英文学术论文写作
学术英语论文写作

Organising at Macro Level
• 一般来说,应该首先根据你的写作目的来组织论文层次结构,如 为了展示一个事物的两个方面;为了尽力阐述某个观点,使读者 信服。
希望表述清楚不同观点的重要性,Order of Importance
有很多Topic要阐述清楚,每个Topic可能还有正反不同观点----Order of topic
distributed water resources. Some countries
have developed a variety of strategies to meet
the water needs of their people and their
agriculture. Such strategies are often
Planning a Paragraph
• Once you have collected your ideas, an important step in writing a paragraph is to organise them into points (the main and supporting points) that you wish to include. You should then order the points in a clear and logical way, construct your paragraph and include a topic sentence.
英语写作
Academic Writing
组织段落 Paragraph structure
对于综述性论文、文献综述以及前言部分非常重要
Topic Sentence
英语学术写作常见问题简介

英语学术写作常见问题简介在学术研究中,英语学术写作是一项重要的技能,它不仅能够帮助我们更好地表达研究成果,还能够提高我们的学术影响力。
然而,对于许多非英语为母语的学者来说,英语学术写作可能是一个挑战。
本文将介绍一些常见的英语学术写作问题,并给出相应的解决方案。
一、语法错误语法错误是最常见的问题之一。
由于英语和母语在语法结构上有很大的不同,许多学者在写作时可能会犯一些常见的语法错误,如时态错误、主谓不一致、介词错误等。
为了解决这个问题,建议学者在写作前仔细检查语法,可以使用一些在线语法检查工具或参考英语语法书。
二、用词不当用词不当也是常见的问题之一。
由于英语词汇非常丰富,许多学者可能会在选择合适的词汇时遇到困难。
为了解决这个问题,建议学者多阅读英文文献,了解常用的词汇和表达方式。
此外,也可以使用一些在线词汇建议工具来帮助选择合适的词汇。
三、句式单一英语学术论文通常使用复杂句式来表达思想,而许多学者在写作时可能会使用单一的句式,导致文章缺乏深度和多样性。
为了解决这个问题,建议学者在写作时尝试使用不同的句式,如复合句、倒装句、被动句等。
这样可以使文章更加生动、有趣,并提高论文的可读性。
四、论文结构不清晰论文结构是学术写作中非常重要的一部分,它能够让读者快速了解论文的主要内容和结构。
然而,许多学者在写作时可能会忽略这一点,导致论文结构不清晰或混乱。
为了解决这个问题,建议学者在写作前仔细阅读相关领域的文献,了解常见的论文结构,并在写作过程中遵循这些结构。
此外,也可以参考一些优秀的英文论文模板来帮助自己构建论文结构。
五、缺乏引用和参考文献在学术写作中,引用和参考文献是非常重要的部分,它能够证明作者的研究来源和可靠性。
然而,许多学者在写作时可能会忽略这一点,导致引用和参考文献不准确或不完整。
为了解决这个问题,建议学者在写作前仔细阅读相关领域的文献,了解常见的引用和参考文献格式,并在写作过程中遵循这些格式要求。
《学术论文写作(英)》-课程教学大纲

《学术论文写作(英)》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码:17002204课程名称:学术论文写作(英)英文名称:Academic English Writing课程类别:通识课学时:64学分:4适用对象: 国际商学院财务管理中外联合培养项目班级;考核方式:考试先修课程:商务英语阅读II,商务英语写作II二、课程简介《学术论文写作(英)》专门针对广东财经大学中外人才培养实验班二年级学生开设的大学英语系列改革课程之一。
该课程是一门桥梁课程,旨在提高中国学生的学术研究与论文写作能力,帮助他们适应接下来的留学学习;课程以学术研究与论文写作各环节和分项技能的训练为纲,帮助学生培养良好的学术研究和写作习惯,并且注重技能的巩固和整合,强调学以致用。
同时,课程注重中西结合,在学术阅读和写作中加强爱国主义教育,增加学生文化自信,培养学生批判性思维,使之既要继承中华优秀传统文化又要弘扬时代精神,既要立足本国又要面向世界,即把中华传统文化以及现代文化的创新成果继承下来,传播出去,发扬光大,最终促使他们成为向世界介绍中国、传播中华文化且具有国际视野的高端双语复合型人才。
该课程教学采取以学生为中心, 教师讲授为引导,学生写作训练、主题讨论以及雅思写作模拟练习为辅助的模式;将面授与机助学习,课内讲授和课后自主学习紧密结合起来。
课堂教学采用外语教学与研究出版社引自的Garnet Education的经典学术英语教材《学术研究与论文写作》和《学术英语阅读》。
本课程的教学评估包括形成性评估和终结性评估。
三、课程性质与教学目的学术论文写作(英)是一门通识必修课,其主要目的是为我校必须参加雅思考试的中外人才培养实验班同学提供系统学习学术英语语言、培养学术论文写作能力和增强雅思写作考试技巧,同时通过大量阅读输入提高学生的学术英语素养、学术英语交流和跨文化交际能力,提升他们的批判性思维能力和跨文化交际意识。
学生学完该门课程后,应能达到以下要求:1)掌握基本学术论文写作技能,包括撰写abstract, introduction, definition, conclusion 的方法和paraphrasing 和referencing 的技巧、规范;2)掌握学术研究的基本方法,包括选题、收集和分类资料、运用论据论证观点、对论据的分析和解释等;3)学生的语篇分析和概括能力,特别是改述(paraphrase)和综述(summarise)的能力显著提升,语言表达丰富多样化;4)学生的批判性思维、西方逻辑思维和东西方文化差异意识通过写作、教师引导、和讨论得以相当的提升;提升学生在学术交流中的辩证性思考能力,能够坚定文化自信,向世界“讲好中国故事,传播好中国声音,阐释好中国特色”,进一步帮助学生树立正确价值观和加强爱国主义教育。
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型

学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction (引言)- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background (背景)- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods (方法)- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results (结果)- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion (讨论)- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion (结论)- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations (限制)- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications (意义)- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions (未来方向)- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。
英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法

英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法Academic paper writing is an essential skill that every student and researcher should possess. It allows individuals to explore specific topics, present their findings, and contributeto the expansion of knowledge in their field of study. Thisarticle will discuss the requirements and methods of writing an academic paper.1. Requirements of Academic Paper Writing:a. Clarity and coherence: A good academic paper should be clear, well-organized, and easy to understand. The writer should present their arguments and ideas in a logical and coherent manner to guide readers through the paper.b. Research-based: An academic paper should be grounded in extensive research. This involves conducting a literature review, gathering data, and analyzing relevant sources to support the arguments made throughout the paper.c. Originality and contribution: A strong academic paper should present novel insights or contribute to existing knowledge. It should offer a unique perspective or provide additional evidence to enhance the understanding of the topic.d. Proper citation and referencing: To maintain academic integrity, all sources used in the paper must be properly cited.This prevents plagiarism and allows readers to verify the information presented.e. Structure and format: Academic papers typically follow a specific structure, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Adhering tothis structure helps readers navigate through the paper more effectively.2. Methods of Academic Paper Writing:a. Identify a research question: Begin by choosing aresearch question or topic that is interesting and relevant to your field of study. Make sure the research question is specific and focused, allowing for in-depth exploration.c. Develop an outline: Create a clear outline that organizes your thoughts and ideas. This helps maintain a logical flow and ensures that all essential points are addressed.e. Present your methodology and research findings: Clearly explain the methodology used for your study and present your findings. Use graphs, tables, and other visuals to enhance the presentation of data.f. Analyze your results and discuss their implications: Interpret and analyze your research findings, discussing their implications in relation to previous studies. Identify any limitations or further areas of research.g. Write a concise conclusion: Summarize your main findings and highlight their significance. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.h. Revise and edit: Proofread your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and logically.i. Cite your sources properly: Use the appropriate citation style (such as APA, MLA, or Chicago) to reference your sources accurately throughout the paper.In conclusion, writing an academic paper requires clarity, research-based content, originality, proper citation, and adherence to a defined structure. By following these requirements and methods, students and researchers can effectively contribute to their field of study and advance knowledge in their chosen area.。
英文论文的详细格式(英文论文写作格式)

英文论文的详细格式(英文论文写作格式)英文论文的写作主要用于参加国际学术研讨会,以促进中外学术和文化交流;在国际学术期刊上发表论文,在国际上分享科研成果,并在英语论文中进行学术交流;此外,英文论文还包括英语相关专业人士必须用英语撰写学术报告或毕业论文等。
标题大纲摘要1、英文摘要是一篇文章,旨在以符合英语语法的语言提供论文内容的摘要。
(内容与中文摘要基本相同,但不需要完全判断。
)2、英文标题、摘要、关键字进入一个页面(可以是1页),放在中文摘要页面之后。
3、英文字体和行间距:在“Western字体”中使用“Times New Roman”,1.5行间距。
4、英文名称:使用第三个单词bold。
5、英文摘要:“Absract”顶部网格,使用第四个字母和粗体。
英文摘要使用第四个字母。
6、英文关键词:“关键词”顶部网格,使用第四个单词和粗体。
对每个关键字使用第四个单词文本在文中引用如果引用少于三行,则引文可以有机地整合到纸张中。
如果要引用的单词具有与需要删除的纸张无关的单词,则需要省略号。
如果省略号出现在引文中,请使用三个点。
如果它出现在引文的末尾,请使用四个点。
最后一个点表示句点并放在第二个括号之后(通常,避免在引用开始时使用省略号);点和字母之间或点和点之间的空格。
参考书目每个项目的第一行需要打印在顶部网格中,并且所有行都需要缩进五次以区分该项目与其他项目。
英文摘要英文论文摘要,也称为摘要,是论文的重要组成部分。
它旨在提供文献内容的摘要,没有评论和补充说明。
一篇简短的文章,准确描述了文献的重要内容。
摘要应该是独立和不言而喻的,并且与文献具有相同数量的信息,即,可以在不阅读全文的情况下获得重要信息。
摘要通常放在标题之后,即文章的第一篇。
在论文发表后,论文的摘要经常被文献检索系统收集。
英文摘要一般为200-300个单词,并且有一个与英文抽象表达相对应的中文摘要。
,。
英语专业学术论文写作:摘要
英语专业学术论⽂写作:摘要学术论⽂写作:摘要⼀、摘要的写作⽬的和结构要素摘要简要地概述论⽂的内容, 拥有与正⽂同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全⽂,就能获得必要的信息。
其结构要素是:(1) 主题阐述(Topic specification);(2) 研究⽬的陈述(Purpose statement);(3) 理论指导(Theory/Perspective)(3) 研究⽅法(Methodology and Data);(4) 研究结果/发现(Results/Findings);(5) 研究结论/启⽰(Conclusions/Implications)。
练习1:就结构要素评析下⾯4个摘要(为判断⽅便,列汉语标题)Sample 11. Introduction2. Translation Activity in New Century2.1Definition and Purpose of Translation Activity2.2 Translation Activity under the Background of Cross-culture Communication2.2.1The Trend of Cross-culture Communication2.2.2 New Requirements for Translation Activity3. The Trend of Cross-culture Communication3.1 Definitions of Cultural Symbols3.2 The Formation of Characteristic Cultural Symbols3.3Main Categories of Cultural Symbols4. Strategy in Dealing with Cultural Symbols Translation4.1 Comparison between Domestication and Foreignization4.2 Nida Eugene. A and Dynamic Equivalence Translation4.3 Translation Studies School and Foreignization4.4 Two Strategies in Text Analysis5. Conclusion1. Introduction2. The Rhetorical Motivation in Trade Name2.1 Rational Needs and Rational Needs2.1.1 Rational Needs2.1.2 Emotional Needs2.2 Cultural Factors2.2.1 Ethnic Culture2.2.2 Regional Culture2.2.3 Religious Culture2.2.4 Culture of Place and Person3. The Rhetorical Approaches to Trade Name 3.1 Homophone3.1.1 Homophone in Chinese3.1.2 Homophone between Chinese and English 3.1.3 Homophone in English3.2 Onomatopoeia3.2.1 Emotional onomatopoeia3.2.2 Rational onomatopoeia3.3 Rhyme3.3.1 Alliteration3.3.2 The Ending of Lines of Verse3.3.3 Assonance3.4 Reduplicated Sound4. The Translation of Trade Names4.1 Transliteration4.2 Variant Translation4.3 Phonological and Semantic Combination5. Conclusion附:该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1 Rational and Objective of the Study1.2 Organization of the Paper2.Theoretical Foundation of Verbal Irony Study: A Pragmatic Approach2.1 Description of Verbal Irony2.2 Gricean Perspectives—Irony as Conversational Implicature2.3 Post-Gricean perspective—Irony as Echoic Mentioning3. Verbal Irony and the Responses in Public Debate3.1 Assumptions and Expectations3.2 Introduction to American Public Presidential Debate (APPD) and the Debate Extract Analyzed3.3 Analysis Based on EMT4. Conclusion4.1 Findings in EMT Application—Uncertainty4.1.1 Uncertainty in Identifying Verbal Irony4.1.2 Uncertainty in Justifying the Working Mechanism4.2 Tentative Suggestion—Pragmatics with Lights from the Rhetorical Perspective 4.3 Last Remarks附:该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1Rationale1.2 Literature Review1.3 The Organization of the Thesis2. Theoretical F oundations of D omestication and F oreignization2.1 Domestication and Foreignization2.1.1 Definitions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2 Functions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2.1 Function of Domestication2.1.2.2 Function of Foreignization2.2 Political News2.2.1 Definition of Political News2.2.2 The Stylistic Features of Political News and Translated PoliticalNews3. Domestication and F oreignization in the T ranslation of P olitical N ews3.1 The Uniqueness of Domestication and Foreignizationin the Translation of Political News3.2 Three Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication and Foreignization3.2.1 The Translator’s Subjective Factors3.2.2 The Reader3.2.3 The Political Ideology3.3 The Balance of Domestication and Foreignization4. Conclusion⼆、内容的注意事项1. 不要写成⽂献综述(?Sample 1), 也不要说⼈所共知的话(? sample 5)2. 以上结构要素要有具体内容,不要空洞练习2:下⽂是从语⽤顺应理论出发对商务信函写作(sample 5)和商标翻译(Sample 6) 进⾏的研究, 请你(1)删掉⽆关的内容,(2)核对结构要素,(3)并判断哪个内容具体。
英文学术论文写作-研究生教学(全英文)_2022年学习资料
English for Academic Paper Writing Publication-Unit 2 Title,author,affiliation keywords-Writing requirement -printing format:following specific requirements of-t e journal-number of authors:4;xxx et al-professional itle:omission-address:the same as letters-multiple au hors-multiple affiliations-internal units-10
English for Academic Paper Writing Publication-Unit 2 Title,author,affiliation keywords-1.Title-General fun tions abstract of an abstract-Generalizing the text,a tracting the reader,-facilitating the retrieval-Lingu stic features-using more nouns,noun phrases gerunds;u ing-an incomplete sentence;-avoiding question titles-
English for Academic Paper Writing Publication-Unit 2 Title,author,affiliation keywords-2.Author/affiliatio -General functions-bearing author's responsibility;fa ilitating retrieval-correspondence;heightening celebr ty-Linguistic features-spelling names HU Jingtao,Hu J ngtao,-LI Ju,Li Ju;-giving correct information about ffiliation no-abbreviations;adequate postal address;z p code-9
英语学术论文写作
英语学术论文写作Project3 如何避免剽窃、直接引用和间接引用的方法I.释义练习A.The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light—186,000miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.B.Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a stick were methods used to communicate—yes, even to educate. Even without speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch animals for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetarian was good to eat and which was poisonous.A.提纲:The principal risks associated with nuclear power is radiation._ subatomic particles traveling_penetrate deep inside the human body_damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer_cause genetic diseases in progeny释义:The radiation has a great effects on people's health,which from nuclear power and consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light.They can not only initiate a cancer through the damage of biological cells,but also cause genetic diseases through the strike of sex cellsB提纲:Technology has transformed education at several turning points.the first technology_the primitive modes of communication释义:Technology has transformed education at several turning points. The first technology was the primitive modes of communication.The way people communicate include mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures even to educate. The methods above can help our ancestors survive in the nature.II.概述练习In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As familiesmove away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will betrustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any other generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who haveaccurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.第二段:Controlling idea: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ.Controlling idea question: What impact was leaded because of the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ?Answers(supporting details or evidence):1.cut off the informal flow of information2.cut off information about the simplest aspects of living3.family must be consciously learned.Summary: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱhad a great influence,which cut off the informal flow of informationand information about the simplest aspects of living ,result in their must be consciously learned.第四段:Controlling idea: The development of technologies make people getting more information Controlling idea question:How does technology promote the storage and delivery of information?Answers(supporting details or evidence):/doc/d916400742.html,puter technology store vast amounts of data and locate specific information.2.Telecommunications developments send multitudes of messages to bombard people .3. Satellites have extended the power of communications.Summary:The development of technologies promote thestorage and delivery of information,computer technology could store vast amounts of data and locate specific information,telecommunications developments could send multitudes of messages to bombard people ,and satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence,so that people can get more information.III.文献结论部分概述A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. Descriptions of the detector and data acquisition assemblies were given, along with overviews of the signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data. Monte-Carlo simulation results showing receiver performance were presented, and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory under nominal background conditions by using the tungsten-silicide super conducting nanowire detector array currently under development at JPL.Controlling idea:A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station.Controlling idea question:What areas of the post-processing software receiver for the LLCD backup ground station reflected ?Answers(supporting details or evidence):1.The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data.2. The post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot.3. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory . Summary: A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics.The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory.。
英文学术论文写作-研究生教学(全英文)ppt课件
English for Academic Paper Writing & Publication
Unit 2 Title, author,affiliation & keywords
2. Author/affiliation General functions bearing author’s responsibility; facilitating retrieval & correspondence; heightening celebrity Linguistic features spelling names (HU Jingtao, Hu Jingtao, LI Ju, Li Ju); giving correct information about affiliation (no abbreviations; adequate postal address; zip code)
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English for Academic Paper Writing & Publication
Unit 2 Title, author, affiliation & keyபைடு நூலகம்ords
Abstract: Equality of educational opportunity is the
key of educational equality and the reflection of
multiple authors multiple affiliations internal units
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English for Academic Paper Writing & Publication
Unit 2 Title, author,affiliation & keywords
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关于英文学位论文基本格式的建议(2013年4月补充)一、论文的基本结构不同学科、不同研究方向以及不同类型的学术论文在基本结构上存在差异。
但一般都包括以下五章:Introduction,Literature Review,Research Design,Data presentation and discussion,Conclusion下面分别介绍这五章的写作要求。
Chapter 1 Introduction本章应该包括以下内容:本研究的背景、意义以及预期解决的问题。
有时需要对重要概念或术语进行简单的定义。
本章末尾一般对全篇论文的章节主要内容作简单介绍(An overview of the thesis,不超过半页)。
本章要求简炼,开门见山,一般为3~5页为宜。
Chapter 2 Literature Review本章是文献综述,其主要目的是向读者介绍与本研究有关系的现有研究(existing studies),重点介绍以下内容:(1)关于这个问题(指论文要研究的问题)前人已经做了哪些研究?采用了哪些研究方法?得出了哪些研究结论?(2)关于这个问题还有哪些问题没有解决?前人的研究存在哪些局限性?关于这个问题还有哪些争议或值得进一步研究的问题?文献综述不是简单地“抄书”,也不是“走过场”。
它既帮助读者了解本研究领域的背景,也有利于作者进一步理清思路,为后面的研究做好充分准备。
做文献综述时要特别注意以下几点:1.本领域的重要文献原则上都要综述,但不需要面面俱到。
经典的研究和最近的研究都要涉及。
要特别注意介绍关于本研究问题最近(如近2、3年)的研究进展情况。
2.尽量使用第一手资料,而不使用第二手资料。
所谓第二手资料,指论文作者没有看到原始文献,而是从他人的文献中了解到的某个研究。
比如Rod Ellis在1994年出版的The Study of Second Language Acquisition 一书中将1994年以前的大约20年时间里有关第二语言习得的研究做了一个非常全面的综述,而这本书并没有首次报告Ellis本人做的研究。
作为学位论文,不能过多地使用这类著作所做的综述。
应该尽可能去查看原始文献。
3.不能像记流水帐一样逐一介绍以往的研究,要对以往的研究做一些评论、归纳和总结。
4.一定要综述与本研究有直接关系的研究,不能综述无关的研究或只是有一点联系的研究。
要避免盲目综述各种第二语言习得理论的倾向。
5.文献综述的篇幅不宜过长,硕士学位论文的文献综述建议控制在20~25页之内,一般不应超过整篇论文篇幅的三分之一。
6.文献综述部分容易出现以下抄袭行为:即在没有阅读某个作者的原始文献的情况下,从其他作者的文献综述中直接摘录且不注明摘录的处出。
Chapter 3 Research Design这一章介绍本研究的研究设计和研究方法,一般应包括以下内容:研究的问题(Research question)、研究对象(Subjects)、研究方法(Method)、数据收集工具(Data collection instruments)、数据分析工具(Data analysis methods)等。
SPSS 16.00如果是实验研究,还需要简单介绍实验过程。
本章的篇幅一般不长,如没有特殊需要,建议控制在5~10页之内(硕士学位论文)。
注意,研究问题一般应该只有一个。
为了便于研究,在论文的研究问题的范围之内可以再有几个具体的问题,一般叫做sub-questions。
Chapter 4 Data presentation and discussion本章是整篇论文的核心部分,其目的是报告研究结果并根据研究结果进行讨论。
本章的写作要注意以下几点:1.要全面、准确、如实地报告研究的结果。
2.要采用数据统计方法和分析方法(如t检验、卡方检验)对数据进行分析,考察数据差异的显著性,不能只是简单呈现基本数据(如平均数、百分比等)。
3.要充分利用图表的优势呈现数据。
图表要清楚、准确;要有必要的图例和说明;图表要有标题和编号。
图形的编号和标题在图的下方,表格的编号和标题在表格的上方。
4.要充分利用数据,认真研究数据所反映的某种现象,从中有所发现。
要对研究的结果进行必要的解释。
可以把本研究的结果与前人的研究结果作适当的比较。
5.要特别注意根据研究的结果逐一回答第三章提出的研究问题。
无论研究结果是支持还是推翻原来的假设,都要对所提出的问题或假设逐一回答。
Chapter 5 Conclusion本章名为结论,实际上应该包括以下几方面的内容:本研究的主要发现(Main findings)、本研究的启示(Implications)、本研究的局限性(Limitations of the present study)以及需要进一步研究的问题(Further research suggestions)。
二、引用文献的格式要求引用文献的主要目的:* 介绍以往研究,为自己的研究提供研究背景;* 评述现有观点,提出研究空间;* 引用其他文献,作为研究的理论基础或研究出发点;* 借用其他研究者的基本概念;* 在操作层面借用其他人的方法和工具;* 讨论研究结构,改良、补充或替代以往观点。
(一)引用文献的基本格式这里我们分两种情况来介绍引文的基本格式:第一种情况是把文献作者作为句子的一部分(通常作主语),我们把它叫做“格式1”;第二情况是把作者的姓放在括弧里,我们把它叫做“格式2”。
在同一篇论文中,以上两种格式可以同时使用。
格式1格式1的基本做法是,把作者的姓(Family name)作为句子的一部分(通常作主语),随后用括弧标出所引用文献的出版年代。
比如:Long (1991) argues that without this, outcomes such as those from immersion education are likely to occur, with a lack of sustained development.如果文献有两个作者,则要将两个作者的姓都写出来,并用and连接(不能用& 符号连接)。
比如:Perkins and Gass (1996) argue that, since proficiency is multidimensional, it does not always develop at the same rate in all domains.如果文献有三个或三个以上(六个以下)的作者,论文中第一次引用时必须把所有作者的姓都写出来,用逗号隔开,最后一个作者的姓用and连接。
Sanders, Spooren and Noordman (1992) presents a useful taxonomy of coherence relations.在第二次及以后再引用该文献时,只需写出第一个作者的姓,再加上 et al.,比如:Sanders, et al. (1992) studied coherence relations based on four criteria.如果文献有六个或六个以上的作者,论文中第一次引用时只需写出第一个作者的姓,再加上 et al.和年代。
使用格式1时,如有必要(如直接引用整句或句子的一部分),可以在年代后面再加上所文献的具体页码。
出版年代与页码之间用冒号隔开。
比如:Messick (1989:20) presents what hecalls a ‘progressive matrix’.另外,页码也可以放在所引用文献的末尾,比如:Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “to express the other form of interconnectedness –genealogical rather than ecological –and to illustrate both success and failure in the history of life” (p. 14).如果所引用的内容在原文献中跨页(直接引用时一般应该只跨两页),则要标出页码范围,比如:Hu (1994:5~6) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar”and textual “grammaticality”.或Hu (1994) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar”and textual “grammaticality” (pp. 5~6).使用格式1中时,页码还可以用另外一种方法标出,即在年代之后不用冒号而用逗号,然后用p.(所引文献跨页时用pp.),再加页码,比如:Messick (1989, p. 20) presents what he calls a ‘progressive matrix’.Hu (1994, pp. 5~6) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar”and textual “grammaticality”.注意,在同一篇论文中格式要统一。
要么都采用冒号加页码的格式,要么都使用p./pp.的格式,不能交替使用。
在直接引用文献时,如所引用的内容较长(一般超过50单词),则应该另起一段,左右缩进。
比如:Lorenz (1999) voiced a very similar view that because in written communication, coherence cannot be explicitly negotiated face-to-face between text producer and text receiver,“writers therefore have every reason for trying to be unequivocal and to make their ideas, intentions and arguments unmistakably clear. One way of doing this is to carefully signal logical relations and thereby‘signpost’ the path to coherence for the reader. Consequently, when looking at the fabrication of coherence in written discourse, we need to pay special attention to those explicit signposts of coherence, i.e. the text’s cohesive ties” (p. 55).格式2格式2的基本做法是,把作者的姓、出版年代以及页码均放在括弧里,出版年代紧随作者的姓,之后是页码。