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/locate/rggThe stages and duration of formation of gold mineralizationat copper-skarn deposits (Altai–Sayan folded area )I.V. Gaskov *, A.S. Borisenko, V.V. Babich, E.A. NaumovV.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,prosp. Akad. Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, RussiaReceived 20 March 2009; accepted l6 November 2009AbstractGold mineralization at copper-skarn deposits (Tardanskoe, Murzinskoe, Sinyukhinskoe, Choiskoe) in the Altai–Sayan folded area is related to different hydrothermal-metasomatic formations. It was produced at 400–150 ºC in several stages spanning 5–6 Myr, which determined the diversity of its mineral assemblages. Gold mineralization associated with magnetite bodies is spatially correlated with magnesian and calcareous skarns, whereas gold mineralization in crushing zones and along fault sutures in moderate- and low-temperature hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks (propylites, beresites, serpentinites, and argillizites) is of postskarn formation. Different stages were manifested with different intensities at gold deposits. For example, the Sinyukhinskoe deposit abounds in early high-temperature mineral assemblages; the Choiskoe deposit, in low-temperature ones; and the Tardanskoe and Murzinskoe deposits are rich in both early and late gold minerals. Formation of commercial gold mineralization at different copper-skarn deposits is due to the combination of gold mineralization produced at different stages as a result of formation of intricate igneous complexes (Tannu-Ola, Ust’-Belaya, and Yugala) composed of differentiated rocks from gabbros to granites.© 2010, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords: gold mineralization; skarns, copper-skarn deposits; hydrothermal-metasomatic formationsIntroductionRecent data on the isotope geology and geochronology of rocks and ores and geological data on the ore genesis gaps proved that ore deposits formed for a much longer time than was assumed earlier (Rundkvist, 1997). This is also true for commercial gold mineralization at many Cu-skarn deposits in the Altai–Sayan folded area (ASFA).Gold-containing Cu-skarn deposits are widespread in many ore districts of the ASFA: Gorny Altai (Sinyukhinskoe,Murzinskoe, Choiskoe), Kuznetsk Alatau (Natal’evskoe, Fe-dorovskoe), Gornaya Shoria (Maisko-Lebedskoe), and Tuva (Tardanskoe, Khopto). Most of them are commercial deposits (Fig. 1).Skarn formation processes at these deposits were related to the Early and Middle Paleozoic granitoid magmatism in the Tannu-Ola (eastern Tuva), Yugala (Sinyukha, northeastern Altai), and Ust’-Belaya (northwestern Altai) intrusive com-plexes (Gusev, 2007; Shokalsky et al., 2000). Formation of commercial gold mineralization was a longer and more intricate process (Gaskov, 2008). In most part of these deposits, gold mineralization is the product of multistage ore process, which is characterized by different mineral composi-tions and spatial occurrences. Almost all these deposits bear gold mineralization spatially and genetically related to skarns and aposkarns in assemblage with magnetite and sulfides (Korobeinikov and Matsyushevskii, 1976; Korobeinikov and Zotov, 2006; Korobeinikov et al., 1987; Vakhrushev, 1972)and gold mineralization isolated from skarns and represented by sulfide-containing (pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite)hydrothermal products of moderate-temperature assemblage in crushing zones (Shcherbakov, 1974). Often, the deposits also bear epithermal gold-containing assemblage with low-tem-perature sulfides, tellurides, and selenides usually developed at the final stage of mineral formation in rocks of different compositions, including sedimentary, igneous, and skarn (Gas-kov, 2008; Gaskov et al., 2005).The recently obtained ages of ore formation products and igneous rocks (Gaskov, 2008; Rudnev et al., 2004, 2006;Shokalsky et al., 2000) provide a new concept of the sequence of ore formation and its duration and relation with multiphasemagmatism.Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–1101*Corresponding author.E-mail address : gaskov@uiggm.nsc.ru (I.V. Gaskov)doi:10.1016/j.rgg.2010.0.0011068-7971/$-see front matter D 2010, IG M, Siberian Branch of the RAS.Published by E lsevier B.V .All rights reserved.V S. .Sabolev 9Let us dwell on the specific features of gold mineralization at particular deposits.Gold mineralization at Cu-skarn depositsThe Tardanskoe deposit is localized in the zone of the Kaa-Khem deep fault, in the exocontact part of the Kopto-Baisyut gabbro-diorite-plagiogranite massif (Fig. 2) (Korobe-inikov and Zotov, 2006; Korobeinikov et al., 1987). At the massif contact, Lower Cambrian volcanogenic-carbonate de-posits are transformed into magnesian and calcareous skarns described in detail earlier (Korobeinikov, 1999; Korobeinikov and Matsyushevskii, 1976; Korobeinikov et al., 1997). The skarn bodies are spatially close to aposkarn metasomatites bearing actinolite, tremolite, epidote, serpentine, chlorite, talc,quartz, carbonate, magnetite, and hematite.Gold mineralization at the deposit is of two types: (1) in skarn-magnetite rocks and (2) in metasomatites of linear crushing zones. These types have specific mineralogical and geochemical features.Gold mineralization in skarn-magnetite ores is widespread at the deposit. It is described elsewhere (Korobeinikov and Matsyushevskii, 1976; Korobeinikov and Zotov, 2006; Koro-beinikov et al., 1987; Kudryavtseva, 1969). Gold is spatially related to areas of sulfide mineralization, and its contents are in direct correlation with the amount of sulfide minerals.Gold-sulfide mineralization is extremely unevenly distributed and is localized at the sites of magnetite ores that underwent cataclasis as well as in magnetite microcracks and interstices.The total amount of sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, and scarcer sphalerite, pyrrhotite, and arsenopyrite) is 1–3%. Gold occurs as fine thin (0.3–0.01 mm) native segregations. This is mainly high-fineness gold (820–990) (Fig. 3, a ) with impuri-ties of silver (up to 13.6%) and copper (up to 5.07%).According to Korobeinikov (1999) and Korobeinikov and Matsyushevskii (1976), the temperatures of formation of magnetite ores were 430–550 ºC, whereas the gold-sulfide assemblage and the hosting metasomatites (actinolite, tre-molite, serpentine, talc) were produced at 250–320 ºC (Gaskov et al., 2005; Vakhrushev, 1972).Gold mineralization in crushing zones is localized in steeply dipping linear tectonic structures of NW, NE, and NS strikes (Fig. 2), which develop after different rocks, including volcanosedimentary, igneous, and skarn ones. These zones reach several hundred meters in length and few tens of meters in width. The petrographic composition of these zones is di-verse and depends mainly on the composition of initial rocks that underwent transformation later. The rocks are metaso-matic, close in composition to propylites, listwaenites, talc-containing and sericite-quartz metasomatites, and beresite-like rocks. Almost each type of hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks is intimately associated with ore minerals. Though the total volume of these minerals does not exceed 3–5%, they are extremely diverse in composition and are extremely unevenly distributed. Along with sulfide minerals typical of Cu-skarn deposits (chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite, chalcocite,digenite, sphalerite, galena), the mineralized zones of the deposit abound in tellurides—hessite (Ag 2Te), tellurobis-muthite (Bi 2Te 3), and tetradymite (Bi 2Te 2S),—and low-tem-perature Co and Ni sulfides and sulfoarsenides (Table 1). The latter have a variable composition and often consist of intermediate phases of continuous mineral series, e.g., allo-clasite(CoAsS)–arsenopyrite(FeAsS) or siegenite(CoNi 2S 4)–violarite(FeNi 2S 4).Gold occurs mainly as native fine thin (0.01–0.5 mm)disseminations in rock microcracks and as inclusions in pyrite,chalcopyrite, and bornite. The gold fineness varies over a broad range of values—from 440 to 820 (Fig. 3, b ). The lowest-fineness gold segregations are compositionally similar to electrum and have high contents of Ag (up to 54.78%) and Hg impurity (up to 3.65%).On the flanks of mineralized crushing zones, there is sometimes gold mineralization in low-temperature argillitized rocks of chlorite-kaolinite-carbonate-hydromica composition.This gold is of low fineness (no more than 600). The mainimpurities are Ag (20–66%) and Hg (up to 5.47%). The formation temperatures of sulfide-telluride assemblages andFig. 1. Schematic occurrence of gold-bearing Cu-skarn deposits in the Altai-Sayan folded area: 1, Murzinskoe; 2, Sinyukhinskoe; 3, Choiskoe; 4, Maisko-Lebedskoe;5, Fedorovskoe; 6, Natal’evskoe; 7, Tardanskoe; 8, Kopto.1092I.V. Gaskov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–1101gold mineralization in metasomatites and argillitized rocks are within 200–75 ºC.The Murzinskoe deposit is localized at the contact of a small stock-like granodiorite body of the Ust’-Belaya gabbro-diorite complex (Fig. 4). In the exocontact zone, calcareous skarns composed of garnet, pyroxene, wollastonite, and mag-netite develop after the calcareous sandstones of the Murzinka Formation (D1-2). In the local zones, there are aposkarnFig. 2. Schematic geologic structure of the Tardanskoe deposit (compiled after the data of K.M. Kil’chichakov and L.V. Kopylova and our new data). 1–4, Lower Paleozoic deposits: 1, andesitic porphyrites and tuffs with siltstone and sandstone interbeds in the lower part of the Tumat-Taiga Formation (Cm 1tm 1); 2, quartz porphyrites with interbeds of andesitic porphyrites and limestones in the upper part of the Tumat-Taiga Formation (Cm 1tm 2); 3, limestones and calcareous shales of the Tapsa Formation (Cm 1tp); 4, Lower and Middle Silurian conglomerates and sandstones (S 1-2); 5, Quaternary deposits (Q IV ); 6, 7, Lower Paleozoic igneous rocks of the Tannu-Ola complex (γδO 1-2): 6, gabbro-diorite-plagiogranite formation; 7, small granite-porphyry and quartz diorite bodies; 8, calcareous and magnesian skarns; 9, hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks in mineralized crushing zones; 10, gold orebodies; 11, tectonic zones; 12, geologic boundaries.I.V. Gaskov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–11011093Fig. 3. Variations in gold fineness in gold ores from skarn-magnetite bodies (a) and in ores from mineralized crushing zones (b) at the Tardanskoe deposit.Table 1. Mineral parageneses in gold-bearing ores produced at different stages and composition of host rocks at Au-Cu-skarn depositsDeposit Early aposkarn Au-sulfide mineralization in magnetite-skarn rocks Late Au-telluride-sulfide mineralization in superposed crushingzonesOre parageneses Host rocks Ore parageneses Host rocksTardanskoe Magneite (Fe3O4)Pyrite (FeS2)Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)Bornite (Cu5FeS4)Sphalerite (ZnS)Pyrrhotite (FeS)Arsenopyrite (FeAsS)Gold (Au)Magnesian skarns (pyroxene +fassayite + phlogopite +pargasite + forsterite + spinel).Calcareous skarns (pyroxene +garnet + epidote +wollastonite + skapolite).Aposkarn serpentine andserpentine-chlorite rocksCobaltite (CoFe)AsSGlaucodot (Co,Fe)AsSSiegenite (CoNi2S4)Violarite (FeNi2S4)Hessite (Ag2Te)Gold (Au)Propylites, listvaenites, talc-serpentine-containing andsericite-quartz metasomatites,and argillitized rocksMurzinskoe Magnetite (Fe3O4)Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)Pyrite (FeS2)Bornite (Cu5FeS4)Sphalerite (ZnS)Galena (PbS)FahloreArsenopyrite (FeAsS)Clinobisvanite (BiVO4)Gold (Au)Calcareous skarns (garnet +pyroxene + wollastonite).Aposkarn metasomatic rocks(quartz + epidote + chlorite +actinolite)Cinnabar (HgS)Metacinnabarite (HgS)Bismuthine (Bi2S3)Aikinite (CuPbBiS3)Emplectite (CuBiS2)Berryite [Pb2(Cu,Ag)3Bi5S11]Naumannite (Ag2Se)Polybasite (Ag16Sb2S11)Barite (BaSO4)Gold (Au)Quartz and quartz-carbonateveins, near-vein metasomatitesof quartz-chlorite-carbonatecomposition, and argillitizedrocksSinyukhinskoe Magnetite (Fe3O4)Pyrite (FeS2)Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)Bornite (Cu5FeS4)Chalcocite (Cu2S)Sphalerite (ZnS)Pyrrhotite (FeS)Cubanite (CuFe2S3)Gold (Au)Wollastonite, garnet-wollastonite, garnet-pyroxeneand pyroxene skarns, andaposkarn metasomatic rocks(chlorite + actinolite + calcite)Tetradymite (Bi2TeS)Siegenite (CoNi2S4)Cobaltite ((CoNiFe)AsS)Melonite (NiTe2)Wittichenite (Cu3BiS3)Hessite (Ag2Te)Petzite (AuAg3Te2)Altaite (PbTe)Clausthalite (PbSe)Gold (Au)Local zones of actinolite-chlorite-calcite-quartzcompositionChoiskoe Magnetite (Fe3O4)Pyrite (FeS2)Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)Gold (Au)Garnet, garnet-pyroxene,garnet-wollastonite, andpyroxene-epidote skarnsTetradymite (BiTe2S)Ingodite (Bi2TeS)Joseite (Bi4TeS2)Hedleyite (Bi2Te)Tellurobismuthite (Bi2Te3)Bismuthite (Bi2S3),Native bismuth (Bi)Gold (Au)Quartz and quartz-carbonateveins and quartz-carbonate-chlorite metasomatites1094I.V. Gaskov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–1101metasomatic rocks consisting of quartz, epidote, calcite,chlorite, actinolite, and, more seldom, tourmaline, apatite, and rodonite.Gold mineralization at the Murzinskoe deposit was earlier ascribed to gold-skarn type. But recent data have shown that only a minor part of the deposit ores — scarce postskarn sulfide mineralization spatially associated with skarn-magnet-ite bodies—can be referred to this type. Most of the commer-cial ores occur in mineralized crushing zones. They form gold-sulfide mineralization in quartz and quartz-carbonate veins and near-vein metasomatites in a 300–400 m thick zone stretching in the N-NW direction for more than 3 km (Fig. 4).The crust of weathering widespread at the deposit contains hypergene copper minerals: malachite, chrysocolla, azurite,chalcocite, coveline, and high-fineness gold.Gold-sulfide mineralization spatially associated with skarn-magnetite bodies is superposed on skarn rocks. It was produced either at the regressive stage of the skarn formation or at the postskarn hydrothermal-metasomatic stage and was accompanied by the formation of moderate- and low-tempera-ture metasomatic minerals—chlorite, actinolite, epidote, and quartz. Sulfide mineralization is unevenly distributed and occurs as veinlet-disseminated chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite,and sphalerite. It amounts to few percent. Gold occurs as fine thin (0.5–0.01 mm) native segregations. It is mainly of high fineness (840–994) (Fig. 5, a ).In crushing zones (Fig. 4), gold mineralization was found in quartz-carbonate-sulfide veinlets and veins in hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks of quartz-chlorite-carbonate composition with kaolinite, hydromica, and adularia (argillizite formation)developing after different rocks—skarns, hornfelses, shales,siltstones, and limestones,—often beyond skarning and horn-felsing zones. The quartz veins are 0.1 to 2.0 m (on average,0.4 m) thick, of N-S strike and eastern dip. In contrast to the gold-skarn-magnetite type, this mineralization is of more complex composition. In addition to minerals typical of skarn deposits (chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite, sphalerite, and galena),it includes fahlore, arsenopyrite (FeAsS), cinnabar (HgS),metacinnabarite (HgS), bismuthine (Bi 2S 3), aikinite (CuPb BiS 3), emplectite (CuBiS 2), berryite [Pb 2(Cu,Ag)3Bi 5S 11],naumannite (Ag 2Se), polybasite (Ag 16Sb 2S 11), scheelite (Ca 3WO 4), hematite (Fe 2O 3), clinobisvanite (BiVO 4), bariteFig. 4. Schematic geologic structure of the Murzinskoe deposit. 1, mica-sili-ceous shales (O 1); 2, sandstones, siltstones, and aleuropelites (S 1); 3, terri-genous-carbonate deposits (D 1-2): a , conglomerates, b , limestones, c , sand-stones; 4, granodiorites of the Ust’-Belaya complex (D 3); 5, altered rocks and metasomatites: a , hornfelses, b , skarns, c , quartz-tourmaline metasomatites;6, mineralized crushing zones; 7, faults: a , established, b , predicted; 8, other types of mineralization: a , Murzinka-3 (Au), b, skarn Fe.Fig. 5. Variations in the fineness of gold associated with skarn-magnetite bodies (a ) and gold from ores of mineralized crushing zones (b ) at the Murzin-skoe deposit.I.V. Gaskov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–11011095(BaSO 4), and gold (Table 1). The content of gold in the ores varies over a broad range of values, from 0.1 to 232 ppm.This gold occurs as fine (<0.1 mm) thin segregations in assemblage with sulfides. Its fineness also greatly varies (640–840), but, compared with the first type of ores, low-fine-ness gold prevails here (Fig. 5, b ).The presence of cinnabar, sulfides and sulfosalts of Bi, Se,and Sb, and barite, predominance of low-fineness gold and electrum, and low-temperature wallrock alteration (formation of kaolinite, hydromica, and adularia) differ these ores from earlier formed ores in skarn-magnetite bodies. The gap between the skarn and ore formation processes is evidenced from the presence of basite dikes cutting the skarns, which bear superposed gold mineralization of this type. At the same time, the presence of gold–cinnabar intergrowths and fine dissemination of gold in cinnabar, presence of Hg-minerals (cinnabar, Hg-sphalerite, saucovite) in the ores, and high contents of As, Sb, and Ti (typical elements of many Au-Hg deposits) permit this mineralization to be referred to as epithermal Au-Hg type (Borisenko et al., 2006). Thermometric studies showed that the homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in quartz veins in the northern and central parts ofthe mineralized zone are 215–200 ºC and decrease to 160–130 ºC in the southern part.Fig. 6. Schematic geologic structure of the Sinyukhinskoe deposit (compiled by Gusev (2007) and supplemented by our data). 1, loose Quaternary deposits; 2–6, rocksof the Choya (O 1cs), Elanda (C−2-3el), Ust’-Sema (C −2us), and Upper Ynyrga (C −2vy) Formations: 2, conglomerates, 3, siltstones, 4, sandstones, 5, limestones,6, andesite-basaltic porphyrites; 7–9, rocks of the Yugala (Sinyukha) complex: 7, granites and granodiorites of the early phase (γδD 2-3), 8, granites of the late phase (γD 2-3), 9, dolerite and gabbro-dolerite dikes; 10, plagiogranites of the Sarakoksha complex (ν C −2); 11, skarns; 12, sites with gold mineralization (1, Pervyi Rudnyi (First Ore), 2, Zapadnyi (Western), 3, Faifanov, 4, West Faifanov, 5, Ynyrga, 6, Nizhnii (Lower), 7, Tushkenek, 9, Gorbunov); 13, faults.1096I.V. Gaskov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–1101The Sinyukhinskoe deposit is localized in northeastern Altai, at the contact of the large (600 km 2) complex Sarakok-sha pluton and Cambrian volcanosedimentary strata of the Ust’-Sema Formation (Shcherbakov, 1967; Vakhrushev, 1972)(Fig. 6). According to Shokalsky et al. (2000) and Gusev (2007), this massif includes the Lower Cambrian Sarakoksha diorite-tonalite-plagiogranite complex and Lower Devonian Yugala gabbro-diorite-granite complex (Sinyukha complex (Gusev, 2003)). It is in the latter complex that the commercial mineralization of the Sinyukha ore field is localized. In the contact zone of the Sinyukha massif, skarns of different compositions are developed in horizons of carbonate rocks and tuffs. Wollastonite and garnet-wollastonite varieties are the most widespread, and garnet-pyroxene and pyroxene ones are scarcer. Near the contact with basic effusive bodies, small magnetite orebodies have been revealed among garnet-py-roxene skarns.Gold mineralization occurs mainly among wollastonite,garnet-wollastonite, and pyroxene-wollastonite skarns and is intimately associated with an assemblage of sulfide minerals.The latter are dominated by bornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite,and pyrite, which compose ore zones in these rocks and are present in the form of nest-disseminations and stockworks. In local zones of actinolite-chlorite-calcite-quartz composition we found minor amounts of sphalerite, pyrrhotite, cubanite, and tetradymite. There are also occasional findings of rare miner-als, such as siegenite (CoNi 2S 4), cobaltite ((CoNiFe)AsS),melonite (NiTe 2), wittichenite (Cu 3BiS 3), gessite (Ag 2Te),petzite (AuAg 3Te 2), altaite (PbTe), and clausthalite (PbSe)(Table 1). The total content of sulfides does not exceed 5–10%. The sulfides are extremely unevenly distributed—from occasional dissemination to densely disseminated, almost massive ores. The composition of sulfide mineralization slightly changes with depth: Gold-chalcocite-bornite assem-blage is changed by gold-chalcopyrite one. The accumulation of gold-sulfide mineralization was accompanied by the hy-drothermal-metasomatic alteration of the host skarns with the formation of actinolite, chlorite, and calcite near ore veins and nests. Magnetite ores are poorer in gold, and sulfide-free rocks(marbles and diorite-porphyry and granite-porphyry dikes)virtually lack it.Fig. 7. Variations in gold fineness in ores from the Sinyukhinskoe deposit.Fig. 8. Schematic geologic structure of the Choiskoe deposit (compiled by Gusev and Gusev (1998) and supplemented by our data). 1–5, rocks of the Ishpa (O 1is) andTandosha (C−2-3td) Formations: 1, conglomerates, 2, siltstones, 3, sandstones, 4, limestones, 5, felsic tuffs; 6–7, granitoids of the Yugala complex: 6, granites and granodiorites of the early phase (γδD 2-3), 7, leucocratic granites of the late phase (γD 2-3); 8, granite-porphyry, diorite, and lamprophyre dikes (γδD 2-3); 9, skarns;10, gold mineralization occurrences (1, occurrence of the Central skarn deposit, 2, Pikhtovyi, 3, Smorodinovyi); 11, faults.I.V. Gaskov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–11011097Gold often occurs in ores as native segregations in the form of hooks, fine wires, lumps, and sheets intimately intergrown with bornite, chalcocite, and chalcopyrite. Sometimes, native gold segregations are observed as fine inclusions in cracks and interstices of skarn minerals, most often, wollastonite. These gold particles are mainly no larger than hundredths of millimeter. The gold of primary ores of the Sinyukhinskoe deposit is of high fineness varying over a narrow range of values (911–964) (Fig. 7). The fineness of gold decreases to 860–870 only in its parageneses with tellurides, selenides, and rare sulfide minerals (Roslyakova et al., 1999). The main impurities in gold are silver (up to 19%) and copper (up to 1.7%). The content of Hg does not exceed 0.1%. By the formation conditions, these ores are postskarn hydrothermal,with their deposition temperatures not exceeding 350 ºC (Roslyakova et al., 1999; Shcherbakov, 1972).The Choiskoe deposit is localized 20 km northeast of the Sinyukha ore field, in the zone of contact between the Upper Cambrian terrigenous-carbonate deposits of the Ishpa Forma-tion and the Choya granitoid massif referred to the Lower Devonian Yugala gabbro-diorite-granite complex (Fig. 8). The Choya granitoid massif is small at the surface (1 × 5 km) and extends from west to east, tracing the Choya fault (Gusev,2007). The deposit abounds in dikes of dolerite porphyrites,diorites, and granite-porphyry and in rocks of the lamprophyre series—kersantites, minette, and spessartites. The zone of contact between the granitoids of the Choya massif and the horizons of limestones and terrigenous-carbonate rocks is composed of skarns, which form linear zones extending in the NE direction, like the other rocks. Most bodies are of persistent thickness, ~100 m. By composition, the skarn bodies are divided into zones of garnet, garnet-pyroxene, pyroxene,garnet-wollastonite, and pyroxene-epidote skarns. In the skarn zones and near lamprophyre bodies, poor scheelite-molybde-nite mineralization in quartz veins was established (Gusev,1998).Gold mineralization at the deposit occurs in linear tectonic zones and is not spatially associated with skarns. It develops as quartz veins and quartz-carbonate and quartz-carbonate-chlorite veinlets and nests with gold-sulfide mineralization in crushing and brecciation zones in both the skarns and the granitoids of the Choya massif (Fig. 8).The mineral composition of these objects is nearly the same—gold-sulfide and gold-telluride parageneses. A numberof rare tellurides have been revealed among the Choya deposit ores: tetradymite (BiTe 2S), ingodite (Bi 2TeS), joseite (Bi 4TeS 2), hedleyite (Bi 2Te), tellurobismuthite (Bi 2Te 3), bis-muthine (Bi 2S 3), and native bismuth (Table 1). Magnetite,pyrite, and chalcopyrite, typical minerals of Cu-skarn deposits,are extremely scarce here. The total content of sulfides does not exceed few percent. They occur mainly as fine thin dissemination and do not form large accumulations and nests.Gold in the Choya deposit ores occurs as fine inclusions in sulfide and telluride minerals in quartz veinlets and as intergrowths with ore minerals. The gold particles are hun-dredths and tenths of millimeter in size. By chemical compo-sition, the gold is divided into two groups: medium-fineness (843–880) and high-fineness (940–959); the latter is probably of exogenous nature (Fig. 9). The gold contains Ag (3–12.5 wt.%) and Hg (0–0.48 wt.%) impurities and Cu traces.The thermometric studies showed that homogenization of primary gas-liquid inclusions into liquid proceeds at 126–150 ºC in quartz and at 105–128 ºC in calcite from ore-bear-ing veins.The sequence and duration of formation of gold mineralization and its correlation with magmatism As seen from the above data, gold mineralization at all considered Cu-skarn deposits has a complex multistage for-mation history. But the same stages at different deposits ran with different intensities. For example, at the Sinyukhinskoe deposit, mainly early high-temperature mineral assemblages are widespread, whereas at the Choiskoe deposit, low-tempera-ture ones. The Tardanskoe and Murzinskoe deposits bear both early and late minerals. To elucidate the peculiarities of gold-ore formation, establish the correlation between different types of gold mineralization and magmatic activity, and evaluate the duration of ore formation, we performed Ar-Ar and U-Pb dating of different mineralization and igneous rocks from the Tardanskoe and Murzinskoe deposits.Our investigations have shown that the formation of gold mineralization at the Tardanskoe deposit lasted for a longer time than it was supposed earlier. Skarn mineralization formed at the contact of diorites with carbonate rocks as a result of the intrusion of the Kopto-Baisyut massif. Ar-Ar biotite dating of the massif yielded an age of 485.7 ± 4.4 Ma corresponding to the Early Ordovician (Table 2). The skarns at the massif contact as well as magnetite ores and gold-sulfide mineraliza-tion (pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, bornite, gold) spatially and genetically associated with skarn-magnetite bodies are of similar age. Gold was deposited together with sulfides, as evidenced from the direct correlation between the contents of gold and sulfides (especially chalcopyrite) and from gold inclusions in the sulfides. The formation of skarn and aposkarn mineralization was followed (with some temporal gap) by the intrusion of dike and stock-like small granitoid bodies, which is indicated by their cutting of the sulfide-bearing skarn and magnetite bodies. Ar-Ar dating of these granite bodies yielded an age of 484.2 ±4.3 Ma (Table 2).Fig. 9. Variations in gold fineness in ores from the Choiskoe deposit.1098I.V. Gaskov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 51 (2010) 1091–1101。

人员流失问题及对策外文文献翻译2

人员流失问题及对策外文文献翻译2

人员流失问题及对策外文文献翻译2.5万字符人员流失问题及对策外文文献翻译:Title: Employee Turnover Issues and StrategiesAbstract:Employee turnover is a significant concern for organizations as it increases costs and disrupts the workflow. This paper aims to explore the causes of employee turnover and propose strategies to reduce turnover rates. The study identified several factors contributing to turnover, including job dissatisfaction, lack of career growth opportunities, and poor management. To address these issues, organizations can implement various strategies, such as improving employee job satisfaction through fair compensation and recognition programs, providing employees with development opportunities, and enhancing management practices. Additionally, fostering a positive work environment and promoting work-life balance can also help reduce turnover rates. The findings suggest that a proactive approach should be taken by organizations to retain valuable employees and minimize turnover. Introduction:Employee turnover refers to the rate at which employees leave an organization and are replaced by new hires. High turnover rates pose challenges for organizations, including increased costs associated with recruitment and training, reduced productivity due to constant turnover, and potential loss of valuable employees. This paper aims to examine the causes of employee turnover and propose strategies that organizations can adopt to reduce turnover rates and retain valuable talent.Causes of Employee Turnover:There are various factors that contribute to employee turnover. One major factor is job dissatisfaction. When employees are dissatisfied with their job, they may seek better opportunities elsewhere. This dissatisfaction can arise from several sources, such as low compensation, lack of recognition, limited growth prospects, and poor work-life balance.Another significant factor is the lack of career growth opportunities. Employees who feel that their career is stagnating may be more likely to look for advancement opportunities in other organizations. This is especially true for early-career professionals who seek growth and development.Poor management practices also contribute to employee turnover. When employees have ineffective or unsupportive managers, they may become disengaged and unhappy in their roles. In such cases, employees are more likely to leave the organization in search of better management practices and a healthier work environment.Additionally, lack of work-life balance and high levels of stress can result in employee turnover. When employees feel overwhelmed with work and have minimal time for personal and family-related activities, their job satisfaction and overall well-being may be affected, leading to higher turnover rates.Strategies to Reduce Turnover:Organizations can adopt several strategies to reduce employee turnover rates. Firstly, they can focus on improving employee jobsatisfaction. This can be achieved through fair and competitive compensation packages, recognition and rewards programs, and fostering a positive work environment. Regularly seeking employee feedback and addressing their concerns can also contribute to higher job satisfaction.Providing employees with growth and development opportunities is another effective strategy. Organizations can offer training programs, mentorship opportunities, and clear career paths to help employees progress in their careers. This not only fulfills employee aspirations but also enhances employee engagement and loyalty.Enhancing management practices is crucial in reducing turnover rates. Organizations should invest in training programs for managers to improve their leadership skills, communication abilities, and ability to support and motivate employees. Regular performance evaluations and constructive feedback can also contribute to better managerial practices.Finally, promoting work-life balance is essential in retaining valuable employees. This can be achieved by offering flexible work schedules, remote work options, and providing support for personal and family-related commitments. Organizations should create a culture that values work-life balance and encourages employees to maintain a healthy work-life integration. Conclusion:Employee turnover is a significant challenge for organizations globally. Understanding the causes of turnover and implementing effective strategies can help organizations retain valuable talentand reduce turnover rates. By focusing on improving job satisfaction, providing growth opportunities, enhancing management practices, and promoting work-life balance, organizations can create a supportive work environment that fosters employee engagement and loyalty.。

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译402驱动桥和差速器 (2)

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译402驱动桥和差速器 (2)

附录附录ADrive axle/differentialAll vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road.PowerflowThe drive axle must transmit power through a 90° angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels.This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear, which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels.Fig 1 Drive axleRear-wheel driveRear-wheel-drive vehicles are mostly trucks, very large sedans and many sports car and coupe models. The typical rear wheel drive vehicle uses a front mounted engine and transmission assemblies with a driveshaft coupling the transmission to the rear drive axle. Drive in through the layout of the bridge, the bridge drive shaft arranged vertically in the same vertical plane, and not the drive axle shaft, respectively, in their own sub-actuator with a direct connection, but the actuator is located at the front or the back of the adjacent shaftof the two bridges is arranged in series. Vehicle before and after the two ends of the driving force of the drive axle, is the sub-actuator and the transmission through the middle of the bridge. The advantage is not onlya reduction of the number of drive shaft, and raise the driving axle of the common parts of each other, and to simplify the structure, reduces the volume and quality.Fig 2 Rear-wheel-drive axleSome vehicles do not follow this typical example. Such as the older Porsche or Volkswagen vehicles which were rear engine, rear drive. These vehicles use a rear mounted transaxle with halfshafts connected to the drive wheels. Also, some vehicles were produced with a front engine, rear transaxle setup with a driveshaft connecting the engine to the transaxle, and halfshafts linking the transaxle to the drive wheels.Differential operationIn order to remove the wheel around in the kinematics due to the lack of co-ordination about the wheel diameter arising from a different or the same rolling radius of wheel travel required, inter-wheel motor vehicles are equipped with about differential, the latter to ensure that the car driver Bridge on both sides of the wheel when in range with a trip to the characteristics of rotating at different speeds to meet the requirements of the vehicle kinematics.Fig 3 Principle of differentialThe accompanying illustration has been provided to help understand how this occurs.1.The drive pinion, which is turned by the driveshaft, turns the ring gear.2.The ring gear, which is attached to the differential case, turns the case.3.The pinion shaft, located in a bore in the differential case, is at right angles to the axle shafts and turns with the case.4.The differential pinion (drive) gears are mounted on the pinion shaft and rotate with the shaft .5.Differential side gears (driven gears) are meshed with the pinion gears and turn with the differential housing and ring gear as a unit.6.The side gears are splined to the inner ends of the axle shafts and rotate the shafts as the housing turns.7.When both wheels have equal traction, the pinion gears do not rotate on the pinion shaft, since the input force of the pinion gears is divided equally between the two side gears.8.When it is necessary to turn a corner, the differential gearing becomes effective and allows the axle shafts to rotate at different speeds .Open-wheel differential on each general use the same amount of torque. To determine the size of the wheel torque to bear two factors:equipment and friction. In dry conditions, when a lot of friction, the wheel bearing torque by engine size and gear restrictions are hours in the friction (such as driving on ice), is restricted to a maximum torque, so that vehicles will not spin round. So even if the car can produce more torque, but also need to have sufficient traction to transfer torque to the ground. If you increase the throttle after the wheels slip, it will only make the wheels spin faster.Fig 4 Conventional differential Limited-slip and locking differential operationFig 5 Limited-slip differentialDifferential settlement of a car in the uneven road surface and steeringwheel-driven speed at about the different requirements; but is followed by the existence of differential in the side car wheel skid can not be effective when the power transmission, that is, the wheel slip can not produce the driving force, rather than spin the wheel and does not have enough torque. Good non-slip differential settlement of the car wheels skid on the side of the power transmission when the issue, that is, locking differential, so that no longer serve a useful differential right and left sides of the wheel can be the same torque.Limited-slip and locking differential operation can be divided into two major categories:(1) mandatory locking type in ordinary differential locking enforcement agencies to increase, when the side of the wheel skid occurs, the driver can be electric, pneumatic or mechanical means to manipulate the locking body meshing sets of DIP Shell will be with the axle differential lock into one, thus the temporary loss of differential role. Relatively simple structure in this way, but it must be operated by the driver, and good roads to stop locking and restore the role of differential.(2) self-locking differential installed in the oil viscosity or friction clutch coupling, when the side of the wheel skid occurs when both sides of the axle speed difference there, coupling or clutch friction resistance on the automatic, to make certain the other side of the wheel drive torque and the car continued to travel. When there is no speed difference on both sides of the wheel, the frictional resistance disappeared, the role of automatic restoration of differentials. More complicated structure in this way, but do not require drivers to operate. Has been increasingly applied in the car. About non-slip differential, notonly used for the differential between the wheels, but also for all-wheel drive vehicle inter-axle differential/.Gear ratioThe drive axle of a vehicle is said to have a certain axle ratio. This number (usually a whole number and a decimal fraction) is actually a comparison of the number of gear teeth on the ring gear and the pinion gear. For example, a 4.11 rear means that theoretically, there are 4.11 teeth on the ring gear for each tooth on the pinion gear or, put another way, the driveshaft must turn 4.11 times to turn the wheels once. The role of the final drive is to reduce the speed from the drive shaft, thereby increasing the torque. Lord of the reduction ratio reducer, a driving force for car performance and fuel economy have a greater impact. In general, the more reduction ratio the greater the acceleration and climbing ability, and relatively poor fuel economy. However, if it is too large, it can not play the full power of the engine to achieve the proper speed. The main reduction ratio is more Smaller ,the speed is higher, fuel economy is better, but the acceleration and climbing ability will be poor.附录B驱动桥和差速器所有的汽车都装有不同类型的驱动桥和差速器来驱动汽车行驶。

外文翻译译文模板

外文翻译译文模板

要求:1、外文资料翻译内容要求:外文资料的内容应为本学科研究领域,并与毕业设计(论文)选题相关的技术资料或专业文献,译文字数应不少于3000汉字以上,同时应在译文末注明原文的出处。

不可采用网络中直接有外文和原文的。

2、外文资料翻译格式要求:译文题目采用小二号黑体,居中;译文正文采用宋体小四号,段前、段后距为0行;行距:固定值20磅。

英文原文如果为打印的话用新罗马(Times New Roman)小四号字。

装订时原文在前,译文在后。

文章中有引用的地方在原文中也要体现。

参考文献也要翻译成中文!用于无线传感器网络数据估算的节能协调算法摘要:无线传感器网络的各节点是用电池供电的,网络的生存期取决于各节点的能耗大小。

考虑到这类传感器网络在不同地方,节点都是检测单一现象并发送信息到汇聚中心(Fusion Center, FC为其缩写形式),以便汇聚中心能够处理实时信息。

在传统的系统中,数据处理任务是由汇聚中心来完成的,在传输之前是没有进行加工处理的。

在综合各种适值计算方法基础上,把网络分成了多个簇,数据分两个部分进行处理。

第一个部分是在各个簇的各个传感器节点上完成本地数据共享。

第二部分将在汇聚中心从各簇节点接收到所有的信息后完成。

本地数据共享将会使比特数据传输方面更高效。

在每个簇的所有节点上,我们可以采用相同的数据备份和一个虚拟的多输入-多输出(V-MIMO)架构,在簇到汇聚(FC)中心之间进行数据传输。

一个虚拟V-MIMO网络是由一组的分布式节点组成,每个节点都有自己的天线。

通过他们之间的数据共享,这些节点将变成传统的MIMO 系统。

在协同/虚拟的MIMO架构提出之前,协同阶段是没有进行任何数据处理或压缩的。

我们改变现有的V-MIMO网络算法来适应我们所关心的特殊类别的传感器网络。

我们用正交的时空分组码(STBC)作为MIMO部分。

通过仿真表明,这种算法相比于传统系统更加节能。

I.简介一个典型的无线传感器网络是由一组小型的、低价的和只有有限能源的传感器节点组成。

外文译文范例

外文译文范例

外文资料Rural Labor Movements in Egypt and Their Impact onthe State, 1961-1992Looney, RobertJames Toth's highly informative study of Egypt develops the idea that the tarahil or migrant farm workers in Egypt unexpectedly contributed to the making of Egypt's recent history and in shaping the country's national development. His arguments are developed by first examining the struggles taking place inside the rural regime of accumulation and the methods of control each side employed to regulate conflicts over pay and working conditions. This involves not only describing the workers' way of life, standard of living, and the labor processes in both village agriculture and migrant labor, but also identifying the asymmetric relationships and negotiations involved in mutually defining the effort price formula.Toth demonstrates how initially these institutional relations remained local since direct state intervention was relatively limited before the 1960s. Once the state did step in, however, local conflicts diminished while the struggles between workers and their government acquired greater importance. State policies formulated since 1960 repeatedly altered the equation between labor and capital. Toth then shows that the struggle between the government and those who opposed its regulation then became an important motor force in creating Egypt's recent history.Following a carefully laid out introduction, Chapter 2 describes a composite migrant labor trip to work sites on the perimeter of Egypt's northern Delta region where the author conducted field-work in 1980-82. Here the emphasis is placed on introducing the migrant farm workers, describing the variety of social and economic relationships that keep these laborers at the bottom of Egypt's social pyramid. Chapter 3 examines why poor village farm laborers in Egypt repeatedly take up migrant work. In this section the author demonstrates that rural workers in Egypt are channeled into this occupation by the limitations imposed by seasonal unemployment, debt, gender stereotypes, and the country's economic underdevelopment. Chapter 4 develops the methods by which migrant workers exercise some control over valorization by using "weapons of the weak" and other stealth techniques, which enable them to overcome their hardship and poverty.In general, these early chapters discuss the rural regime of accumulation and the local mode of regulation found in the countryside, bridging both village agriculture and migrant labor camp activities. Toth finds these conditions replicated throughout the Egyptian countryside, both north and south. This general picture provides insights into the myriad of tactics and techniques thatregulated the valorization process at home and afar and that conditioned village lives and camp experiences. Yet despite the double-sided nature of these controls they remained insufficient to prevent first a wholesale flight of farm workers escaping the unsatisfactory conditions of village agriculture, and then later a widespread exodus that rejected the drudgery of both farm and migrant employment and seized upon new urban job opportunities that rural workers believed could improve their lives.The next sections focus on the period after 1960 when the conflicts between labor and capital ceased to have merely local consequences and began to acquire a broader, more national dimension. Chapters 5 through 8 examine the outcomes when Egypt's model of regulation came to include a greater regulatory role for the government. For in this zeal to stabilize and safeguard the national economy, the state ironically came instead to transpose and transform it.Four important years are examined: 1961, 1964, 1977 and 1992 when the course of Egyptian development was strongly influenced by the rural workers and their contentious relationship with the state. Chapters 5 and 6 analyze the outcome of the surge of rural workers who left agriculture employment behind in the 1960s and increasingly took up full-time migrant labor in building the High Dam at Aswan and reclaiming new agricultural land in Tahrir Province. Chapters 7 and 8 examine the results of the large scale movement of rural workers who later in the 1970s deserted both complementary types of employment, farm and migrant labor for similar but more rewarding construction jobs in Egypt's expanding cities and towns.Thus this section of the study focuses on decline of Egypt's agricultural and national economies, generated in good part by rural labor's physical exodus from the countryside in response to both village conflicts and state plans and projects. In 1974 the declining national economy turned around, spearheaded by skilled urban construction workers emigrating abroad who were then replaced at home by large numbers of rural laborers dissatisfied with both farm and migrant employment.Once migrant workers left both agricultural and migrant labor and moved into urban areas, they ceased to be a significant force in the countryside except insofar as their growing scarcity continued to generate production problems in the village and at migrant labor work sites. These latter chapters then focus on tarahil labor in the urban informal sector and the shantytowns to understand how their rural experience shaped their city life, and how these workers continued to affect Egypt's development. Here, further deterioration of class relations and government legitimacy aggravated by ex-rural workers who, having now migrated to the cities, nonetheless continued to be economically and politically disenfranchised.By comparing Egypt's current situation with the phases proposed by regulation theory, Toth successfully demonstrates that it has been the movements of tarahil migrant farm workers thathave significantly contributed to preventing Egypt's successful transition to cooperative peripheral Fordism. Toth's painstaking work based on years of fieldwork is a major contribution to our understanding of the dynamics of development in Egypt. It is highly recommended to anyone searching for a deeper understanding of the economic problems facing this complex country.Article source: University of Florida Press, 1999:265-268.中文译文1961-1992年埃及农村劳动力的转移及其对国家的影响罗伯特鲁尼詹姆斯关于埃及非常翔实的研究表明,埃及流动农业工人对埃及近代的历史和国家的发展做出了出人意料的贡献。

建筑外文翻译2

建筑外文翻译2

多层住宅楼结构设计的故事引言设计和建造在塞勒姆,泰米尔纳德邦州,印度是本文描述。

设计是交由证明第二次检查的作者。

该建筑是一幢公寓的泰米尔纳德邦房屋委员会给的建议。

这是一个钢筋混凝土框架建设。

这样做是在技术,哥印拜陀,印度,巴黎圣日尔曼学院作为高级论文设计的世平的一部分,在马萨诸塞州伍斯特,01609巴黎圣日耳曼技术,哥印拜陀,印度,学院在印度项目中心的7周内学生作为一个住宅项目。

学生姓名弗雷德里克嘉莉,亚伯拉罕松柏目和安东尼。

这是他们完成在巴黎圣日尔曼学院项目的技术,哥印拜陀,印度,中心在1998年。

这是对BSCE在土木与环境工程学士学位世平要求的一部分。

世平派出20名学生到印度计划在PSG技术学校,哥印拜陀,学院计划在美国拉惹博士,主席,中欧和东欧处圣日耳曼技术学院赞助。

拉惹古玛教授担任顾问的校园,而体育Jayachandran教授,担任过外的世平校园顾问。

学生们做了文献调查,问题的定义,没有一个完整的结构分析和4层住宅大楼在设计钢筋混凝土。

他们遵循国际清算银行在印度的代码456 - 1978和使用脑梗死- 1999和风能/加拿大代码使用1995年的地震荷载和ANSI标准检查1995。

分析和设计的地砖,梁,梁,柱和基脚已完成利用钢筋混凝土结构设计与分析理论,STAAD 进行第三软件,它使用有限元。

对板设计,梁,柱和基脚外出使用该软件进行钢筋混凝土设计套件。

图纸完成使用自动加元。

为了防止这些软件被滥用,极限状态设计是专门用来作为手工计算方法来验证从STAAD进行输出,三和RC设计套件。

估计和工料测量做是为了计算数量和建筑和制造规范移仍维持在H/500,在理论设计的改编,由 C.K. Wang和 C.G. Salmon的教科书钢筋混凝土设计和JGMcGrager,钢筋混凝土设计和S.Rajasekaran,有限元方法。

学生已完成结构设计和图纸和技术报告,并提出了结果的陈述,之前的资深教授和其他教师和大学生的心理服务技术的观众,以及在世平。

外文翻译格式

外文翻译格式
外语翻译通常需要遵循一定的格式,以确保翻译内容的准确性和易读性。

以下是一个700字外文翻译的通用格式示例:
1. 标题:翻译的内容的标题,通常与原文标题保持一致,居中显示。

2. 原文:原文内容,可将原文段落编号,并保留原文格式,如段落缩进或列表。

3. 译文:相关段落的翻译内容,与原文一一对应,并保持相同的段落编号和格式。

4. 术语翻译:将翻译中使用的特定术语或固定表达进行解释和翻译,避免出现歧义。

5. 校对与审校:对翻译内容进行校对和审校,确保翻译准确无误。

6. 结论:对整个翻译内容进行总结和评价,提出自己的观点和见解。

7. 参考文献:如有需要,列出翻译过程中所参考的文献或资料。

8. 附录:如有需要,可在翻译后添加附录,补充相关资料或说明。

注意事项:
- 翻译应遵循专业的术语和语法规范,尽量保持翻译内容的准确性。

- 可根据需要调整段落的分配和序号,以符合原文和翻译内容的逻辑结构。

- 保持翻译格式的统一和美观,使用合适的字体和字号,并注意标点符号的使用。

- 翻译结束后,应进行校对和审校,以确保翻译质量的准确性和流畅性。

总之,一个700字外文翻译的格式应该清晰明了,结构合理,准确无误,并能为读者提供一个清晰且易于理解的翻译内容。

工业设计_外文翻译-2

Design and Environment/baidu?word=%B9%A4%D2%B5%C9%E8%BC%C6%D3%A2%CE%C4%CE%C4%CF%D 7&tn=sogouie_1_dg原文:DESIGN and ENVIRONMENTProduct design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human.In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products.Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product.Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores.Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface.Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.With the development of science and technology ,more and more attention is paid to austerity of environmental promblems ,such as polluting of atmosphere,destroy of forest, soilerosion,land desertification, water resource polluting, a great deal of species becaming extinct,exhansting of petroleum , natural gas andcoal and so on . A designer should have a strong consciousness of protecting environment and to make his\her design to be based on avoiding destroying environment and saving natural recourse.Nowadays ,greenhouse effects,destroyed ozone layers and acid rain are three global environmental questions.Greenhouse effect is phenomena of the atmosphere becoming warmer . The forming principle of greenhouse effect is that the Sun short wave radiation can penetrate into ground through atmosphere ,long wave radiation emitted from ground after ground is warmed ,is absorbed by carbon dioxide of atmosphere , and then atmosphere gets warmer.The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changes the earth to a large greenhouse like a thick layer of glass . Methane ,ozone,chlorine,Fluorine, hydrocarbon and aqueous vapor also make some contribution to greenhouse effects. With rapid increase of population and rapid development of industry ,more and more carbon dioxide of atmosphere enters into atmosphere. Because forest is cun down in a large amount also ,carbon dioxide increases gradally ,and the greenhouse effects are strengthened constantly .The results of the greenhouse effects are very serious. The great changes will take place in the natural ecology ,such as desert expanding ,land corroding aggravating, forest retreating to the polarregion, calamity of drought and waterlog serious and rainfall increasing. The temperate zone will be wetter in water and will be droughtier in summer . Tropical zone will become wetter and subtropical zone will become more arid . All of these above will forces the existing irrigation works to be adjusted. Coastal regions will be threatened seriously .Because the temperature is rising , ice-cubes will be melted at the two poles so to the sea level will be rising and a lot of cities and ports will be submerged.The ozone layer destroyed shocked academia and the whole international aommunity .American scientists,Monila and Rowland , pointed out that it is human activities bring ozone hole of today . arch-criminal that we now well know is freon and Kazakhstan dragon.Acid rain has already become a kind of air pollution phenomenon in extensive range,crossing over national boundaries at present. Acid rain destroys soil, makes lakeacid and endangers growing of abimals and plants. It also stimulates people's skin, brings out the skin disease, causes lung hydronces, lung harden ,and corrodes the metal product,paint ,leather, fabrics and building with carbonate .In a word , the environment of human life has already worsened day by day. The reasons of the worsening mostly come from the human own bad life style, disrespecting the objective law, eager for quick success,use of the earth resource without scientific plan ,and lack of consciousness pratecting the environment in design . So they destroy home by themselves,which not only harm human on contemporary, but also seriously influence existence of descendants.The environmental question is caused by people's bad design and life style to a great extent , which puts forward a serious question for a designer that designers should undertake the historical important task of environment protection.Industry has brought the disaster to world while creates a large amount of wealth for mankind . Industry design has accelerated the consumpition of the resource and energy resource and has caused enormous destruction to the ecological balance of the earth while creating modern life style and living environment for mankind.So as industry designers, setting up environmental awareness incarnates their morals and social sense of responsibility. Designers must be responsible for their own designs, and must take human health and blessedness , and harmonically coexisting of nature with the human as the rules necessarily obeyed in their own design.Designers must also master the necessary knowledege in material, craft, chemical industry, manufacturing,ect.,in order to be possible for avoiding to danger to environment causing by his design.The concept of "Sustainable development design"has epoch-maling meanings of humanity and real development of the world .It reflects the designer's morals and responsibility , and has already become the trend of designing development in the 21st century .Hence ,mankind's development made of traditional industrial civilization was turned to one of the modern ecological civilization. It is the coordination of social progress,economic growth and environmental protestion.Sustainable development is a kind concept of brand-new ethics,morals andvalues that people should follow. Its essence lies in fully utilizing the modern science and technongy ,exploiting green resources ,development constantly, impelling harmonious development between human and nature and pramoting inter-harmony of population ,resource and environment .Solving the problem of sustainable development is a change of technological innovation and behavior made.Sustainable development strategy is to solve the problem of meeting contemporary people's demands in maximum under the precondition of un-hurting several generations' demands of the future . It will realize the unity of the present interests and long-term interest and leave the development space for descendants.The question of the strategic consideration of sustainable development should include circulation, green energy and ecological efficiency.Green design comes from introspection on environmental and ecological disruption caused by design of modern technology and culture. Green design focuses on the balance relation of persons and natural ecology . Designers should consider the environmental benefits at every decision of the disign process, and try their best to reduce the destruction to environment.For industry design, the core of green design is "3R",namely Reduce,Recycle and Reuse.It is necessary not only to reduce consunption of substance and energy sources,and reduce letting of harmful substance,but also to classified reclaim, recycle and reuse products and parts conveniently.Green design is not only technical ,but also an innovative idea. It requires designer to give up some rat-fuck method excessively emphasizing at the style of products, and to focus on the real innovative. He or she would design the form of the products with more responsible method and make the products lengthen their wervice life as much as possible through succinct and permanent modeling.For materials,stock and regeneration of raw materials, consumption and pollution of environmental energy during obtaining materials,machining performance in follow-up manufacturing,low consumption and low pollution of energy ,and reclaimable during discarded should be considered.Problems of manufacturing are that pollution should be reduced or died out during beginning of manufacturing.Consideration on packing, transporting , sale, ect. is meant the environmental performance of packaging, green packing ,good performance of transportation ,decreasing self weight , reducing energy consumption , localized production and reducing consimption of work flow.Consideration on the use of product concerns with waste of energy and resources while produces are used , the modularization of environmental performance , recombined ability , and the mades of using product while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature , convenient decomposition and classification , reclaaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removes for other use should all be considered during the period while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature, convenient decomposition and classification , reclaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removed for other use should all be considered during the period while products are discarded .Clean energy souces should be Considered , such as solar ernergy , water, electricity and wind power .Clean materials concern with low pollution , innocuity, disaggregation and reclaimable . Clean manufacturing process is meant production with energy saving and environment protection while used, and reclaimable while discarded.Regeneration and reuse of parts are powerful measure of sustainable strategy. The fact has proved that through disassembly and analysis the proportion of reusable material would be higher after improving design and retread.For example , in a scrap car , metal meterial accounts for 80%.Among them , nonferrous metal accounts for 3%~4.7%. 45%of output of steel comes from scrap steeel in world and 25% output of steel comes from scrap steel in our country.Product Lifecycle Management is meant all life course of product from people'sdemand for product to be washed out , including the main stages of demand analysis, praduct planning , conceptual design , produce design , digitized simulation, proceess preparation , process planning,production testing and quaality control , sell and distribution, use \maintaining and maintain, as well as scrap and reclaiming . Advanced management idea and first-class information technology are taken into industrial and commercial operation in modern enterprises , which makes enterprises be able to adjust management means and management ways effectively in digital economic era , inoder to exert enterprise's unprecedented competition advantage . Helping enterprise to carry on products innovation , to win the market , and to obtain additional profit would improve the value of the enterprise products.译文:设计与环境产品设计是工业设计的主体和核心。

外文文献翻译译文【范本模板】

在激光作用下核压力容器钢焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能摘要:设计间接热冲压工艺,利用有限元法对零件的几何尺寸和力学性能进行了预测.在间接热冲压过程的情况下,生产性能与适应车身部件,冷却路径造成扩散和扩散控制的相变。

通过人脸的相变引起的体积膨胀为面心立方(FCC)为体心立方(BCC)和体心四方(BCT)马氏体的形成导致相变诱导株的整体应力热冲压的车身部件的计算是很重要的。

计算的应力和应变状态正确,它是必要的模型的扩散和扩散控制的相变现象,考虑到间接热冲压过程的边界条件。

现有的材料模型进行分析和扩展以提高计算铁氧体、珍珠岩的数量和分布,其预测的准确性,整个退火过程中贝氏体和马氏体.工业用新方法在有限元程序LS-DYNA 971实现关键词:核钢稳压器压水反应堆反应堆压力容器结构完整性焊接韧性SA508钢通常用于民用核反应堆的关键部件,如反应堆压力容器。

核部件通常采用电弧焊接工艺,但与设计为未来的新建设项目超过60年的生活,新的焊接技术正在寻求.在这种探索性的研究,为第一时间,自体激光焊接6毫米厚的进行SA508 Cl。

3钢板使用16千瓦激光系统在4千瓦的功率运行。

这个显微组织和力学性能(包括显微硬度、抗拉强度、延伸率等夏比冲击韧性)的特点和结构进行了比较电弧焊接.基于移动体热的三维瞬态模型源模型也发展到模拟激光焊接热循环,以估计冷却速率的过程。

初步结果表明,激光焊接工艺可以无宏观缺陷的焊缝,激光焊接的强度和韧性在这项研究中的联合,得到的值,在焊接的母材条件。

反应堆压力容器的寿命和安全运行(RPV),这是核电站中最关键的部件之一.取决于高温压力容器材料的耐久性,高压力和放射性环境.具有较高强度,韧性和抗辐照脆化的材料的需要是上升的,由于增加的发电容量和核电厂的设计寿命[1 ],[ 2 ],[ 3 ],[ 4 ],[ 5 ],[7 ],[8 ]和[ 6 ].SA508钢已经用于许多RPV?的压水反应堆制造因为他们提供的结合强度,延展性好,断裂韧性,相对于机械性能的均匀性,和他们的经济[9 ]、[ 10 ]、[ 11 ]和[12 ].无人机是采用焊接厚环形锻件或SA508钢板在一起。

外文翻译实例

Literature Topic:Selection attributes of wedding banquet venues: An exploratory study of HongKong prospective wedding couplesTranslationofIntroductionofThePaper:作为中式婚礼的重要组成部分,婚宴一般在专门的宴会设施上举行。

这是一个精心设计的、高花销的场所,新人在这里宣告彼此喜结良缘,同时也回馈亲朋好友的善意祝福。

传统意义上来说,作为邀请众多宾客参与的一项私人事件,婚宴是在婚礼或前往政府婚姻机构完成注册手续和领取结婚证后举办的(Choi,2002)。

不可置否,婚宴市场在近几年确实有所拓展。

据香港政府统计处(简称HKCSD)的资料显示,自2002年以来,婚姻数量不断增长,截止2007年已达到47,500例(HKCSD,2008)。

婚宴对新人来说是最大的一笔婚礼开支,而中餐厅及酒店宴会厅则是最受欢迎的婚宴场地。

高价位宴会活动的需求增多对美国酒店餐饮部门的整体利润的显著增长贡献不少,如婚宴的举办(Adler and Chien,2004)。

美国的一项研究也表明,至少70%的酒店餐饮利润来自于宴会活动,而其中又有50%的宴会活动是出于婚宴的需求(Marsan,2000)。

据由香港旅游发展局(简称HKTB)编写的香港酒店业摘要所称,香港酒店餐饮部门的利润自2003年到2007年稳定增长至11.6亿美元(1美元=7.8港币),相当于整体酒店利润的30%(HKTB,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008)。

由公私合营的电子平台ESDlife近年来所主持的调查显示,仅在婚宴这一项目开支上,平均每对新人愿意花费15,900美元(ESDlife,2007)。

每年在香港,婚宴业务的营业额就达到了7.55亿美元。

为了在这片高利润市场上获得足够的吸引力,宴会经理不断推陈出新,为准新人提供多种套餐,包括特别的额外服务例如婚宴当晚的免费套房、为宾客提供足够的停车场地、到处美丽的鲜花装饰等。

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北京化工大学毕业设计(外文翻译) 1 基于DS证据理论的多传感器数据融合故障诊断方法

Otman Basir, Xiaohong Yuan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo 电子计算机工程部滑铁卢大学加拿大 班级:测控0701 姓名:韩静文学号:200740030

发动机故障诊断是一种典型的多传感器融合的问题。它涉及到多传感器信息的使用,如振动,声音,压力和温度,发动机故障检测和鉴定。从证据理论的观点,从每个传感器取得的信息可以作为证据一部分,因此,多传感器的发动机故障诊断可被视为证据融合问题。本文探讨用来为与发动机质量相关的多传感器的建模和融合的DS证据方法。我们初步提出了一个证据理论的新观点并且解释多传感器发动机故障诊断问题如何可以下在错误辨识框架方面,质量函数和证据融合规则的背景下实行。我们介绍了提高建模的效率和证据结合的新方法。此外,我们提出一种可以做出理性决定的规则,即按照发动机的质量,并且做出一个可以评估信息整合体系好坏的准则。最后,我们做了一个案例研究去演示这个系统在处理多传感器可能引起的不准确的线索和冲突这方面的效力。

1. 引言 当应用到故障诊断和缺陷检查时,信息融合围绕着两个主要问题: (1) 如何在多传感器合并互补引起的潜在错误和冗余中获得高精度和高可信赖度的信息。 (2) 如何融合基于多传感器数据而衍生的决策,它们也许是不准确而相互冲突的。 在发动机诊断方面,第一个问题是以提取故障有关,并说明它们在一个统一的表示方案当中。此外,因为信息是从本身并不完备,确定和精确的传感器中获得,为了降低不精确性不确定性,融合机械设计原理是十分必要的。这种机械原理的有效性很大程度上取决于从传感器中获得的信息线索是否是多余或者互补的。同样重要的是整合进程发生的抽象水平等等。如在测量水平,在特性水平,或是在决策水平.一般说来,获得精确和确定的发动机质量描述符可以在特性水平的传感器数据融合中获得。参见,是一些这类型数据融合的例子。 北京化工大学毕业设计(外文翻译) 2 第二个问题是关于发动机诊断的决策质量。从不同的传感器中获得信息,导致了不同和可能的冲突决策,这是完全可以想象的。如何检测传感器之间的冲突,并将它们的决策融合为一致的决策,是我们在这种情况之下所面临的挑战。解决这个问题是这篇论文的主要内容。在进行多传感器决策的融合时,这篇论文假设了一个有两个用于实时监视单活塞发动机质量的传感器的情景模式。一个测量发动机发出的音质;另一个测量发动机振动。这两种形式通常都受制于发动机装配流水线的最后阶段。声音模式的监测时间和性能相关,而振动模式监测的性能指标和阀余隙相关。整合这两个部分就可以得到关于故障存在与否的可靠决策。 围绕着决策融合领域有十分大量的研究工作,大部分都是根据贝叶斯理论进行的。基本战略是如果先验概率和条件概率提前确定,那么后验概率(最优决策)可使用贝叶斯公式估计。贝叶斯融合是用来改善动态范围的实时X射线成像系统,这个系统集成了在两种不同的信息获取条件下获取的信息线索。贝叶斯网络是用来结合依赖时间概率决定的关键性参数与手工操作环境中的质量控制两个因素的。这个方法应用于检测和诊断制造业中的不合格品。介绍贝叶斯模型为基础的诊断方法,其中通过贝叶斯概率推理网络和逻辑推理提供基于一致性的诊断集成,以减少决策的不确定性。 以贝叶斯理论为基础,融合技术已被演变于过程控制等其他领域,如目标跟踪和识别物体。然而,如果有足够和适当的先验概率和条件可供选择,才能达到有效的融合性能。虽然,至少在某些情况下,可以根据先验和后验概率通作出设想,但这些设想在很多其它情况下会变得毫无道理。 作为贝氏理论的延伸,DS证据理论得用置信和似然函数去量化证据和不确定性。DS证据理论模型如何在在不确定性减弱的给定的假设或证据中积累。这一理论的一个重要方面是推理或决策制定可以在不完全或矛盾的证据中进行。在故障诊断理论和缺陷检查方面的应用。对于状态监测和发动机的故障诊断的决策级数据整合算法。证据理论和模糊集理论相结合,从而提高了焊缝缺陷检测质量。检测焊缝缺陷的不确定性建模为一个加权质量函数。一个加权质量函数是用DS证据理论规则轮流整合一系列的产品缺陷而确定的。证据理论来用来合并两个或两个以上的基础分级器输出,以改善整体分类性能。这种方法的有效性是在柴油发动机冷却系统的静态调温装置的故障检测中展示的。 本文中,采用多传感器测量方法检测单活塞发动机的故障,如振动,声音,压力和温度。我们认为每个传感器的测量都作为一个证据,反映了发动机状态的一些信息。北京化工大学毕业设计(外文翻译) 3 DS证据理论用于关联多传感器数据和发动机的状态指标。本文的组织方式如下。在第2部分,我们介绍了证据理论的基础概念。依据故障识别的框架和质量分布函数,我们提出了发动机故障诊断的DS证据理论构想,证据结合,决策制定规则和性能评估融合。第3部分描述关于证明故障检测有效性的案例研究。第4部分添加了一些相关的附注。

2. 故障诊断的证据理论 2.1 证据理论的基本概念

证据的数学理论,正如Dempster 所介绍和Shafer所延伸的那样,有关置信命题和系统的命题。置信命题的概念并不与机会命题类似。当建立一个命题时,我们以相似的方式理解证据,如,DS证据理论有证据,证据的有效性和证据的正确性相关。证据的置信结构对应于经典概率模型[10]。因此,这个理论可以看作是经典概率模型的一般化。形式上,证据理论与以下的基本记法有关: (1) 辨识框架:用Θ表示元素的有限集:每个元素都可假设为目标或是我们案例中的错误。Θ指的就是识别力框架;包含Θ全部元素的集合称为幂集,用Ω表示(Θ)。例如,假设一个发动机引起了一个或多达三个错误a,b 和c。这个案例的辨识框架可以表示为: Θ={a,b,c} Ω(Θ)={φ,{a},{b},{c},{a,b},{a,c},{b,c},{a,b,c}} φ是一个表示无错误发生的空集。如果A={a,b}是Θ的一个元素,也就是AΘ,则A表示错误既不是a也不是b,而Θ表示错误不是a,b和c. (2) 质量函数,焦点成分和核心元素:当识别力框架建立时,质量函数m定义为幂集的映象,用0或1表示,如

质量函数m也被称为基本概率分布函数。m(A)表示所有相关并且可用的证据的百分比,这些证据支持Θ的一个特定元素属于集合A但并不是A的一个特定元素。在发动机故障诊断中,m(A)可被看作关于一次故障观察的置信度;对于一个已知的故障,北京化工大学毕业设计(外文翻译) 4 不同的信息或证据可以产生不同置信度。任意的幂集A,比如m(A)>0都被称为聚焦元素;()0mACUA被称作是在Θ中的质量函数m的核心元素。 (3) 置信和似然函数:置信函数Bel被定义为

似然函数Pls定义为

置信函数Bel(A)测量了必然在A的元素中分发的概率总量;它反映了必然性和A的总置信度以及构成了A的概率的下限函数。另一方面,似然函数Pls(A)测量了在A的元素中分发的概率的最大量;它描述了与A相关的总置信度并构成了A的概率的上限函数。 (4) 置信区间[Bel(A),Pls(A)]:置信区间反映了不确定性。间隔长度Pls(A)- Bel(A)描述了A的不可知性。如Table 1所示,不同的置信区间代表了不同的含义。 (5) 一些置信和似然函数的性质:

(6) 证据融合的规则:假设两个质量函数m1和m2,它们从同一辨识框架Θ内的两个不同信息源处得到;根据Dempster的下次规则,我们得到

K代表在不同的证据源中的冲突的基本的质量概率。当交集为空时,它以所有集合的质量函数的总量确定。通常把K理解为不同源之间的冲突。在公式(5)中的分母1-K是标准化因数。K值越大,源之间的冲突越大,它们融合的有效性则越不佳。 北京化工大学毕业设计(外文翻译) 5 在同一辨识框架Θ中生产函数m也就是质量函数。既然12mmm,即m1和m2结合,携带着两源的共同信息。以上的证据融合规则满足以下关系:

一般来说,对于在Θ内的n个质量函数m1,m2,…..,mn,冲突的测量值K被这样给出: 表1 置信区间的含义

且融合后的质量函数为: 2.2 错误辨识框架 去建立一个我们所需的辨识框架来定义证据推理过程发生的目标。符合诊断目标和与错误辨识框架一致是十分重要的,因为辨识框架中的元素就代表了诊断假设。不同的假设与不同的测量需要和测量过程的方法一致;因此可能导致不同的辨识框架。例如,如果我们想去知道错误是否存在,我们可能要建立一个如下的辨识框架:Θ={h,-h},h可以代表错误的存在,-h可以代表错误不存在。为了适应多个错误,辨识框架可被拓展为Θ={h0,h1 ,….,hn };在这个例子中,h0表示错误不存在,hi表示错误不存在。在更高的程度上可以建立Θ={f,-f},来描述发动机的状态是否为错误f或正常-f. 下一步则是去建立基于认知和经验对可能的错误而做的错误融合的幂集。在幂集中,根据基本概率函数,每一个元素都有不同的值。辨识框架越大,幂集越大,相应的,证据推理过程就越复杂。 北京化工大学毕业设计(外文翻译) 6 一旦辨识框架确定,DS证据理论的关键问题就是计算基于不同信息源(如多传感器)所得的信息的质量函数。假设N代表错误的各类,M代表传感器,为了简单起见,假设所以的错误都相互独立,且每个错误都可以发生在任何给定的时间。质量函数可被以两个方式给出。一是从矢量特性的角度出发。 让X=[X1,X2,….,Xn] X表示发动机的状态;X1表示发动机某一方面的状态特性;n是特性的数量。这些特性从传感器所给的信息中提取。例如,X1可能代表从振动传感器中获得的信号的RMS(均方根)。另一特性X2代表从同一传感器中所获信号的峰值。 因此,对于错误(或状态)的N种类型(包括无错误状态),发动机条件可以用矩阵H来描述:

jX表示第j个描述发动机错误(或状态)的特性,12[,,....,]jjjjnXxxx,且jix表示第i个错误的特性,i=1,2,….,n,j=1,2,…,n.我们可把这个矩阵看作是错误的技术原型的代表。 用SK代表从传感器中获得的第k个矢量测量值:

Ski是Sk的第i个元素,i=1,2,….,mk ,是从第k个传感器中获得的元素,kmn。 问题是计算基于特性矢量的概率分布。直观上,Sk和jX若相似,第j个错误越可能发生,第k个传感器越会被考虑。相反的,Sk和jX若并不相似,第j个错误越不可能发生,第k个传感器越会被考虑。有很多测量值来量化特性测量值和错误原型之间的距离。我们提出用闵可夫斯基距离测量[19],它可被定义为:

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