建筑施工安全管理外文翻译参考文献
外文翻译外文文献英文文献国际建设工程风险分析
外文文献：This analysis used a case study methodology to analyze the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ’s traditional construction project was generally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction prject and riskThe structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof trusses. The building construction proceeded to completion and was handed over to the owners on Sept. 12, 1991. The SAZ took effective occupation of the headquarters building without a certificate of occupation. Also, the defects liability period was only three months .The roof structure was in place 10 years At first the SAZ decided to go to arbitration, but this failed to yield an immediate solution. The SAZ then decided toproceed to litigate in court and to bring a negligence claim against CABCO. The preparation for arbitration was reused for litigation. The SAZ’s quantified losses stood at approximately $ 6 million in Zimbabwe dollars (US $1.2m) .After all parties had examined the facts and evidence before them, it became clear that there was a great probability that the courts might rule that both the architects and the contractor were lia ble. It was at this stage that the defendants’ lawyers requested that the matter be settled out of court. The plaintiff agreed to this suxamined the prior roles played by the project management function and construction professionals in preventing/mitigating potential construction problems. It further assessed the extent to which the employer/client and parties to a construction contract are able to recover damages under that contract. The main objective of this critical analysis was to identify an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. The importance of this study is its multidimensional examination approach.Experience sugge be misleading. All construction projects are prototypes to some extent and imply change. Change in the construction industry itself suggests that past experience is unlikely to be sufficient on its own. A structured approach is required. Such a structure can not and must not replace the experience and expertise of the participant. Rather, it brings additional benefits that assist to clarify objectives, identify the nature of the uncertainties, introduces effective communication systems, improves decision-making, introduces effective risk control measures, protects the project objectives and provides knowledge of the risk history .Construction professionals need to know how to balance the contingencies of risk with their specific contractual, financial, operational and organizational requirements. Many construction professionals look at risks in dividually with a myopic lens and donot realize the potential impact that other associated risks may have on their business operations. Using a holistic risk management approach will enable a firm to identify all of the organization’s business risks. This will increas e the probability of risk mitigation, with the ultimate goal of total risk elimination .Recommended key construction and risk management strategies for future construction projects have been considered and their explanation follows. J.W. Hinchey stated th at there is and can be no ‘best practice’ standard for risk allocation on a high-profile project or for that matter, any project. He said, instead, successful risk management is a mind-set and a process. According to Hinchey, the ideal mind-set is for the parties and their representatives to, first, be intentional about identifying project risks and then to proceed to develop a systematic and comprehensive process for avoiding, mitigat and its location. This is said to be necessary not only to allow alternative responses to be explored. But also to ensure that the right questions are asked and the major risks identified. Heads of sources of risk are said to be a convenient way of providing a structure for identifying risks to completion of a participant’s pa rt of the project. Effective risk management is said to require a multi-disciplinary approach. Inevitably risk management requires examination of engineering, legal and insurance related solutions .It is stated that the use of analytical techniques based on a statistical approach could be of enormous use in decision making . Many of these techniques are said to be relevant to estimation of the consequences of risk events, and not how allocation of risk is to be achieved. In addition, at the present stage of the development of risk management, Atkinson states that it must be recognized that major decisions will be made that can not be based solely on mathematical analysis. The complexity ofconstruction projects means that the project definition in terms of both physical form and organizational structure will be based on consideration of only a relatively small number of risks . This is said to then allow a general structured approach that can be applied to any construction project to increase the awareness of participants .The new, simplified Construction Design and Management Regulations (CDM Regulations) which came in to f 1996, into a single regulatory package.The new CDM regulations offer an opportunity for a step change in health and safety performance and are used to reemphasize the health, safety and broader business benefits of a well-managed and co-ordinated approach to the management of health and safety in construction. I believe that the development of these skills is imperative to provide the client with the most effective services available, delivering the best value project possible.Construction Management at Risk (CM at Risk), similar to established private sector methods of construction contracting, is gaining popularity in the public sector. It is a process that allows a client to select a construction manager (CM) based on qualifications; make the CM a member of a collaborative project team; centralize responsibility for construction under a single contract; obtain a bonded guaranteed maximum price; produce a more manageable, predictable project; save time and money; and reduce risk for the client, the architect and the CM.CM at Risk, a more professional approach to construction, is taking its place along with design-build, bridging and the more traditional process of design-bid-build as an established method of project delivery.The AE can review to get the projec. Competition in the community is more equitable: all subcontractors have a fair shot at the work .A contingency within the GMP covers unexpected but justifiable costs, and a contingency above the GMP allows for client changes. As long as the subcontractors are within the GMP they are reimbursed to the CM, so the CM represents the client in negotiating inevitable changes with subcontractors.There can be similar problems where each party in a project is separately insured. For this reason a move towards project insurance is recommended. The traditional approach reinforces adversarial attitudes, and even provides incentives for people to overlook or conceal risks in an attempt to avoid or transfer responsibility.A contingency within the GMP covers unexpected but justifiable costs, and a contingency above the GMP allows for client changes. As long as the subcontractors are within the GMP they are reimbursed to the CM, so the CM represents the client in negotiating inevitable changes with subcontractors.There can be similar problems where each party in a project is separately insured. For this reason a move towards project insurance is recommended. The traditional approach reinforces adversarial attitudes, and even provides incentives for people to overlook or conceal risks in an attempt to avoid or transfer responsibility.It was reasonable to assume that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It did appear justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects.In many projects clients do not understand the importance of their role in facilitating cooperation and coordination; the desi recompense. They do not want surprises, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong.中文译文：国际建设工程风险分析索赔看来是合乎情理的。
建筑安全设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Terrorist Attack Prevention through Environmental Design: Four Levels of the Adaptive Security Design for the Overseas Diplomatic PremisesAbstract: From the end of the 20th century, terrorism has become the most general threat which almost every country’s overseas diplomatic premises have encountered. The attacks aimed at Chinese embassies and consulates have been more frequently in the past few years. Most of them are featured by negative social influence, low for see ability, low cost and high elusiveness, etc. The essential tasks of the diplomatic architecture, including safeguarding assets and shaping positive national images, constitute a series of contradictions in the design process; and the building forms need to be simultaneously looking friendly and safe enough. Based on the conclusion of forms and characters of the terrorist attacks, this paper attempts to approach the adaptive security solutions for theoverseas diplomatic premises in four levels: the psychology level, the vision level, the behavior level, and the post attack level.Key Words: Environmental Design, Overseas Diplomatic Premises, Security, Adaptive, Terrorist Attack1From Simple to Comprehensive: The Transition of the Security DesignIn past 10 years, the traditional security threat derived from the cold war gradually gives way to high-frequency terrorist attacks. Compared with the professional safeguard methods in the cold war, such as infiltration and intelligence work, the features of the terrorist attack, such as high elusiveness, change full targets, low-cost training, low for see ability, blurred clues, big civilian casualties and negative social influence, make the relevant security design be much more difficult. (Table 1) The range of the security design thus has been extended from the principal area to the whole site and even the neighborhoods. The definition of the security design in diplomatic premises projects has been changed from the additional task to a more integrated part of the whole design process. (Figure 1)Figure1: The Principal Ranges of the Security Design under Traditional Threats and Terrorist Attacks (Source：Author)Table1: The Comparison between Traditional Threats and Terrorist Attacks (Source：Author)Traditional Threats Terrorist Attacks Years from WWⅡ to the end of the 20th century from the end of the 20th century to nowThe Origin of the threat the cold war and different political camps extreme organizationsThe Purples of the threat intelligence stealing extremely religious, political, ideological purplesThe Targets of the Attack important sections, core properties, important all properties, staffs, neighborhoods staffs and visitorsThe Means of the Attack surveillance, wiretap, infiltrate, shooting, etc. car bomb, suicide bomb, homemade weapons,throwing stones, shooting, trespassing, etc.The Principal Areas of theaccess control system of the boundary and the the entire site including adjacent streets andprincipal areas neighborhoodsSecurity DesignThe Influence on the limited influence on the architecture form profound influence on the architecture formArchitecture FormNote: The violence caused by demonstrations, which is not listed in the table, is a traditional threat for overseas diplomatic premises; and it is much more foreseeable compared with the other attacks. With the protection of Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Vienna Conventionson Consular Relations, and the precautionary measures from the local government, the potential threat of the demonstration activities can be under control.2 Security and Image: The Complexity and Contradictions of the Overseas Diplomatic PremisesThe special identity defines the evident difference between the overseas diplomatic premises and the other building types. The security design of those overseas properties thus is featured by complexity and contradiction, which are more strengthened under the background of the growth of world-wide spread terrorism. Overseas diplomatic facilities are supposed to have friendly images and higher security standard. Those two tasks ask the architect to combine two series of incompatible architectural languages. (Figure 2)Figure2: The Different Images Derived from Image Oriented and Security Oriented Approaches(Source: Author)On the one hand, oversea s diplomatic premises are the most efficient equipment of promoting a country’s national image. Compared with the normal mass Medias, architecture is an intuitive, face to face, tangible interface to deliver the local people an open, friendly, and gentle image of the country, which is quite important for the diplomatic work. During the past several decades, many architects have attempted to deliver the positive national image by different architectural languages. For example, in some cases, modernism means openness; formalism means commemorative; and post-modernism means the historical and cultural friendly design.On the other hand, located in the host country, the site of the diplomatic architecture has special political meanings. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations declares to protect all properties of the guest country (buildings, facilities, and staffs, etc) from being visited without authorization. The boundary of the site thus becomes a special icon. Under the shadow of the terrorism, security design is playing a significant role in new projects; and in some controversial projects, the importance of the friendly image completely gives way to the strict security measures.Giving up the effort of delivering positive images, and transforming the site to be a modern castle are known as old-fashion solutions; and it will finally lost the meaning of diplomatic in the most fundamental level. Today, all the properties need to be dignified, elegant, decent, and safe. In the new era, an important question for the overseas diplomatic premises is how to an effective technology to approach the balance between good image and strict security standard.3The Adaptive Strategies: Four Levels of the Security DesignBased on the characters of terrorist attacks and the complexity and contradiction of the overseas diplomatic premises, this paper develops a series of adaptive design strategies, which attempt to satisfy the requirements of both image and security through effective environmental and architectural design approaches. All the cases and architectural languages introduced in this paper do not only lead to the security purples, and they also manifest the evident aesthetic quality. These strategies aim at helping the architect to find the adaptive building forms, which have the capacity to be interpreted in multiple ways, to hide the security measures behind a friendly image in four levels: psychological control, visual control, behavior control, and loss control. The four levels, which reflect the architectural interventions on boundary, building envelope, outdoor space, and connections, constitute an integrated and flexible security system. (Figure 3)Figure 3: The Four Levels of the Adaptive Security Design of the Overseas Diplomatic Premises(Source: Author)3.1 Psychological Control: DeterrenceIn speaking of the design of psychological control in overseas diplomatic premises, the principal task is to deter the terrorist from planning and implementing the attack. The solutions mainly focus on different forms of the boundary, such as wall and fencing system with functions of visual limitation, boundary landscape, well-marked access control system, high intensity illumination system, and entrance guard rooms, etc., to exert sufficientpsychological pressure on the terrorists to lower the effectiveness of their actions. Meanwhile, suitable measures can also enhance the sense of safety in the neighborhoods. An evident case is the German Embassy in Austria (Vienna). Theboundary is constituted by a metal fencing system with the curved form onthe top to prevent climbing. With shrubs and trees in the inner-side of thefence, the fencing system not only maintains a transparent and greeninterface, but also keeps a good view for the staffs in the site to monitorthe adjacent streets. (Figure 4)(Figure 5)Another case is the British Embassy, which is the neighbor of theGerman Embassy. As a historical building, the façade is the first physicalboundary of the project, which is directly facing the streets without anybuffer space. As a secondary boundary system, a series of reinforceconcrete blocks and flowerpots is introduced in the middle of the streets.The mechanical car stop system is also placed for traffic control. Theguard room is located just beside the concrete blocks, and its form isobvious enough to be easily noticed from the street; and thanks to theunidirectional glass, people outside cannot observe the activities inside theguard rooms. All these elements constitute a flexible buffer area for theembassy building; and this solution is going to exert big pressure on thepotential criminals. By extending the range of the embassy to the publicurban space, the original façade of the building is well preserved to show acomplete historical context, and the positive cultural attitude. (Figure 6)(Figure 7)Hence, psychological control manifests the following characters: 1) Introduce reinforced transparent fencing system to keep the good horizon from the inside to the outside 2) Introduce the independent and moveable car stop system to keep thedecent building façade3) Access control system integrated with the landscape elements 4) High identity and well defined boundary forms 5) High intensity illumination system at the entrance areaFigure 4: the fencing system of theGerman Embassy in AustriaFigure 5: the entrance and guard room of the German Embassy in Figure 6: the vehicles and visitors control system outside the BritishFigure 7: the concrete flower bed in frontof the British Embassy3.2Visual Control: ObscuringVisual control aims at obscuring and disturbing the visual judgment of the criminals via effective architectural operations. Through the special language of the building envelope, the building acquires the quality that prevents people outside from grasping the information inside, such as function distribution, structure form, and the location of the important sections, through reading the facade. Solutions based on this strategy not only provide the staffs the good view to monitor the site and the neighbors, but also reduce the accuracy of the terrorists’ observation.The architecture of the Chinese Embassy in the United States (Washington DC) is characterized by three octagonal forms, the main public space which is not the essential property of the embassy. In fact, the essential functions are integrated into an extremely low-profile form, which constitutes the background of the three halls. The unified and arrayed windows reflect no relation with the division of the office section; and there is even no window on the façade directly facing the street in a very short distance. Through this solution, the essential function has much lower identity than the subordination part, which normally gathers less staffs and properties; and it would make the unprofessional criminals waste more time for choosing the target. (Figure 8) (Figure 9)The Dutch Embassy in Germany (Berlin) represents another approach. The essential functions of the embassy are entirely integrated into a huge cube, which acquires strong identity in the circumstance. A transparent and continuous gallery, which cut into the building envelope from the ground to the top, plays the role of both vertical connection and ventilation tunnel. Without any exceptions, the entire façade of the office rooms is constituted by the translucent curtain wall to keep privacy. Meanwhile, the transparent curve spiral element on the façade changes the traditional idea of floors, and prevents the criminals from conjecturing the inner functions. It also delivers the specific ideology of the Dutch culture, such as transparent, openness, humorous, and friendly to the modern art, etc. (Figure 10) (Figure 11)Visual control has the following characters:1)Independent building envelope which has little relations with the inner functions2)Reduce the identity of the important part of the structure3)Simplify the function of the higher identity part, while reduce the identity of the essential functions4)Introduce the sunshade components, icons, and decorations toconstitute multiple defenses.Figure 8: The entrance of the Chinese Embassy in the US (Source: Author)Figure 9: The walls of the Chinese Embassy, which is directly facing the street (Source: Author)Figure 10:The Dutch Embassy in Berlin (Source: Chang Qi)Figure 11: The spatial concept ofthe Dutch Embassy3.3 Behavior Control: RestrictingThe main task of behavior control is to arrange the authority, path, and behavioral pattern of visitors. The solution is mainly focused on the outdoor space between the building envelope and the boundary of the site, and aims at controlling the speed and route of visitors, and strictly defining the accessibility of different zones. The road system and landscape elements are not only the positive elements for diplomatic events, but also the equipment of reducing attack effect, confusing criminals, and increas ing the cost of the terrorists’ action.The British Embassy in Germany (Berlin) is an intervention in the historical quarter, and the volume directly touches the adjacent buildings and street without any space in between. A series of well organized courtyards constitutes the basic spatial structure, which implies a hierarchical access control system. In this system, there are three principal courtyards with different forms, functions and authorities. The first courtyard which connects the street in front of the main entrance with an entrance check system is designed for cars and visitors to have a short stay. The second court yard, a cuneiform auditorium space, connects the first courtyard with a guard room as the second check point, and leads the visitors to the third courtyard with broad steps. The third courtyard, a winter garden with a beautiful glass roof, connects the reception and meeting rooms, and also plays the role of the entrance hall to the office zone. This courtyard system shapes a linear exhibition space with different themes and art atmosphere in each part, and provides the platform for foreign affairs activities. This project as a typical example realizes an extremely long visiting path in the very limited site, and acquires sufficient defense in depth to observe and control the visitors. (Figure 12) (Figure 13)The winning solution of the new American Embassy project in UK (London) abandons the traditional boundary system, and creates a balance between landscape and security. The building aims atimplyinga special friendliness between American and British cultures with an open landscape system. Compared with traditional solutions, the project witnesses a higher security standard. The landscape elements are endowed with cultural functions, while they are also the designed to control the activities of staffs and visitors. For example, the water pool in front of the building creates an elegant environment, and also prevents visitors and vehicles from getting close to the façade. The similar design is also introduced in the American Embassy in Beijing. On the other side of the building is a huge grass slope, which Figure 12: The three courtyards of the British Embassy extends from the top of the podium to the ground floor of the main building with a continuous angular surface. This design integrates the cubic form of the main building into an artificial terrain, and creates the gentler atmosphere, which is always needed in the diplomatic activities. The structure of the grassy slope, which not only defines the boundary of the site, but also offers the ideal height for observing the neighborhoods, can be transformed into a defensive position, if necessary. It is important to understand that the security measurements in newly constructed projects gradually give up the idea of fortress, and a series of sophisticateddesign techniques, which integrates the security consideration into the landscape, opens up a new horizon for the overseas diplomatic premises. (Figure 14) (Figure 15)Behavior control has the following characters:1) Introduce the curved roads paralleled with the façade of the building to reduce the vehicle speed and avoid the path directly to the building2) Use strict zoning to control the authority of different sections, and public space sequence to prolong the route of visitors3) Integrated landscape system which has the function of controlling the behavior pattern of vehicles and visitors4) Eliminate the unnecessary obstructions to keep good horizon from the building to the circumstance3.4 Loss Control: Chain-effect Damage PreventionThe essential purpose of damage control is to eliminate the possibility of the second damage and chain-effect collapse after the attack. Through the targeted design of the building forms, the loss in the terrorist attacks thus can be partly reduced, and the staffs may have more time to wait for the rescue. The relevant solutions mainly focus on the connections between single buildings. For the layout of he embassy/consulate projects, it is better to decentralize important properties into detached parts, which can work as a whole when they are linked with connective volumes. If the attacks happen in one part, the decentralized layout of important functions can keep the other parts still working. Sometimes, the cluster of small and decentralized volumes can also have a friendlier image.The context of the Chinese Embassy in Netherlands (Haag) is shaped by a series of small detached houses. The main building of the embassy is split into two volumes, which are connected by an entrance hall, a sunken garden, and a fly corridor on the fourth floor. All the connective volumes are covered by transparent glass, which is always a right and popular material to show openness. In fact, it is wise to choose the connective part to be the open space, because these parts normally have less staffs and properties concentrated.Compared with the glass volumes, the two principal volumes covered by red bricks keep the morphological continuity with the context. The connective volumes in between can be seen as expendable structures to reduce the possibility of chain-effect collapse when a huge damage happens in one side of the building. (Figure 16) (Figure 17)The American Embassy in China (Beijing) applies the similar solution. The consulate section, office section, and apartments are all designed to be detached volumes with connections between each other. Compared with the other parts, the consulate section and the apartment building with completely curtain walls create stronger identity, and become the dominant volumes that shape the image of openness. Meanwhile, those two parts also protect the essential functions hiding in a series ofhorizontal extending volumes with hard and strong envelopes. Thanks to the decentralized layout, it is quite difficult to make a catastrophic damage to the embassy through a normal terrorist attack. (Figure 18) (Figure 19)Loss control is characterized by the following factors:1) Decentralized volumes2) Connect independent volumes with secondary structures3) Take the lower-risk functions as the expendable structure to avoid the chain-effect collapse.4) Separate and hide the essential functions into multiple parts4 Conclusions: The Integration of Security and CultureThrough the discussion, it is important to understand the world-wide new challenges that the overseas diplomatic premises encounter calls for a series of new design approaches. Traditionally, diplomatic buildings are inclined to show friendly and open postures in close-relationship countries, and choose conservative forms in bad-relationship countries. However, with the development of globalization, the relationship between each two countries is simultaneously shaped by cooperation and challenges. The evident hostile camps have already been disappeared, and terrorism becomes the most intractable threat of the overseas diplomatic premises for almost all countries. The solutions which completely show openness or closeness are old-fashion stories, and it cannot satisfy the identity of today’s diplomatic buildings. In new projects, architects are asked to find more sophisticated and effective solutions to balance the contradiction between positive image and strict security standard. Based on this background, this paper attempts to develop a discussion for this topic in for respects. (Table 2)The effort of discovering the unique forms to approach safe and beautiful would become a significant source, in which the creative idea of the diplomatic architecture springs.References[1] Alessi, Alberto. Building Identity?. World Architecture, 2006（8）: 17-20[2] Tong, Cui, Balance Reconstruction: Embassy as an Architectural Type. World Architecture, 2006（8）: 100-103[3] Tian, Zhimin. Zhang, Xiangbai. Du, Xiuli. Conceptual Design of Important Buildings to Mitigate Terrorist Explosion Attacks，China Civil Engineering Journal, 2007, 40（1）, 34-41[4] Zhang, Lan. The Embassy and Diplomatic Officers, World Knowledge Press, 1998通过环境设计预防恐怖袭击:四层外交建筑自适应安全设计的海外外交的前提文摘:从20世纪的结束,恐怖主义已成为最通用的威胁,几乎每个国家的海外外交场所遇到。
毕业论文外文翻译-施工质量控制、安全和成本控制
工程管理专业毕业外文翻译（房地产）Quality Control 、Safety During Construction andCost ControlQuality and Safety Concerns in ConstructionQuality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers. Defects or failures in constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects, re-construction may be required and facility operations impaired. Increased costs and delays are the result. In the worse case, failures may cause personal injuries or fatalities. Accidents during the construction process can similarly result in personal injuries and large costs. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occurs on the project.As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these original design and planning decisions.While conformance to existing design decisions is the primary focus of quality control, these are exceptions to this rule. First, unforeseen circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes desired by an owner in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the course of construction. While these changes may be motivated by the concern for quality, they represent occasions for re-design with all the attendant objectives and constraints. As a second case, some designs rely upon informed and appropriate decision making during the construction process itself. For example, some tunneling methods make decisions about the amount of shoring required at different locations based upon observation of soil conditions during the tunneling process. Since such decisions are based on better information concerning actual site conditions, the facility design may be more cost effective as a result. Any special case of re-design during construction requires the various considerations discussed.With the attention to conformance as the measure of quality during the construction process, the specification of quality requirements in the design and contract documentation becomes extremely important. Quality requirements should be clear and verifiable, so that all parties in the project can understand the requirements for conformance.Safety during the construction project is also influenced in large part by decisions made during the planning and design process. Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult and dangerous to implement, whereas other, comparable plans may considerably reduce the possibility of accidents. For example, clear separation oftraffic from construction zones during roadway rehabilitation can greatly reduce the possibility of accidental collisions. Beyond these design decisions, safety largely depends upon education, vigilance and cooperation during the construction process. Workers should be constantly alert to the possibilities of accidents and avoid taken unnecessary risks.Total Quality ControlQuality control in construction typically involves insuring compliance with minimum standards of material and workmanship in order to insure the performance of the facility according to the design. These minimum standards are contained in the specifications. For the purpose of insuring compliance, random samples and statistical methods are commonly used as the basis for accepting or rejecting work completed and batches of materials. Rejection of a batch is based on non-conformance or violation of the relevant design specifications.An implicit assumption in these traditional quality control practices is the notion of an acceptable quality level which is a allowable fraction of defective items. Materials obtained from suppliers or work performed by an organization is inspected and passed as acceptable if the estimated defective percentage is within the acceptable quality level. Problems with materials or goods are corrected after delivery of the product.In contrast to this traditional approach of quality control is the goal of total quality control. In this system, no defective items are allowed anywhere in the construction process. While the zero defects goal can never be permanently obtained, it provides a goal so that an organization is never satisfied with its quality control program even if defects are reduced by substantial amounts year after year. This concept and approach to quality control was first developed in manufacturing firms in Japan and Europe , but has since spread to many construction companies.Total quality control is a commitment to quality expressed in all parts of an organization and typically involves many elements. Design reviews to insure safe and effective construction procedures are a major element. Other elements include extensive training for personnel, shifting the responsibility for detecting defects from quality control inspectors to workers, and continually maintaining equipment. Workers involvement in improved quality control is often formalized in quality circles in which groups of workers meet regularly to make suggestions for quality improvement. Material suppliers are also required to insure zero defects in delivered goods. Initially, all materials from a supplier are inspected and batches of goods with any defective items are returned. Suppliers with good records can be certified and not subject to complete inspection subsequently.The traditional microeconomic view of quality control is that there is an “optimum” proportion o f defective items. Trying to achieve greater quality than this optimum would substantially increase costs of inspection and reduce worker productivity. However, many companies have found that commitment to total quality control has substantial economic benefits that had been unappreciated in traditional approaches. Expenses associated with inventory, rework, scrap and warranties were reduced. Worker enthusiasm and commitment improved. Customers often appreciatedhigher quality work and would pay a premium for good quality. As a result, improved quality control became a competitive advantages.Of course, total quality control is difficult to apply, particular in construction. The unique nature of each facility, the variability in the workforce, the multitude of subcontractors and the cost of marking necessary investments in education and procedures make programs of total quality control in construction difficult. Nevertheless, a commitment to improved quality even without endorsing the goal of zero defects can pay real dividends to organizations.SafetyConstruction is a relatively hazardous undertaking. These are significantly more injuries and lost workdays due to injuries or illnesses in construction than in virtually any other industry. These work related injuries and illnesses are exceedingly costly. The Construction Industry Cost Effectiveness Project estimated that accidents cost $8.9 billion or nearly seven percent of the $ 137 billion (in 1979 dollars) spent annually for industrial, utility and commercial construction in the United States. Included in this total are direct costs (medical costs, premiums for workers’ compensation benefits, liability and property losses) as well as indirect costs (reduced worker productivity, delays in projects, administrative time, and damage to equipment and the facility). In contrast to most industrial accidents, innocent bystanders may also be injured by construction have resulted in fatalities to passerby’s. Prudent project managers and owners would like to reduce accidents, injuries and illnesses as much as possible.As with all the other costs of construction, it is a mistake for owners to ignore a significant category of costs such as injury and illness. While contractors may pay insurance premiums directly, these costs are reflected in bid prices or contract amounts. Delays caused by injuries and illnesses can present significant opportunity costs to owners. In the long run, the owners of constructed facilities must pay all the costs of construction. For the case of injuries and illnesses, this general principle might be slightly qualified since significant costs are borne by workers themselves or society at large. However, court judgments and insurance payments compensate for individual losses and ultimately borne by the owners.Various measures are available to improve jobsite safety in construction. Several of the most important occur before construction is undertaken. These include design, choice of technology and education. By altering facility designs, particular structures can be safer or more hazardous to construct. For example, parapets can be designed to appropriate heights for construction worker safety, rather than the minimum height required by building codes.Choice of technology can also be critical in determining the safety of a jobsite. Safeguards built into machinery can notify operators of problems or prevent injuries. For example, simple switches can prevent equipment from being operating when protective shields are not in place. With the availability of on-board electronics (including computer chips) and sensors, the possibilities for sophisticated machine controllers and monitors has greatly expanded for construction equipment and tools. Material and work process choices also influence the safety of construction. Forexample, substitution of alternative material for asbestos can reduce or eliminate the prospects of long term illnesses such as asbestosis.Educating workers and managers in proper procedures and hazards can have a direct impact on jobsite safety. The realization of the large costs involved in construction injuries and illnesses provides a considerable motivation for awareness and education. Regular safety inspections and safety meetings have become standard practices on most job sites.Pre-qualification of contractors and sub-contractors with regard to safety is another important avenue for safety improvement. If contractors are only invited to bid or enter negotiations if they have an acceptable record of safety (as well as quality performance), then a direct incentive is provided to insure adequate safety on the part of contractors.During the construction process itself, the most important safety related measures are to insure vigilance and cooperation on the part of managers, inspectors and workers. Vigilance involves considering the risks of different working practices. In also involves maintaining temporary physical safeguards such as barricaders, braces, guiltiness, railings, toe boards and the like. Sets of standard practices are also important, such as:• requiring hard hats on site.• requiring eye protection on site.• requiring hearing protection near loud equipment.• insuring safety shoes for workers.• providing first-aid supplies and trained personnel on site.While eliminating accidents and work related illnesses is a worthwhile goal, it will never be attained. Construction has a number of characteristics making it inherently hazardous. Large forces are involved in many operations. The jobsite is continually changing as construction proceeds. Workers do not have fixed worksites and must move around a structure under construction. The tenure of a worker on a site is short, so the worker’s familiarity and the employer-employees relationship are less settled than in manufacturing settings. Despite these peculiarities and as a result of exactly these special problems, improving worksite safety is a very important project management concern.A cost control procedure for construction worksIntroductionThe construction industry, unlike many manufacturing situations, is concerned mostly with one-off projects. This naturally creates difficulties for effective management control, because each new contract is often characterized by the following features:• A fresh management team• Labor is transient and recruited on an ad hoc basis•Sites are dispersed through the county, which tends to cause problems in effective communications with other parts of the company•Subcontractors and ‘lump’ labor are common• Added to all this are the ever-changing weather conditionsNevertheless, irrespective of the scale of operation from small sub-contractor to the multifaceted project, production costs need to be monitored and controlled if the anticipated level of profit is to be received.FundamentalsTo control costs is an obvious objective of most managers, but it should be reconciled that no amount of paperwork achieves this control. Ultimately the decision of the manager that something should be done differently, and the translation of that decision into practice, are the actions that achieve control. The paperwork can provide guidance on what control actions should be taken and, while we shall continue to call it ‘the cost control system’. It should more properly be called ‘the cost information system’.The elements of any control system are:• Observation• Comparison of observation with some desired standard• Corrective action to take if necessaryThe domestic thermostat is a good example of a controller. This instrument measures temperature, compares it with the desired range, and then switches the temperature heating system ‘on’or ‘off’depending on how the current temperature compares with the desired range.A cost control system should enable a manager to observe current cost levels, compare them with a standard plan or norm, and institute corrective action to keep cost within acceptable bounds. The system should help to identify where corrective action is necessary and provide pointers as to what that action should be.Unlike the humble thermostat, most cost control systems have an inordinately long response time. Even the best current system provides information on what was happening last week or last month. As the work is typically part of a one-off project it is quite likely that the information is only partly relevant to the work going on now. So the scope for corrective action is limited. For example, the system might indicate on 1 May that the from-work operation in March cost too much. If from-work operations are still continuing the manager will give this work particular attention, but if form-work is complete nothing can be done to correct the situation.In the conventional systems described below two fundamental points are important. First, all costs must be allocated, even if this is on a very ‘coarse grained’coding arrangement. If only the major items are monitored you can be sure that the wasted time will be booked against the items which are not being monitored. Thus the manager will be deluded by the reports on the ‘important items’into thinking the whole site is satisfactory; in fact it might be incurring disastrous hidden losses. Second, there must always be a standard against which to compare recorded costs. In simple projects this might be the bill of quantities; generally, however, a properly prepared and appropriately updated contract budget forms a better basis.Systems in Current UseThe following systems and variants of them are in use in the construction industry. The selection of a system depends in part on the size and complexity of the contract, but more on the attitude and level of sophistication of top management.By overall profit or lossThe contractor waits until the contract is complete and then compares the sums of money that have been paid with the monies incurred in purchasing materials, payments for labor, subcontractors, plant and overheads. The figures are normally extracted from the financial accounts compulsorily kept by all companies. Such a system is useful only on minor contracts of short duration involving a small workforce and little construction equipment. It sacredly qualified as a control system as the information it produces can only be used to avoid the recurrence of gross errors in later contracts.Profit or loss on each contract at valuation datesThe total costs to date are compared with valuations gross of retentions. Care has to be taken to include the cost of materials delivered but not yet invoiced and to exclude materials on site not yet built into the permanent work. If the certificate is not a time reflection of the value of work done, a further adjustment is necessary. This system suffers from the disadvantage that there is no breakdown of the profit figure between types of work; it therefore provides guidance only which contract requires management attention. It is not suitable for contracts, which involve significant set-up costs, which are distributed over the unit rates.Unit costingIn this system costs of various tapes of work, such as mixing and placing concrete, are recorded separately. The costs, both cumulatively and on a period basis, are divided by the quantity of work of each type that has been done. This provides unit costs, which can be compared with those in the tender. Considerable care must be taken to ensure that all costs are accounted for, as indicated above under ‘Fundamentals’. Any miscellaneous costs must be recorded and allowed for in some way, e.g. by proportional distribution over the defined work-types. It is usually best to record site costs only and to compare with bill rates net of contribution for profit and head office overheads.Systems based on the principles of standard costingStandard costing has been used successfully in manufacturing industries, particularly in companies producing a limited range of products or at least a limited range of basic components. Standard minute values are associated with the production of each component and assembly and converted to money values by reference to the hourly rates of the appropriate grades of operatives. Variances are calculated, basically by comparing the value of the output with the cost of producing it. A variance is the amount by which the achieved profit differs from the budgeted profit. With appropriate records it is possible to analyze the total variance into sub-variances, e.g.: • Material price• Material usage• Labor rate• Labor efficiency• Fixed and variable overhead expenditure• V olume of production• SalesStandard costing is seldom directly applicable in construction owing to the variety of the product. This makes the use of standard minute values difficult if not impossible. However, as an alternative, the value of work done can be assessed in relation to the contract budget, which, in turn must reflect the amount that the contractor can expect to be paid.One of the important features is the calculation of a sales variance. This encourages the company to define sales (marketing, public relations, negotiations, estimating and bid strategy) as the responsibility of one department. An adverse variance indicates immediately that the level of acquiring new contracts is inadequate.Altogether, quite substantial departures from the manufacturing system are necessary and this accounts for the fact that standard costing is not in common use in construction. However, the system is basically very sound and provides comprehensive control of the company from boardroom down to workforce.PERT/costThis system requires each contract to be networked with PERT (performance evaluation and review technique). The values of work packages, which in essence are groups of activities, are assessed in advance. The time update of the network provides the value of work done as a ‘by-product’ of the calculation. The value can be divided by cost code, provided that the work package information is similarly divided. Thus, when incurred costs are recorded against the same codes, variances can be calculated for management information.施工质量控制、安全和成本控制施工中的质量和安全问题对项目经理来说，质量控制和安全越来越成为受关注的重要问题。
建筑行业全面质量管理外文文献翻译2019-2020
外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：建筑行业全面质量管理外文翻译2019-2020文献出处：Idris Othman, Siti Norfarahhanim Mohd Ghani, Shim Woon Choon[J] Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 6 December , 2019,1-8译文字数：4000 多字英文The Total Quality Management (TQM) journey of Malaysian buildingcontractorsIdris Othman, Siti Ghani, Shim Woon ChoonAbstractMalaysian Government has announced that for construction industry to transform by 2020, quality in construction is needed to be improved. Total Quality Management (TQM) could facilitate this motive. Thus, the purpose of this research is to identify, rank and analyze the factors affecting TQM implementation in a construction company so that industrial practitioners avoid poor quality products. A case study concept was used and a questionnaire survey was collected from 32 respondents. The reliability test was conducted using Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient. Employee related factor was identified to be the most crucial factors affecting TQM implementation. Contractor group of respondents showed excellent level of internal consistency (overall reliability) with the validation value of 0.956 using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient. In conclusion this research able to give a series of recommendation and a clear quality management which can be followed by the industry practitioners to ensure that Total Quality Management can be implemented.Keywords: Total Quality Management, Construction, Contractor,MalaysiaIntroductionConstruction sector plays a critical part in the economy of Malaysia seeing its contribution in capital formation, employment creation and revenue generation which bolster the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the financial advancement of Malaysia. Economic Performance Fourth Quarter 2018, Malaysia’s economy growth accelerates to 4.7% with construction being sector being one of the main contributors. Construction is as fourth key contributors to the economic growth with 2.6% contributions to the GDP after Services, Manufacturing and Agriculture as shown in Table.Despite the growth and construction industry contribution to national GDP, the performance of the projects are not fully satisfied by many clients. Sustainable quality improvement is hardly achieved because of the construction quality management setting is loosely structured. However, Harrington, Voehl and Wiggin suggested otherwise. They narrated Teixeira in their studies that by referring to main guidelines, anybody has a great freedom to develop solution for TQM. Therefore, organization should develop framework with consideration of their managers’ view of Quality Management (QM). However, many contractors are not motivated to improve quality in their projects and organization. In order to improve quality issues faced by the contractors,TQM is suggested to be implemented in construction s etting.In January 1st, 2009, all Grade G7 contractors has been made compulsory to be certified with the ISO 9000 Quality Management System by Construction Industrial Development Board (CIDB). Failure to do so, the companies will be downgraded, which effect their business activities. In order to overcome problems such as inferior quality of construction materials, building defects, construction delays, high accident rates and environmental impact issues, many contractors have started ISO certification. In the last four decades, TQM has achieved improvement in term of continuous improvement in the system of holistic management. TQM has been proved very successful in many industries especially manufacturing sector. Therefore, by integrating TQM into contractor’s system of management will improve the problems of quality. Likita et al found that when TQM is fully implemented, processes in construction sector will be controlled in much better. In Malaysia’s construction industry context, few studies have been undertaken related to TQM in term of theories, techniques, concepts, model, framework, implementation, impact, efficiency and performance. However, no evidence is found that there has been statistical research on the actual extent of TQM practiced by building contractors in Malaysia.Literature reviewThis section presents TQM overview by explaining its brief history,definition and principles. Benefits of TQM also will be elaborated to get a feel of what impact it could give to the organizations that decided to adopt it. Author also presents related work on TQM in Malaysian construction environment by recording the strengths and weaknesses of each work and provide the way forward to expand TQM’s body of knowledge in this sector.Total Quality Management (TQM)?OverviewTQM is the result of evolution in quality. It was started by Walter Shewhart in early 1920s when product quality control was applied with statistical theory. After that in the 1940s led by Americans such as Deming, Juran, Feigenbaum and Crosby, the concept was further developed in Japan. The focus widened to quality of all issues within the organization. The four evolutionary phases of quality are inspection, quality control, quality assurances then TQM. TQM is a philosophy to meet quality output satisfying the expectation of customer. Quality level in TQM is determined by customers. Quality standards inclusive of the Deming Prize and the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Awards (MBNQA) ISO 9000 series, specify principles and processes that comprise TQM. Fig sums up eight principles of TQM.TQM benefitsTQM benefits should be understand in order to appreciate itsimportance. For improving competitiveness around the world, TQM has been utilized as an applied process. TQM could boost performance in two ways according to Ghobadian and Ghallear. In short term, TQM via premium pricing could increase profitability. However, TQM could increase market share in the long term. The financial performance and market share can be increased by utilizing the strategic pursuit of quality. TQM also could give positive impact on speed of response, productivity, customer services and quality of product. On top of that, Heltondescribed the impressive financial gains made by most Baldridge Award winners apart from improvement in business performance.Those firms in construction sector specifically that successfully implemented TQ can reduced workforce rework, workforce, nonconformities, improved overall project schedule and increase of market share. Besides that, TQM in construction industry also proven that company reputation can be increased, considerable market share can be won, and customer delight can be achieved. TQM is a philosophy that delivers long-term benefits. There are many cases showing the successfully implementation of TQM. However, there are also failure cases. Therefore, TQM must be implemented completely.TQM journey of Malaysia construction industryHighly interested in Quality Management (QM) activities can be seen since 1990s in Malaysia. Lasserre and Probert, recorded thatMalaysia has a better quality sophistication and expectations than other growing countries in Asia. Malaysia also embarked by 2020 to attain the status of industrialized nation. Therefore, Malaysia becoming a practical area for the studies of THQM in a developing economy arena. Since then, research on TQM in manufacturing industry also been conducted on in Malaysia service industries and a few other sectors. However, research in construction industry is still very limited. While abundant of TQM research was found in other countries’ construction industry, author had found only five previous studies directly related to Malaysian construction industry from database; which reviewed in the following Table.From Table , the strengths and weaknesses of the related works are identified. Thiagaran, Zairi and Dale work has strength in premiering guidelines to implement TQM in Malaysian construction industry but lacks in assessment of TQM implementation. It is understandable since there were limited studies of TQM implementation in construction industry during the time that assessment of TQM implementation is yet to be done. Janipha and Ismail proposed work has strength in identifying issues of quality in construction. They were right when they reported that the initial steps in implementing successful quality in construction environment are to recognize issues in the construction environment itself and the issues in construction quality. However, they were not able tosupport their hypothesis on the companies which implement quality practice will have direct, positive impact to their business. There was also no TQM assessment practice done in the study.The strength of Seng and Loon work lies in issues and barriers exploration, which can help those construction companies that intended to implement TQM be aware of the barriers and overcome them first before implementing. However, their target sample was from engineers which cannot represent the whole suggestion of TQM implementation, resulting less reliability of the results. Further studies can be done by distributing the survey to all level of organizations from top to bottom and focused on the companies that adopted ISO series in their organizations only since this ensure that the companies applied TQM in their operations and managements. There was also no TQM practice assessment conducted in the study. Likita et al are researchers from Malaysian local universities with the article title of “An Overview of TQM in Construction”, however none of the selected studies to be reviewed were on TQM in Malaysian construction industry, which clearly there were available studies on that since 2000 by Thiagaran, Zairi and Dale. Furthermore, the number of selected studies reviewed were only five, which cannot be considered as overview of TQM implementation in construction because there are a lot of studies about TQM in construction sector worldwide. There was also no assessment of TQM practice study reviewed or mentioned in work.Finally, Jong, Sim and Liew work has strength in providing further insights of TQM roles for improvement the performance of the project. However, several weaknesses are identified such as the data analysis and discussion were only based on questionnaire response and literature review. They did not conduct interview on experts to further find the how and why of each outcome of their study which could give better knowledge of the relationship between performance of project and the TQM. Besides, the questionnaire distributed were designed to find relationship between the performance of project and TQM.From the comparisons, it can be summarized that there is gap in current TQM studies of Malaysian construction industry which is no assessment conducted. An assessment to explore the extent of actual TQM practice in current Malaysian construction environment. The significance of having this assessment is that it could give a picture and definition of actual TQM practice in Malaysian construction sector. TQM has been widely accepted and discussed since the last four decades, but where is Malaysia in the TQM journey? How far has our construction industry come? Available studies on other sectors other than construction in Malaysia is a lot especially in manufacturing, service, food processing, automotive and SMEs, but there are still very limited studies in construction sector. More research significance or contributions are further described in section 5 of this paper. But, the way forward in TQMstudy of Malaysian construction industry is to assess the extent of the TQM practiced by the Malaysia’s large-sized (G7) contractors with ISO 9001:2008 certification by self-assessment questionnaire survey. Based on the findings, research objectives are formulated in subsequent section.ConclusionThis research has achieved its objectives which are to identify and rank factors affecting TQM implementation based on Relative Importance Index (RII), find correlations between Clients, Consultants and Contractors and validate the factors identified using case study of this research utilizing information obtained from the respondents.The rank of factors affecting TQM implementation based on overall perspectives was identified as follows: (1) Employee Related, (2) Strategic Planning, (3) Teamwork, (4) Communication Related, (5) Organizational Culture, (6) Top Management Commitment, (7) Continuous Improvement and (8) Customer Related. Slight changes occur when analyzed based on companies’ group. Clients and Contra ctors agreed on the similar rank for the top three TQM implementation factors which are (1) Employee Related, (2) Organizational Culture and (3) Communication Related. However, Consultants ranked the factors as (1) Teamwork, (2) Employee Related and (3) Organizational Culture.The correlation between three group of companies were identified; Client/Consultant showed highest Spearman correlation coefficient(β = 0.909) which classified as very strong correlation. Contractor/Consultant showed st rong correlation (β = 0.675) while Contractor/Client showed moderate correlation (β = 0.573) on quality management factors. These indicated that Client/Consultant have more similar views on quality management than Client/Contractor or Consultant/Contractor.Finally, this research also was able to give a series of recommendation and a clear quality management framework which can be followed by the industry practitioners to ensure that Total Quality Management can be implemented and total quality products can be achieved.Recommendation for the future workTo further improve this research and make it more significant in the future, several future works can be considered. Those future works are explained below:(i) High rise or large scale project as case studyThe study should be focusing on high rise and large scale project because those type of projects implement TQM in more specific method compared to low rise projects. The projects too have more challenging scenario in term of quality needed to be taken care or compared to low rise.(ii) Focus research populationFor best results on the subject studied, the questionnaire should only be distributed to the quality department of particular organizations such as Quality Assurance and Quality Control division since quality is their expertise. Their opinion and views could be more valid and reliable.(iii) Increase the number of respondentsIncreasing the number of respondents will boost up reliability and validity obtained from the questionnaire survey. Larger sample will give more discrete and focused results.(iv) Incorporate TQM with Quality Assessment and ISOFor bigger scope in quality management, research on quality assessment such as QLASSIC and CONQUAS and ISO 9001 can be done and the researcher could try to find the point of correlation between them and develop framework out of it.中文马来西亚建筑承包商的全面质量管理摘要马来西亚政府宣布，要使建筑业在2020 年之前完成转型，要实现这一目标，就必须提高建筑质量。
建筑工程施工安全管理研究 外文翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译译文学生姓名：院（系）：电子工程学院专业班级：安全0803指导教师：完成日期：20 年月日开发一个评估施工现场安全管理系统有效性的模型Developing a model to measure the effectiveness of safety management systems of construction sites作者：Evelyn Ai Lin Teoa,_, Florence Yean Yng Linga起止页码：1584~1592出版日期（期刊号）：2005年6月第005版出版单位：新加坡环境国立大学摘要:在新加坡,实施了建筑行业安全管理系统(SMS)和SMS审计大约有十年之久的现在,安全标准的提高并不显著。
为了回应需要改进的有效性(SMS)和安全管理体系审计的目的,本文提出了一种方法, 人员可以利用测试工具来评估审计建筑公司安全管理体系的有效性。
研究方法采用了15个步进行调查，安全专家被邀请通过面试或工作表达自己的意见。
层次分析法(AHP)及因子分析是用来协助识别影响最为关键的因素和属性的安全。
该模型开发利用多属性值模型(MAVT)的方法。
该方法可以通过网站得到验证审核,利用模型中施工安全指数(CSI)可以计算出来。
结果表明,该模型可以作为一个客观CSI衡量不同管理和评估。
关键词: 安全管理体系;安全审核;施工安全指数1 简介: 支撑这一工作的论据安全管理体系(SMS)作为建筑业一个正式制度的管理现场安全的体系。
承包商预期管理现场安全通过正常的安全管理体系。
如何有效地评价这些系统是很重要的,这样可以使不足之处得以更正。
该研究工作是在协作与职业安全部门监督下进行的,人力资源部门可根据当局评价审计协议来衡量一个建筑工地的有效性的安全管理体系。
新加坡建筑行业服务实施了安全管理体系审计大约有十年之久了,但是提高的安全效果并不显著。
这与影响船舶的修建行业一样,经历了一个稳定提高安全性能的阶段。
外文翻译 建筑施工 外文文献 英文文献 文献翻译
反思前瞻规划优化施工流程Farook Hamzeh Glenn Ballard Iris D. Tommelein摘要研究的问题：如何改善前瞻规划在建设行业的做法来提高生产计划的可靠性？目的：为了评估前瞻规划的性能，寻找一个标准化的做法，使前瞻规划与活动执行有紧密的联系，来提高生产计划的可靠性。
研究设计/方法：本研究采用案例分析，行业访谈，和行业调查，以评估目前在北美、南美和欧洲的建设项目执行的前瞻规划。
研究结果：研究结果显示存在与去年规划系统规则的不符合，前瞻规划与标准化做法的不足，识别和清除限制的迟缓，而且没有对计划失败的分析。
关键词：前瞻规划，生产计划，生产控制，精益建设，最后的规划系统，规划建设。
简介建筑、工程与施工是受变化问题的困扰的，即破坏项目绩效和扰乱施工流程导致对项目时间、成本和质量造成的不利影响（Hamzeh等，2007年，霍普和Spearman2008年，萨利姆等。
2006年，克莱顿1966年）。
组织使用许多种不同的方法来维持生产流程的一致性和屏蔽产量内部业务流程以及外部环境的变化。
汤普森（1967）着重介绍了这些方法，其中包括：•预测•缓冲•平滑各种预测方法是用于预测在内部流程和生产原料中的变化。
然而，预测不能满足所有的变化，并且有许多限制：越详细的预测越不准确，越遥远的预测越容易出错。
（纳米亚斯2009年）。
缓冲用于减轻同时在输入侧和输出侧的工艺变化。
输入通常需要成功执行的任务包括：信息，先决条件工作，人力资源，空间，材料，设备，外部条件和资金（巴拉德＆Howell公司1994年，科斯基拉2000年）。
缓冲区可以采取的三种主要形式：时间，库存和产能。
时间缓冲是分配松弛的活动，利用额外的库存缓冲库存以应对供应的变化，以及用容量缓存，保留额外的容量，如加班或只在需要的时候维持机器工作，以适应激增的负荷。
平滑的供应和需求的变化是另一种方法，组织申请由于缓冲可能的不足，以满足所有的变化，是昂贵的，并可能导致满荷。
建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age scienceresearch with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Stem Suo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short todistribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharplyconstringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack width under the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity ofHang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind of crack usually just in more shallow scope of the concrete surface creation.The alignment of the temperature crack usually none settle regulation, big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length, the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorough with pierce throughsex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or close parallelism, crack along long side cent the segment appear, in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious, winter compare breadth, summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the thick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired and anti- Shen ability etc..Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot or medium hot water mire, like mineral residue cement, powder ash from stove cement...etc..Two is a decrease cement dosage, cement dosage as far as possible the control is in the 450 kg/m 3 following.Three is to lower water ash ratio, water ash of the general concrete ratio control below 0.6.Four is improvement the bone anticipate class to go together with, the Chan add powder ash from stove or efficiently reduce water etc. to come to reduce cement dosage and lower water to turn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft, lower sprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add a have of fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su, slow Ning etc. function in the concrete, improvement the concrete mix to match a thing of mobility, protect water, lower water to turn hot, postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heat season sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc. assistance measure control concrete of Wen Sheng, lower to sprinkle temperature of build the concrete.Eight is the temperature of big physical volume concrete should the dint relate to structure size, concrete structure size more big, temperature should dint more big, so want reasonable arrangement construction work preface, layering, cent the piece sprinkle to build, for the convenience of in spread hot, let up control.Nine is at great inner part constitution of the physical volume concrete cool off piping, cold water perhaps cold air cool off, let up concrete of inside outside difference in temperature.Ten is the supervision which strengthen concrete temperature, adopt to cool off in time, protection measure.11 is to reserve temperature constringency to sew.12 is to let up to control, sprinkle proper before building concrete in the Ji rockand old concrete top build a 5 mm or so sand mat a layer or usage asphalt etc. material Tu2 Shua.13 is to strengthen concrete to protect, the concrete after sprinkle build use moist grass Lian in time, hemp slice's etc. overlay, and attention sprinkle water to protect, appropriate extension protect time, assurance the concrete surface be slow-moving cool off.At the cold season, concrete surface should constitution heat preservation measure, in order to prevent cold wave assault.14 is the allocation be a little amount in the concrete of reinforcing bar perhaps add fiber material concrete of temperature crack control at certain of scope inside.5.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measure carry on prevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali bone to anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner, the harmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar ually of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsiscoating.Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen ability.Therefore according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structure reinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A Ji C Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of purpose.The in common use Su material has PVC gum mire,plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure.The structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other material.The in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.4, the electricity chemistry protection methodThe electricity chemistry antisepsis is to make use of infliction electric field in lie the quality of electricity chemical effect, change concrete or reinforced concrete the environment appearance of the place, the bluntness turn reinforcing bar to attain the purpose of antisepsis.Cathode protection method, chlorine salt's withdrawing a method, alkalescence to recover a method is a chemistry protection method in three kinds of in common use but valid method.The advantage of this kind of method is a protection method under the influence of environment factor smaller, apply reinforcing bar, concrete of long-term antisepsis, since can used for crack structure already can also used for new set up structure.5, imitate to living from legal moreImitate to living from heal the method be a kind of new crack treatment, its mimicry living creature organization secrete a certain material towards suffering wound part auto, but make the wound part heal of function, join some and special composition(suchas contain to glue knot of the liquid Xin fiber or capsule) in the concrete of the tradition the composition, at concrete inner part formation the intelligence type imitate to living from heal nerve network system, be the concrete appear crack secrete a parts of liquid Xin fiber can make the crack re- heal.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lower the anti- Shen of building ability, influence building of usage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower the durable of material, influence building of loading ability, so want to carry on to the concrete crack earnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety, stability work.From《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》译文：建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题，本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析，并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。
建筑工程安全管理英文论文
建筑工程安全管理英文论文Title: Construction Engineering Safety Management: A Comprehensive ReviewIntroduction:Construction engineering safety management plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety and well-being of workers involved in construction projects. It involves implementing policies, procedures, and standards to minimize job-related accidents, injuries, and fatalities. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of construction engineering safety management, analyzing its importance, key principles, challenges, and best practices.1. Importance of Construction Engineering Safety Management:Construction sites are inherently hazardous environments, with numerous potential risks and dangers. Implementing effective safety management practices is of utmost importance to prevent accidents, injuries, and fatalities. This section will discuss the significance of construction engineering safety management and its impact on various stakeholders, including workers, contractors, and project owners. It will highlight the benefits of promoting a culture of safety and the associated economic advantages for organizations.2. Key Principles of Construction Engineering Safety Management:To ensure the highest levels of safety, construction engineering safety management is based on several key principles. This section will outlinethese principles, including risk assessment and identification, hazard control, safety training and education, proper use of personal protective equipment, and emergency preparedness. Emphasis will be placed on the need for proactive measures, such as regular inspections and audits, to continuously improve safety performance.3. Legal and Regulatory Framework:Effective construction engineering safety management is supported by a robust legal and regulatory framework. This section will explore the relevant legislation and regulations, highlighting the responsibilities of employers, contractors, and other stakeholders. It will discuss the role of government agencies, industry associations, and professional bodies in enforcing safety standards and promoting compliance.4. Challenges and Issues in Construction Engineering Safety Management:Despite the importance of safety management, the construction industry faces numerous challenges in ensuring a safe working environment. This section will discuss common challenges, such as inadequate safety culture, lack of training and awareness, poor communication, and the pressure to meet project deadlines. It will also address emerging issues, such as the integration of technology and the impact of climate change on construction safety.5. Best Practices in Construction Engineering Safety Management:This section will outline best practices for effective construction engineering safety management. It will include case studies and examples ofsuccessful safety initiatives and programs implemented by leading organizations in the construction industry. Topics covered may include safety leadership, employee engagement, continuous improvement, data analysis, and the use of innovative technologies to enhance safety performance.Conclusion:Construction engineering safety management is a critical aspect of construction projects. By prioritizing safety, organizations can protect the well-being of their workers, reduce accidents, and enhance productivity and efficiency. This comprehensive review has highlighted the significance of safety management, key principles, legal framework, challenges, and best practices. Implementing effective safety management measures is essential to ensure the successful completion of construction projects while safeguarding the lives of those involved.。
安全管理制度的外文文献
Abstract:This paper aims to provide a comprehensive security management systemfor organizations. It discusses the importance of security management, outlines the key components of a security management system, and proposes strategies for implementing and maintaining an effective security management system. The paper also highlights the challenges faced by organizations in managing security and suggests ways to overcome these challenges.1. IntroductionSecurity management is an essential aspect of any organization. It involves identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks to protect the organization's assets, employees, and stakeholders. A well-designed security management system can significantly reduce the likelihood and impact of security incidents. This paper presents a comprehensive security management system that addresses the various aspects ofsecurity management in organizations.2. Importance of Security ManagementSecurity management plays a crucial role in organizations for several reasons:- Protection of assets: Security management helps protect the organization's physical and intangible assets, such as buildings, equipment, information, and intellectual property.- Ensuring business continuity: By minimizing the risk of security incidents, organizations can ensure the continuity of their operations.- Compliance with legal and regulatory requirements: Security management helps organizations comply with various laws and regulations related to security and privacy.- Building trust: A strong security management system enhances the organization's reputation and builds trust among its stakeholders.3. Key Components of a Security Management SystemA comprehensive security management system consists of several key components:- Risk assessment: Identifying and evaluating potential risks to the organization's assets and stakeholders.- Security policies and procedures: Establishing guidelines for the organization's security practices, including access control, incident response, and security awareness training.- Physical security: Implementing measures to protect the organization's physical assets, such as buildings, equipment, and data centers.- Information security: Ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the organization's information assets, including data, networks, and systems.- Security awareness and training: Educating employees on security best practices and raising awareness about potential threats and vulnerabilities.- Incident response: Developing and implementing a plan to respond to security incidents, including detection, analysis, containment, eradication, and recovery.- Continuous improvement: Regularly reviewing and updating the security management system to address new threats and vulnerabilities.4. Strategies for Implementing and Maintaining an Effective Security Management SystemTo implement and maintain an effective security management system, organizations can follow these strategies:- Establish a security management framework: Develop a framework that aligns with international standards, such as ISO/IEC 27001, to ensure a consistent and comprehensive approach to security management.- Assign responsibility: Designate a security officer or team responsible for managing the security management system and ensure they have the necessary authority and resources.- Conduct risk assessments: Regularly conduct risk assessments to identify and prioritize potential threats and vulnerabilities.- Implement security controls: Implement appropriate security controls to mitigate identified risks, such as access control, encryption, and intrusion detection systems.- Train employees: Provide security awareness and training to employees to ensure they understand their roles and responsibilities in maintaining a secure environment.- Monitor and evaluate: Continuously monitor the effectiveness of the security management system and evaluate its performance against established goals and objectives.- Communicate and collaborate: Foster a culture of security within the organization by promoting open communication and collaboration between employees, management, and stakeholders.5. Challenges in Security ManagementOrganizations face several challenges in managing security, including:- Rapidly evolving threats: Security threats are constantly evolving, making it difficult to keep up with new vulnerabilities and attack techniques.- Resource constraints: Limited budgets and personnel can make it challenging to implement and maintain an effective security management system.- Regulatory compliance: Organizations must navigate complex legal and regulatory requirements related to security and privacy.- Human factors: Employee negligence, such as phishing attacks and password reuse, can pose significant risks to the organization.6. ConclusionA comprehensive security management system is essential for organizations to protect their assets, ensure business continuity, andcomply with legal and regulatory requirements. By following the strategies outlined in this paper, organizations can effectively implement and maintain a robust security management system. Addressing the challenges in security management requires ongoing commitment, collaboration, and continuous improvement.。
国外建筑工程安全管理文献
国外建筑工程安全管理文献一、引言随着全球化的发展，国外建筑工程安全管理成为一个备受关注的话题。
本文旨在通过研究国外建筑工程安全管理文献，了解国外在这方面的经验与做法，为我国建筑工程安全管理提供借鉴和参考。
二、国外建筑工程安全管理文献综述1. 国外建筑工程安全管理的背景与现状在国外，建筑工程安全管理已经成为一个重要且不可忽视的方面。
由于建筑工程本身的复杂性和危险性，保证工程施工过程中的安全非常关键。
各个国家和地区都制定了一系列的安全标准和规章制度，以确保建筑工程的顺利进行。
2. 国外建筑工程安全管理的法律法规及标准在国外，建筑工程安全管理有明确的法律法规和标准。
举例来说，美国有《建筑工程安全管理法案》（Construction Safety Act）、英国有《建筑工程（安全）法》（Construction (Design and Management) Regulations）等。
这些法律法规和标准为建筑工程的安全提供了保障，并规范了相关的管理体系。
3. 国外建筑工程安全管理的组织与责任在国外，建筑工程安全管理涉及多个方面的组织和责任分工。
一般来说，建筑工程安全管理部门会与业主、设计师、承包商等各个环节的相关人员密切合作，共同制定和实施安全管理措施。
此外，国外一些企业也成立了专门的安全团队，负责建筑工程的安全监控和事故应对。
4. 国外建筑工程安全管理的技术手段和管理方法国外在建筑工程安全管理方面借鉴了许多先进的技术手段和管理方法。
例如，通过应用先进的建筑信息模型（BIM）技术，可以在建筑工程设计阶段发现和修正安全隐患；利用现代化的安全监测设备和系统，能够实时监控工地的安全状况；结合大数据和人工智能技术，可以对建筑工程施工过程进行全面的风险评估和预测。
三、国外建筑工程安全管理文献案例分析1. 美国《建筑工程安全管理法案》美国《建筑工程安全管理法案》于19XX年颁布，旨在保障建筑工程施工的安全。
该法案规定了施工现场的安全要求、承包商和雇主的责任分工、工人的培训要求等。
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建筑施工安全管理外文翻译参考文献
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2. Yang, Y., Leung, Y. T., Chan, A. P., & Lu, W. (2018). Research trends and topics in construction safety management literature: A bibliometric analysis. Safety Science, 103, 255-264.
3. Abdou, D. E. S., & Hassanein, M. K. (2019). Assessment of construction safety management factors affecting safety performance in Egypt. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 58(2), 767-777.
4. Ling, F. Y., Chong, H. Y., Lan, Y., & Lu, W. (2020). A review
of safety climate research from 2012 to 2018: Bibliometric analysis considering the construction industry's perspective. Safety Science, 125, .
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safety performance: A multilevel analysis approach. Safety Science, 118, 502-512.
6. Alazemi, K., & Kartam, N. (2014). Assessing safety performance index for construction projects in Kuwait. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 140(1), .
7. Ardeshir, A., & Mohammadfam, I. (2015). Safety climate improvement framework for construction industry. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 22(1), 47-58.
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10. Sumner, N. (2019). Construction project management: An integrated approach. Routledge.
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以上是一些关于建筑施工安全管理的外文翻译参考文献，涵盖了安全管理研究、安全氛围、安全绩效等方面的内容，有助于进一步了解该领域的研究动态和相关理论。