跨文化交际课件内容
An Introduction to Intercultural Communication
In today’s class, you’ll learn…
What is Intercultural Communication?
Intercultural Communication (ICC) is communication between members of different cultures. ICC
What are the categories of ICC?
International Com.
Interregional Com.
Interracial Com.
Interethnic Com.
ICC as a Human Activity
Early history
Silk Road
Marco Polo’s stay in China
Monk Jian Zhen’s mission to Japan
Zheng He’s seven voyages to the Western Sea
What makes ICC pervasive?
Recent Development (four trends)
Convenient transportation systems
Innovative communication systems
Economic globalization
Widespread migrations
The Importance of Raising ICC Awareness
Can you describe the phenomenon by one word?
What competence is needed in successfully doing business internationally?
Stumbling Blocks in ICC
Language Differences
Assumption of Similarities
Nonverbal Misinterpretations
Preconceptions and Stereotypes
Tendency to Evaluate
Self-check List
What is ICC?
What are the categories of ICC?
How important is raising ICC awareness?
What are the stumbling blocks in ICC?
Understanding Communication
In this class, you’ll be able to
I. know different definitions of communication
II. identify various ingredients of communication
III. analyze a communication process and recognize the components of communication
IV. identify the characteristics of communication
What is Communication?
交际intercourse
沟通link up
Transmission of information (a message) between a source (sender) and a receiver, by using signaling system. (Oxford Dictionary)
Communication is the process of exchanging information and meaning between or among individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, and behavior.
Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.
Features of Communication
Interactive, systematic, symbolic
II. Basic Ingredients of Communication
Source (sender)
Encoding
Message
Channel
Receiver
Decoding
Self-check List
What is Communication?
What are the features of Communication?
What is the process of Communication?
Verbal Communication—Lexical Level
In today’s class, we will …
understand the cultural influences on the meanings of words
analyze denotative and connotative differences between English and Chinese words I. Types of Lexical Meaning
Denotation: primary, explicit, conceptual
Connotation: supplementary, implicit
Cultural differences in denotative meaning
A. Absence of equivalents in the speaker or listener's language
The absence of the object “Kang”
The absence of the word “Kang”
The absence of objects, events, concepts, etc.
The absence of the necessary vocabulary
II. Cultural Differences in Denotative Meanings
B. The overlapping of denotative meaning
Kinship vocabulary
uncle, aunt, grandpa, grandma, brother, sister, niece, nephew, cousin
III. Cultural differences in Connotative Meanings
Family
Korean Top 3: mother father: children, brother, sister: relative
USA Top 3: mother father: children, brother, love and friendship
Marriage
USA Top 3:
Love; respect; responsibilities
Japan Top 3:
Trust; family; understanding
France Top 3:
Love; passion; sex
Color Words
Animal words
Chinese Dragon
Western Dragon Image
Phonix
Dog
Owl
Bat
Self-check List
The cultural influences on the meanings of words
Denotation and connotation
The connotations of some color words and animal words
Verbal Communication—Pragmatic Level
In today’s class, we will…
look at cultural differences on pragmatic level
Addressing
Compliments and Compliment Responses
Apologizing
discuss on how these superficial behaviors are related to the cultural assumptions of the speakers I. Addressing
A. Surnames and Given names
B. Addressing family members, relatives and neighbors
C. The Use of Titles
In Chinese : 宋局长，高经理，刘老师
In English:Dr., Mrs., Miss, Ms, Mr. Judge, Governor, Mayor, President
D. The ways of getting the attention of a stranger
In Chinese: 同志，师傅，大哥，叔叔，……
In English: Excuse me, Pardon me
The root of these differences lies in…
Hierarchy & Formality
Equality
II. Compliments and Compliment Responses
Differences Between Chinese and English Compliments
Who and what to compliment
How to compliment
How often to compliment
How to respond a compliment
Members of one’s family
A woman’s appearance
The root of these differences lies in…
MODESTY
Equality
III. Apologizing
When to apologize
Who to apologize
How to apologize and how to respond
Self-check List
Cultural Differences on the Pragmatic Level
Addressing people
Compliments and Compliment Responses
Apologizing
Nonverbal Communication (I)
In today’s class, we will…
understand what nonverbal communication is;
know the function nonverbal communication serves;
find out the elements of nonverbal communication;
gain an awareness that successful ICC also depends on behaviors we display
I. Understanding Nonverbal Communication
NVC involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his / her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver. (Samovar, 2000: 149)
Which carries more of the meaning, verbal or nonverbal communication?
The importance of NVC
II. The Functions of NVC
When we say “The new library is south of that building”, we usually point in a certain direction. You tell someone that you are pleased with his/her performance, and at the same time you pat the person on the shoulder.
If people in a group are boisterous, you might place your index finger to your lips as an alternative to saying, “Please calm down so that I can speak.”
In a conversation we nod our head in agreement to indicate to our partners in communication that we agree and that they should continue talking.
Just before the exam, you tell me you are relaxed and at ease, yet your voice quavers and your hands shake.
III. Elements of Nonverbal Communication
参见课本图例
1. Making a Gesture
The ring gesture
Britain: _____
France: _____
Tunisia: ______
U.S.: _____
Latin America: _____
Japan: _____
The thumbs-up
Britain: _____ & _____
Sardinia: _____
Greece: _____
Beckoning
America: _____
Malaysia: _____
Yugoslavia: _____
Indonesia: _____
Australia: _____
China: _____
Pulling down the lower lid of the eye with one finger
France and Greece: _____
England: _____
Spain and Italy: _____
South America: _____
Ear-tug
Spain: _____
Greece: _____
Malta: _____
Italy: _____
V-sign
Britain: _____
Greece: _____
2. Posture
Japanese — bowing Status and rank
Americans — slouching Relaxed, informal attitude
3. Facial Expressions
Mediterranean cultures: exaggerate signs of grief and sadness.
U.S.: Men suppress the desire to show their emotions.
China: Men never shed tears unless in extremely strongly-struck occasions.
Japan: Men hide expressions by laughing or smiling.
Smile = friendship?
Far East: cover up embarrassment, dismay or fury
Japan: mask an emotion; to avoid answering a question; to hide embarrassment
France: a person who grins too much ＝simple
Germany: smiles are reserved for family, friend and social situations, not in business settings.
4. Paralanguage
Self-check List
The definition of NVC
The functions of NVC
The elements of NVC
Gestures, postures, facial expressions
Unit 6
Nonverbal Communication (II)— SPACE & TIME
Elements of Nonverbal Communication
参见书上图例
In today’s class, we will…
appreciate how attitude toward use of space and time convey nonverbal messages in ICC I. Space
Space speaks.
When you invade my space, I will…
feel troubled
get defensive
become aggressive
retaliate
Proxemics
the study of personal space for the purpose of communication 近体学
“Body Bubbles”
American Interpersonal Distance (Hall, 1966)
Intimate distance
Personal distance
Social distance
Public distance
Zones of Space
Intimate distance
0-45 centimeters
Personal distance
45-80 centimeters
Social distance
1.3-3 meters
Public distance
farther than 2 or 3 meters
Northern American Zones of Space
Cultural styles also determine the amount of personal space.
Culture Variation of Body Distance
Small space -----------------------------------------Large space
Japanese
German
American
French
Arab
Latin American
Touching times recorded in an hour
Territoriality
the pattern behavior associated with the defense of a territory 领地性
The way people perceive territoriality is strongly influenced by culture.
Cultural influence on territoriality can be best illustrated from the following two aspects: Attitudes towards crowding
Privacy
Crowding — how people feel when their personal space is limited
Causes
Privacy
Westerners have a strong sense of privacy.
Oriental culture does not emphasize privacy.
Western View of Privacy
“A man’s home is his castle.”
Japanese View of Privacy
Shoji Screen Doors
Fusuma Sliding Doors
Tatami Floors
II. Time
Time talks
Chronemics
The study of the use and perception of time
Two ways to study the concept of time
(1) perceptions of past, present and future
(2) monochronic vs. polychronic
Past-oriented cultures
emphasize tradition and history
discourage change and innovation
China, Saudi Arabia
Present-oriented cultures
consider the present as the only precious moment
“Seize the day!”
Mexico, the Bahamas
Future-oriented cultures
emphasize planning in order to achieve goals
encourage change and innovation
U.S.
Monochronic (一元时间) vs. polychronic(多元时间）
M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness.
P-time is less rigid and clock-bound.
Self-check List
NVC
space Time
proxemics territoriality chronemics
crowding past monochronic
privacy present polychronic
future
Unit 7
Cross-gender Communication
In today’s class, you will…
understand the differences between male and female in communication learn effective cross-gender communication principles
The Styles of Communication
Debate vs. Relate
Report vs. Rapport
Competitive vs. Cooperative
Gender Differences in Communication
Body language
Facial expression
Speech patterns
Behavior
Principles for Effective Cross-gender Communication
B. Suspend Judgment
D. Recognize the Validity of Different Communication Styles
A. Provide Translation Cues
E. Seek Translation Cues
C. Enlarge Your Own Communication Style
F. Suspend Judgment
Self-check List
Gender differences in communication
Body language
Facial expression
Speech pattern
behavior
Six principles for effective cross-gender communication
Unit 8
Understanding Culture
In today’s class, we’ll…
?understand the definitions of culture;
?identify the ingredients of culture;
?describe the features of culture.
I.What is Culture?
?Culture is everything.
?Culture is opera, art, and ballet.
?Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks.
?What really binds men together is their culture.
? A culture is a collections of beliefs, habits, living patterns and behaviors which are
held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas.
Define culture from different perspectives
From Intellectual Perspective
From Anthropological Perspective
From Social Perspective
From Intercultural Communication Perspective
From Intellectual Perspective
?According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is “the arts and other
manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”.
From Anthropological Perspective
?Culture is “the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or
people”.
?This is an anthropologist’s definition.
From Social Perspective
?Culture is what a society does and thinks.
?Culture covers everything of a society.
From Intercultural Communication Perspective
Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.
What is Culture
?That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom and any
other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
?---Edward B. Tylor
II. Three Ingredients of Culture
Material objects
Beliefs & value systems
Behavior patterns
Three Layers of Culture
Subculture
Body of Cultural Traditions
Cultural Universals
III. Features of Culture
A. Culture is learned
B. Culture is usually acquired unconsciously
C. Culture is shared among its members
D. Culture is persistent and enduring
E. Culture manifests itself both implicitly and explicitly — Iceberg Theory
F. Culture is adaptive and changeable
G. Culture is relational
Iceberg Theory
Material culture (small iceberg tip)
Cultural values (huge iceberg body)
Culture is like an onion
核心是values, 有里向外依次为：rituals, heroes, symbols
Self-check List
?What is Culture?
?What are the components of culture?
?What are the layers of culture?
?What are the features of culture?
Unit 9
Cultural Diversity
In today’s class, we’ll…
?understand the difference between different cultures;
?distinguish individualism from collectivism;
?summarize dominant American cultural patterns.
A. What is Cultural Diversity?
Cultural diversity is the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region, or in the world as a whole. independence
Self-reliance
Self-esteem
Individualism egalitarianism
B. Individualism vs. Collectivism
Japan :The nail that sticks up will be pounded down.
China: 枪打出头鸟。
America: The squeaky wheel gets the grease.
Cultural Dimensions Theory
Uncertainty Avoidance
Power Distance
Masculinity vs. Femininity
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Individualist and Collectivist Cultures
An individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.
A collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups
and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals.
C. Dominant American Cultural
①Individualism—the interests of the individual are paramount
②Equality “All men are created equal.”
③Materialism “The person who dies with the most toys wins.”
④Science and Technology “Modern civilization depends on science.”
⑤Progress and Change Americans place great importance on progress and change.
⑥Work and Leisure “To the art of working well a civilized race would add the art of
playing well.”
⑦Competition “A horse never runs so fast as when he has other horses to catch up and
outpace.”
Equality Progress & Change Materialism Individualism Work & Leisure Science &Technology Competition
American Cultural Patterns
Unit 10
Cultural Influence on Perception
In today’s class, we will…
?discuss the definition of perception;
?understand the variety of ways our interpretation are influenced by culture;
?get to know generalizations and stereotypes
I. What is perception?
?what a person takes into his mind about what he sees, hears, smells, feels or tastes
?It’s two-stage process:
?Recognition / Identification
?Interpretation / evaluation
II. Culture Perception
Interdependent
Collectivist cultures Relationships
Social obligations
Independence
Individualist cultures Aspirations
Achievements
Thinking Patterns
Analytical
Synthetic
Self-check List
?What is perception?
?How does culture influence perception?
?What is generalization?
?What is stereotype?
Unit 11
Culture Shock
In today’s class, we’ll…
?learn what is culture shock;
?be aware of the symptoms of culture shock;
?identify the phases of culture shock;
?find out how to manage culture shock.
I. What is Culture Shock?
?Culture shock refers to the anxiety and feelings (of surprise, disorientation, uncertainty,
confusion, etc.) felt when people have to operate within a different and unknown cultural or social environment, such as a foreign country.
What may cause culture shock?
?Stress reactions
?Cognitive fatigue
?Role shock
?Personal shock
?During this period the differences between the old and new culture are seen in a romantic
light, wonderful and new.
Negotiation phase
After some time (usually weeks), differences between the old and new culture become apparent and may create anxiety.
Adjustment Phase
?You develop strategies to cope with difficulties and feelings, make new friends and learn
to adapt to the host culture.
Culture Acceptance
Again, after some time (usually 6 - 12 months), you accept and embrace cultural differences. You see the host as your new home and don’t want to depart new friends.
Reverse Culture Shock
Returning to one’s home culture after growing accustomed to a new one can produce the same effects as described above.
?What is culture shock?
?What are the symptoms of culture shock?
?What are the phases of culture shock?
?How to manage culture shock?
Unit 14
Cultural Differences in Business Negotiation
In today’s class, we will…
define cross-cultural negotiation
discuss the impact of cultural differences
understand strategies & guidelines
I.Defining Intercultural Negotiation
Negotiation
Intercultural Negotiation
Four Cs
Common Interest
Conflicting Interests
Compromise
Criteria
Mono-cultural negotiation & Intercultural negotiation
II. The Impact of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations III. The Top Ten Ways Culture Affects Negotiating Style
1.Negotiating Goal
2.Negotiating Attitude
3.Personal Style
https://www.360docs.net/doc/ed12093834.html,munication
5.Sensitivity to Time
6.Emotionalism
7.Form of Agreement
8.Building an Agreement
9.Team Organization
10.Risk Taking
1. Negotiating Goal
America executive: to arrive at a signed contract
Asian executive: To build a long-lasting relationship
3. Personal Style
4. Communication 7. Form of Agreement
American _____ prefer very detailed contracts because they can refer to _the
contract_______ when new situations arise. The essence of the deal is ___the contract______.
Chinese_____ prefer general contract because they can refer to _the
relationship________ when new situations arise.
The essence of the deal is _the relationship_______.
Self-check List
define cross-cultural negotiation
discuss the impact of cultural differences
understand strategies & guidelines
Unit 15
Developing Intercultural Competence
In today’s class, we will…
?learn a four-step approach to intercultural communication;
?have a general review of the course
Four-step Approach to Intercultural Communication
Step 4 master skills
Step 3 enhance motivation
Step 2 obtain knowledge
Step 1 raise awareness
Raise awareness: self-awareness / consciousness of one’s values and biases and their effects/ necessities of becoming comfortable with difference/ sensitivity to circumstances
Obtain Knowledge: culture-general knowledge / cultural- specific knowledge
Unit 1 Intro to ICC
four types; the importance of ICC
Unit 2 Communication
components; features
Unit 3-4 Verbal Communication
denotation & connotation;
complements; address
Unit 5-6 Nonverbal Communication
gestures; space bubble; time
Unit 7 Cross-gender Communication
Unit 8 Culture
definition; features
Unit 9 Cultural Diversity
individualism vs. collectivism
Unit 10 Cultural Influence on Perception
Unit 11 Cultural Shock
four phases; causes; how to survive
Unit 15 Developing Intercultural Competence
four-step approach
Master Skills
Keeping an open mind
Developing empathy
Appreciating similarities and respect differences
跨文化交际(英文版)
Cross –cultural communication Thesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries. Outline: Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication Chapter2: Culture shock Chapter3: What’s in a name? Chapter4: Social interaction Chapter 5: Roles and relations Chapter6: Non-verbal communication Chapter 7: In other words. Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global Village Conclusion Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication There is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance. What is communication? In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beings There are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other. For human beings, how can we communicate with each other? Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message. What is social situation? When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone can not constitute a social s A social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community, and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in
跨文化交际英文案例
Case 1 Girl-ness As a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students. He talked about university students in China. During the question-and-answer period after the lecture, one female student asked a question that surprised Zhang Hua. “When you talked about female students, you referred to them as girls. Why?” “Because they are girls. That’s what they are called,” Zhang Hua tried to answer, but he knew he did not really understand the intent of the question. “ I don’t quite understand your question, I’m afraid.” “In the States, we call ourselves ‘ women’ if we’re old enough to go to the university. Calling us ‘girls’ is insulting.” Do Chinese female college students prefer to be called women? Case 2 Many years ago, a Chinese man showed a photo of his wife to some American visitors. Out of courtesy, they all said,” She is very beautiful.” Also out of courtesy, the man replied with what he would have done in Chinese under the circumstance,” Where! Where!” Quite taken aback, nobody said anything for a moment, until the most ingenious one among the visitors, taking another look at the photo, said, “Oh, everywhere!” What did the Chinese intend to mean by replying with “ Where! Where!”? Case 1 Girl-ness As a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a
跨文化交际的ppt总结
一、跨文化交际的重要性 跨文化交际的机会是由全球化引起的 交通和通讯系统的发展(缩短旅游时间，电视网络，互联网，国际电影业) 国家间的文化迁移(多元文化主义) 新经济领域(跨国公司) 不断增长的世界人口(有限的自然资源、污染、国际冲突) 二、文化是什么 （一）文化的定义 1、《简明牛津词典》:文化是“艺术和被集体视为人类智慧成就的其他表现形式”。 2、从人类学的角度定义文化:文化是“一个特定时代或民族的风俗、文明和成就”。 3、(霍尔,1983)我们将文化定义为“信仰、习俗、价值观、行为、制度和交流方式的总和，这些都是在 一个可识别的群体中被共享、学习和代代相传的。” 4、1871年爱德华·泰勒爵士的定义(第一次使用这个术语):"这个复杂的整体包括知识，信仰，艺术， 道德，法律，习俗以及人类作为社会成员所获得的其他能力和习惯" 5、Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) 克罗伯和克拉克洪。 文化由显性和隐性的模式组成，是通过符号获得和传递的行为，构成了人类群体的独特成就，包括在人工制品中的体现;文化的本质核心是由传统的(即历史的派生和选择的)思想，尤其是它们所依附的价值观所组成的;文化系统一方面可以被认为是行动的产物，另一方面可以被认为是进一步行动的制约因素。 6、Porter & Samovar 波特和萨莫瓦尔 “知识、经验、信仰、价值观、态度、意义、等级、宗教、时间观念、角色、空间关系、宇宙观念、物质对象和财产的积累，这些都是一群人通过个人和群体几代人的奋斗过程中获得的。”—《跨文化交际读本》 7、文化的内容“是文学、美术、音乐、哲学、科学这一类的事。”－陈独秀 8、“文化是生活的样法。”“文化，就是吾人生活所依靠的一切。”－梁漱溟 9、“人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教 育、科学等。”－《现代汉语词典》 （二）文化的基本功能 1、文化使一切都变得容易。为人、事、提供意义——减少生活的混乱；为我们提供结构——适应我们 的世界所必需的技能和规则。 2、亚伯拉罕·马斯洛--文化也可以理解为满足人类需求的一种特殊方式。 生理需求-安全-归宿感-尊重-自我实现 （三）文化的特征 1、文化适应：文化是后天有意或无地习得的。事实上，文化不是天生的感性，而是后天习得的。 2、文化的大部分是无意识的。文化是冰山。 （1）显性的-做事方式。行为、传统、人工制品-建筑物衣服艺术品等。 （2）隐性的-思维方式。信仰、态度、看法、价值观念。 3、文化是可以改变的。有必要认识到文化是动态的而不是静态的。它们在事件的影响下，通过与其他 文化的接触不断地变化和演变。文化通过三种最常见的机制发生变化:创新、传播和文化适应(灾难)。
跨文化交际 英文
Analysis of Deferent V iews on “Filial P iety” Between China and American from Movie Guasha Abstract:“While one’s parents are alive, one should not travel to distant places.”“The gentleman works hard on the basic principles, thereafter comes morality; filial piety is the basic principle of a human being.”These are our Chinese traditional filial piety. But are these standards or rules suitable for every nation? The movie Guasha shows us many about the differences of filial piety between China and American. There are many misunderstanding and coincidence in this movie and those are the cause of the circuitous of the characters’fate. All of these are rooted in the cultural differences between China and American. In this assay, I made the differences of filial piety as the point of entry to analyze the reason why the differences come and their similarity. Key words: Guasha, the culture in china and America, piety, filial piety, object The movie Guasha tells a story that a Chinese couple who lived in American for 8 years took the hero’s father in American after they think they had realized their American dream. But a few days later, their son got ill; the old father used Guasha to treat the little boy for he didn’t know how to read English. The bruises were noticed by the child welfare bureau, and all the rough broke out after that. Finally, they had a universal satisfactory ending. The end of the story is to the satisfaction of all, but a variety of cultural conflict is the apparent. What we see is the initial irreconcilable to accept, understand. Many people will think that Chinese and Western have cultural differences, I think so, but I also think that behind these differences, there are many similarities. The following, I will be on the film to talk something about filial piety plot makes concrete analysis, and explore how cultural differences reflected in the filial piety? Why is it? What are the similarities? But before that, we will first do a general understanding of filial piety. In the ancient clan and tribal society, meaning of "filial piety" is very wide. It refers to the family of the elder respect, love, support and sacrifice. With the family as the basic unit of society and social development in a long time, "filial piety" changes from the family elder respect to parental care, and become an important ethical rule to do with family relations. Today, "filial piety" to living gets more attention. We often say that the parents contribute to our
(完整版)跨文化交际英文版
https://www.360docs.net/doc/ed12093834.html,munication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in hum an interaction with symbols. 2.Culture: The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 3.Acculturations: occurs when a society undergoes drastic culture change under the influence of a more dominant culture and society with which it has come in contact. 4.Intercultural communication:It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 5.co-culture: when talking about groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture. https://www.360docs.net/doc/ed12093834.html,nguage is an organized, generally agreed on, learned symbol system used to represent the experiences within a cultural community. 7.Perception: the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and information to create a meaningful picture of the world. 8.Value: is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to another. 9.Culture patterns: refers to both the conditions that contribute to the way in which a people perceive and think about the world, and the manner in which they live that world. 10.Collectivism:is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups. 11.Masculinity: is the extent to which the dominant values in a society are male oriented and associated with ambitions, differentiated sex roles, achievements, acquisition of money and signs of manliness. 12.A high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the massage. A low-context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of information is vested in the explicit code. 13.Context: the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of that event. 14.World view is a culture’s orientation toward God, humanity, nature, questions of existence, the universe and cosmos, life, moral and ethical reasoning, suffering, death, and other philosophical issues that influence how its members perceive their world. 15.Argot is a more or less private vocabulary peculiar to a co-cultural group, and a group must have an argot if it is to be considered a co-culture. 16.Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver. 17.A learning style is a particular way that an individual receives and processes information. 18.Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes our experiences and guides our behavior toward a group of people. 19.Culture shock: when we are thrust into another culture and experience psychological and physical discomfort from this contact we have become victims of culture shock. 20.Ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s culture is primary to all explanations of reality.
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Report of Culture Interview We have done the interview on April 24, 2014 with Sophie from America. Culture is everywhere. It is a topic that we will never avoid. Maybe the concept of culture is abroad. But when divided into parts, it is simple for us to understand. Following I will e xplain my topic “Non-verbal Communication” and “Global Marketing” First, “Non-verbal Communication” While referred to non-verbal communication, we may strike to gestures, another word, body language. It means that we speak with our vocal organs we converse with our whole bodies. You may have seen some gestures, such as “victory” “happy” “sad”… Here I want to explain some gestures that I have learned from my foreign teacher who is from America. For example, put your middle finger on your index finger, which means “good luck”. Clapping with someone when you win a game or others, which means “well done”. Tapping your fist with others, which means “good friends”. Using your middle finger and index finger like a scissor before your eyes, which means “I see you”. Isn?t it interesting? Sometimes the same gestures means different in different countries. If we can?t know othercountries …culture. We may cause confusion in business. More seriously, we might lose important clients. I would suggest some strategies of dealing with non-verbal communication in business. First, do good homework on non-verbal before making business with people from different cultures. Better preparation would be reward with more agreeable interaction. Second, don?t take everything neither for g ranted nor too seriously. Third, focus on the partner?s behaviors and response so as to adjust one?s own behavior. Forth, ask for explanation or get a chance to explain. Second, “Global Marketing” Globalization has been an unavoided tendency. Through this we can touch something we haven?t ever seen in our country. Such as McDonald, KFC, Pepsi Cola, which have rolled up like a mat in China. Just McDonald, it is set up in 1950s, in 1987 entered China. It is obvious that it has been thriving over the past years. Before entering China, it has done full homework about Chinese lifestyle, eating habits, custom… in a word, culture. You can see the appearance of its special shops; they are respectively different in different countries. In China its main colors
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Chapter Two Cultural Differences and Communication--- A theoretical introduction People from different cultures tend to communicate differently. Culture, in general, will exert great influence on the process of sending and interpreting messages between communicators from distinct cultural backgrounds. In this chapter, we will look into some theories on cultural differences and similarities which influence the process of intercultural communication. With these theories, you may have a frame of referrence when you communicate with people from other cultures and compare them with your own culture. You may have some ideas on questions such as from which aspects can cultures differ? And then you can create a profile of the culture from which the person you are communicating with comes. This can help you make reasonable predictions on people’s behavior in communication and avoid making misunderstandings. We will start from Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s value orientations. 1. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s value orientations Value orientations are “complex but definitely patterned principles which give order and direction to the ever-flowing stream of human acts and thoughts as these relate to the solution of common human problems” (Kluckhohn & strodtbeck, 1961). The theory of value orientations is based on the following assumptions: (1)people in all cultures must find solutions to a limited number of common human problems; Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) describe five problems for which all cultures must find solutions. (1)What is the nature of human beings (human nature orientation)? (2) What is the relationship of people to nature(person-nature orientation)? (3) What is the orientation of humans to time (time orientation)? (4) What is the human orientation to activity(activity orientation)? (5) What is the relationship of one person to another (relational orientation)? As indicated above, every culture must find a solution to each of these problems. The solutions available, however, are limited for each of the problems. (2)the range of alternative solutions to a culture’s problems is limited; Because cultures must select their solutions from a range of available alternatives. Later when we elaborate on the five problems, you will see the answers to these problems are limited. (3)while one solution tends to be preferred by members of any given culture, all potential solutions are present in every culture. That means within any culture, a preferred set of solution will be chosen by most people. However not all people from a culture will make exactly the same set of choices, and in fact, some people from each culture will select other alternatives.
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C r o s s–c u l t u r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n Thesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries. Outline: Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication Chapter2: Culture shock Chapter3: What’s in a name? Chapter4: Social interaction Chapter 5: Roles and relations Chapter6: Non-verbal communication Chapter 7: In other words. Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global Village Conclusion Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication There is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance. What is communication? In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beings There are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other. For human beings, how can we communicate with each other? Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message. What is social situation? When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone can not constitute a social s A social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community, and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in social situation. Chapter2: Culture shock We should not only know what communication is but we should know what culture shock is. In contemporary society, as our country is developing faster and faster, more and more foreigners will come to our country. Communicating with foreigners is an interesting thing. However,