn” and the American English word “fall” are called stylisticsynonyms.4. Conceptualists maintain that there is no direct link between linguistic form and what it refers to.This view can be seen by the Semantic triangle.5. The relation between the words “male” and “female” is gradable antonyms.6. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. They are tworelated but different aspects of meaning.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what itrefers to.3. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with therelationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.5. C_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between thetwo items.6. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided intomeaning components.7. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.8. The term a__________ is used for oppositeness of meaning.9. Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component words and the meaningof its s________.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaningcomponents, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis2. “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above3. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic features4. The pair of words “let’ and “rent” is called ___________.A. relational oppositesB. gradable antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms5. Which description of the meaning components of the word “woman” is right.A. [+human, +adult, +male]B. [-human, +adult, +male]C. [+human, +adult, -male]D. [+human, -adult,-male]6. The semantic relationship between carnation and rose is _______.A. hyponymsB. hyponymyC. co-hyponymsD. superordinate7. “John killed Bill but Bill didn’t die” is a (n) _______.A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction8. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity?A. hot/coldB. doctor/patientC. single/marriedD. husband /wifeChapter 6：PragmaticsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effectsuccessful communication2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of languageuse was left unconsidered.4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningthe context of use is considered.5. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.6. The meaning of an utterance is de-contexualized,therefore stable.7. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.8. Perlocutio nary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successfulcommunication.2. What essentially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningthe context of use is considered.3. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.4. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, itbecomes an u___________.5. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontexualized.6. C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.7. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were notverifiable.8. A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literalmeaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.9. An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed insaying something.10. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maximof quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can bestcomplete the statement:1. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept2. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. intrinsicD. logical3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context4. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual5. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive6. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.7. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act8. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle9. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesKeysChapter 1 &2I. C A B C C B D BII. 1.descriptive 2. dychronic 3. competence 4. creativity 5. nasal6.arbitrary7. parole8. articulatoryIII. F T F F F T FChapter 3I.T F T T T T F TII. 1. morpheme 2. lexical 3. bound 4.derivational 5. derivational6. compound7. morphologicalIII. D B B D C D A B CChapter 4I. F T F T T T F F FII. 1. sentence 2. subject 3. construction, constituentsIII. D A D D CChapter 5I.T T T T F TII. 1.Semantics 2. direct 3.Reference 4. synonyms 5. converse6. componential7. selection8. antonymy9. structureIII. B C A A C B D CChapter 8I. F F T T F F T FII. 1. Pragmatics 2. semantics 3. context 4. utterance 5. abstract6. Constatives7. Performativs8. locutionary9. illocutionary 10. quantity III. A C D B C B D A D。
语言学练习题（2）
语⾔学练习题（2）第⼀部分、【练习与思考】⼀、填空题1、语⾳的发⾳、传递、感知三个环节，分别对应于语⾳的（）（）（）三个⽅⾯的属性。
2、语⾳同其它声⾳⼀样，也具有（）（）（）（）四个要素。
3、⼈类的发⾳器官可分为（）（）（）三⼤部分。
4、在发⾳器官中，唇、⾆头、软腭、⼩⾆、声带等是能够活动的，叫做（）发⾳器官；上齿、齿龈、硬腭等是不能活动的，叫做（）发⾳器官。
5、⼝腔中最为灵活的发⾳器官是（）6、从⾃然属性⾓度划分出来的最⼩语⾳单位是（）。
7、根据发⾳特点，⾳素可以分为（）和（）两类。
8、每个元⾳的⾳质是由（）（）（）三个⽅⾯的因素决定的。
9、辅⾳的发⾳特点是主要由（）和（）两个⽅⾯决定的。
10、[t]—[d]的区别性特征表现为（）对⽴。
11、汉语拼⾳⽅案是以（）字母为基础制订的。
12、语⾳中具有辨义作⽤的最⼩单位是（）。
13、⼀个⾳位通常是归纳⼏个⾳素的结果，那么，属于同⼀⾳位的⼏个⾳素叫（）。
14、⼀般把具有辨义作⽤的⾳⾼、⾳强、⾳长形成的⾳位分别叫做（）（）（）。
15、（）是听觉上能够⾃然辨别出来的最⼩语⾳单位，它也是语⾳中最⼩的（）单位。
16、汉语的⾳节通常可以分为（）、（）和（）三部分，其中韵母⼜分（）、（）、（）三部分，声母和韵母是由（）⾳位构成的，声调由超⾳质⾳位的（）构成的。
17、常见的语流⾳变主要有（）（）（）（）四种。
18、我们在念“⽼虎”时，通常要把“⽼”念成类似阳平，这种变化叫做（）。
⼆、分析题1、根据发⾳特点描述，分别写出相对应的元⾳或辅⾳。
①⾆⾯后半低圆唇元⾳；②⾆⾯前半⾼不圆唇元⾳；③⾆⾯前低不圆唇元⾳；④⾆⾯后⾼圆唇元⾳；⑤⾆⾯前⾼圆唇元⾳；⑥⾆⾯后半⾼不圆唇元⾳；⑦双唇不送⽓清塞⾳；⑧⾆尖中浊⿐⾳；⑨⾆根清擦⾳；⑩⾆尖前送⽓清塞擦⾳；、指出下列各组⾳素的区别特征。
－－－－－－三、名词解释、语⾳、⾳质、⾳素、⾳标、半元⾳、⾳位、⾳位变体、条件变体、⾃由变体、典型变体、超⾳质⾳位、⾳⾼、⾳强、⾳长、区别性特征、⼆合元⾳、复辅⾳、语流⾳变、同化、异化、弱化、脱落、历史⾳变、语⾳规律四、思考题、与其他声⾳相⽐，语⾳的突出特点是什么？、在没有看见⼈的情况下，为什么我们能分辨出是男⼦说话还是妇⼥说话？是⼤⼈说话还是⼩孩说话来呢？、举例说明什么是⾳素？为什么要强调在⼀次发⾳中来辨别⾳素？、造成不同⾳质的原因有哪些？、⾳长、⾳⾼、⾳强和⾳质的联系？、语⾳的社会性表现在哪些⽅⾯？、国际⾳标有哪些优点？、元⾳和辅⾳的区别有哪些？、⾳位的主要特征是什么？、⾳位、⾳素、⾳位变体的关系？、条件变体和⾃由变体有何区别？、划分和归并⾳位的基本原则是什么？、为什么说⾳位总是属于具体语⾔或⽅⾔的？、特定语⾔中的⾳位系统⼤致包括哪些内容？、不同语⾔或⽅⾔⾳位系统的差异主要表现在哪些⽅⾯？、语⾳规律的制约条件主要有哪些？、⾳位体系的演变包括哪些内容？、举例说明语⾳的同化与异化、弱化与脱落。
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烟台南山学院2015—2016学年第一学期《英语语言学练习》二(课程代码：11120210专业：英语学习层次：本科年级：2014级)(第二次作业针对第一、二章。
试题总分100分。
本次练习只有多选题。
)一、单项选择（共40题，每小题2.5分，满分100分)Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. （2.5%×40=100%）（答题时请按照本答卷上的题号标注，每5个一行。
）1. The study of language at one point of time is a _A______ study.A. synchronicB. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive11. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be C .A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguisticnguage is a system of arbitrary _D________ symbols used for human communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal19. Of all the speech organs, the _C_______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20. Chomsky uses the term __D______ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. Performance33. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?AA. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]37.What kind of function does the sentence “How do you do?” have ?BA. DirectiveB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Evocative40.The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called __C_______.A. semanticsB. sociolinguisticsC. pragmaticsD. psycholinguistics41. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____A___ .A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took apsychological point of viewB. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took asociological point of viewC. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semanticpoint of viewD. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmaticpoint of viewnguage is a system of ___D______ vocal symbols used for human communication.A. unnaturalB. artificialC. superficialD. arbitrary44. A(n) ___C_____ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. allophoneC. phonemeD. sound51. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _B_________.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community52. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? AA. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang53.The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is____C______.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. Performative54. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?CA. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational55. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?CA. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness56. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.BA. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal57. ______A___ refers to the actual realization of the ideal languageuser’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole58. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of ___C_______.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality59. _______A__ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics60. _______C___ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics61. Pitch variation is known as ____A______ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice62. Conventionally a ____C______ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme64. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ___A_______.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula65. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as ________A__ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering66. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ___D_______.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones67. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?BA. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above68. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?AA. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]69. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?BA. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]70. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?BA. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant122. All syllables contain a _A_______.A. nucleusB. codaC. onsetD. stem123. The categories of consonant are NOT established on the basis of ______C__. A. manners of articulation B. place of articulationC. narrow transcriptionD. voicing124. In syllable, a vowel often serves as ____A____.A. peak or nucleusB. onsetC. codaD. morph129. According to F. De Saussure, _C_______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language 130. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?AA. /n/B. /m/C. /b/D. /p/140. The consonant /s/ in the word “smile” can be described as: ____A____.A. voiceless oral alveolar fricativeB. voiceless nasal bilabial liquidC. voiced oral alveolar plosiveD. voiced oral bilabial fricative141. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _B________. A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 143.Saussure took a(n) ________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.AA. sociological... PsychologicalB. psychological... SociologicalC. applied... PragmaticD. semantic... Linguistic145. ____C____ deal with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics146. Which of the following is not a minimal pair?AA. /li:f/ /fi:l/B. /sip/ /zip/C. /sai/ /sei/D. /keit/ /feit/。