(修改版)中国文化概论 期末复习

中国文化概论

一、英文名词解释

1、lunar calendar P9

Traditional Chinese calendar , according to which a common year has 354 or 355 days in total , 12 months of 30 days or 29 days ,and a lunar leap year has 383 or 384 days in 13 months . According to changes in the position of the sun, a solar year is divided into 24 seasonal division points to facilitate farming. The year are designated by pairing items from the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches respectively so that 60 years from a cycle. It is said that the lunar calendar was created during the Xia Dynasty. Hence the term, Xiali, or Xia calendar.

2、campaign of”banning all schools of thought except Confucianism ”

P19

In the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi instituted the campaign of”banning all schools of thought except Confucianism ”. He ruled out various schools of thought and chose officials from those who were steeped(专心于) in Confucianism only. Consequently, Confucianism became an orthodox school that served as the ideological foundation of the feudal rule throughout the dynasties in China.

3、Spring Festival P104

Spring Festival, also called the Chinese New Year, is China's most important festival that falls on the 1st day of the 1st lunar month each year. Family members gather just as they do for Christmas in the West.

4、The Silk Road P134

The Silk Road was the main trade route running through Asia in ancient times. It started from the Weishui Valley(渭水流域) on the east and ended on the east coast of the Mediterranean(地中海), from where it led to various places around Europe. From the Western Han Dynasty on, China’s silk was exported via this route to the West, and thus a closer link between China and the West was formed and cultural exchange and friendly visits were promoted. The Silk Road introduced the soft and lustrous silk of China to countries in Central Asia, West Asia and Europe, along with the technology of silkworm raising, silk reeling, and weaving of brocade(锦缎). Through the silk trade, Chinese garment design and style had its greatest impact on the rest of the world. Conversely, garments, crafts and styles of other countries had their own profound influence on Chinese garments as well.

二、中文名词解释

1、百家争鸣 P18

百家争鸣，春秋战国时代，社会处于大变革时期，产生了各种思想流派，如儒、法、道、墨等，他们著书立说，互相论战，出现了学术上的繁荣景象，后世称为百家争鸣。

2、京剧 P56

最初，京剧是一种地方的戏曲形式，后来它不断传播而成为中国的国粹。到了18世纪后期，来自安徽和河北的民间艺人在当时的北京表演，借助和吸收了昆曲和秦腔的一些表演、曲调、表演技能和一些民间音乐而创造的京剧。随着世纪的流逝，京剧逐渐形成了其独有的艺术形式及完整的表演体系。现在它已是中国戏曲的代表。唱、念、做、打是京剧最基本的四种方法及技能。

3、昆曲 P59

昆曲是中国最古老的戏曲形式之一，并被看做是很多其他传统戏曲的鼻祖。它源于江苏昆山早期的民间戏曲，并在明末清初达到顶峰，对京剧及其它戏曲都有很大的影响。昆曲以其优雅清新的唱腔、美好精妙的曲调及精湛的舞台表演而著称。然而，到了清末，它逐渐衰落并濒临灭绝。昆曲的命运引起了国际的注意，在2001年，被联合国教科文组织列为“人类口头非物质文化遗产”。

4、书院 P69

书院始于唐代并持续到清末，它们建造在不同的地方以供于学习和讲学。书院与藏经阁已存在上千年，它们类似于现在的高等教育机构和图书馆。它们成为聚集学者、名人和知识分子的地方。中国有著名的四大书院：湖南长沙岳麓书院、江西庐山白鹿洞书院、河南登封嵩阳书院与河南商丘应天府书院。

5、科举制度 P69

科举制度在中国封建社会占统治地位的教育，它成为了一种确认能人、选拔政府官员的方式。它开始于隋朝，延续了1300多年，最终绝于清末。这种考试方式主要分为两个部分：乡试和会试。在唐代，每年科举考试之前都有很多的民间考试。而在明清两代，科举每三年举行一次。文试主要是制定写作，包括八股文，从而选出进士。武试主要考军事，包括骑术、箭术和举重。自从科举制度产生，它给贫困家庭的孩子提供了参加政府考试的机会，使之能够光宗耀祖。

6、中医 P81

中医在诊断、治疗和药品与处方的构成都有别于西医。中医在诊断方面有一整套完整的方法，他们更关注病因而非症状。中医是基于病因是气流不平衡或不顺的前提上的，而他们所指的“气”是指使人们身体与精神工作的一种有活力的能量。中医强调疾病的预防，因此，平衡的饮食、足够的运动与休息、规律的生活作息都是其共同处方。望、闻、问、切是中医的四种诊断方式。

二、英文填空

（P16）

1、The red color of the national flag of the PRC symbolizes revolution and the yellow

color of the stars the golden brilliant rays radiating from the vast red land. The design of four smaller stars surrounding a bigger one signifies the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

2、Equality, unity, mutual assistance and common prosperity are the basic principles

of the Chinese government in handling the relations between ethnic groups.

（P28）

1、Confucianism is a school of thought represented by Confucius and Mencius. It

advocates benevolence and justice, allegiance and forbearance, the doctrine of golden mean and values the ethical relations of men.

2、One Buddhist doctrine is that everything in the world is changing, transient and

unreal. There is no independent entity or dictator. The cornerstone of Buddhist philosophy is the view that all life is suffering, the cause of suffering is desire.

（P33）

1、The theme of Chinese literature follows the two main lines: realism and

romanticism. The Book of Songs is the fountainhead of realism and Poetry of the South of romanticism. Later Chinese literature was extended and developed based on these two main lines.

（P48）

1、The Ming and Qing dynasties saw publication of the four famous Chinese classics

of literature: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Journey to the West, Dream of Red Mansions.

（P67）

1、Beijing Opera is regarded as China’s national opera. Singing, recitation, acting, and

acrobatic fighting are the four artistic means and the four basic skills.

（P68）

1、Before 1905,there were two kinds of schools in China: private school(私塾), run by

scholars teaching students at home, and official institutions(官学), which were open to children of nobles.

（P78）

1、China’s four great inventions, namely, the compass, gunpowder, movable type

printing and papermaking, not only changed the world but also accelerated the evolution of world history. China further contributed to the world with its rich heritage in ceramics (陶瓷) and silk.

（P82）

1、Listening, smelling, inquiring and observing, and feeling the pulse (望、闻、问、

切) are four diagnostic methods in traditional Chinese medicine.

（P89）

1、Printing is known as “mother of civilization”. It has a long history and includes

block printing (雕版印刷) and movable type printing(活字印刷).

（P118）

1、Chinese cuisine attaches great importance to nutrition. Based on traditional

Chinese herbal medicine practice, medicinal cuisine combines strictly processed traditional Chinese medicine with traditional culinary (烹饪的) materials to produce delicious food with health-restoring qualities.

（P129）

1、Generally speaking, there are three essential factors by which Chinese cooking is

judged, namely color, aroma, and taste ,with taste being the most important.

2、Although there are hundreds of varieties of Chinese tea, they can be classified into

five basic categories according to the different techniques involved in processing the tea. The five types are green tea, black tea, oolong tea, compressed tea, and scented tea.

（P135）

1、Embroidery in China includes Shu Embroidery(蜀绣) from Sichuan, Su

Embroidery(苏绣) from Suzhou, Xiang Embroidery(湘绣) from Hunan and Yue Embroidery(粤绣) from Guangdong. Shu Embroidery is famous for its simplicity, Su for its delicate stitches, Xiang for its rich colors, and Yue for its complicated patterns.

三、简答与论述

1、为什么中国文明是世界文明古国中唯一没有中断的？

2、论述华人宗教信仰的基本格局，中国哲学的基本特质？

3、在世界上众多流传下来的古文字中，为什么惟有汉字成为了独特的艺

术表现对象？（或：为什么惟有汉字衍生成了独特的书法艺术）？

4、请概述中国书法史上七种书体的演变与主要特征？

5、为什么中国古代的科学那么发达，而到了近代开始却会落后于西方？

6、中国传统建筑的基本特质？