老托福1999-01语法笔记
托福写作基础语法--主语从句分析解析
• It’s generally thought that… 人们普遍认为。。。 • It should be noted that… • It has been found that… 应当注意。。。 现已发现。。。 必须指出。。。
• It must be pointed out that… forecast等。
¤ I don’t know how many letters there are in the English alphabet.
(How many letters are there in the English alphabet?)
陈述句变名词性从句– 主语从句
原则
在陈述句句首加上that，然后把“that+陈述句”这一结构 分别放在另一个句子的四种位置即构成了四种名词从句。
Would you please pass me the dictionary?
• 4．他把车票给列车员看。 • He showed the ticket to the conductor. • 5．我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？
Shall I call you a taxi?
• 6．新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。
• It is possible/ likely that…
很可能。。。
很自然。。。 可以相信。。。
• It is strange that… 奇怪的是。。。 • It is fortunate that… 幸运的是。。。
• It is necessary that… 有必要的是。。。
常见的主语从句句型 – it作形式主语
地球是圆的，这是真理。
It is a truth that the earth is round.
托福语法-英语初级语法讲义PPT(从此眼中无难句)
动词分为两类
• 及物动词 • 不及物动词
• 三、介词
• go ___ school; come ___ the room; • Sit ___ the desk ；point ___ the book ; • ___ last year; ___ Monday； ___ 6:00; • aim ___ ; laugh ___ ; throw ___ ; • look ___ • up/ down on/ out/ into/ for/ forward to/ • after/ back/ over/ through
一、关系词汇
• 连词、表示关系的副词及词组… • 功能：连句成段 连段成文
• 1. “因果、条件”关系词 （as a result, result in, result from, lead to, because of, due to, contribute to, owning to, hence, since, accordingly, consequently, therefore, in that, etc.）
• 2. “转折、对立”关系词 （despite, in spite of, but, although, though, while, yet, otherwise, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, etc.）
• 3. “比较、递进”关系词 （ equally, likewise, similarly, in comparison, as far as, as long as, etc.）
从此眼中无难句
• The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.
新东方TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分：语法笔记)3(2)
新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）3(2)4．each / every 单数，可数eg each ten boys √each major styles Xeach major style √5．数词 / several + pl.five aircraft √ several settings √several + n.s6．one of+pl （讲义P1 7）among+pl (讲义P1 11)7．first / only / simple 单/复数均可the first school 第一所学校the first schools 第一批学校the only university 的大学the only university 的几所大学single: a single +n.(sing) / no single +n.(sing)也可pl: two single rooms8．another+sing （复数也可以，但不多）other + pl （单数也可以，但不多）anyother +singanother two boys other part tthe other+sing / plany other state = any of the other states9． Hundred / thousand / million数量词=数词+量词five thousands pieces X → five thousand piece （five:数词 thousand 量词）一亿本书：hundred millions books Xhundreds million books Xhundreds millions books X(a) hundred millions books √数量10．a number of + pl + v(pl) （讲义P1 8 9）the number of +pl+v(sing)11．Various / diverse / numerous +pl.C、可数与不可数名词：1．常考的可数n. （讲义?P23 5）a chance discovery 一个偶然发现population:人口数/Λ / 各地的人口数/c/ 人群/c/：a sample population make great efforts to docolor effectsa clue 一条线索an amount of + /Λ /2．常考的不可数名词：(讲义 P10 1)a. 流体：air smoke oil water…b. 总称名词：poetry foliage…[集合名词：family people police…+are]c. 抽象名词：wisdom knowledge information…d. 自然现象：sunlight darkness weather rain…[但是：a heavy rain 前有adj.，raindrop雨滴，可数]e. 颗粒装物体：rice salt parder（颗粒）…f. 疾病：measles mumps diaheties…g. 学科：讲义 P10 2 statistics:统计学，不可数；统计数据，可数【。
PBT老托福语法全解析【TOEFL语法大全】
PBT老托福语法全解析【TOEFL语法大全】智课网整理1989年01月语法题 (4)1989年05月语法题 (9)1989年08月语法题 (14)1989年10月语法题 (19)1990年01月语法题 (23)1990年05月语法题 (27)1990年08月语法题 (31)1990年10月语法题 (35)1991年01月语法题 (39)1991年05月语法题 (43)1991年05月语法题 (48)1991年10月语法题 (53)1992年01月语法题 (58)1992年05月语法题 (62)1992年08月语法题 (66)1992年10月语法题 (70)1993年01月语法题 (74)1993年05月语法题 (78)1993年08月语法题 (82)1993年10月语法题 (86)1994年05月语法题 (90)1994年08月语法题 (94)1994年10月语法题 (98)1995年01月语法题 (104)1995年05月语法题 (108)1995年08月语法题 (113)1996年01月语法题 (122)1996年05月语法题 (127)1996年08月语法题 (132)1996年10月语法题 (137)1997年01月语法题 (142)1997年01月北美语法题 (147)1997年05月语法题 (151)1997年08月语法题 (156)1997年10月语法题 (161)1997年12月北美语法题 (166)1998年01月语法题 (170)1998年05月语法题 (175)1998年08月语法题 (179)1998年08月语法题 (184)1998年08月北美语法题 (190)1998年10月语法题 (195)1999年01月语法题 (200)1999年05月语法题 (205)1999年08月语法题 (211)1999年10月语法题 (217)2000年01月语法题 (223)2000年05月语法题 (227)2000年08月语法题 (233)2000年10月语法题 (238)2001年01月语法题 (242)2001年05月语法题 (247)2001年08月语法题 (253)2001年10月语法题 (259)2002年01月语法题 (263)2002年10月语法题 (274)2002年08月语法题 (279)2002年09月语法题 (284)2003年01月语法题 (288)1996年12月北美语法题 (293)2003年08月语法题 (299)2003年10月语法题 (305)2004年01月语法题 (311)2004年05月语法题 (316)2004年08月语法题 (322)2004年10月语法题 (328)2005年01月语法题【改错部分】 (334)PP Test 1 语法题笔记 (337)PP Test 2 语法题笔记 (357)普林斯顿样题 1 (376)普林斯顿样题 2 (381)普林斯顿样题 3 (386)普林斯顿样题 4 (390)1989年01月语法题1. The flexibility of film allows the artist __________ unbridled imagination to the animation of cartooncharacters.(A) to bring(B) bringing(C) is brought(D) brings2. Traditionally, __________in New England on Thanksgiving Day.(A) when served is sweet cider(B) when sweet cider is served(C) is served sweet cider(D) sweet cider is served3. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent __________, or pronghorn.(A) it is the American antelope(B) the American antelope is(C) is the American antelope(D) the American antelope4. Lillian D. Wald, public health nurse and __________, was born in Cincinnati Ohio, in 1867.(A) reforming society(B) social reformer(C) who reformed society(D) her social reform5. Copper sulfate, spread in judicious amounts, kills algae __________ harming fish or aquatic invert-ebrates.(A) does not(B) but does no(C) except(D) without6. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people __________long enough to see it returnin the twenty-first century.(A) will they live(B) they will be living(C) will live(D) living7. __________that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.(A) Anthropologists have discovered(B) Anthropologists discovering(C) The discovery by anthropologists(D) Discovered by anthropologists8.In 1964__________of Henry Ossawa Tanner’s paintings was shown at the Smiths onian Institution.(A) was a major collection(B) that a major collection(C) a collection was major(D) a major collection9. __________irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largelydiscontinued.(A) Its(B) Where its(C) Since its(D) Because of its10.In order to remain in existence,__________must, in the long run, produce something consumers consideruseful or desirable.(A) a profit-making organization(B) a profit-making organization which(C) therefore a profit-making organization(D) whichever a profit-making organization11.The greater the population there is in a locality,__________for water, transportation, and disposal ofrefuse.(A) the greater the need there is(B) greater need(C) is there great need(D) the great need12. A historical novel may do more than mirror history; __________future events.(A) even influencing(B) it may even influence(C) may even influence(D) that it may even influence13. __________a child, sculptor Anne Whitney showed an eager intellect and artistic talent that her parentsrecognized and encouraged.(A) Has been(B) It was while(C) She was(D) As14. It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes__________round shape into ateardrop shape.(A) of the drop(B) the drop’s(C) drop of(D) drops their15.__________modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize themwith warmer, less severe interiors.(A) If(B) But(C) With(D) Once16. Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Frances Perkinsbecame secretary of labor.17. The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival.18. Too much electric current may flow into a circuit as a result either of a fault in the circuit and of an outsideevent such as lightning.19. The Appalachian Trail, extending approximately 2,020 miles from Maine to Georgia, is the longercontinuous marked footpath in the world.20. For years, elephants were hunted for food and ivory, and as a result theirs numbers have been greatlyreduced.21. Barges which carrier most of the heavy freight on rivers and canals are usually propelled by towing.22. Although afflicted by serious eyesight problems, Alicia Alonso was one the principal stars of the AmericanBallet Theater and later formed her own dance company.23. The ritual combat of animals are triggered by precise signals.24. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effective than to employ flowery but vague expressions thatonly obscure one’s m eaning.25. Different species of octopuses may measure anywhere from two inches to over thirty feet in long.26. According to some theories derived from psychoanalysis, life is supposedly easier and mo re pleasantwhen inhibitions overcoming.27. When rainbows appear, they are always in the part of the sky opposite directly the Sun.28. Benjamin Franklin drew a political cartoon that is credited raising 10,000 volunteers for the AmericanRevolutionary War.29. The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of medieval lchemists.30. In many pieces of music there is a dominant theme on which the restful of the composition is centered.31. Luminescence refers to the emission of light by means another than heat.32.In a representative democracy, the people election delegates to an assembly.33.George Washington Carver found hundred of uses for the peanut, the sweet potato, and the soybean andthus stimulated the cultivation of these crops.34. A citadel, a fortress designed for the defense of a city, usually standed on top of a hill.35. Conservative philosophers argue that the very structure of society is threatening by civil disobedience,while humanists stress the primacy of the individual conscience.36. Since 1971 the regional corporations set up in Alaska by Congress managing everything from fishing tobanking.37. A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets carry a supply that last just a few seconds.38. Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities.39. The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.40. Gulls can often be see swooping over large bodies of water.1989年05月语法题1. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while__________.(A) spoken is slander(B) is spoken slander(C) slander is spoken(D) is slander spoken2. Great numbers of tiny shelled animals—on the ocean floor.(A) Live(B) Living(C) They will live(D) If they lived3. The knee is the joint __________the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.(A) when(B) where(C) why(D) which4. Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class__________polygons.(A) called(B) to call(C) is called(D) call as5. Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have __________, a corrosive action on metals, andthe ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.(A) tastes sharp(B) sharp-tasting(C) a sharp taste(D) tasting sharp6. __________the history of the tough, strong-willed Nebraska farmer.(A) Not only is much of the history of Nebraska(B) Although it is much of the history of Nebraska that is(C) It is much the history of Nebraska’s being(D) Much of the history of Nebraska is7. Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability __________emotional depth toher songs.(A) be giving(B) are given(C) being given(D) to give8. __________1895 did Cornell University begin to offer a degree in ornithology.(A) Not until(B) Not since(C) Until(D) In9. Uniform acceleration occurs __________the rate of change remains the same over successive and equalintervals of time.(A) according(B) if(C) with(D) under10. Peo ple’s expectations for a higher standard of living increase __________.(A) conditions in their community improve(B) since conditions in their improving community(C) conditions improve in their community(D) as conditions in their community improve11. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of __________reality.(A) what it is conceived(B) that is conceived(C) what is conceived to be(D) that is being conceived of12. All of the plants now raised on farms have been developed from plants __________wild.(A) once they grew(B) they grew once(C) that once grew(D) once grew13. __________relatively costly, the diesel engine is highly efficient and needs servicing infrequently.(A) Even(B) It is(C) Even though(D) There is14. __________images out of clay, stone, and metal.(A) The shaping of sculpture(B) Sculpting the shapes(C) To shape sculpture(D) Sculptors shape15. __________dates from the end of the eighteenth century.(A) The modern circus(B) That the modern circus(C) While the modern circus(D) The modern circus that16. The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases.17. The Ranger spacecraft it provided more than 17,000 pictures of the moon.18. Many people who live in New York City thinks that life in a large city offers special advantages.19. The scientific revolution of the early 1900’s affected education by change the nature of technology.20. Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, shorter tails, and longerbills.21. On May 20,1932, Amelia Earhart became the first woman fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.22. Translated into terms of psychological theory, association has been thought of as the basis of to learn,conditioning, and creative thinking.23. The Statue of Liberty was originally proposed in 1865 to commemoration the alliance of France with theAmerican colonies during the American Revolution.24. Reptiles are widely distributed all over the world, but are much abundant in warm regions and are virtuallyabsent beyond the treeline in the Arctic.25. Alike light waves, microwaves may be reflected and concentrated.26. Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an organization required for itsoperations.27. The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which involves using a circular dish with a smallpocket at the bottom.28. Farm animals have been regardless by nearly all societies as a valuable economic resource.29. Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio continues to be a medium ofessential communication, especially at the local level.30. The field of dynamics in physics is concerned with a part icle’s motion in relation to the forces acting it.31. In the United States, both the federal and state governments have laws designed to guard consumersagainst deceptive advertise.32. Gore Vidal has steadily pursue a literary career remarkable for its productivity, versatility, andunpredictability.33. When overall exports exceed imports, a country said to have a trade surplus.34. Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant’s instep to see whether it ispliant and shows promising of a good arch.35. Anthropologists agree that our primitive ancestors who inhabited the tropics probably have naturalprotection against the sun.36. Behavior modification techniques work best with problems that manifest itself in overt actions.37. Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear image, mostnonprofessional photographs demand few equipment.38. At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response.39. Common to North America, those cinnamon fern is found in wet places.40. The origins of the Democratic party is often traced to the coalition formed behind Thomas Jefferson in the1790’s to res ist the policies of George Washington’s administration.1989年08月语法题1. The Cubists were concerned with how__________a given subject from different points of viewsimultaneously.(A) represented(B) do the represent(C) to represent(D) representing2. Sometimes__________to place physics and chemistry into separate categories.(A) difficult(B) is difficult(C) it is difficult(D) that it is difficult3. Martha Graham, __________, has run her own dance company for half a century.(A) is the great modern choreographer(B) one of the great modern choreographers(C) that the great modern choreographers(D) the modern choreographers were great4. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, __________communicate through facialexpressions and by making noises.(A) however(B) they(C) furthermore(D) who5. The seating of musicians in an orchestra is arranged __________to produce the desired blend of soundsfrom the various musical sections .(A) the conductor of(B) from the conductor(C) the conductor and(D) by the conductor6. The worldwide race to develop an affordable synthetic fuel has so far consumed billions of dollars and__________ few results.(A) yielded(B) yielding(C) yield ha(D) has a yield of7. Experiments in the photography of moving objects __________ in both the United States and Europe wellbefore 1900.(A) have been conducting(B) were conducting(C) had been conducted(D) being conducted8. The University of Georgia, __________ in 1785, was the first state supported university in the UnitedStates.(A) chartered(B) was chartered(C) it was chartered(D) to be chartered9. Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once __________ cacti andsagebrush could live.(A) nor(B) not the(C) none other(D) nothing but10. __________, in the late 1800’s, some libraries had to keep as many as twenty to thirty copies of each ofMary Jane Holmes’s books on hand.(A) Inventories showing(B) That show inventories(C) Inventories show that(D) Showing the inventories11. The scholarly interest in perception stems largely from questions about the sources and validity of what__________.(A) it is known as human knowledge(B) is known as human knowledge(C) known human knowledge(D) is human knowledge known12. Because of the Aleuts’ constan t exposure to cold weather, they have long recognized __________ .(A) and body needs to be fat(B) body needs the fat(C) how fat the body needs(D) the body’s need for fat13. Almost all economists agree __________ by trading with one another.(A) nations that are gained(B) nations they gain(C) gaining nations(D) that nations gain14. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for __________ with which to regulatethem.(A) more accurate than sundials(B) more accurate sundials(C) sundials more accurately(D) more accurately than sundials15. Anthropology is a science __________anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques todocument observations that can be checked by others.(A) in that(B) that in(C) that(D) in16.A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any specific way.17.The Conestoga wagon, used for to carry heavy loads over long distances, originated around 1725 in aregion of Pennsylvania occupied by the Conestoga Indians.18.Providence, Rhode Island, is a busy manufacturing city and seaport, as well the state capital.19.The young of most bird species are totally dependence on parental care after hatching.20.During most of this century, A. Philip Randolph struggled for Black rights in the United States and becomesan important figure in the labor movement.21.It has been calculated that the Earth’s c ircumference around the equator is over forty longer miles than thecircumference around the two poles.22. A fish must constantly to gulp water in order to keep a current flowing through its delicate gills.23. Maria Martinez, a Pueblo Indian, rediscovered the ancient art of Pueblo black pottery A and, by teachingthe process to family and friends, develop a lucrative business.24. Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.25. The first libraries in the North American colonies was established in Massachusetts in the year 1638.26. When does a neutron from one atom collides with the nucleus of another atom, a chain reaction can occur.27. Alike other academic disciplines, sociology has several major sub-disciplines.28. An enormous variety of information may be obtained from a largest daily newspaper.29. Before the invention of the clock, people had to reliable on the celestial bodies to tell time.30. How many people remember listening to O rson Welles’1938 radio broadcast. “The War of the Worlds,”Which convince thousands that space aliens had invaded the Earth?31. Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the nonprofessional metalworker.32. According to cognitive theories of emotion, anger occurs when individuals believe that A they have beenharmed and that the harm was either avoidable and undeserved.33. Jackie Mclean’s recordings have sh own that he is one of the few jazz musicians who style A B of playinghas kept pace with the evolution of modern jazz.34. How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever been discovered, and itgrows only where people plant and tend it.35. A principle of manager is to ensure that every action or decision achieves a carefully planned goal.36. A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten the lives.37. Classicism as a doctrine seeks what is universally truth and good.38. Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating a series of indicators that A B could helpthemselves to predict earthquakes.i are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, anddecompose animal debris.40. A common use with gold in the nineteenth century was as a standard for the value of money.1989年10月语法题1. Quasars __________ emitting extremely intense radio waves and visible radiation.(A) Star-like objects are(B) Star-like, they are objects(C) are star-like objects(D) are they star-like objects2. Mary Cassatt specialized __________ mothers with their children.(A) painted(B) who painted(C) paintings(D) in painting3. Gorillas are quiet animals, __________ they are able to make about twenty different sounds.(A) how(B) in spite of(C) because of(D) even though4. From 1946 to 1949, __________ William Henry Hastie served as governor of the Virgin Islands.(A) the lawyer(B) he was the lawyer(C) the lawyer who(D) was the lawyer5. __________ struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period oftime.(A) When is it(B) One is(C) When it is(D) Is one6. __________ one time, Manchester, New Hampshire, was the home of the most productive cotton mills inthe world.(A) On(B) At(C) By(D) To7. The edible tube mushroom __________ a cushion-like, moist cap that is light brown or darkish red.(A) which has(B) to have(C) having(D) has8. In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a __________ to New York’s rock’n ‘ roll fans.(A) new dance, the twist(B) twist, was the new dance(C) twist, the new dance that(D) new dance is the twist9. In sculpture __________”modeling” denotes a way of shaping clay, wax, or other pliable materials.(A) to the term(B) is termed(C) the term(D) to term10. The capacity for flight __________insects from the other invertebrates.(A) to distinguish(B) distinguishes(C) which distinguishes(D) distinguishing11. Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found__________ Ohio and Illinois.(A) far north(B) north as far(C) farthest north(D) as far north as12. __________ of caffeine can result in restlessness, insomnia, and even delirium.(A) Consuming in excess(B) Excessive consumption(C) To consume excessively(D) The consumption excessive13. Considered one of the leading poets in America today,__________.(A) a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez(B) Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays(C) A number of Sonia Sanchez books and plays have been written(D) There have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez14. Variables such as individual and corporate behavior __________ nearly impossible for economists toforecast economic trends with precision.(A) make(B) make it(C) it makes(D) makes it15. __________ by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating.(A) Eliminate problems(B) The eliminated problems(C) Eliminating problems(D) Problems are eliminated16. Sea turtles date back 100 million year and are the only ancient sea reptiles to survive the present Day.17. At a first, the scientific method may appear to be a narrow and restrictive way of gaining understanding.18. Since prehistoric times, artists have portrayed subjects that representative their culture.20. Mammals lose body heat to them environment in cold weather more quickly than in hot weather.21. Mahogany is often considered the finest cabinet wood because they has most of the qualities desired forfurniture making.22. The situation comedy has proved to a remarkably durable commercial television format.23. Calcium, the most abundantly mineral in the body works with phosphorus in maintaining bones and teeth.24. Soil science begun with the formulation of the theory of humus in1808.25. Scholars tend to cite 1831 as the started of the United States abolitionist movement.26. Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam’s interest in social work also was a loyal supprter of the League ofNations.27. In adolescence, a young person may experience some stress emotional due to conflicting and confusingsocial demands.28. Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, is a prosperoustrading and distribute center.29. A hologram is a pattern usually made on film in that can create a three-dimensional image of a scene.30. The general sales tax has been a major source of income for state governments, much of which derivemore than half of their budgets from it.31. Principal known for his dictionary, Noah Webster was also the first epidimiologist in the United States.32. Liquid lubricants contrast widely in weighing, thickness, and boiling point.33. Interest with major social events led to a period of growth in journalism after 1945.34. Saint Elmo’s fire is a luminous blue discharge of electricity sometimes seen when a thunderstorm.35. Almanacs in simple form have been known from the invention of writing.36. If laid out in straight line, the human digestive tract would measure approximately thirty foot in length.37. The relationship of Latin American music to Black music in the United States is clearly evident in theunaccented beats that are common to either.38. Today it is generally recognized as the primary function of the Federal Reserve System is to foster the flowof credit and money that will eventually facilitate a balance ininternational payments.39. Pure flint is too hard and even-grained that it chips in smooth curved flakes.40. The typical Georgian-style house is rectangular in shape, at less two stories high, and designed around acentral stairway.1990年01月语法题1. ---ratchet is a wheel or bar that can move in only one direction.(A) A(B) It is a(C) Although a(D) There is a2. Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contrib utions ---a politician.(A) such(B) more(C) as(D) than3. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on ---best in its climate and soil.(A) it grows(B) what grows(C) does it grow(D) what does it grow4. Possibly the greatest advance in ---materials came with the invention of a cheap way to make steel.(A) bridge-building(B) building of bridges(C) building a bridge(D) bridges are built5. ---, snakes frequently subdue their prey without injecting poison.(A) Contrary to general belief(B) General belief contrary to(C) Belief contrary to general(D) Contrary belief general to6. Two years after she was chosen president of the Texas State Senate, ---successfully for a seat in the United States Congress.(A) Barbara Jordan’s campaign being(B) Barbara Jordan campaigned(C) Campaigning for Barbara Jordan(D) Barbara Jordan campaigning7. The values of a people, their customs, and their perceptions of the world ---their language.(A) are influenced(B) be influenced(C) influencing(D) influence8. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event’s ---is equal to the probability that it will not occur.(A) occurs(B) will occur(C) can occur(D) occurring9. ---fashioned from a wick floating in a bowl of oil functioned according to the principle of capillary action.(A) All lamps early(B) Lamps all early(C) All early lamps(D) Early all lamps10. Annie Jump Cannon, ---discovered so many stars that she was called “the census taker of the sky.”(A) a leading astronomer who(B) who, as a leading astronomer,(C) was a leading astronomer(D) a leading astronomer,11. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---to the body.(A) the stress it is greater(B) greater is the stress(C) greater stress is(D) the greater the stress12. And ideal is a standard ---people judge real phenomena.(A) how(B) of(C) by which(D) for it13. Maine has ---weather than most of the other states in the continental United States.(A) coolest(B) the coolest(C) cooler(D) the cooler14. Amoebas are ---small to be seen without a microscope.(A) far too(B) far and(C) so far(D) as far as15. Graphite conducts electricity ---does not burn.(A) because(B) if(C) when(D) and16. The methods of spectrum analysis vary according to the wavelength region were studied.17. Hurricanes are severe cyclones with winds over seventy-five miles an hour who originate over tropicalocean waters.。
托福考试备考资料：语法笔记
托福考试备考资料语法笔记1. Most doctors of the Colonial period believed _______ was caused by an imbalance of humors in the body.A. in diseaseB. that diseaseC. of diseaseD. about disease答案：B分析：动词believe 地用法：直接加that引导地宾语从句.这里that为连接adv.，在句中不作任何成分，其后接完整句.参考译文：大多数殖民时期地医生认为疾病来源人体内不平衡地体液.2. In 1976 Sarah Caldwell became _________ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.A. she was the first woman to conductB. the first woman conductorC. the woman was first conductingD. the woman conducts first答案：B分析：缺宾语，答案中只有B，D可以作宾语，但D地语序不对.参考译文：1976，Sarah Caldwell成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House演出地演奏家.补充：常考the first/second/… one to do sth3. On January 7， 1955， Marian Anderson became _________ to singa major role at New York City's Metropolitan Opera House.A. the first African AmericanB. the first African American wasC. she was the first African AmericanD. when the first African American答案：A分析：缺宾语，C， D都不能作宾语.一句话中只能有一个谓语，而B中有was，句中出现两个谓语，一定错.参考译文：1955年1月7号，Marian Anderson成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House担任主唱地美籍黑人.4. Perhaps the most significant postwar trend was the decentralization of cities throughout the United States， _________ when massive highway-building programs permitted greater suburban growth.A. and accelerated a phenomenonB. a phenomenon that acceleratedC. accelerating a phenomenon which，D. the acceleration of which phenomenon答案：B分析：考地是同位语结构，a phenomenon是 the decentralization of cities throughout the United States 地同位语.A中and为conj.，后面应该连接一个完整地句子，但缺主语，错。
托福1996-08语法笔记
1996年08月语法题1. A microscope can reveal vastly _____ detail than is visible to the naked eye.(A) than(B) than more(C) more than(D) more.答案：D分析：由信号词分析：由信号词than可知空各处应填more.参考译文：一台显微镜能展示远超过肉眼看见的非常多的细节。
2. Narcissus bulbs _____ at least three inches apart and covered with about four inches ofwell drained soil.(A) should be planted(B) to plant(C) must planting(D) should plant答案：A分析：空格前为主语，空格出缺谓语动词，故首先排除(B)。
(C)中must后应该接动词原形，故也排除。
Plant是及物动词，在没有宾语的情况下应该用被动语态形式，故选(A).参考译文：种植水仙花球时应该至少保持3IN的间距，并且要用大约4IN的有良好透水性的土壤覆盖。
3. Industrialization has been responsible for _____ most radical of the environmentalchanges caused by humans.(A) a(B) the(C) some of which(D) which are the答案：B分析：空格后为形容词最高级，空格处应填定冠词。
参考译文：由人类所造成的环境变化中，工业化导致了环境最根本的变化。
4. In many areas the slope and topography of the land _____ excess rainfall to run off into anatural outlet.(A) neither permit(B) without permitting(C) nor permitting(D) do not permit.答案：D分析：句子缺少谓语动词。
托福语法
OG(官方指南)对托福写作在“语言运用”方面的要求是“appropriate word choices”和“a variety of sentence structures”，也就是“词汇能恰当传达意思就好，句式多样就好”。
换句话说，托福写作在词汇和句式上没有任何“高大上”的要求。
英语写作中最简单的句式共2种：一是“主(S.)+谓(V.)+宾(O.)”;二是“主(S.)+系(V.)+表(P.)”。
前者为根本，在此称之为英语句式之“魂”。
以公式表达的话，“魂”=“主+谓+宾”= N.(名词) + V.(动词) + N.(名词)，最少由3个单词组成。
比如说，Jack plays basketball。
但一篇300字以上的独立作文绝对不可能由100来句3个单词的句子构成。
所以，我们要帮“魂”进行“增肥”，也就是给它加内容。
那到底可以加哪些内容呢?在我认为，只须往里加4个词：名词(N.)、动词(V.)、形容词(Adj.)、副词(Adv.)。
五种基本句型：S+Vi, S+V+O, S+V+0+C, S+V+Oi+Od, S+LV+PSubject=主语Verbal phrase=谓语Object=宾语（Oi=间接宾语，Od=直接宾语）Complement=补语Predicative=表语S+Vi（主谓）Without gun, the suicide rate will go down.Female violence has risen dramatically in recent decades.S+V+O（主谓宾）Media violence affect children’s mental health.Frequent physical punishment contributes to a child’s later crimes.练习：由于他老师的推荐，他顺利地找到了一份好工作。
He smoothly found a good job for his teacher’s recommendation.性格因人而异。
王海波语法笔记
TOEFL语法笔记——王海波 STRUCT AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION (结构与书面表达)
编 写 人： XXXX 编写日期：2003年12月07日 版本标识： 0.1版 个人资料.欢迎共享1 第一讲 1.1 做题方针 一 填空->STRUCT->15->句子的结构(句法)->以句法、语法为主，以句义为辅
二 改措->WRITTEN EXPRESSION->25->词法->以句意与语法并重. Eg: TOEFL语法中，不允许缩写！当然所有格不算在内。 Eg：It's a book.(F) 应为It is a book. 不能出现太口语化的句子！ Eg：It is realy decious.(F)应为It is very decious.really只能表示真假，不能修饰decious.
1.2 规律 一 插入语永远对。代词95%为错。
二 情态动词永远不错。(can;could;might) eg: first划线永远对（因为first词性完备，任何词性的用法都存在The first sb. to do sth.）； waters永远对（water做水域解，可以有复数形式）； self划线永远错; 虚拟语气不考;
三 搭配词对（错误率较高） another & other 互改。 区别：another后面跟单数名词；other后面跟复数名词。
1.3 把握 时间&准确率 1.4 填空的基本做法(9501为例) 一 先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分为几段，选择要看的分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子（主要是空格所在的那部分句子）。 句法： 简单句： S+V 并列句： (1)句子；句子。(2)句子，and/or/but/then句。简化掉没有空格的那部分句子。 复合句： 主句+从句 如Because+句子，句子。When+句子，句子。if+句子，句子。简化掉没有空格的分句。 步骤实质：将复合句或并列句化为简单句，使得每句话实际上只须读一半即可。
托福基础语法知识讲解
托福基础语法知识讲解语法是托福考试的基本内容，整理了一些语法知识，让我们一起来看看吧。
下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福基础语法知识讲解：被动时态语法知识也是托福备考的基本内容，语法知识贯穿于听说读写各个考试科目中。
今天我们重点来讲解的是“被动时态”，下面就跟随新东方在线托福网一起来看看具体的内容吧!先说说被动语态的结构，其基本结构为：be+动词的过去分词。
其与主动语态在形式上的特征是选择使用哪一种语态的必备常识，也是解题的一种手段。
被动语态区别于主动语态的是谓语动词必须是及物动词且之后绝大多数不能够再接宾语，只有极少数可以接双宾语的动词，像consider, give,call, name等就可以，比如像：She was considered a genius in painting.提醒：在托福考试的改错题中，如果在被动句里面，动词(除了上面提到的接双宾语的动词)的被动式后面出现宾语，那么在这里绝对是有错误的，可将其改为主动句，但是同样的，在主动句里面，如果及物动词后面没有宾语，此处肯定也是错误的，可以将其改为被动句。
其实大家可以将by视为被动语态的标志词，在by之后的名词短语是句子中动作的施动者，因此在题目中如果见到by+名词的结构的时候，最优先考虑的就是被动式，比如像：Thebook was written by Mark Twain.提醒：在by的后面如果接的是动名词，那么其表示为方式、手段就不能将其视为被动式的标志了，并且此时的谓语应该用主动式，如：He passed theexam by cheating.而对于know来讲，一般都是用be known to，而不用be know by。
有点迷糊?没事，我们照例来例题解析：例：The seating of musicians in an orchestra is arranged --- to produce Thedesired blend of contributor from The various himself to sections.(A) the conductor of(B) from the conductor(C) the conductor and(D) by the conductor解析：在题目中，如果不要空白处的话，句子也是很完整的，我们可以清楚的看到空格后的不定式短语表目的，那么可能填入的是arrange的施动者，自然此处应该用by来引导，A选项中of不能接不定式，C选项不能在被动式后面接宾语，所以选D。
托福1998年05月语法笔记
1998年05月语法题1. _____ a major role in future planetary exploration.(A) Robots will surely play(B) Robots, which will surely play(C) Because robots will surely be playing(D) Surely robots, which will be playing答案:A分析：句子缺主谓（B）如为定语从句，则缺谓语（C）Because引导的原因状语从句,无主句（D）同A，且频度副词Surely形容整个句子，应以逗号隔开参考译文：机器人极有可能将在未来的太空探索中扮演主要角色。
2. Unlike the owl, bats cannot see very well, but they do have_____.(A) it hears very well(B) very good to hear(C) hearing very well(D) very good hearing答案:D分析：but后无宾语，D为名词短语（A）谓语动词重复（B）缺宾语（C) well做"好"讲为adv.不修饰名词参考译文：蝙蝠不像猫头鹰一样有良好的视力，但却有极佳的听力.3. Comparatively few clues in the United Slates have competing newspapers today, a major change from 1900 _____ more than two newspapers.(A) because then most large cities having(B) when did most large cities have(C) then most large cities that had(D) when most large cities had答案：D分析：逗号前已经是完整的句子，接从句，加之横线前为时间，所以是时间状语从句（A）从句缺谓语（B）从句不能将助动词提前，而应当使用陈述句语序（C）缺乏时间状语从句引导词参考译文：通过比较美国现今竞争激烈的报业的一些细微线索，（可见）1900年是一个主要的转折，从那一年开始，多数大城市都出现了两份以上的报纸。
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1999年01月语法题1. Among the first plants to grow on the land regions of the Earth _____, which in prehistoric times grew to immense size(A) were horsetail rushes(B) horsetail rushes(C) horsetail rushes were(D) and horsetail rushes答案：A分析：浏览全句，后面是一从句，那么，逗号前面一定是主句。
主句中介词短语among…在句首，所以用倒装句。
B, D无谓语，且D中也无与and 并列的成分; C, were后无表语。
翻译参考：马尾鞭草是最早生长在地球陆地上的植物之一，它们在史前时代能长得非常巨大。
2. Unlike fossil fuels, which can be used only once, wind and solar power _____of energy.(A) for renewable sources(B) the sources are renewable(C) are renewable sources(D) renewable sources答案：C分析：浏览全句，得知句中缺谓语，排除A, D。
B, wind and solar power与the sources无法连接，故选C。
翻译参考：与只可利用一次的石油不同，风能和太阳能是可更新的能源3. _____ that the first cheese was probably made more than 4,000 years ago by nomadic tribes in Asia.(A) The belief(B) Although they believe(C) It is believed(D) Believing答案：C分析：空格后面是完整的从句，所以选C, 主谓成份都齐全，后跟that引导的宾语从句。
A, C都没有主谓语；而B形成一个从句，无主句。
翻译参考：大家都认为第一块奶酪大概是在4000多年以前，由亚洲游牧部落做出来的。
4. Today _____ of the Earth live on a very small percentage of the Earth's land surface.(A) about two-thirds populated(B) the population is about two-thirds(C) about two-thirds of the population(D) of about two-thirds the population is答案：C分析：浏览全句，发现缺主语。
而of前面应该是名词或名词词组，只有C符合。
翻译参考：当今地球上的大约2/3人口住在占总面积很小的一部分地表陆地上。
5. It was in the year 1792 _____(A) that the New York Stock Exchange was founded(B) founding the New York Stock Exchange(C) which year the New York Stock Exchange was founded(D) the New York Stock Exchange founded答案：A分析：强调句，只能选A。
大家注意，在强调句It is (was)…that(who,whom)…中，只有这三个引导词，并且that可以代替其他两个。
翻译参考：纽约股票交易所成立于1792年。
6. Many small birds use new sites for each nesting, _____ large birds often reuse the same nest.(A) by(B) how(C) within(D) whereas答案：D分析：空格前后都是完整的句子，首先排除A, C。
再根据句义，是small birds 与large birds 再作比较，所以选D, 是连词，意思是然而，反之。
翻译参考：很多的小鸟在每次做窝的时候都使用新的地点，而大鸟类则经常重复使用一个巢穴。
7. Plateaus are often referred to as tablelands _____ essentially flat-topped and stand conspicuously above an adjacent land area.(A) because are(B) because they are(C) because of their(D) which because they are答案：B分析：用排除法，A，D形式不对，C，because of应该跟名词或名词性词组，这里是分词结构。
翻译参考：高原通常指一些高处的平地，因为它们具有平顶并且明显的高于相邻的地面。
8. Although many contemporary craft objects are not _____, they generally have their roots in function.(A) function(B) functionally(C) as function(D) functional答案：D分析：很明显，这里缺表语，所以选形容词D。
B, C用排除法很容易排除；那末A呢，一般来讲，当主语与表语讲的是同一事物时表语才能用名词。
翻译参考：虽然很多当代的工艺品都不是功能型的，但是它们一般都有其功能性的根源。
9. _____ hearing aid was a tube called the ear trumpet, a flared tube held up to the ear.(A) First(B) When the first(C) It was the first(D) The first答案：D分析：这道题的难点在于认清逗号后面是同位语，逗号前面是句子的主体，这就要求要读懂句义。
B, 成从句，不对；C谓语重复，排除; A, first 一般都与the连用，除非在一些特殊的固定用法里，所以排除。
翻译参考：第一个助听器是一个叫做耳喇叭的管子，一个放置耳朵上的向外展开的管子。
10. Most leaves are coated with a waterproof _____, or cuticle.(A) that the covering(B) and is covering(C) covering(D) by covering答案：C分析：句中缺with的宾语，C, 动名词作介词宾语。
A, that 后面不是句子；B, 谓语与前面不一致；D, 结构不完整，covering 后少宾语。
翻译参考：大多数叶子都覆盖一个防水的表层或者表皮11. The first glass factory _____ the North American continent was started in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.(A) established on(B) being established(C) was established on(D) that established it答案：A分析：句中主谓俱全，缺修饰语，A过去分词作后置定语。
B, being多余，表达被动的分词结构用established就可以了。
being +done一般表原因。
C, 谓语重复；D, 从句应该用被动，且it多余。
翻译参考：北美大陆建立的第一个玻璃厂1607年在弗吉尼亚的Jamestown开工。
12. _____ in the desert is mainly due to the limited supply of desert water.(A) Plants are widely spaced(B) The spacing of plants is wide(C) Plants to be spaced widely(D) The wide spacing of plants答案：D分析：缺主语，所以选D。
A, B, C中都有系动词，谓语重复。
翻译参考：在沙漠中植物间的巨大间距主要是因为沙漠水量有限的供应。
13. In addition to painting highly acclaimed portraits, Mary Cassatt was _____ to several major art collectors.(A) to advise(B) an adviser(C) advised(D) advising答案：B分析：用排除法，只有B语义通顺。
翻译参考：除了画出很多备受赞誉的画，Mary Cassatt还是几个大艺术收藏家的顾问。
14. Springwater is _____ clean, since it has been filtered through permeable rocks, but all spring water contains some dissolved minerals.(A) generally fair(B) generally fairly(C) in general fair(D) general and fair答案：B分析：很明显，后面两个都是从句，空格中所缺成份是修饰语，而无论是修饰全句还是修饰表语clean, 都应该用副词，B中generally做全主句的状语fairly修饰clean。
翻译参考：泉水一般都非常干净，因为它经过渗透性的岩石过滤，但是所有的泉水都含有一些溶解的矿物质。
15. All eels spawn in the sea, the eggs hatching into transparent, ribbon-like larvae _____, feeding until they metamorphose into small eels.(A) that drift about(B) drift about(C) about drifting(D) drift about them答案：A分析：浏览全句，发现主句完整，B，D谓语与主句冲突；C语义逻辑错误；A定于从句，正确。
翻译参考：所有的鳗鱼都在海里产卵，卵孵化成为透明的带状的幼虫来回漂游，这样成长直到他们经过变态成为小鳗鱼。