山东省成人高考学位英语复习资料

一、考试性质

山东省高等学历继续教育学士学位英语考试，旨在客观测试高等学历继续教育本科毕业生(非英语专业)对于英语语言的掌握和运用是否达到授予学士学位英语水平的标准。学生自愿报名参加考试。

二、考试要求

要求考生能够较熟练地掌握英语基本语法和常用词汇，具有一定的阅读能力和综合运用能力。考生在英语语言的掌握和运用方面应达到以下要求：

(一)词汇

领会式掌握4000个左右单词和500个左右常用词组，复用式掌握2000个左右常用单词和200个左右常用词组，并在阅读、翻译和写作等过程中具有相应的应用能力。

(二)语法

掌握基本的英语语法知识，并在阅读、翻译和写作等过程中正确运用，达到正确理解、获取信息及表达思想的目的。需要掌握的具体内容如下：

1.名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法;

2.动词的基本时态、语态的构成及其用法;

3.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法;

4.常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法;

5.非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法;

6.虚拟语气的构成及其用法;

7.各类从句的构成及其用法;

8.基本句型的结构及其用法;

9.强调句型的结构及其用法;10.常用倒装句的结构及其用法。

(三)阅读

能够综合运用英语知识和基本阅读技能，读懂难度适中的一般性题材(经济、社会、政法、历史、科普、管理等)和体裁(记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文等)的英语文章。具体要求为：

1.能够掌握文章的中心思想、主要内容和细节;

2.具备根据上下文把握词义的能力，理解上下文的逻辑关系;

3.能够根据所读材料进行一定的推论;

4.能够对文章的结构和作者的态度等做出分析和判断。

(四)翻译

能够在不借助词典的情况下将一般难度、非专业性题材的汉语句子翻译成英语，译文通顺，用词基本正确，无重大语法错误。

(五)写作

能够用英语按照所给提纲或情景，说明或论述一般性的话题。所写短文要求主题明确，条理清楚，语言规范。

三、试卷结构

试卷题型分为五个部分：词汇和语法、完形填空、阅读理解、句子翻译和短文写作。

第一部分：词汇和语法

本部分共设20题。每一题中有一个空白，要求考生在理解句意的基础上在4个选择项中选择一个最佳答案。本部分满分为30分，每题1.5分，考试时间为20分钟。

第二部分：完形填空

本部分共设20题。在一篇难度适中的短文中留有20个空白，每个空白为一题，每题有两个选择项，要求考生在全面理解内容的基础上选择一个最佳答案，使短文的意思和结构恢复完整。本部分满分为20分，每题1分，考试时间为15分钟。

第三部分：阅读理解

本部分共有2篇短文，总阅读量为500个单词左右。每篇短文后设4题，共8题。考生须在理解文章的基础上从每题所给的4个选择项中选择一个最佳答案。本部分满分为20分，每题2.5分，考试时间为20分钟。

第四部分：汉译英

本部分共有5个汉语句子，要求考生翻译成英语。要求译文意思准确，文字通顺。本部分满分为15分，每题3分，考试时间为15分钟。

第五部分：短文写作

本部分共1题，要求考生根据题目要求和所给提纲的提示，说明或论述一个一般性话题，文章长度不低于100个英文单词。本部分满分为15分，考试时间为20分钟。

附：试卷题型、题量、计分及答题时间分配表

语法与词汇

第一章时态

英语中谓语动词的时态(Tense)是一种动词的形式，不同的时态用以表示在不同的时间完成的动作或保持的状态。英语动词共有十六种时态，这里将重点讲解其中较常用的十种时态。

一、一般现在时( The Present Indefinite Tense)

1. 用于表示客观事实, 现在反复发生或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态等,常与often, always, sometimes, usually, once a week, every day, seldom等时间状语连用。

【例句】

The earth revolves around the sun.

The students get up at six thirty every morning.

2.表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常使用arrive, be, go, start, stay等动词。

【例句】

There is a dancing party tonight.

The plane arrives in Beijing at three this afternoon.

3.用在以as soon as, when, after, while, as, until, till, whenever, the monment,

the

minute, immediately, directly等引导的时间状语从句中或以if, unless, as/so long as, in case, provided that等引导的条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时。

【例句】

I’ll ring you as soon as he comes back.

If it is fine tomorrow we will go swimming.

The machine starts running the moment the button is pressed.

注：if条件句中，有will出现时，will是情态动词，意义为“愿意”，“肯”。

二、一般过去时( The Past Indefinite Tense)

一般过去时用于表示过去某时刻或某一时期内的动作或状态, 也可表示过去习惯性的动作。常与表明过去时间的状语连用,如yesterday, then, just now, last month, two days ago, in 2010, 或由when或while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。

【例句】

We met him last week.

Where did you live when you were young?

He used to do fourteen hours a day.

●提示：一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去。

三、一般将来时(The Future Indefinite Tense)

一般将来时用来表示将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况，也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作。

【例句】

We shall (will) go to Nanjing tomorrow morning.

He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.

The students will have five English classes per week this term.

●提示：表示将来时态的其他形式与用法：

1．“be going to +动词原形”表示（能看出迹象）很快就要发生的事情或打算要做的事。

It is going to rain.

2．“be to +动词原形”表示安排好的动作或安排别人去做的事。

They are to meet in front of the hall.

You are not to bring any materials to the exam room.

3．“be about to +动词原形”表示即将发生的或正要做的事。

The conference is about to begin.

4．“be +现在分词”有时可表示按计划即将发生的一个动作，但仅适用于少数的一些动词（如arrive, come, go, leave, start等）而且常跟表示较近将来的时间状语连用。

My friend is arriving here the day after tomorrow.

●提示：在美国英语中第一、二、三人称都用“will+动词原形”

四、现在进行时（The Present Continuous Tense）

现在进行时表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。但表示后一种情况时，动作此刻不一定正在进行。

【例句】

We are making an experiment now.

Steve is studying Chinese in Beijing.

另外，现在进行时也可用来给习惯动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。

【例句】

He is always cooking some delicious food for her family.

He is always finding fault with his employees.

●提示：并非所有动词都有进行时，有些表示状态和感觉的动词通常无进行时，除非这类动词的词义发生变化。这类动词有: be, love, like, hate, believe, think（认为）, feel, seem等。

【例句】

Do you see anyone over there?

Are you seeing someone off? （see… off 意为“为…送行”）

五、过去进行时(The Past Continuous Tense)

过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作，或过去某阶段内正在发生或反复发生的动作。通常带有一个表示过去时间的状语或状语从句或能通过上下文判断的过去时间。

【例句】

We were having a preparatory meeting at two-thirty yesterday afternoon.

She was writing a composition when you came in.

Bill was coughing all night long.

六、将来进行时(The Future Continuous Tense)

将来进行时表示将来某时可能正在发生或持续的动作。

【例句】

I’ll be reading this time tomorrow.

Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.

七、现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)

现在完成时表示目前已完成或刚刚完成的动作，也可以表示从过去某一时刻发生，现在仍延续着的动作或情况。经常与for+一段时间或与since（+时间一点）引导的短语或从句连用，也可与一些表示不确定过去时间的副词连用，如already, before, ever, never, just, once, recently, yet, up to now, so far, thus far, up till/to now, in the last/past few years等。

【例句】

We have been to Shanghai once.

They have already finished the task.

He has studied English for more than 10 years.

He has studied English since 2011/ since he was twelve.

So far everything has been successful.

八、过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)

过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作。在时间上,它属于“过去的过去”。在句中常有明显的参照动作或有表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语，如by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或状语从句。

【例句】

By the end of the war, the small workshop had become a large factory.

The plane had taken off before we got to the airport.

They found that a stream had formed in the field.

●提示：在由after, as soon as, before等连词引导状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身已明确动作发生的次序，所以，这个从句也可以用一般过去时表示，不一定用过去完成时。

【例句】

Students went out after the bell rang.

I informed him of the progress of the work as soon as I arrived here.

●提示：在It is/ was the first/second/last time that …句型中，that后的从句谓语

用

现在/过去完成时。

【例句】

Is it the first time you’ve visited the city?

That was the second time that I’d visited England that year.

九、将来完成时(The Future Perfect Tense)

将来完成时表示将来某时前将已经完成的动作，也可以用来表示推测。

【例句】

By this time next year they will have built a hotel here.

Hurry up! Or the train will have left before we get to the station.

十、现在完成进行时(The Present Perfect Continuous Tense)

现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始，一直持续到现在的动作。此动作或情况可能已停止，也可能继续下去。但强调到说话时为止一直在进行的动作。

【例句】

They have been working for IBM for 15 years.

I have been waiting for an hour but she still hasn’t come.

有些动词如play, stay, study, teach, wait等，在表示一直继续到现在的动作时，可以用现在完成进行时，或用现在完成时。

Bill has played (has been playing) basketball since he was sixteen years old.

●提示：现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别是：前者强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响。后者强调动作的延续性。

【例句】

I have thought it over. 我已经考虑过这件事了。

I have been thinking it over. 我一直在考虑这件事。

十一、考点

考试中出现最多的时态是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时，时间或条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。针对这类题目，考生首先要抓住的就是时间状语，判断是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间？是短暂时间还是延续时间？其次要考虑主从句动作的先后问题。空格中应填入的动词是发生在题干动词之前还是之后，抑或同时发生，据此判断正确的时态。

●时态一致问题

时态一致主要指主从复合句中，从句动词必须与主句谓语动词保持时态一致；当主句谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句的动词时态不受影响；当主句谓语动词是过去时态时，从句动词则要变成相应的过去时态。时态一致主要存在于宾语从句和间接引语中，如：【例句】

Will you tell me who set the record?

I hadn’t expected that you would come so early.

She said that she hadn’t recognized me.

但是，当宾语从句和间接引语中谓语动作表示一个不变的事实或至今仍然如此的状况时，则可以不作任何时态调整，如：

Copernicus put forward that the sun, instead of the earth, is the center of the universe.

第二章语态

语态(Voice)是说明句子中的主语与谓语之间关系的动词形式。英语语态有两种：主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。

一、被动语态的形式：

由“be（助动词）+过去分词（及物动词）”构成。Be 随着主语的人称、时态和数的不同

●提示: 被动语态没有完成进行和将来进行时态。

二、被动语态的用法：

1．当动作的执行者不明确或无需指出时

【例句】

Printing was introduced into Europe from China.

A lecture on English literature will be given tonight.

2．为了强调动作的承受者

【例句】

Four people were killed and thirty injured in the bomb attack.

Susan was singled out for praise yesterday.

3．为了修辞的需要

【例句】

He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.

Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by the President.

●提示:

1．除及物动词外，一些相当于及物动词的短语动词如call on, carry out, look after, deal with, take care of等也可使用被动态形式，短语动词应被视为不可分割的一部分，一般不拆开使用。

This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.

My younger brother is well looked after (by my grandma).

2．不及物动词（或相当于一个不及物动词的短语动词）和表示状态的动词（或短语动词）无被动态形式，如：happen, rise, occur, take place, break out等;以及lack, fit, suit, equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like等。

The story happened in 1949.

The committee consists of ten members.

3．将主动态形式改为被动态形式时，如遇到带有双宾语的动词如buy，give，send，show，teach，tell，write等，只能将其中之一变为主语，另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变为主语时，保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to。

主动句：We teach the students English in a new way.

被动句：The students are taught English in a new way.

English is taught to the students in a new way.

三、考点

在历年考试中，被动语态一般不作为单独的测试项目出现，都是与时态，虚拟语气，非谓语动词等语法项目一起出现。另外还要注意下列几种特殊的被动情况：

1．形式主动但意义被动的动词

一些动词的某些用法采用主动形式表示被动意义。常见的这类动词有sell, read, wash, wear, cut, spread, iron, open, peel等。

【例句】

His new book is selling badly.

The shop doesn’t open on Sundays.

These oranges peel well.

2．主动不定式代替被动不定式

1) 当不定式作表语形容词的补足成分时，主语又是不定式的逻辑宾语，不定式要用主动形式表被动意义。不定式的这种用法经常出现在形容词easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous等之后。

【例句】

Mary is easy to teach.

His theory is difficult to understand.

The river is dangerous to bathe in.

2)to blame（为发生的某种坏事承担责任）常以主动形式出现却表示被动含义。

【实例】

Nobody was to blame for the accident. 对于这起事故，谁也不能责怪。

The mother didn’t know who ____ for the broken glass.

A. blamed

B. be blamed

C. to blame

D. would blame ( C ) （2002.1）

3．以主动的动名词形式表示被动含义。

1) 这一用法主要出现在表示“需要”的动词need, want, require之后，多数情况下由事物充当其主语，偶尔可以由人作主语，动名词与句子主语之间有动宾关系，也可以用被动

的不定式替代，而句子含义没有差别。

【实例】

The floor requires washing/ to be washed.

The house wanted repairing, unless he decided to move to the country.

The patient will need looking after.

Your hair wants ______. You’d better have it done tomorrow.

A. cut

B. to cut

C. cutting

D. being cut ( C ) (2017.6)

2) 在形容词worth（值得做某事，有做某事的价值）之后，并且worth 后的动词与句子

主语之间有动宾关系。

【实例】

The book is worth reading.

What a lovely party! It’s worth ______ all my life.

A. remembering

B. to remember

C. to be remembered

D. being remembered ( A ) (2002.6)

第三章名词性从句

名词性从句(the noun clause)是在句中主要起名词作用的各类从句的统称，主要包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括：从属连词that，if，whether；连接代词who，whoever，whom，whomever，which，whichever，what，whatever，whose；连接副词where，when，why，how。其中，从属连词只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句法成分，而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用，又在从句中充当一定的成分。

【例句】

That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. (that引导主语从句)

The fact is that he didn’t go to the dinner party. (that引导表语从句)

I don’t know if he will attend the meeting. (that引导宾语从句)

Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句)

一、主语从句

主语从句主要有三类：what等代词引导的主语从句；由连词that引导的主语从句；由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句。

1．第一类主语从句的关联词what，实际上已成为关系代词(= the thing that)，它所引导的主语从句在结构上相当于名词加定语从句。除what外，whatever也可引出主语从句，含有强调语气，可作主语从句的主语或宾语。

【例句】

They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall. 他们在森林里迷了路，更糟糕的是，夜幕开始降临。(what在从句中作主语) Whatever we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our teachers. 无论我们取得什么成绩都归功于老师的教导。(whatever在主语从句中作宾语=Anything that) 【例题】

Although ______ happened in that developed country sounds like science fiction, it could occur else where in the world.

A. which

B. what

C. how

D. it

尽管那个发达国家发生的情况听起来像科学幻想似的，但在世界其他地区也有可能发生。答案B，what引导的从句作主语，表示”所……的东西(的情况)”。必须注意：what引导的从句是各类的重点，由于what引导的从句本身相当于—个名词后加上一个定语从句，所以，在what引导的从句前，一般不可再加上名词或代词。

【实例】

In some countries, ______ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.

A. which

B. that

C. what

D. one (2015.6)

所谓”平等”在有些国家实际上并不意味着全体人民都享有平等的权利。答案C。

2．由that引导的主语从句在多数情况下都放在句子后部，而用it作形式上的主语。口语中that常省略。如果放在句首主要是为了强调或为了使句子前后平衡。注意此时that不能省掉，前面也不能再加what。

【例句】

That he became a doctor may have been due to his father’s influence. 他成为医生可能是由于他父亲的影响。

It is well known that water is indispensable to life.

It’s a pity that you missed such a fine speech.这样好的演讲你没听到真是可惜。

【例题】

How did it come about ______ you made a lot of mistakes in your homework?

A. which

B. what

C. that

D. it

你的作业里出现了这么多错误，到底是怎么回事？本句中it是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语，所以答案为C。

【实例】

______ men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new.

A. What

B. Those

C. That

D. Whether (2013)

人类从动物的行为中学到了很多东西，这并不是什么新论。答案为C。

3．由连接代词(疑问代词who，whom，whose，which都可用作连接代词)和连接副词(如when，where，whether，how，why等)引出的主语从句放在句子后部时，前面用it作形式上的主语。从句放前或放后，意思基本上没有多大差别。不过whether(or not)引导的从句放在句首或句子后部都可以，而if仅可引出宾语从句，不能放在句首，也不能加or not。

【例句】

Whether (or not) he will go won’t make too much difference.

It won’t make too much difference whether (or not) he will go. 他去不去都一样。

Who will preside at the meeting remains unknown. 谁宋主持会议还不知道。

How she got wounded at work should be investigated. 她怎样在工作时受伤有待调查。

Why he did such a stupid thing is not known. 为什么他做出如此蠢事还不知道。

Where we should stay is a problem. 我们应该呆在哪里是一个问题。

It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet. 我们什么时候举行运动会仍是个问题。

Whether he will attend the meeting is uncertain.=It is uncertain whether/if he will attend the meeting. 他是否参加会议还不确定。

4．whoever也可引出主语从句，含有强调语气，可作主语从句的主语或宾语。

【例句】

Whoever told you that was lying. 这件事不管是谁告诉你的都是骗人的。

二、宾语从句

在句子中充当宾语的从句叫作宾语从句。由what，when，where，how，which，why，who，

whom，whether (if)及whatever，whoevef，whichever等引导。宾语从句可用作动词的宾语，介词的宾语，也可用在某些形容词短语如be sure，be certain，be afraid，be confident，be anxiuos，be convinced，be glad，be worried，be sorry，be annoyed，be pleased，be satisfied，be hurt，be content，be proud等的后面。

【例句】

He asked me what I wanted. 他问我想要什么。

I don’t know where the sound came from. 我不知道声音从哪儿传来。

I doubt whether/if they will be able to arrive here on time. 我不知道他们是否能按时到达这里。

I don’t care whether she will apologize to me or not. 我不介意她是否向我道歉。

In primitive societies, people ate whatever they could find.在原始社会，人们吃他们所能找到的所有食物。

I’m not quite confident whether I can pass the graduate admission test this year. 我没有把握今年是否能通过研究生入学考试。

She is confident that she will win．她相信自己能获胜。

They are glad that you’ve succeeded in your plan．他们很高兴你的计划获得成功。

We are not sure whether he will come．我们不确信他能否来。

【例题】

We can’t understand ______ he avoided speaking to us.

A. which

B. that

C. why

D. after

我们不明白他为什么不愿意和我们说话。这里，疑问词why引导的从句作understand的宾语，答案C。

【例题】

I am interested in ______ you have told me.

A. which

B. all that

C. all what

D. that

我对你告诉我的一切都感兴趣。all在此句中是代词，意为“一切”、“全部”，作为主句谓语动词短语am interested in的宾语，that引导的是限定性定语从句，修饰先行词all。all that意思等于what。C亦不正确，如前所述，由于what引导的从句本身相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句，所以，在what引导的从句前，一般不可再加上名词或代词。本题答案B。

说明：

1．在非正式文体中，that用于引导宾语从句时，引导词that常常可以省略。

【例句】

He said (that) he would never do such a thing. 他说他永远不会做那种事。

2．在think，believe，suppose，expect等动词后面的宾语从句中，如果宾语从句的谓语动词是否定形式，通常要把否定词not转移到主句，而使从句谓语动词变成肯定形式。

【例句】

I don’t think your proposal is very feasible. 我认为你的提议不太可行。

3．如果宾语从句后面有宾语补语，为保持句子平衡，that引导的宾语从句一般要使用形式宾语it代替，而把真正的宾语从句放到宾语补语后面。

【例句】

He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.

4．That引导的从句一般不可直接用作介词宾语，但可跟在带有先行词it作宾语的含有介词的动词短语之后。

You can depend on it that we will keep this matter strictly confidential. 你尽可以放心，我们会对这件事情严格保密。

5．介词后面一般不跟that引起的宾语从句，仅在in，except，but，besides等少数几个介词后可跟that引导的宾语从句，已形成固定的搭配，inthat在于，but that要不是……，except that除了……besides that除了……之外，还……。

【例句】

We will provide assistance to whoever needs it. 我们将给任何需要的人提供帮助。

The old woman told her sufferings to whomever she met．那位老年妇女向任何她遇到的人诉说她的遭遇。

Don’t besatisfied with what you have achieved. 不要满足于你已取得的成就。

The new literature course differs from the old course in that the students aren’t required to attend lectures. 新文学课与旧的不同之处在于学生不要求参力口听课。

This suit fits me well except that the trousers are too long. 除了裤子太长外，这套西装很合我身。

I would have come to see you but that I had something urgent to do then．若不是当时有些急事要办的话，我本来会来看你的。

三、表语从句

表语从句常常放在主句系动词后面，对主语的内容起解释、进一步阐明的作用。可以接表语从句的系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。常由that（通常不能省），whether，because，where，when，why，how，who及as if／asthough等引导表语从句。

【例句】

One advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out.太阳能优点之一是它取之不尽。

The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people. 问题是我们是否能赢得大多数人的支持。

This is where you are mistaken. 这就是你的错误所在。

This is why I got scolded. 这就是我受到训斥的原因

It may be because he is too young to do it. 这可能是因为他太年轻而不会做的缘故。

It seem that (as if) the night would never end. 夜晚似乎永远也不会结束。

The reason why (that) he has been such a success is that he never gives up.他获得如此成功的原因是由于他从不放弃。

The reason he did not come to the meeting is that he was ill．他没有参加会议的原因是由于他病了。(常用Ther reason is．．．that，不用because)

四、同位语从句

同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导，表示与之同位的名词的具体内容，一般多紧接在名词之后，与之是等同关系的从句，偶尔，当谓语太短时，为了保持句子平衡，也可将同位语从句置于谓语动词之后。能够跟同位语从句的名词多为表示事实、看法、思想、消息等的名词。主要有fact，idea，news，belief，hope，conclusion，opinion，suggestion，proposal，proof，order，thought，doubt，rumor，problem，truth，answer，theory，theory，desirion，discovery，understanding，wish，possibility，promise，report，probability (可能性)，evidence (证据)，certainty (必然)，likelihood (可能性)等。

We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.

The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.

Have you any proof that he is a thief?

The problem that they can’t get here early is hard to solve．他们不能及早到达这里，这个问题很难解决。

No one can deny the fact that he has made such progress．没有人能否认他取得如此进步的事实。

The order has come that the work be done at once．工作应立刻开始的命令已经到了。（此例为保持句子平衡同位语从句后置的情况。）

【实例】

The mere fact ______ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.

A. what

B. which

C. that

D. why (2017. 6)

多数人认为挑起核战争是疯狂之举，单凭这个并不意味着核战争不可能发生。答案C 【实例】

Evidence came up ______ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

A. what

B. which

C. that

D. whose (2011.6)

有证据表明，出生仅6个月的婴儿就能辨别一定的语音。答案C

说明：

1．同位语从句常也有连接副词why，where，when，how等引导。

【例句】

The question whether we ought to call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 家庭医生回答了我们是否应请个专科大夫的问题。

2．有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在先行词后，而被别的词隔开。

【例句】

Word had come from Tom that he could arrive on the Monday following. 汤姆说过他可能下星期一来。

3．在on condition (条件是)，with the exception (除…以外)，in spite of the fact (不管)等成语后，也可用从句作同位语。

【例句】

I’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy。如果你们能保持房间整洁的话，我可以让你们用。

五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别：

定语从句与同位语从句的区别从三个方面来看：

1．定语从句中that代替先行词，它在从句中作某个成份，而在同位语从句中，that为连词，在从句中不担任成份。

2．定语从句是对先行词加以修饰、限制，而同位语从句是说明名词中心词的具体内容。

3．同位语从句的先行词是一些有限的表示抽象意义的名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是无数的表示抽象或具体概念的名词。

【例句】

The news that he has succeeded inspired them all．他成功的消息使他们深受鼓舞。(同位语从句)

What’s the news that upset her so much? 是什么消息令她如此沮丧?(定语从句)．The proposal that we should import more eqmknent from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting．我们应从国外进口更多的设备，这个建议将在会上讨论。(同位语从句) The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting．他所提出的建议将在会上讨论。(定语从句)

提示：

1．从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解，但if不可引导主语从句和表语从句。whether 可与or(not)连用，而if不可以。

【例句】

I don’t know whether (if) she is at home.

Whether she comes or not makes no difference.

2．that和what引导名词性从句的区别：that在从句中不充当成分，而what在从句中充当一定的成分，如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略，what则不可省。

【例句】

He always means what he says.

She suggested (that) he do it at once.

第四章定语从句

定语从句(Attributive Clause)是指在复合句中用作定语的从句, 又称为关系从句(Relative Clause)。但与一般定语不同的是，定语从句一般都位于它所修饰的名词或代词之后。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which等和关系副词when, where, why等。另外，as, but 等也可以作为关系代词来引导定语从句。根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。

一、限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句主要用来限制或修饰先行词，使先行词的所指明确化；若把该从句去掉会影响主句意义的完整性。限制性定语从句在口语中前后没有停顿，在书写时通常不用逗号。

1．由关系代词引导的限制性定语从句

关系代词who, whom（代人）, which（代物）, that, whose（代人或代物）在定语从句中作主语，宾语，定语等。关系代词在定语从句中作动词宾语时一般可以省略。关系代词的人称和数要和先行词一致，它的格取决于它在从句中充当的成分。

【例句】

The man who did the robbery has been caught. (who 在从句中作主语)

Then I telephoned the doctor (whom) Charles had recommended. （whom 在从句中作宾语，在口语中常用who代替，也可省略）

It is a question that/which needs very careful consideration. （that/which在从句中作主语）

Edison is a great inventor whose fame is worldwide. （whose在从句中作定语，指人）

The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.（whose在从句中作定语，指物）He is not the man that he was.（that指人，在从句中作表语）

He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree.（谚语，that指人，在从句中作主语）

You can take any seat that is free. （that指物，在从句中作主语）

Who is the man that is waiting for you under the tree? （在疑问句中，当疑问词为who时，关系代词则要用that指人）

提示：当先行词为all, everything, anything等不定代词，或先行词之前有all, no, any, little, only, very等限定词、序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时，其后的关系代词通常要用that。

【例句】

All (that) you have to do is to press the button. （此句中关系词必须用that，也可以省略）

That’s the very textbook that we used last term.

He is the bravest man that ever lived. （此句中that不能换成which）

2. 由关系副词引导的限制性定语从句

关系副词when, where, why等在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间，地点和原因；它们的先行词分别是表示时间，地点和原因的名词。

【例句】

There are moments when I forget all about it.

This is the factory where my father works.

The reason why he came is not very convincing.

3. 由关系代词as, but引导的限制性定语从句

As用作关系代词引导定语从句时，可在从句中作主语，表语或宾语，先行词前一般有the same, such等词。But也可以用作关系代词引导定语从句，用于否定词语之后，在语义上相当于that/who…not。

【例句】

This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. （as指物，在从句中作宾语）

Such people as you describe are rare nowadays. （as指人，在从句中作宾语）Such people as knew Tom thought he was a talented young man. （as指人，在从句中作主语）

There are very few but (= who don’t) admire his talents.

There is no man but (=who doesn’t) feels pity for starving children.

二、非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句是对先行词进行附加说明，若把该词去掉，一般不会影响主句意义的完整性。除that之外，前面提到的关系代词和关系副词都可引导非限制性定语从句。

【例句】

I have a brother who works in a chemical works. 我有一个在化工厂工作的哥哥。（意即：我还有别的哥哥，但他们不在化工厂工作。who引导限制性定语从句。）

I have a brother, who works in a chemical works. 我有一个哥哥，他在化工厂工作。（意即：我只有一个哥哥，非限制性定语从句只是补充说明他的情况。）

My new car, which I paid several thousand pounds for, is not running well.

A boy took us into the physics classroom, where Jack was sitting on the lecture

table.

三、考点

定语从句是考试中常考的内容，除了测试学生对定语从句基本用法的掌握外，还常出现下列两种特殊情况：

1）“介词+which/whom”引出的定语从句

“介词+which/whom”是一个介词短语，它在从句中担任介词短语通常担任的成分，即：状语，定语，补足语等，既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。

【例句】

The games in which the young man competed were difficult.

I’ll never forget the day on which I visited the Great Wall for the first time.

The documents for which we were searching have been recovered.

They admired the way (in which) she dealt with the crisis.

The athlete to whom you talked is a famous runner.

He is a man on whom you can safely depend.

I called him by the wrong name, for which I apologized.

There are about 100 foreign students in their university, many of whom are from Asia.

2）关系代词指代全句的定语从句

关系代词which 与as可以用来指代前面整个句子或部分句子的意思，此时which或as 往往可以译为“这”，或“这一点”。两者的区别在于：as引出的定语从句可以位于句首，而which引出的定语从句只能用于句中。

【例句】

She often changes her mind, which makes me angry.

He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like.

He opposed the plan, as could be expected.

As is well known, the earth is one of the nine planets in the Solar System.

1.第五章状语从句

在复合句中，起状语作用的从句称作状语从句。根据语义，状语从句分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句。其位置可在主句之前，也可在主句之后。如果状语从句位于主句前，一般用逗号将其与主句隔开。

一、时间状语从句（Adverbial Clause of Time）

引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有when, whenever, as, while, before, after, until, till, since, ever since, once, so long as, as soon as, every time, each time, the moment, the minute, immediately, instantly, directly等。

【例句】

Whenever I met with any difficulty, he came to my help.

Until we know the facts, we can’t do anything about it.

Everybody was assigned a job as soon as they left university.

The moment she saw him, she knew he was her brother.

提示：几组从属连词和词组用法区分：

1、when, as, while

when 表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生，或先于主句动作。While表示从句的动作与主句同时发生，并有延续之意，所以这种从句的动作往往是延续性的。As表示从句动作与主句动作并行发生，所以常译为“边……边……”；有时也可表示从句动作比主句动作早些发生。从时间上来说，when指一段时间或一点时间，while只能指一段时间，as指一段时间。

【例句】

When Sally arrived, I was preparing lunch.

While Cathy was doing the washing-up, she was planning her holiday.

The workers shouted slogans as they passed the square.

2、before, after

由before引导的从句主要表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前，如从句是过去时，主句要用过去完成时。After引导的从句则主要表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后，如主句是过去时，从句要用过去完成时。

【例句】

He had pulled the trigger before we could stop him.

The computer went better after new RAM （内存）had been added to it.

3、as soon as, directly, immediately

表示从句动作一发生，主句动作随即就发生，常译为“一……就……”。

【例句】

The doctor came directly he got the message.

As soon as he realized what was meant, he would be furious immediately.

4、the moment, each time, every time, by the time, the first time, the minute等表示时间的名词词组也可用于引导时间状语从句，起连接词的作用。

【例句】

The moment I saw him, I knew something bad had happened.

Every time he came, he would bring us a lot of candies.

５、till/until,

表示“直到……”意义时无差别，但在句首一般只用until。肯定句中表示“直到……为止”，主句通常用延续性动词。否定句中表示“直到……才”，“在……以前（不）”，主句常用终止性动词，这种情况下，till/until可用before替代。

【例句】

Tired of her usual hectic work at the office, she stayed from Monday till Friday at the summer resort.

Though he promised to come at 4 p.m. this time, Johnson didn’t arrive until eleven o’clock.

二、地点状语从句（Adverbial Clause of Place）

引导地点状语从句的从属连词和词组有where, wherever, everywhere

等。

【例句】

Where there is a will, there is a way.

Wherever John happens to be, he can make himself at home.

Where the ancients knew nothing, we know a little.

Everywhere the visitors went, they were warmly received.

三、条件状语从句（Adverbial Clause of Condition）

引导条件状语从句的从属连词和词组有if, unless, suppose, in case, so long as, in case, so far as, on condition that, provided (that), providing that等。

【例句】

If the dam had broken in the flood last year, there would have been great loss of life and property.

Provided (that) he wins the support of the minority groups, he will be able to win the election.

In case it rains, we won’t be able to go there on foot.

You can go out, as/so long as you promise to be back before eleven.

●提示：if 和unless的区别：if表示正面的条件，意为“如果”；unless表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不”，语气较强。

【例句】

If he doesn’t follow our advice, we won’t accept his invitation.

We won’t wait for him long unless he comes before 6.

四、原因状语从句（Adverbial Clause of Cause）

引导原因状语从句的从属连词和词组有：as, because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that…but that等。

【例句】

As there was no answer, I wrote again.

Since the speaker can’t come, we’ll have to cancel the meeting.

Because it was wet, he didn’t go out for a walk that day.

●提示：because表示原因的语气最强，as和since（较正式）表示原因，

语气较弱，其原因对方略知一二。For在引导并列句时可以和because相互替换，但因for 是并列连词，因此不能用于句首，只能用于连接表示原因的并列句。

【例句】

I have got the position for just two months. My boss doesn’t trust me because I am new to him and his office, I think.

Since so many people are absent, we had better put the meeting off.

五、让步状语从句（Adverbial Clause of Concession）

引导让步状语从句的从属连词和词组有as, though, although, no matter, even if, even though, however, whatever, while, granted (granting) (that)等。

【例句】

He passed the examination although he had been prevented by illness from studying, Though he should stand alone, he will never yield.

I shouldn’t have time to see him even if he were here.

Rich as he is, Mr. Johnson is by no means a happy man.

●提示：whatever, wherever, whichever等带-ever的连接代词和连接副

词的强调让步用法（= no matter what），常译为：“无论……”。

【例句】

Wherever you go, there I go!

Whoever of you comes in first, he or she will receive a prize.

●提示：动词be可以置于句首引出让步状语从句，现只见于书面语中。

【例句】

Be it very late, we must finish the work.

Electronic computers work on the binary system(二进制) be they large or small.

六、比较状语从句（Adverbial Clause of Comparison）

引导比较状语从句的从属连词有than, as；还有“the+比较级, the+比较级”句型。

【例句】

The project was completed earlier than we had expected.

You are a little heavier than when I saw you last.

He worked as fast as a skilled worker.

The further an object is the smaller it looks.

七、目的状语从句（Adverbial Clause of Purpose）

引导目的状语从句的从属连词和词组有so that, in order that, lest, for

fear that, in case等。

【例句】

The teacher must speak clearly so that his students can understand well.

They climbed to the top of the building in order that they could get a

bird’s-eye view of the city.

八、结果状语从句（Adverbial Clause of Result）

引导结果状语从句的从属连词和词组有so that, so…that, such…that等。

【例句】

He had overslept, so that he was late for work.

What have I done that you were so angry with me?

He was very angry, so that he left the room without saying a word.

I was in the bath, with the result that I didn’t hear the knock at the door.

九、方式状语从句（Adverbial Clause of Manner）

引导方式状语从句的从属连词和词组有as, as if, as though, the way等。

【例句】

You must do the exercises as I show you.

Mary was behaving as though she hadn’t grown up.

She’s doing her work the way I like it done.

●提示：as if/ as though表示“好像，仿佛”。在其引导的状语从句中，

谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。as if比as though更为常用。

【例句】

Johnson talks loudly as if he were a native French-speaker.