外国文学二十世纪作家作品整理
20世纪外国文学史小抄重点
20世纪世界文学一方面具有多元化、多样性的发展特点，另一方面又呈现出交叉融合的发展趋势。
后现代主义文学包含诸多反传统的文学派别，主要有存在主义文学、荒诞派戏剧、新小说派、“黑色幽默”和“魔幻现实主义”等。
1.黑色幽默是20世纪60年代盛行于美国的主要文学流派之一。
“黑色”的含义是绝望、恐怖、残酷和痛苦，黑色幽默的作家强调世界的荒谬、混乱、神秘莫测以及人与环境的不协调，用喜剧的手法来处理不幸、痛苦和丑恶。
作品所引发的笑声是一种苦笑、惨笑、绝望的笑，主要代表作家是海勒，其代表作品是《第二十二条军规》主人公尤索林。
2.德莱塞的《美国的悲剧》小说主人公是克莱特，小说着重描述了克莱特是如何由一个单纯的青年沦为杀人犯的过程，说明了造成这种悲剧人生的根源是美国经济繁荣和道德堕落的矛盾状态。
3.海明威的“冰山原理”：通过省略的方式，用简洁的文字塑造出鲜明的形象，并把作者自己的感受最大限度的藏在形象之中，使之含而不露。
根据这一原理，海明威在创作中形成了简洁、清新的文体风格和结构。
在表现复杂的的思想感情时，常用电报式的对话、内心独白、象征手法和意识流手法等。
4.海明威的《老人与海》荣获诺贝尔文学奖，作品通过桑提亚哥和鲨鱼的搏斗来展现人和自然的搏斗，象征精神是不能被打败的。
桑提亚哥名义上是普通的老渔夫，实际上是整个人类的代表。
他的“硬汉精神”。
5.意识流小说：20世纪20年代至40年代盛行于美国，其特点是作家退出小说，取消故事情节，表现人物内心深处的心理活动。
主要代表人物和作品有：法国普鲁斯特的《追忆逝水年华》，爱尔兰乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》，英国伍尔夫飞《墙上的斑点》，美国福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》。
6.后期象征主义的代表人物有：法国的瓦雷里，奥地利的里尔克，英国的叶芝和艾略特。
其中的诗人代表是叶芝和艾略特。
艾略特的长诗《荒原》是表现西方精神危机的一部史诗般的著作。
7.英国作家劳伦斯的主要代表作品有《儿子与情人》、《查特莱妇人的情人》和《虹》，作品中过多描写性爱，表现西方人在精神上的状态。
二十世纪美国文学
F·Scott Fitzgerald F· 司格特· 菲茨杰拉德 （1896-1940）
• 1920年他第一本小说《人间天堂》”This Side of Paradise 该作品在商业上立刻获得了极大的成功， • 1925年的《了不起的盖茨比》”The Great Gatsby”，菲 茨杰拉德提示了外表闪耀着天真的时代中的刺耳喧嚣。他 运用生动优雅的散文，揭露了美国拜金主义的空虚，表现 了美国人对爱情、豪华生活和各种欲望无止境的追求 • had revealed the stridency of an age of glittering innocence. In vivid and graceful prose he had, at the same time, portrayed the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American dream of love, splendor, and fulfilled desires.
1917年第一本诗集《普鲁弗洛克及其它一些观察》his first book of poems “Prufrock and Other Observations”，同他后来的大部分作品一样，这 部作品触及到了人性中的软弱、沮丧等弱点，正确地思索了国家、人民、宗 教信仰等的丧失like much of his later work it concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious faith. 《荒原》是现代文学中的主要经典作品之一，讲述的主题就是第一次世界大战给 人们的启示，荒原意味着西方文明的衰落，现代人在精神上和文化上的颓废， 采用讽刺性对比，大量使用了文学引用，该作品中作者还创造了一种新的文 学形式，即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果. “The Waste Land”, one of the major works of modern literature. Its subject, the apparent failure of western civilization which World War I seemed to demonstrate, suggested the spiritual debility of the modern individual and his culture while in satirical counterpoint his Sweeney poems had symbolized the rising tide of anticultural infidelity and human baseness. It used abundant of literary reference. It also introduced a form-the orchestration of related themes in successive movements.
(完整版)20世纪西方文学
二、《巴巴拉少校》
1、情节梗概及主要人物形象 通过英国文学中常见的财产继承
权题材，深刻揭露了资本主义社会中 金钱势力的无所不在，及人们陷于金 钱摆布的怪圈现象。
20世纪初发表的一部“长河小说”。 它反映了世纪之交风云变幻的时代和具 有重大意义的社会现象。
❖ 通过主人公的游历经历去反映欧洲各国 的面貌。
❖ 描写了资产阶级文化和精神的堕落。 ❖ 描写了战争笼罩欧洲上空的严重威胁。
2、艺术特色
❖一部“现代心灵的道德史诗” ❖一部独具特色的“音乐小说” ❖遵循现实主义塑造典型的方法 ❖朴素中隐含着绚丽，流畅中蕴含着精粹。
2、思想内容及艺术特色
艺术特色： ❖ 写实风格突出 ❖ 透过现实关照历史与传统 ❖ 喜剧效果强烈，并有讽喻意味。 ❖ 机智幽默的对话艺术。
第三节 劳伦斯
1、生平及主要创作
劳伦斯 David Herbert Lawrence 1885—1930
20世纪英国文学史上最重 要的作家之一。
2、艺术特色
创作三阶段：1926年以前 1926-1933年 1933-1956年
二、《大胆妈妈和她的孩子们》
1、情节梗概和主要人物
《大胆妈妈和他 的孩子们》剧照
2、艺术特色
❖ 内容简洁 ❖ 歌唱性因素 ❖ 开放形式 ❖ 共时性场景
第七节 德莱塞
1、生平和主要创作
西奥多 ·德莱塞 （Theodore Dreiser， 1871—1945）
❖ 以两性关系为创作核心，具有社会 批判、文化批判、心理探索等多重含义。
二十世纪小说家--意识流(英文版)
James Joyce 詹姆斯乔伊斯(1882-1941), Irish novelist, noted for his experimental use of language in such works as Ulysses《尤利西斯》(1922) and Finnegans Wake《芬妮根的苏醒》(1939). Joyce's technical innovations in the art of the novel include an extensive use of interior monologue; he used a complex network of symbolic parallels drawn from the mythology, history, and literature, and created a unique language of invented words, puns, and allusions.James Joyce was born in Dublin, on February 2, 1882, as the son of John Stanislaus Joyce, an impoverished gentleman, who had failed in a distillery business and tried all kinds of professions, including politics and tax collecting. Joyce's mother, Mary Jane Murray, was ten years younger than her husband. She was an accomplished pianist, whose life was dominated by the Roman Catholic Church. In spite of their poverty, the family struggled to maintain a solid middle-class facade.From the age of six Joyce, was educated by Jesuits at Clongowes Wood College, at Clane, and then at Belvedere College in Dublin (1893-97). In 1898 he entered the University College, Dublin. Joyce's first publication was an essay on Ibsen's play When We Dead Awaken. It appeared in the Fortnightly Review in 1900. At this time he also began writing lyric poems.After graduation in 1902 the twenty-year-old Joyce went to Paris, where he worked as a journalist, teacher and in other occupations under difficult financial conditions. He spent a year in France, returning when a telegram arrived saying his mother was dying. Not long after her death, Joyce was traveling again. He left Dublin in 1904 with Nora Barnacle, a chambermaid who he married in 1931.Joyce published Dubliners in 1914, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in 1916, a play Exiles in 1918 and Ulysses in 1922. In 1907 Joyce had published a collection of poems, Chamber Music.At the outset of the First World War, Joyce moved with his family to Zürich. In Zürich Joyce started to develop the early chapters of Ulysses, which was first published in France because of censorship troubles in the Great Britain and the United States, where the book became legally available only in 1933. In March 1923 Joyce started in Paris his second major work, Finnegans Wake, suffering at the same time chronic eye troubles caused by glaucoma. The first segment of the novel appeared in Ford Madox Ford's transatlantic review in April 1924, as part of what Joyce called Work in Progress. The final version was published in 1939.Some critics considered the work a masterpiece, though many readers found it incomprehensible. After the fall of France in WWII, Joyce returned to Zürich, where he died on January 13, 1941, still disappointed with the reception of Finnegans Wake.The above biography is copyrighted. Do not republish it without permission.o Other works：FictionA Portrait Of The Artist As A Young ManDubliners《都柏林人》（Araby；The Sisters；An Encounter；Eveline；The Dead…）Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼亚沃尔夫(1882-1941), English author, feminist, essayist, publisher, and critic wrote A Room of One’s Own (1929);All I could do was to offer you an opinion upon one minor point—a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction; and that, as you will see, leaves the great problem of the true nature of woman and the true nature of fiction unsolved.-Ch. 1Now regarded as a classic feminist work, Woolf based her extended essay A Room on lectures she had given at women‟s colleges at Cambridge University. Using such female authors as Jane Austen and Emily and Charlotte Bronte, she examines women and their struggles as artists, their position in literary history and need for independence. She also invents a female counterpart of William Shakespeare, a sister named Judith to at times sarcastically get her point across. Woolf proved to be an innovative and influential 20th Century author. In some of her novels she moves away from the use of plot and structure to employ stream-of-consciousness to emphasise the psychological aspects of her characters. Themes in her works include gender relations, class hierarchy and the consequences of war. Woolf was among the founders of the Modernist movement which also includes T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, James Joyce, and Gertrude Stein.The effects of bi-polar disorder at times caused Woolf protracted periods of convalescence, withdrawing from her busy social life, distressed that she could not focus long enough to read or write. She spent times in nursing homes for …rest cures‟; frankly referred to herself as …mad‟; said she heard voices and had visions. “My own brain is to me the most unaccountable of machinery—always buzzing, humming, soaring roaring diving, and then buried in mud. And why? What’s this passion for?” (from a letter dated 28 Dec. 1932). The subject of suicide enters her stories and essays at times and she disagreed with the perception that it is an act of cowardice and sin. When Virginia was not depressed she worked intensely for long hours at a time. She was vivacious, witty and ebul lient company and a member of the Bloomsbury Group or …Bloomsbury‟ which had been started by her brother Thoby and his friends from Cambridge. It quickly grew to encompass many of London‟s literary circle, who gathered to discuss art, literature, and polit ics. During her life and since her death she has been the subject of much debate and discussion surrounding the sexual abuse she suffered at the hands of her half-brother, her mental health issues and sexual orientation. Also, her pacifist political views in line with Bloomsbury caused controversy. From Three Guineas (1931);Therefore if you insist upon fighting to protect me, or “our” country, let it be understood, soberly and rationally between us, that you are fighting to gratify a sex instinct which I cannot share; to procure benefits which I have not shared and probably will not share; but not to gratify my instincts, or to protect either myself or my country. “For,” the outsider will say, “in fact, as a woman, I have no country. As a woman I want no country. As a woman my country is the whole world.”-Ch. 3Regardless of the polemic, or because of it, even into the 21st Century Woolf‟s prodigious outputof diaries, letters, critical reviews, essays, short stories, and novels continue to be the source of much scholarly study. Adeline Virginia Stephen was born in London, England on 25 January 1882, daughter of Sir Leslie Stephen (1832-1904), literary critic and first editor of the Dictionary of National Biography. His first wife, daughter of William Makepeace Thackeray, Harriet Marion(b.1840) died in 1875. Virginia‟s mother was his second wife, Julia Prinsep Jackson Duckworth (1846-1895) who inspired the character Mrs. Ramsay in To The Lighthouse (1927).Virginia had two brothers, Thoby (1880-1906) and Adrian (1883-1948) who became a psychoanalyst. She was very close to her older sister Vanessa …Nessa‟ (1876-1961) who would become a painter and marry art critic Clive Bell. She also had four half-siblings; Laura Makepeace Stephen (1870-1945), and George (1868-1934), Gerald (1870-1937) [who would found Duckworth and Co. Publishing] and Stella (1869-1897) Duckworth.A number of the Stephen relatives were friends of Scottish historian and author Thomas Carlyle. Many other successful Victorian authors of the time were regular visitors to their bustling home in Hyde Park including Henry James and George Eliot; Virginia would write an article about her for the Times Literary Supplement in 1919. “Middlemarch, the magnificent book which with all its imperfections is one of the few English novels for grown-up people.” (“George Eliot”). Their works and many others‟ including Charles Dickens‟s and Thackeray‟s were part of her home education. Her father had a massive library so she and her sister were not without material although Virginia would soon reject the values and morals of their generation.The Stephens summered at …Talland House‟ in St. Ives, County Co rnwall in the southwest of England along the rocky shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Virginia had vivid and fond memories of these times which often had an influence on her writing including visits to a nearby lighthouse. However they ended when her mother died; she was just thirteen years old and suffered the first major breakdown of many that would plague her off and on the rest of her life. The death of Stella, who had become like a mother to Virginia and the death of her father caused another period of profound depression. “The beauty of the world ... has two edges, one of laughter, one of anguish, cutting the heart asunder.” (A Room of One’s Own). Vanessa then moved her sister and brothers to another neighborhood in London, Bloomsbury. Virginia was feeling better and by 1905 was writing in earnest articles and essays, and became a book reviewer for the Times Literary Supplement. She also taught teaching English and History at Morley College in London.In 1906 Virginia, Vanessa and their brothers traveled to Europe, where Thoby contracted typhoid fever and died from in 1906. Back in England the Bloomsbury Group was flourishing, their home a meeting place for writers, scholars and artists including Clive Bell, artist and art critic, who Vanessa married 1907. They would not stay together for long. After his third proposal, Virginia finally married left-wing political journalist, author and editor Leonard Woolf (1880-1969) on 10 August 1912. They would have no children. In 1914 when World War I broke out they were livingin Richmond and Woolf was working on her first novel The Voyage Out《出航》(1915) a satirical coming-of-age story;As the streets that lead from the Strand to the Embankment are very narrow, it is better not to walk down them arm-in-arm. If you persis t, lawyers‟ clerks will have to make flying leaps into the mud; young lady typists will have to fidget behind you. In the streets of London where beauty goes unregarded, eccentricity must pay the penalty, and it is better not to be very tall, to wear a long blue cloak, or to beat the air with your left hand.-Ch. 1Leonard and Virginia would themselves get into the publishing business, together founding the Hogarth Press in 1917. Works by T. S. Eliot and Katherine Mansfield would be among their many publications including Virginia‟s. Night and Day《夜与日》(1919) was followed by her short story collection Monday or Tuesday (1921) and essays in The Common Reader (1925). Jacob’s Room 《雅各布的房间》(1922) was followed by Mrs. Dalloway《达洛维夫人》(1925) which inspired a film “The Hours” in 2002. To The Lighthouse《到灯塔去》(1927) was followed by Orlando: A Biography (1928);Different though the sexes are, they inter-mix. In every human being a vacillation from one sex to the other takes place, and often it is only the clothes that keep the male or female likeness, while underneath the sex is very opposite of what it is above…..Every secret of a writer‟s soul, every experience of his life, every quality of his mind is written large in his works.-Ch. 4One of her more popular novels, it was adapted to the screen in 1993. A roman à clef, Orlando‟s character is modeled after Vita Sackville West (1892-1962), friend and possible lover of Woolf; Princess Sasha based on her friend Vi olet Trefusis. Vita‟s husband Harold Nicolson also plays a part as Marmaduke. Their son Nigel referred to it as “the longest and most charming love letter in literature.” “I was in a queer mood, thinking myself very old: but now I am a woman again—as I alw ays am when I write.” (The Diary of Virginia Woolf, 31 May 1929.) The Waves (1931) is said to be Woolf‟s most experimental work. Flush: A Biography (1933) is told through the eyes of Elizabeth Barrett Browning‟s spaniel. The Second Common Reader (1933) her next collection of critical essays, was followed by The Years (1937) and Roger Fry: A Biography (1940).With the outbreak of WWII the Woolfs were living at their country retreat, …Monk‟s House‟ near the village of Rodmell in Lewes, Sussex, which is now preserved by the National Trust. In 1940 they received word that their London home had been destroyed. Fear of a German invasion loomed and Leonard‟s Jewish heritage provoked the couple to make a suicide pact if the possibility of falling into German hands arose. Leonard as usual was ever vigilant to the onset of the next major depressive episode in his wife; she would get migraine headaches and lay sleepless at night. However, he and her doctor, who had seen her the day before, would never intuit that her next one was to be her last. Her letters to friends had been written in shaky handwriting and though she was actively working on her manuscript for what was to be the last publication before herdeath, Between the Acts(1941) she did express much disdain for its worth and wanted to …scrap‟ it.The scullery maid....was cooling her cheeks by the lily pond. There had always been lilies there, self-sown from wind-dropped seed, floating red and white on the green plates of their leaves. Water, for hundreds of years, had silted down into the hollow, and lay there four or five feet deep over a black cushion of mud....fish swam—gold, splashed with white....poised in the blue patch made by the sky....It was in that deep centre, in that black heart, that the lady had drowned herself.Virginia Woolf died on 28 March 1941 when she drowned herself in the River Ouse near their home in Sussex, by putting rocks in her coat pockets. Her body was found later in April and she was then cremated, her ashes spread under two elms at Monks‟ House. She had left two similar suicide notes, one possibly written a few days earlier before an unsuccessful attempt. The one addressed to Leonard read in part;Dearest, I feel certain I am going mad again....And I shan‟t recover this time.....I am doing what seems the best thing to do....I can‟t fight any longer....Everything has gone from me but the certainty of your goodness. I can‟t go on spoiling your life any longer....I don‟t think two people could have been happier than we have been. V.After her death, Leonard set to the task of editing her vast collection of correspondence, journals, and unpublished works and also wrote an autobiography. He died in 1960. Posthumous publications include; The Death of the Moth and Other Essays (1942), A Haunted House and Other Short Stories (1944), and The Moment and Other Essays(1948). Virginia‟s nephew, the late Professor Quentin Bell (1910-1996) wrote the award winning Virginia Woolf: A biography (2 vols, London: Hogarth Press, 1972).Every season is likeable, and wet days and fine, red wine and white, company and solitude. Even sleep, that deplorable curtailment of the joy of life, can be full of dreams; and the most common actions—a walk, a talk, solitude in one‟s own orchard—can be enhanced and lit up by the association of the mind. Beauty is everywhere, and beauty is only two finger‟s-breadth from goodness. So, in the name of health and sanity, let us not dwell on the end of the journey. The Common Reader“Montaigne”-Ch. 6。
20世纪欧美文学 (2)
• （二）现代主义文学的整体特征
1.由危机感、幻灭感导致的悲观厌世情调； 2.由于人的异化而形成的文学形式的荒诞与变形；
3.重于创造、工于形式；
4.文学向内转，重主观，形成意识流般的特点。
第二节 罗曼· 罗兰
一、生平与创作 （一）罗曼· 罗兰（Romain Rolland 1866-1944）1866年生 于法国克拉姆西。法国现 实主义小说家、剧作家、 散文家与社会活动家。 1915年诺贝尔文学奖得主。 一生为争取人类自由、民 主与光明进行不屈的斗争， 是20世纪上半叶法国著名 的人道主义作家。他的小 说特点被人们归纳为“用 音乐写小说”。代表作 《约翰· 克利斯朵夫》 、 《母与子》等。
•
三、经典作品
《太阳照样升起》（1926）
• “迷惘的一代”开山之作、宣言书。 •
写第一次世界大战后美国青年知识 分子迷惘苦闷的精神状态。 故事梗概：杰克· 巴恩斯是一名美国 记者，战争毁掉了他的性能力。他 爱上了一名英国护士勃莱特，但他 们无法结合。一个美国作家罗伯特， 一个对生活颇多虚妄与浪漫幻想的 人也爱上了她，但她并不喜欢他。 这一群历经沧桑的青年，战后浪迹 欧洲大陆，整日无所事事，聚饮、 争吵或殴斗。战争夺去了他们的亲 人，给他们留下了肉体上和精神上 的创伤，他们对战争极度厌恶，对 公理、传统价值观产生了怀疑，对 人生感到厌倦、迷惘和懊丧。
• 海滨墓园（节选）
瓦莱里 这片平静的房顶上有白鸽荡漾， 它透过松林和坟丛，悸动而闪亮。 公正的“中午”在那里用火焰织成 大海，大海啊永远在重新开始！ 多好的酬劳啊，经过了一番深思， 终得以放眼远眺神明的宁静！ 微沫形成的钻石多到无数， 消耗着精细的闪电多深的功夫， 多深的安静俨然在交融创造！ 太阳休息在万丈深渊的上空， 为一种永恒事业的纯粹劳动， “时光”在闪烁，“梦想”就是悟道。 稳定的宝库，单纯的米奈芙神殿， 安静像山积，矜持为目所能见， 目空一切的海水啊，穿水的“眼睛” 守望着多沉的安眠在火幕底下， 我的沉默啊！……灵魂深处的大厦， 却只见万瓦镶成的金顶、房顶！
10本经典的外国文学名著小说
10本经典的外国文学名著小说外国文学名著它们是一个时代的巅峰之作，或是一个文学流派的开山之作，它们中的任何一本，都可以让你的精神世界变得宽阔而富裕。
下面我为大家整理了10本经典的外国文学名著小说，盼望大家喜爱!10本经典的外国文学名著小说1、《老人与海》：海明威内容简介它围绕一位老年古巴渔夫，与一条巨大的马林鱼在离岸很远的湾流中搏斗而绽开故事的叙述。
推举理由《老人与海》揭示了人类共同的命运，赞扬了人类不屈不挠的斗争精神。
也因该书中大师级的叙述艺术，奠定了海明威在世界文学中的突出地位，这篇小说相继获得了1953年美国普利策奖和1954年诺贝尔文学奖。
2、《百年孤独》内容简介魔幻现实主义文学的代表作，描写了布恩迪亚家族七代人的传奇故事，以及加勒比海沿岸小镇马孔多的百年兴衰，反映了拉丁美洲一个世纪以来风云变幻的历史。
推举理由作品因其融入神话传奇、民间故事、宗教典故等神奇因素，奇妙地糅合了现实与虚幻，呈现出一个瑰丽的想象世界，成为20世纪最重要的经典文学巨著之一。
1982年加西亚•马尔克斯获得诺贝尔文学奖，奠定世界级文学大师的地位。
3、《战斗与和平》内容简介小说以大事串联人物，推动多条情节线索交叉进展。
以俄法战斗为背景，着重通过对安德烈·鲍尔康斯基、皮埃尔·别祖霍夫和娜塔莎·罗斯托娃这三个中心人物的描写，回答贵族的命运与前途的问题。
推举理由《战斗与和平》恢弘的构思和卓越的艺术描写震动世界文坛，成为举世公认的世界文学名著和人类珍贵的精神财宝。
4、《城堡》：弗兰茨·卡夫卡内容简介小说写的是土地测量员K受命赴某城上任，不料却受阻于城堡大门外，于是仆人公K同城堡当局围绕能否进入城堡之事绽开了长久烦琐的拉锯战。
推举理由卡夫卡是二十世纪最宏大的作家之一。
他以自己独辟蹊径的创作广泛地影响了当代各国文学。
《城堡》篇幅大，也最富有卡夫卡特色，被公认为他最重要的一部作品。
5、《卡拉马佐夫兄弟》：陀思妥耶夫斯基内容简介小说通过一桩真实的弑父案，描写老卡拉马佐夫同三个儿子即两代人之间的尖锐冲突。
第八章二十世纪欧美文学汇总
第八章二十世纪欧美文学第一节20世纪时代风貌20世纪是一个风云变幻的时代，文学现象纷纭复杂。
20世纪的历史特点，决定了文学具有独特的性质。
一、两次世界大战给20世纪西方文学带来了“原子弹冲击波”。
20世纪初，欧美主要资本主义国家先后走向垄断，它们之间争夺霸权的斗争，导致了两次世界大战的爆发，造成人类历史上两次空前的大劫难：第一次世界大战于1914年7月28日拉开序幕，8月4日全面开战，持续4年零3个月，席卷38个国家，波及当时世界人口的四分之三——15亿人。
战争期间，俄国于1917年发生十月社会主义革命，革命后，苏联退出战争。
第二次世界大战于1939年9月1日爆发，战争持续了六年零一天，1945年9月2日结束。
二次大战中，全世界军、民伤亡约在9千万以上，各参战国直接军费开支达11170亿美元（一万一千一百七十亿美元），战争造成的经济损失超过了4万亿美元。
两次大战的惨烈经历，对西方资本主义世界从文艺复兴以来三、四百年内建立起来的经济、政治、道德、伦理等价值体系和观念，造成巨大而影响深远的冲击，引起了意识形态和文学艺术的巨大变化。
现代主义文学适应普遍的毁灭感、失落感和苦闷、彷徨、迷惘的社会心态，得到长足的民展。
它们是新一代文人追求艺术创新的产物，也是战争期间咎后欧美主要资本主义世界人们表达特定心态的重要渠道。
例如意识流小说结构上、思维上的支离破碎，与两次大战带给世界的破碎感，象征主义的模糊意象表达与作者们无法看清生活真相、无法把握生活的心态，都有着必然的联系。
同时，现实主义文学适应时代的变化，以新的面貌、新的角度，描写和反映了动荡的时代和人们的生活。
二、20世纪全世界无产阶级和被压迫民族、被压迫人民争取独立、争取解放的斗争风起云涌，给文学带来新的声音和新的形象。
苏联十月社会主义革命后，世界进入了无产阶级革命的时代，20世纪世界文坛上出现了一大批反映无产阶级斗争和社会改革目标的文学作品。
这一类文学体现了无产阶级的党性原则，是世界文学中的新事物。
第十二讲：二十世纪外国文学——新小说
（3）克洛德· 西蒙（1913-2005）1985年10月，获得 诺贝尔文学奖，以表彰他“在对人类生存状况的描写 中，把诗人、画家的丰富想像和对时间作用的深刻认 识融为一体” 。 《作假者》 (1945)、 《钢丝绳》 (1947)和 《格里佛》 (1952 ）《春之祭》 《风》(1957)和《草》(1958) 《历史》(1967) 、《双目失明 的奥利翁》 (1970)、 《导体》 (1971)、 《三折画》 (1973)、 《事物的教训》 (1975)、 《农事诗》 (1981)、 《洋槐树》 (1989)和回忆录式小说 《植物 园》 （1998）、 《有轨电车》 （2001）等 。
由阿仑· 雷乃执导、格里耶编剧的影片《去年在马里安 巴德》获得了金狮奖，风行一时 。在其脚本和对白基 础上格里耶撰写了同名电影小说。 被誉为中国“一代文学青年的指路明灯”的格里耶， 有过名言：“20世纪是不稳定的，浮动的，不可捉摸 的，外部世界与人的内心都像是迷宫。我不理解这个 世界，所以我写作。”
如今80高龄的布托尔“离群索居” 地隐修在法国瑞士边境的露升 日高山牧场上的一所旧教堂里， “隐蔽在宁静之中”。这位特立独 行的人“漫游者”笔耕不辍，从一 门学科到另一门学科，用所有的 文化、所有的资源、想像和才智，把艺术、科 学、精神活动有机地融汇在一起，创作出各种 形式的作品，旨在用它们来改变现实生活，弥 补生活的空虚，从平凡的日常活动中找出生活 的奥秘。
3、代表作家作品： （1）米歇尔· 布托尔 （1926— ） Michel· Butor ：“我非常 清楚我是上个世纪的人，但我希望自己还是一个年轻的诗人。” 代表作：《米兰巷》、《日程表》、《变》和《度》。 《变》写的是一位45岁的名叫莱翁· 德尔蒙的乘客搭乘火车从 巴黎前往罗马，在列车上思考自己的人生与选择。他是一家公 司的经理，是个事业成功的男子，但和脾气暴躁的妻子、4个 跟他很陌生的孩子生活在一起，他感到窒息。他每个月去罗马 的时候都会想他的情妇，一个漂亮的罗马女子西西。他终于下 定了决心想把她接到巴黎来，公开和她生活在一起。但坐在第 三等车厢里的劳顿，以及对许多次和妻子或者情妇的旅行回忆 慢慢又使他改变了主意，所以书名叫做“变”。 作者成功地在一节车厢、在20个小时的行程中把一个人动 荡的一生写了出来，而且是首次使用第二人称叙述，使读者成 为书中主角，还通过通篇的“你”毫不留情地把主人公诡秘行 踪、邪恶念头、意乱情迷、难言之隐都赤裸裸地表露出来。 另一部获奖作品《日程表》中穿插有爱情故事、侦探案件、异 国情调、历史考古、象征意味和隐喻暗示而被批评家视为“一
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第三战场：妇女被金钱轰走。
表现为太太们情场失意，小姐们婚姻不幸这两个方面。
代表作《弃妇》、《苏城舞会》。
巴尔扎克的阶级同情，是在注定要灭亡的贵族一边的，然而他同情的泪水挡不住他现实主义的目光，他不得不违背自己的阶级同情和政治偏爱，如泣如诉地描绘了他心爱的贵族阶级的必然没落而不配有更好的命运。
正如恩格斯所说：“他的作品是对上流社会必然崩溃的一曲无尽的挽歌。
”
《幽谷百合》、《朗热公爵夫人》
资产者发迹
在《人间喜剧》中，巴尔扎克成功地塑造出一系列取代贵族而入主社会的资产者形象，大致由三类人构成：
1．具有资本原始积累时期特点的老一代资产者形象。
代表人物《高利贷者》中高布赛克。
剥削方式单一，经营手段落后；生活方式陈旧，极端吝啬，这是资本主义早期剥削者的特点。
2．具有过渡时期，即自由竞争时期特点的资产者形象。
代表人物《欧耶妮·葛朗台》中的老葛朗台。
剥削方式具有多样性，经营手段带有投机性；生活方式仍带有早期资产者极度吝啬的特点。
3．具有垄断时期金融寡头特征的新一代资产者形象。
代表人物《纽沁根银行》中的纽沁根。
剥削方式带有更大的冒险性和欺骗性，经营手段超越经营范围，向政权渗透；生活方式现代化，纸醉金迷，穷奢极欲。
他展示了经济命脉的掌管者同国家政权的掌管者开始勾结的垄断资本已初露端倪。
《人间喜剧》通过老一代的高布赛克、过渡时期的葛朗台和青春期的纽沁根这三代人追逐金钱的经营史，再现了资本主义剥削方式的演进史，这也是资本主义由崛起到成熟，到统治全世界的发迹史。
《老姑娘》、《公务员》、《阿尔西的议员》、《夏娃的女儿》
金钱罪恶
1．毁灭人性、败坏良心。
金钱调动起全社会所有成员的卑劣情欲，人人都毫无例外地追逐金钱，它把一切统统淹没在利己主义的冰水之中，导致良心萎缩、野心滋长、道德堕落、人欲横流。
代表作《高老头》、《贝姨》。
2．毁灭爱情、败坏家庭。
金钱成为夫妻结缘的唯一纽带。
爱情、婚姻、家庭都是以金钱为轴心而展开的，金钱导演出一幕幕悲剧、喜剧、丑剧和闹剧。
代表作《欧也妮·葛朗台》、《夏倍上校》。
3．毁灭社会、败坏国家。
金钱犹如无孔不入的黄色魔鬼渗入到全社会的各个角落，收买了当权者的人心，使大人物堕落为"衣冠禽兽"。
金钱毒染了整个上层建筑包括文学、艺术的神圣殿堂。
金钱成为国家政治权利的杠杆，无所不能的真正的主宰。
代表作《幻灭》、《交际花盛衰记》。
《搅水女人》、《烟花女荣枯记》、《泽·马尔卡斯》、《于絮尔·弥罗埃》。