英语写作复习提纲

英语写作复习提纲
英语写作复习提纲

Academic writing for PhD students

1. introduction

⑴考试格式:先给一个文本,写出move1、move2、move3的句号,然后再写一下各个句

子的作用,如move1-a等,见P61

例如:

XXXXXXXX

Move 1: {a}:1、2、3;{b}: 4、5

Move 2:{a}:6、7

Move 3: {a}:8、9

Function: move 1-a :by showing that the general research area is important.

move 1-b: ………………

………………

⑵复习资料:

Writing introduction section:

Move 1 establishing a research territory 确立研究范围

?A: by showing that the general research area is important, central, interesting, problematic, or relevant in some way. (optional 可选,即可有可无)

?B: by introducing and reviewing items of previous research in the area. (obligatory, 必选):文献综述。

Move 2: establishing a niche:说明该研究的必要性

?A: by indicating a gap in the previous research, raising a question about it, or extending previous knowledge in some way. (obligatory, 必选)

Move 3: occupy the niche

?A: by outlining purposes or stating the nature of the present research.(必选):has two main variants:

●Purposive(P): the author or authors indicate their main purpose or purposes. ●Descriptive(D): the author or authors describe the main feature of their

research.

●Other elements: ①secondary aims of features; ②the contribution and

value of your research; ③principle finding(原则,主义等发现); ④an outline of the structure of your paper.

?B: by announcing principal finding(可选)

?C: by indicating the structure of the RP(可选)

2、改错题(见书P14、15、16、17等处)

⑴effective sentence structure: P14-16

Unity:一致、同一,例如先后语句的主语、时态等的统一

Coherence:条理性、连贯性

Conciseness:简明扼要,即不要过于啰嗦

Emphasis:强调,重点

Variety:变化, variety is the foundation of sentence style. Apart from variety in sentence length, other variations are variety in sentence beginning, in grammatical structure (simple, complex, compound-complex ), in rhetorical(修辞学)structure (loose松散的,periodic周期性, balanced 平衡的), in the elements (words, phrases, clauses从句), and in sentence rhythms(节奏,韵律).

⑵correct use of numbers(数字的正确使用): P17-19

①普通规则

?如果数据放在句首,一定要用单词,不能用数字:注意如果数字不能用少于四个单词表示,则不应放在句首(最重要的规则,必须遵守)

?在写作中,非特殊数据应根据以下两个规则写为单词:

●数据小于100时,则写为单词

●数据如果能用一或二个单词表示,则写为单词

?当数据出现在时间单位前,则应根据上面的规则来确定使用数字或单词:注意在技术写作中,不同过程的时间应用精确的数字来表示。

?如果句子中罗列了许多数据,则应如下:

●如果数据个数不多,且所有数据仅包括一或两个数字,则数据可以用数字或单词来

表示

●如果罗列的数据包括三或更多的数字,则应使用数字

?当一个数据紧接着另一个数据,则第一个数据用单词表示,而第二个数据用数字表示,例: five 16—foot boards

?当数据用来表示精确的计量、距离、尺寸、容量、重量、钱数和比例时,用数字来表示数据,例如:7 feet

?近似数据应用单词表示,在表示的时候应取整数表示:注意:在技术写作中,所有电学数据都应用数字来表示,例如: nearly two hundred, 又如1500 ohms(电学)

?除了特定原因外,四位数据不用逗号,而五位或更多位的数据,则应从右边起每三个数字用逗号分开,例如:5000,又如12,000

?当数据小于1时,则应在小数前放置0,例如:0.008,注意如果数据用列来表示,则小数点应对其,例如:

0.753

0.0005

0.925

?当表示日期时,通常使用数字,数字通常紧随月份,例如:july 5,1981

?在地址中,房号用数字表示;如果街区名字中有小于100的数据,则用数字表示,而数据大于100时,则使用单词表示,例如:3293 South Twelfth East

更正:在地址中,房号用数字表示;如果街区名字中有小于100的数据,则街道名用单词表示,而数据大于100时,则使用数字表示,例如:3293 South Twelfth East

?在技术写作中,时间用数字表示,其后通常紧跟a.m., p.m., A.M., P.M.。通常使用小写形式,例如:7a.m.。若所列的小时都包括分钟,则用0,否则不用,例如:8 a.m. 又如8:00a.m.

?数字通常用来表示图表名。在表示页数时,page的首字母不用大写,而其他的则需要大写,例如:page 1, Chapter 5, Figure 1

?世纪的名称通常用单词表示,且首字母不用大写,例如:the twentieth century

?岁数用数字表示,例如:8 years old

?仅在法律文件中同时使用数字和单词,但在技术写作中不这样用。当作者选择这种形式,则不需要重复,例如:500 watts,不应写成five hundred (500) watts

②rules for fractions(分数的规则)

? 所有的分数都用单词表示,例如:two thirds

更正:所有的用来表示整体或近似的分数都用单词表示,例如:two thirds

? 用于特定数据形式的分数应用数字表示,例如:21inch(或者21 of an inch)

?

当分数作为复合形容词的一部分,则必须使用连字符将分数与紧随的形容词(书上的原文,但是我觉得有问题,应该是紧随的量词)连在一起,例如:21—inch ? 在复合数(又有整数又有分数,例如假分数)中,应在整数和分数之间使用连字符或者

空格,例如:1—21 inches

? 当复合数作为复合形容词一部分时,整数与分数之间使用空格,而在复合数和紧随的形

容词之间使用连字符,例如:1 21—inch pipe

? 整篇文章的分数格式必须一致,要么都使用连字符,要么都使用空格。

注:不知道P20的大写是否要考

3、paraphrasing(意译):见书P25-26 要注意paraphrasing应与原文长度相等。

意译、概括和评论是写论文时的必须部分。当我们引用他人的看法时,我们需要意译和/或总结,并表明出处。进行意译的方式如下:

?使用同义词

?改变单词形式

?使用不同的过渡词,并进行必要的结构调整

?在主动语态和被动语态之间进行转换

?在肯定词和否定词之间进行转换

?如果有可能,以作者和标题结尾

?不要改变专业术语

?提及原文献

4、definition :见书P47-48、49,通常是给几个名词选一个写definition

在正式的定义中,首先应说出该事物所属的种类,然后再将其与本种类中其他事物区别。

⑴the grammar of definitions定义的语法:P47

?使用正确的冠词

?进行必要的删减

?使用适当的介词

⑵five guidelines for writing a definition写定义的五个指导:P48

?使用精确的词语来表示类别,例如:

错:a microscope is an object, 对:a microscope is an instrument

?要求更正式,例如:

错:a solar cell is something that……, 对:a solar cell is a device that……

?避免使用要定义词语的不同形式来解释该词语,例如:

错:erosion is a process during which the surface of the earth erodes

?在定义中避免使用when 和where,例如:

错:pollution is when

?一些专业词汇有不同的含义,因此在写定义时,应先定性说明目的,例如:例:A cylinder as used in this report is a chamber in which force is exerted on the piston of a reciprocating engine.

⑶extended definitions扩展定义:P49-50

?分析成分,例见P49

?举例,例见P50

?说明发展历程,例见P50

?说明应用范围,例见P50

?说明普通定义存在的问题或例外,例见P50

?预测未来,例见P50

⑷contrastive definition通过对比下定义:P51-53,格式如下:

如:the former deals with ____________ , while the latter is concerned with ______________

⑸comparative definition通过比较下定义,两种方法如下所列,好的比较定义通常包括这两

个方法,见书P53:

?说明该定义历史上的变更

?概述现代其他专家对于该定义的看法。

5、作文(不多于200字,要求用PS结构的文章):见书P55,最好写四小段。

PS(问题—解答)结构的文章通常包括4个部分:

?description of a situation描述相关情况:见书P55

?identification of a problem辨别问题

?description of a solution描述解决方法

?evaluation of the solution评估解决方法

注意:有可能考书上P57的practice 23中的五个词语(如下所列),尤其前三个:

?Private cars

?High education

?Population explosion

?Environmental pollution

?One related to your own field of study

一、Introduction

分析文本,写出每一步有哪些句子,具体功能。

Move 1

a. Show the general research area is important/central/interesting/problematic/relevant in

some way.

【一些标志性词、句】

Recently, there has been growing interest in …

The possibility of … has generated wide interest in …

The development of … is a classic problem in …

The development of … has led to the hope that …

The … has become a favorite topic for analysis …

Knowledge of … has a great importance for …

The study of … has become an important aspect of …

A central issue in … is …

The … has been extensively studied in recent years.

Many investigators have recently turned to …

The relationship between … has been investigated by many researchers.

Many recent studies have focused on …

b. Introduce and reviewing items of previous research in the area.

【引述、时态】

一般过去时——一般有具体施动者(一般指某一项单独研究)

现在完成时——没有具体施动者(一般指某个领域)

一般现在时——不是某位研究者的某项具体研究(当前某个知识的说明)Move 2 (however,nevertheless提出问题)

Indicate a gap in the previous research.

Raise a question about it. (Raise a question, a hypothesis, or a need.)

Extend previous knowledge in some way.(Continue a line of research.)

Move 3

a.Outline purposes or state the nature of the present research.

【一些标志句子】

(Purposive)

The aim of the present paper is to give …

The main purpose of the experiment reported here was to …

This study was designed to evaluate …

It is the purpose of the present paper to provide …

(Descriptive)

This paper reports on the results obtained …

In this paper we give preliminary results for …

The present work extends the use of the last model by …

We now report the interaction between …

The primary focus of this paper is on ….

b.Announce principal findings.

c.Indicate the structure of the RP.

二、Paraphrase

To paraphrase means to completely reproduce the original meaning in our own words (but never include our own opinion).

【Outlines】

Use synonyms.(用同义词)

Change word forms. (改变单词形式)

Use different transitional words and make the necessary structure adjustment.

Change between Active V oice and Passive Voice. (主动、被动语态转换)

Change between the Affirmative and the Negative. (肯定句、否定句转换)

Be complete with author and title if possible.

Do not change technical terms.

Include reference to the original source.

三、Definition

1、sentence definition

A formal definition is written as one or two complete sentences and consists of three parts:

(1) the word to be defined

(2) a general class to which the word belongs

(3) the characteristics of the word being defined that distinguish that word from other members of

the general class

A(n) term is (a/an) class wh-word/that specific detail .

【注意】

(1)正确使用冠词

(2)做必要的删减

(3)正确使用介词

【outlines】

(1)find the prcise word or phrase for the class

(2)be more formal

(3)avoid using any form of your term in your definition

(4)avoid using when and where in definitions

(5)some technical terms have more than one meaning, a qualifying statement is included

in a definition written for one specific purpose

2、extended definitions

An extended definition usually begins with a general, one-sentence definition and then becomes more specific as additional details are provided.

【结构】

(1)an analysis of components

(2)examples

(3) a sense of historical change and development

(4) a knowledge of applications

(5)an awareness of problems with or exceptions to the general definition

(6)future predictions

【Contrastive Definitions】

To display your knowledge about two or more related terms.

【Comparative Definitions】

To display your knowledge of the complexities surrounding key terms in your field of study.

Two approaches of this type of task: (1) to present a historical account of how a concept has changed over time, (2) to present an overview of how various experts today view a concept differently.

四、PS text (Problem-solution text)

(1)Description of a situation

(2)Identification of a problem

(3)Description of a solution

(4)Evaluation of the solution

五、Erect errors

南京航空航天大学

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