专业英语作业3
英语结课作业专业英语
专业英语导师：XXXXX姓名：XXXX学号：XXXXFrench fashion17th century, the Barroque and ClassicimFrance is a leading country in the fashion design industry, along with Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, Japan and the USA. Fashion is an important part of the country's cultural life and society, and the French are well known for good taste. Haute couture and the prêt-à-porter, among other fashion styles, remain part of French traditional life. France has many famous designers.French design became prominent during the 15th century through today. The fashion industry has been an important cultural export of France since the 17th century and the modern haute couture where originated in the 1860s.Paris acts as the center of the country's fashion industry. Along with New York City, London and Milan, it is considered a leading fashion capital. Paris is home to many premier fashion designers including Chanel, Pierre Cardin, Céline, Chloe, Dior, Givenchy, Jean Paul Gaultier, Hermès, Lanvin, Rochas, Vuitton, and Yves Saint Laurent.Many French cities, including Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Lille, Strasbourg, Bordeaux, Nantes or Rennes, host important luxury districts and avenues. In recent centuries, these cities have transformed into developed cities and heavy producers and costumers of luxury goods. Île-de-France, Manosque, La Gacilly (near Rennes), and Vichy lead the cosmetic industry, basing well-known international beauty houses as L'Oreal, Lancôme, Guerlain, Clarins, Yves Rocher, L'Occitane, Vichy, etc.The cities of Nice, Cannes, St. Tropez, among others of the French riviera, are well known as places of luxury, annually hosting many international media celebrities and personalities, potentates, and billionaires.17th century, the Barroque and ClassicimThe association of France with fashion and style (la mode) is widely credited as beginning during the reign of Louis XIV [3] when the luxury goods industries in France came increasingly under royal control and the French royal court became, arguably, the arbiter of taste and style in Europe. The rise in prominence of French fashion was linked to the creation of the fashion press in the early 1670s (due in large part to Jean Donneau de Visé), which transformed the fashion industry by marketing designs to a broad public outside the French court and by popularizing notions such as the fashion "season" and changing styles.Over his lifetime, Louis commissioned numerous works of art to portray himself, among them over 300 formal portraits. The earliest portrayals of Louis already followed the pictorial conventions of the day in depicting the child king as the majestically royal incarnation of France. This idealisation of the monarch continued in later works, which avoided depictions of the effect of the smallpox that Louis contracted in 1647. In the 1660s, Louis began to be shown as a Roman emperor, the god Apollo, or Alexander the Great, as can be seen in many works of Charles Le Brun, such as sculpture, paintings, and the decor of major monuments.The depiction of the King in this manner focused on allegorical or mythological attributes, instead of attempting to produce a true likeness. As Louis aged, so too did the manner in which he was depicted. Nonetheless, there was still a disparity between realistic representation and the demands of royal propaganda. There is no betterillustration of this than in HyacintheRigaud's frequently-reproduced Portrait of Louis XIV of 1701, in which a 63-year-old Louis appears to stand on a set of unnaturally young legs.Rigaud's portrait exemplified the height of royal portraiture in Louis's reign. Although Rigaud crafted a credible likeness of Louis, the portrait was neither meant as an exercise in realism nor to explore Louis's personal character. Certainly, Rigaud was concerned with detail and depicted the King's costume with great precision, down to his shoe buckle.[7] However, Rigaud's intention was to glorify the monarchy. Rigaud's original, now housed in the Louvre, was originally meant as a gift to Louis's grandson, Philip V of Spain. However, Louis was so pleased with the work that he kept the original and commissioned a copy to be sent to his grandson. That became the first of many copies, both in full and half-length formats, to be made by Rigaud, often with the help of his assistants. The portrait also became a model for French royal and imperial portraiture down to the time of Charles X over a century later. In his work, Rigaud proclaims Louis's exalted royal status through his elegant stance and haughty expression, the royal regalia and throne, rich ceremonial fleur-de-lys robes, as well as the upright column in the background, which, together with the draperies, serves to frame this image of majesty.Louis XIV notably introduced one of the most noticeable feature of the men's costume of the time: immense wigs of curled hair. A commonly held belief is that Louis XIV started to wear wigs due to balding, and to imitate this his courtiers put on false hair. The wearing of wigs lasted for over a century; they went through many changes, but they were never quite so exaggerated as during this period.18th century, the Rococó and rising new classicismThe extravagant styles of the French Royal court racked up enormous debts to keep up its pace, at the peasants' expense. Such fashion sprees notably ruined Marie Antoinette’s reputation, and were one of the many factors paving the way for the French Revolution.Long after her death, Marie Antoinette remains a major historical figure linked with conservative and the Catholic Church positions; and a major cultural icon associated with high glamour, wealth and a certain style of life based on luxury and celebrity appealing today to the social and cultural elites; frequently referenced in popular culture,[9] being the subject of several books, films and other forms of media. Most academics and scholars, have deemed her the quintessential representative of class conflict, western aristocracy and absolutism government in addition to being frivolous, superficial; and have attributed the start of the French Revolution.The phrase "Let them eat cake" is often attributed to Marie Antoinette, but there is no evidence she ever uttered it, and it is now generally regarded as a "journalistic cliché".[10] It may have been a rumor started by angry French peasants as a form of libel. This phrase originally appeared in Book VI of the first part (finished in 1767, published in 1782) of Rousseau's putative autobiographical work, Les Confessions: "Enfin je me rappelai lepis-allerd'unegrandeprincesse à qui l'ondisaitque les paysansn'avaient pas de pain, et qui répondit: Qu'ilsmangent de la brioche" ("Finally I recalled the stopgap solution of a great princess who was told that the peasants had no bread, and who responded: 'Let them eat brioche'"). Apart from the fact that Rousseau ascribes these words to an unknown princess, vaguely referred to as a "great princess", some think that he invented it altogether as Confessions was largely inaccurate.The Sans-culottes (lit. “without knee-breeches”) rejected the powdered wigs and the knee-breeches assimilated to the nobility, and instead favored informal styles (full-length trousers, and natural hair), which finally triumphed over the brocades, lace, periwig, and powder of the earlier eighteenth century.19th century, full Neoclassicism and Empire styleAfter the fall of the Jacobins and their Sans-culottes supporters, the supporters of the Thermidorian Reaction were known as the Incroyables and Merveilleuses. They scandalized Paris with their extravagant clothes. The Merveilleuses wore dresses and tunics modeled after the ancient Greeks and Romans, cut of light or even transparent linen and gauze. Sometimes so revealing they were termed "woven air", many gowns displayed cleavage and were too tight to allow pockets. To carry even a handkerchief, the ladies had to use small bags known as reticules. They were fond of wigs, often choosing blonde because the Paris Commune had banned blonde wigs, but they also wore them in black, blue, and green. Enormous hats, short curls like those on Roman busts, and Greek-style sandals were the rage. The sandals were tied above the ankle with crossed ribbons or strings of pearls. Exotic and expensive scents fabricated by perfume houses like ParfumsLubin were worn as both for style and as indicators of social station.ThérésaTallien, known as "Our Lady of Thermidor", wore expensive rings on the toes of her bare feet and gold circlets on her legs.The Incroyables wore eccentric outfits: large earrings, green jackets, wide trousers, huge neckties, thick glasses, and hats topped by "dog ears", their hair falling on their ears. Their musk-based fragrances earned them too the derogatory nickname muscadins among the lower classes, already applied to a wide group of anti-Jacobins. They wore bicorne hats and carried bludgeons, which they referred to as their "executive power." Hair was often shoulder-length, sometimes pulled up in the back with a comb to imitate the hairstyles of the condemned. Some sported large monocles, and they frequently affected a lisp and sometimes a stooped hunchbacked posture.In addition to Madame Tallien, famous Merveilleuses included Anne Françoise Elizabeth Lange, Jeanne Françoise Julie AdélaïdeRécamier, and two very popularCréoles: Fortunée Hamelin and Hortense de Beauharnais. Hortense, a daughter of the Empress Josephine, married Louis Bonaparte and became the mother of Napoleon III. Fortunée was not born rich, but she became famous for her salons and her string of prominent lovers. Parisian society compared Germaine de Staël and MmeRaguet to Minerva and Juno and named their garments for Roman deities: gowns were styled Flora or Diana, and tunics were styled à la Ceres or Minerva.The leading Incroyable, Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras, was one of five Directors who ran the Republic of France and gave the period its name. He hosted luxurious feasts attended by royalists, repentant Jacobins, ladies, and courtesans. Since divorce was now legal, sexuality was looser than in the past. However, de Barras' reputation for immorality may have been a factor in his later overthrow, a coup that brought the French Consulate to power and paved the way for Napoleon Bonaparte.Final 19th - early 20th century and the Belle ÉpoqueFrance renewed its dominance of the high fashion (French: couture or haute couture) industry in the years 1860-1960 through the establishing of the great couturier houses, the fashion press (Vogue was founded in 1892 in USA, and 1920 in France) and fashion shows. The first modern Parisian couturier house is generally considered the work of the Englishman Charles Frederick Worth, who dominated the industry from 1858-1895.[14] In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the industry expanded through such Parisian fashion houses as the house of Jacques Doucet (founded in 1871), Rouff (founded 1884), Jeanne Paquin (founded in 1891), the CallotSoeurs (founded 1895 and operated by four sisters), Paul Poiret (founded in 1903), Louise Chéruit (founded 1906), Madeleine Vionnet (founded in 1912), Elsa Schiaparelli (founded in 1927) or Balenciaga (founded by the Spaniard Cristóbal Balenciaga in 1937).Chanel founded by Coco Chanel, it first came to prominence in 1925, it's philosophy was to emphasize understated elegance through her clothing. Her popularity thrived in the 1920s, because of innovative designs. Chanel's own look itself was as different and new as her creations. Instead of the usual pale-skinned, long-haired and full-bodied women preferred at the time, Chanel had a boyish figure, short cropped hair, and tanned skin. She had a distinct type of beauty that the world came to embrace.The horse culture and penchant for hunting so passionately pursued by the elites, especially the British, fired Chanel's imagination. Her own enthusiastic indulgence in the sporting life led to clothing designs informed by those activities. From her excursions on water with the yachting world, she appropriated the clothing associated with nautical pursuits: the horizontal striped shirt, bell-bottom pants, crewneck sweaters, and espadrille shoes—all traditionally worn by sailors and fishermen.World War IIMany fashion houses closed during the occupation of Paris in World War II, including the MaisonVionnet and the Maison Chanel. In contrast to the stylish, liberated Parisienne, the Vichy regime promoted the model of the wife and mother, the robust, athletic young woman, a figure who was much more in line with the new political criteria. Germany, meanwhile, was taking possession of over half of what France produced, including high fashion, and was considering relocating French haute couture to the cities of Berlin and Vienna, neither of which had any significant tradition of fashion. The archives of the ChambreSyndicale de la Couture were seized, mostly for their client lists as Jews were excluded from the fashion industry at this time.During this era, the number of employed models was limited to seventy-five and designers often substituted materials in order to comply with wartime shortages. From 1940 onward, no more than thirteen feet (four meters) of cloth was permitted to be used for a coat and a little over three feet (one meter) for a blouse. No belt could be over one and a half inches (four centimeters) wide. As a result of the frugal wartime standards, the practical zazou suit became popular among young French men.In spite of the fact that so many fashion houses closed down or moved away during the war, several new houses remained open, including Jacques Fath, MaggyRouff, Marcel Rochas, Jeanne Lafaurie, Nina Ricci, and Madeleine Vramant. During the Occupation, the only true way for a woman to flaunt her extravagance and add color to a drab outfit was to wear a hat. In this period, hats were often made of scraps of material that would have otherwise been thrown away, sometimes incorporating butter muslin, bits of paper, and wood shavings. Among the most innovative milliners of the time were Pauline Adam, Simone Naudet, Rose Valois, and Le Monnier.Post-war fashion returned to prominence through Christian Dior's famous "New Look" in 1947: the collection contained dresses with tiny waists, majestic busts, and full skirts swelling out beneath small bodices, in a manner very similar to the style of the BelleÉpoque. The extravagant use of fabric and the feminine elegance of the designs appealed greatly to a post-war clientele. Other important houses of the period included Pierre Balmain and Hubert de Givenchy (opened in 1952). The fashion magazine Elle was founded in 1945. In 1952, Coco Chanel herself returned to Paris.Fashion In France - TodayPost-war fashion returned to prominence through Christian Dior's famous "New Look" in 1947: the collection contained dresses with tiny waists, majestic busts, and full skirts swelling out beneath small bodices, in a manner very similar to the style of the BelleÉpoque. The extravagant use of fabric and the feminine elegance of the designs appealed greatly to a post-war clientele. Other important houses of the period included Pierre Balmain and Hubert de Givenchy (opened in 1952). The fashion magazine Elle was founded in 1945. In 1952, Coco Chanel herself returned to Paris.In the 1960s, "high fashion" came under criticism from France's youth culture (including the yé-yés) who were turning increasingly to London and to casual styles.[18] In 1966, the designer Yves Saint Laurent broke with established high fashion norms by launching a prêt-à-porter ("ready to wear") line and expanding French fashion into mass manufacturing and marketing (member houses of the ChambreSyndicale were forbidden to use even sewing machines). In 1985, Caroline Rennolds Milbank wrote, "The most consistently celebrated and influential designer of the past twenty-five years, Yves Saint Laurent can be credited with both spurring the couture's rise from its sixties ashes and with finally rendering ready-to-wear reputable."[20] He is also credited with having introduced the tuxedo suit for women and was known for his use of non-European cultural references, and non-white models.Further innovations were carried out by PacoRabanne and Pierre Cardin. Inpost-1968 France, youth culture would continue to gravitate away from the "sociopolitically suspect" luxury clothing industry, preferring instead a more "hippy" look (termed baba cool in French). With a greater focus on marketing and manufacturing, new trends were established by Sonia Rykiel, Thierry Mugler, Claude Montana, Jean-Paul Gaultier and Christian Lacroix in the 1970s and 80s. The 1990s saw a conglomeration of many French couture houses under luxury giants and multinationals such as LVMH.Since the 1960s, France's fashion industry has come under increasing competition from London, New York, Milan and Tokyo. Nevertheless, many foreign designers still seek to make their careers in France: Karl Lagerfeld (German) at Chanel, John Galliano (British) at Dior, Paulo MelimAndersson (Swedish) at Chloe, Stefano Pilati (Italian) at Yves Saint Laurent, Marc Jacobs (American) at Louis Vuitton, and Kenzo Takada (Japanese) and Alexander McQueen (English) at Givenchy (until 2001).France is known as a country of luxury, fashion and beauty, with Paris as one of the world's fashion capitals. It also has many cities and towns with an important history and industry of the entry, with various sized events and shows as fashion weeks and fests.ParisParis is regarded as the world fashion capital, and spread throughout the city are many fashion boutiques. Most of the major French fashion brands, such as Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Dior, and Lacroix, are currently headquartered here. Numerous international fashion labels also operate shops in Paris, such as Valentino, Gucci, Loewe, Escada, BottegaVeneta, and Burberry, as well as an Abercrombie & Fitch flagship store which has become a main consumer attraction. Paris hosts a fashion week twice a year, similar to other international centers such as Milan, London, Tokyo, New York, Los Angeles and Rome.The Avenue des Champs-Élysées is the avenue of luxury and beauty of France and is the location of many headquarters of upscale fashion, jewelry and beauty houses. It is often compared with the 5th Avenue of NYC and the Avenue Montaigne, an adjacent avenue that is also known for its prestigious fashion headquarters since the 1980s. The fashion houses have been traditionally situated since the 17th century in the quarter around the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré. Other areas, such as Le Marais, a traditional Jewish quarter, have also included the clothing industry. The city's numerous fashion districts consolidate it as a fashion capital.LyonLyon, the second largest city of France, is a growing fashion industry center. It has been the world's silk capital since the 17th century, with an important textile industry and a strong fashion culture. It is the second biggest luxury goods consumer of the country, with major streets and districts holding houses of high fashion.The Presqu'île is the upscale district of the city, containing luxurious malls, streets and avenue. The famous Rue de la République is compared with Avenue desChamps-Elysées of Paris.The Rue Édouard-Herriot, the Avenue des Cordeliers Jacobines, the Place Bellecour among others, with elegant boutiques of Armani, Dior, Prada, Dolce &Gabbana, Calvin Klein, MaxMara, Armand Ventilo, Sonia Rykiel, and Cartier.La Croix-Rousse is a fashion district heavily marked by the silk industry, and known for receiving government support for the newcomer fashion designers. The city is the home of the headquarters of international fashion houses such as Korloff, Millesia and the jeweler Augis. Other famous Lyonnaise fashion houses in France include Nicholas Fafiotte, Nathalie Chaize and GarbisDevar.MarseilleMarseille, the third largest city of France, and the principal port of the country and of the Mediterranean, and second of all Europe.The city is affectionately called "The Old Lady of the Mediterranean" or "The City of Contrasts".[25] The city has enjoyed its position on the continent being a fluvial port with ships full of fashion products. The avenue Canebière is called the "Champs Elysées of Marseille". Rue Paradis and the Rue Grignan are known for being the avenues of luxury in the city, holding high fashion boutiques such as Louis Vuitton, Hermès, YSL, Chopard, Kenzo, Tara Jarmon, Gérard Darel and many others. The Rue de la Tour is called La Rue de la Mode ("The Fashion Street"), where the newest Marsellaises fashion designers and artisans are supported by the city government, for creating and growing the fashion industry in the city. Some of the famous fashion houses here are Diable Noir and Casa Blanca.In the Centre and Vieux Port (downtown and old port) are other of the city shopping districts, in these areas are a lot of fashion houses for both nationals and internationals.Other citiesAlthough biggest cities, there are a lot "fashionable" cities and towns in France, there are fashion districts, avenues, streets, shopping malls and many places specialized for all the needs of customer.Cannes, Nice, St. Tropez and Monte Carlo, year by year host thousands of socialites, artists, potentates and personalities who come up for events including the Cannes Film Festival and the NRJ Music Awards. For that reason, the fashion houses have taken advantage of establishing boutiques in ostentatious districts of the French riviera, Bordeaux is classified "City of Art and History". The city is home to 362 monuments historiques (only Paris has more in France) with some buildings dating back to Roman times. Bordeaux has been inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" and is the world's top prime wine tourism place, focus it's luxury district around the Cours de l'intendance. Toulouse with pink and stylish architecture, Rennes with antique and medieval beauty (around the "rue de la Monnaie"), Nantes with its passage Pommeraye, Strasbourg offering French-German architecture and Lille's downtown in north France holds several luxury houses.Fashion showsMain article: Paris Fashion WeekThe Paris Fashion Week takes place twice a year after the Milan Fashion Week. It is the last and usually the most anticipated city of the fashion month. Dates are determined by the French Fashion Federation. Currently, the Fashion Week is held in the Carrousel du Louvre.∙Africa Fashion Week Paris∙Bordeaux Fashion Week∙Elite Model Look∙Cannes-Nice Fashion Week∙Le Bal des Débutantes∙Lille Fashion Week∙Lyon Fashion Week (FashionCity Show)∙Marseille Fashion Week∙Nantes Fashion Week∙Rennes Fashion Week∙Toulouse Fashion Week∙Strasbourg Fashion Week (EM Fashion Week)∙St. Tropez Fashion Week∙Spring 2004 Dior couture collectionMonacoMontecarlo Fashion Week (Fashion Fair Week)翻译法国时尚历史17世纪，巴洛克和古典主义法国是在时装设计行业领先的国家，随着意大利，德国，英国，日本和美国。
文献检索实习题3(英语)作业
文献检索与利用实习报告书一、如果你急需的印刷型外文书籍图书馆没有收藏，数字图书馆也检索不到，你应该用什么检索工具查找？请写出检索途径。
可以使用超星数字图书馆读秀学术搜索。
检索路径：1、登陆山东理工大学图书馆的网页/2、在图书馆的网页上找到读秀学术搜索/3、在搜索页面上选择图书，输入需要寻找的印刷型外文书籍的书名，再单击外文搜索，就可找到需要寻找的印刷型外文书籍。
二、利用超星数字图书馆检索你专业方面的书籍，并写出检索步骤、具体一本书的外部特征及该类书籍的查询结果数。
我的专业是英语师范，查找英语语法的书籍检索步骤：1、登陆山东理工大学图书馆的网页/2、在图书馆的网页上找到超星数字图书馆/，点击进入3、在搜索栏中输入“英语语法”，选择书名，单击检索按钮。
4、共有搜索结果473种其中一本图书《新编大学实用英语语法》的外部特征：《新编大学实用英语语法》网页阅读阅读器阅读 (电信| 网通) 下载本书作者：宁霞主编出版时间：2008.6页数：258主题词：英语-语法-高等学校-教材中图分类号：H314三、利用“中国知网”数查找你熟悉的专业教师的发文情况，并写出他发表的论文篇数。
外国语学院刘西峰老师，一共发表论文4篇，分别是：四、检索单位为山东理工大学英语专业近五年发表的核心期刊论文。
共有96条记录。
五、利用“维普中文科技期刊期刊数据库”查找研究生入学英语考试的论文。
并写出检索篇数。
检索篇数为10条。
六、利用“中文科技期刊全文数据库”查找国内本专业期刊。
共有10595条（/Visitnew.asp）七、利用“中国学术期刊数据库”查找一篇与你所学专业有关的论文，并写出此篇论文的外部特征。
序号：27篇名：把角色扮演(Role——plays)引入英语专业口语教学之中——兼论英语专业对话课教学作者：范雄飞; 黄玉兰刊名：读与写年/期：2006/Z1下载频次：183把角色扮演(Role——plays)引入英语专业口语教学之中——兼论英语专业对话课教学Using Role-plays in Oral English Teaching for English Majors——Comments on English Conversation Teaching作者】范雄飞；黄玉兰；【Author】Fan Xiong-fei, Huang Y u-lan: Foreign Language Department of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China, 【机构】川北医学院；川北医学院四川南充邮编637000；四川南充邮编637000；【摘要】本文简要分析了英语口语教学的基本原则,认为英语口语课堂教学模式应该是多维互动的过程度,并依此提出角色扮演(Role—plays)这一口语教学方法的目的与优势,以及可能存在的问题与补救措施。
地理(地质)专业英语作业
Lesson 53 Rservoir Heterogeneity It has been proposed that most reservoirs are laid down in a body of water by a long-term process, spanning a variety of depositional environments, in both time and space. As a result of subsequent physical and chemical reorganization, such as compaction , solution , dolomitization and cementation the reservoir characteristics are further changed . Thus the heterogeneity of reservoirs is , for the most part ,dependent upon the depositional environments and subsequent events.The main geologic characteristic of all the physical rock properties that have a bearing on reservoir behavior when producing oil and gas is the extreme variability in such properties within the reservoir itself , both latterly and vertically , and within short distance . It is important to recognize that there are no homogeneous reservoirs , only varying degrees of heterogeneity.The reservoir heterogeneity is then defined as a variation in reservoir properties as a function of space .Ideally , if the reservoir is homogeneous , measuring a reservoir property at any location will allow us to fully describe the reservoir . The task of reservoir description is very simple for homogeneous reservoirs. On the other hand, if the reservoir is heterogeneous ,the reservoir properties vary as a function of a spatial location. These properties may include permeability, porosity , thickness, saturation, faults and fractures, rock facies and rock characteristics. For a proper reservoir description , we need to predict the variation in these reservoir properties asa function of spatial locations. There are essentially two types of heterogeneity：(1) Vertical heterogeneity；(2) Areal heterogeneity.Geostatistical methods are used extensively in the petroleum ineustry to quantitatively describe the two types of the reservoir heterogeneity . It is obvious that the reservoir may be nonuniform in all intensive properties such as permeability , porosity , wettability , and connate water saturation. We will discuss heterogeneity of the reservoir in terms of permeability .One of the first problems encountered by the production geology in predicting or interpreting fluid displacement behavior during secondary recovery and enhanced oil recovery processes is that of organizing and using the large amount of data available from core analysis . Permeabilities pose particular problems in organization because they usually vary by more than an order of magnitude between different strata. The engineer must be able then to：(1) Describe the degree of the vertical heterogeneity in mathematical terms.(2) Describe and define the proper permeability stratification of the pay zone .This task os commonly called the zoning or layering problem.It is appropriate to be able to describe the degree of heterogeneity within a particular system in quantitative terms. The degree of homogeneity of a reservoir property is a number that characterizes the departure from uniformity or constancy of that particular measured property through the thickness of reservoir . A formation is said go have a uniformity coefficient of zero inA specified property when that property is constant throughout the formation。
专业英语作业Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry
Lesson 6N omenclature of Inorganic Chemistry（无机命名法则）The IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is a systematic method of naming inorganic chemical compounds, as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Ideally, every inorganic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous formula can be determined.译文：无机化学国际纯粹与应用化学联合会命名法是国际纯粹与应用化学联合会（IUPAC）推荐的系统命名无机化合物。
理想上，每一个无机化合物都应该有一个从中可确定的名称的明确的法则。
The names "caffeine" and "3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione" both signify the same chemical. The systematic name encodes the structure and composition of the caffeine molecule in some detail, and provides an unambiguous reference to this compound, whereas the name "caffeine" just names it. These advantages make the systematic name far superior to the common name when absolute clarity and precision are required. However, for the sake of brevity, even professional chemists will use the non-systematic name almost all of the time, because caffeine is a well-known common chemical with a unique structure. Similarly, H2O is most often simply called water in English, though other chemical names do exist.译文：名称“咖啡因”和“3,7 -二氢- 1 ,3,7 -三甲基氢嘌呤- 2 ,6 -二酮”描述着同样的化学物质。
专业英语翻译作业译文
专业英语翻译作业译文1.科学家们认为，这样微弱的粒子正则轨道实际上是不存在的。
的想法现在已被事实否定了。
2.虽然小行星很小很微弱，天文学家已经知道很多关于它们的大小，形状和组合物，通过使用各种直接和间接的技术。
例如，它是已知的许多小行星的亮度的周期性变化。
3.随着疾病的进展，大肌肉也稳步增长疲软。
如果不治疗，患者变得瘫痪有呼吸非常困难，并最终死亡。
4.将信息从计算机的一部分转移到另一个取决于电流进行了线。
5.只有两件事是天文观测----站立的地方和地方看需要。
6.太阳风严重扭曲地球磁场，把它拖了一个长长的尾巴。
7.使用计算机，我们组成了一系列的合成歌曲的混合自然音节为不同的模式。
8.苍头燕雀的显示，找出正确的声音模仿的本能，这表明本能学习鸟类作为他们发展他们的歌曲一样重要。
9.We know from the fossil record that our ancestors and other intelligent creatures,the australopithecines,branched off from an apelike creature 2.5 million to 3 million years ago ,and coexisted until the australopithecines died out a little less than a million years ago.Stone tools and other evidence at campsites that date form about 2,000,000 B.C.indicate that some form of australopithecine performed human activities ------ making tools,sharing food and working together.我们知道从化石记录我们的祖先和其他智能生物，猿，分枝从远古的生物2500000到3000000年前，南方古猿和共存直到死了比一百万年前少了一点。
东大19春学期《大学英语(一)》在线作业3【标准答案】
(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)1: If you want to learn English well, don’t forget intensive reading and _____ reading.A: extendedB: extensiveC: wideD: externalÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)2: He excited at the good newsA: lookB: appearsC: disappearD: feelÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)3:When I got to his home, he ____ ____ for an hour.A: had leftB: leftC: had been awayD: has been awayÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)4: He left the spot immediately, afraid of being ____ in the car accident.A: connectedB: takenC: seatedD: involvedÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)5: Will there be a strong wind ____ the north ______ the Huanghe River ?A: to... ofB: to... offC: at... ofD: on… offÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)6: Scientific discoveries are often applied_____ industrial production methods.A: for B: with C: to D: onÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)7: I asked the bank for a _____.A: loafB: loadC: loanD: loamÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)8: The teacher required that all the assignments _____finished before this weekend.A: would beB: wereC: beD: are toÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)9:Everyone except Tom and John ______ there when the meeting began.A: isB: wasC: areD: wereÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)10: A good habit can make our mental health in with physical health.A: concernB: connectionC: compareD: tuneÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)11: May she _______ with you?A: comeB: comesC: comingD: cameÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)12: Which is the best approach _____ the tunnel?A: toB: withC: besidesD: towardsÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)13:He could_____ neither French or German,&n bsp;so I____ with him in English.A: speak, talkedB: talk, toldC: say, spokeD: tell, talkedÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)14:Don’t spend _______ time on compute r games.A: too muchB: much tooC: too manyD: many tooÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)15: Many girls like __________ skirts in summer.A: wearingB: dressingC: inD: putting onÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)16:Look! Lily with her sister _________  ;a kite on the playground.A: is flyingB: are flyingC: flyingD: flyÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)17: My home is about ________ from my school.A: 15 minutesB: minute's rideC: 20 minutes by bikeD: 15- minute's on foot.ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)18:The policeman stopped ________, but he&nb sp;_______ no sound.A: hearing,heardB: listening,listenedC: to listen,heardD: listening to,listened toÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)19: He walked ________ fast for us ________catch up with. A: so, thatB: such, thatC: enough, toD: too,toÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)20: He failed the exam because he didn’t have time(×ã¹»µÄʱ¼ä) to prepare.A: rightB: spareC: adequateD: ownÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)21: The evidence found in this search is always incomplete and _____, it is also frequently partial.A: scatter B: scattered C: scattering D: scattered toÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)22: The museum has some new _____from India.A: exhibit B: exhibition C: exhibits D: exhibitionsÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)23: The organization performed an important _____ in protectingthe rights of children.A: functionB: fictionC: fractionD: frictionÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)24: ---He can swim. ---_______ .A: So I canB: So can IC: I so canD: Can I soÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)25: He ________ living in the country to the city. A: likesB: prefersC: enjoysD: lovesÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)26: What kind of music is your_____?A: favorableB: favoriteC: favorD: fateÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)27: --Must we finish our homework now?--No, you ______. You _______ finish it after school.A: needn't , mayB: mustn't , mayC: can't , canD: needn't , mustÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)28: -- You seem to like sweets. --________ . I buy sweets every week.¡¡¡¡ A: So do IB: So I doC: So am ID: So I amÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)29: It is not _____to quarrel with your boss.A: worthyB: worthC: valueD: valuableÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)30: --Would you give me some water? --____________.A: Yes, I wouldB: CertainlyC: No, thanksD: Yes,pleaseÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(ÔĶÁÀí½â)31: He was struggling to tie his shoes.I was struggling with whether I should help him. I did, and he was grateful.“Thank you,” he said.“I’m glad I could help. I just thought it would be easier for me to reach,” I said. He was a disabled man, and forced to look down most of the time. His arms and legs were twisted terribly, and he couldn’t do what the rest of us would consider easy tasks. He always managed to look up to see how you reacted to his words, however. He had a big smile, making me feel comfortable. I was still on my knees by his wheelchair.“ Nice shoes,” he said.“Thanks. No one ever complimented me on them before,” I said.“No one has the same view of the world as I do,” he replied.“Tell me about the world as you see it,” I said smiling.“Most people can see if someone is comfortable with them or not in their eyes. I see it in their feet.” he said. “If people keep moving their feet, I just let them go, because I know they’re impatient with me. I don’t want to make people uncomfortable.“What about me? I asked.“I could see your compassion. And then you came down to my level. I was the one who was nervous.” he said. “I don’t normally have someone look me in the eye.”“They don’t know what they’re missing,” I told him.“My old face is nothing to brag about.” he said.“But that smile is so big.” Yes, and it’s not only a big smile but an attitude.ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(ÔĶÁÀí½â)32: My summer hols wr CWOT. B4. we usd 2 go 2 NY 2C my bro, his GF £¦ thr 3 : -@ kids FTF. ILNY, its gr8. Can you understand this sentence? If you can’t, don't feel too bad: neither could the middle school teacher in England who received this as homework. This is Netspeak: the language of computerized communication found on Internet or cellphones. To newcomers, it ran like a completely foreign language. So, what is the "translation" of the sentence above? My summer holidays were a complete waste of time. Before, we used to go to New York to see my brother, his girlfriend, and their three screaming kids face to face.I love New York; it’s great. Schoolteachers and parents say this new form of writing is harming the English language. Increasing spelling and grammatical mistakes can be seen in students' writing. They fear the language could become corrupted (ÃæÄ¿È«·ÇµÄ). Everyone should just relax, say linguists (ÓïÑÔѧ¼Ò). They believe Netspeak is in fact more of a good thing. David Crystal, from the University of Wales, argues that Netspeak and Internet create a new language use and the almost lost art of diary writing has been picked up again. Geoffrey Nunberg, from Stanford University, agrees. "People get better at writing by writing," he says, “Kids who are now doing text messaging, e-mail, and instant messages will write at least as well as, and possibly better than their parents." Linguist James Milroy says, for centuries, it is believed without exception that young people are harming the language. And you can bet your bottom dollar that when today's teenagers become tomorrow's parents, they too will think this way, Milroy argues that languages do not and cannot become "corrupted"; they simply change to meet the new needs. However, Netspeakers do agree that it is important to teach young people how to speak and write Standard English. Cynthia McVey says, "I can understand Netspeak worries teachers and it's important that they get across to their pupils that text messaging is for fun, but that learning to write proper English is a must for their future.” Perhaps we should give teenagers a little more trust anyway. Erin, age 12, says, "I wouldn't use text language in my homework. Texting is just for fun."ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(ÔĶÁÀí½â)33: What might the future be like? Here are some predictions: things to come, things to go. The Spring Festival, the most important Chinese holiday when everyone returns home, has caused headaches for millions of Chinese. More than 2 billion people travel at the same time, making getting travel ticketsand the journey difficult. But in 28 years, Spring Festival travel may not be a problem at all. China plans to build more than 120,000 kilometers of railway and a fast transportation network that will serve 90% of the population by 2020. And because most of China will be cities, people will not have to go to other places to find a job, so it will no longer be a problem. Newspaper will come to an end in 2043. In the future, digital newspapers will be sent to personal web tools through Internet. Readers can discuss topics with journalists and editors. Information will move faster. Oil is running out faster than expected. But scientists have found something else for oil as fuel. Coal, natural gas, solar power, nuclear power and even water can take the place of oil as sources of energy. Schools will go electronic. Computers will be important and popular among the students. Everything will be in the computer and students will not need to bring books to school. They will find information on the Internet. A computer will be the students’ library, schoolbag and connection to the outside world. There will be robot teachers, they will check homework on computers and communicate with the students’ parents through e-mail. And school buses will be like spaceships, comfortable and safe.ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(ÔĶÁÀí½â)34: More and more people like bicycling and it is no surprise. It is fun, healthy and good for the environment. Maybe that’s why there are 1.4 billion bicycles and only 400 million cars on roads worldwide today. Bikes can take you almost anywhere, and there is no oil cost! Get on a bicycle and ride around your neighborhood. You may discover something new all around you. Stopping and getting off a bike is easier than stopping and getting out of your car. You can bike to work and benefit (ÊÜÒæ) from the enjoyable exercise without polluting the environment. You don’t even have to ride all the way. Folding (ÕÛµþ) bikes work well for people who ride the train. Just fold the bike and take it with you. You can do the same on an airplane. A folding bike can be packed in a suitcase. You can also take a common bike with you when you fly. But be sure to look for information by getting on airline websites. Not all airlines are bicycle-friendly to travelers.Health Benefits of Bicycling:? It helps to prevent heart diseases.? Bicycling helps to control your weight. A 15-minute bike ride to and from work three times a week burns off five kilos of fat in a year.? Bicycling can improve your mood. Exercise like bicycling has been shown to make people feel better, more relaxed andself-confident.? Bicycling is healthier than driving.ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)1: If you want to learn English well, don’t forget intensive reading and _____ reading.A: extendedB: extensiveC: wideD: externalÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)2: He excited at the good newsA: lookB: appearsC: disappearD: feelÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)3:When I got to his home, he ____ ____ for an hour.A: had leftB: leftC: had been awayD: has been awayÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)4: He left the spot immediately, afraid of being ____ in the car accident.A: connectedB: takenC: seatedD: involvedÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)5: Will there be a strong wind ____ the north ______ the Huanghe River ?A: to... ofB: to... offC: at... ofD: on… offÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)6: Scientific discoveries are often applied_____ industrial production methods.A: for B: with C: to D: onÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)7: I asked the bank for a _____.A: loafB: loadC: loanD: loamÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)8: The teacher required that all the assignments _____finished before this weekend.A: would beB: wereC: beD: are toÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)9:Everyone except Tom and John ______ there when the meeting began.A: isB: wasC: areD: wereÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)10: A good habit can make our mental health in with physical health.A: concernB: connectionC: compareD: tuneÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)11: May she _______ with you?A: comeB: comesC: comingD: cameÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)12: Which is the best approach _____ the tunnel?A: toB: withC: besidesD: towardsÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)13:He could_____ neither French or German,&n bsp;so I____ with him in English.A: speak, talkedB: talk, toldC: say, spokeD: tell, talkedÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)14:Don’t spend _______ time on compute r games.A: too muchB: much tooC: too manyD: many tooÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)15: Many girls like __________ skirts in summer.A: wearingB: dressingC: inD: putting onÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)16:Look! Lily with her sister _________  ;a kite on the playground.A: is flyingB: are flyingC: flyingD: flyÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)17: My home is about ________ from my school.A: 15 minutesB: minute's rideC: 20 minutes by bikeD: 15- minute's on foot.ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)18:The policeman stopped ________, but he&nb sp;_______ no sound.A: hearing,heardB: listening,listenedC: to listen,heardD: listening to,listened toÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)19: He walked ________ fast for us ________catch up with. A: so, thatB: such, thatC: enough, toD: too,toÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)20: He failed the exam because he didn’t have time(×ã¹»µÄʱ¼ä) to prepare.A: rightB: spareC: adequateD: ownÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)21: The evidence found in this search is always incomplete and _____, it is also frequently partial.A: scatter B: scattered C: scattering D: scattered toÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)22: The museum has some new _____from India.A: exhibit B: exhibition C: exhibits D: exhibitionsÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)23: The organization performed an important _____ in protecting the rights of children.A: functionB: fictionC: fractionD: frictionÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)24: ---He can swim. ---_______ .A: So I canB: So can IC: I so canD: Can I soÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)25: He ________ living in the country to the city. A: likesB: prefersC: enjoysD: lovesÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)26: What kind of music is your_____?A: favorableB: favoriteC: favorD: fateÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)27: --Must we finish our homework now?--No, you ______. You _______ finish it after school.A: needn't , mayB: mustn't , mayC: can't , canD: needn't , mustÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)28: -- You seem to like sweets. --________ . I buy sweets every week.¡¡¡¡ A: So do IB: So I doC: So am ID: So I amÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)29: It is not _____to quarrel with your boss.A: worthyB: worthC: valueD: valuableÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)30: --Would you give me some water? --____________.A: Yes, I wouldB: CertainlyC: No, thanksD: Yes,pleaseÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(ÔĶÁÀí½â)31: He was struggling to tie his shoes.I was struggling with whether I should help him. I did, and he was grateful.“Thank you,” he said.“I’m glad I could help. I just thought it would be easier for me to reach,” I said. He was a disabled man, and forced to look down most of the time. His arms and legs were twisted terribly, and he couldn’t do what the rest of us would consider easy tasks. He always managed to look up to see how you reacted to his words, however. He had a big smile, making me feel comfortable. I was still on my knees by his wheelchair.“ Nice shoes,” he said.“Thanks. No one ever complimented me on them before,” I said.“No one has the same view of the world as I do,” he replied.“Tell me about the world as you see it,” I said smiling.“Most people can see if someone is comfortable with them or not in their eyes. I see it in their feet.” he said. “If people keep moving their feet, I just let them go, because I know they’re impatient with me. I don’t want to make people uncomfortable.“What about me? I asked.“I could see your compassion. And then you came down to my level. I was the one who was nervous.” he said. “I don’t normally have someone look me in the eye.”“They don’t know what they’re missing,” I told him.“My old face is nothing to brag about.” he said.“But that smile is so big.” Yes, and it’s not only a big smile but an attitude.ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(ÔĶÁÀí½â)32: My summer hols wr CWOT. B4. we usd 2 go 2 NY 2C my bro, his GF £¦ thr 3 : -@ kids FTF. ILNY, its gr8. Can you understand this sentence? If you can’t, don't feel too bad: neither could the middle school teacher in England who received this as homework. This is Netspeak: the language of computerized communication found on Internet or cellphones. To newcomers, it ran like a completely foreign language. So, what is the "translation" of the sentence above? My summer holidays were a complete waste of time. Before, we used to go to New York to see my brother, his girlfriend, and their three screaming kids face to face.I love New York; it’s great. Schoolteachers and parents say this new form of writing is harming the English language. Increasing spelling and grammatical mistakes can be seen in students' writing. They fear the language could become corrupted (ÃæÄ¿È«·ÇµÄ). Everyone should just relax, say linguists (ÓïÑÔѧ¼Ò). They believe Netspeak is in fact more of a good thing. David Crystal, from the University of Wales, argues that Netspeak and Internet create a new language use and the almost lost art of diary writing has been picked up again. Geoffrey Nunberg, from Stanford University, agrees. "People get better at writing by writing," he says, “Kids who are now doing text messaging, e-mail, and instant messages will write at least as well as, and possibly better than their parents." Linguist James Milroy says, for centuries, it is believed without exception that young people are harming the language. And you can bet your bottom dollar that when today's teenagers become tomorrow's parents, they too will think this way, Milroy argues that languages do not and cannot become "corrupted"; they simply change to meet the new needs. However, Netspeakers do agree that it is important to teach young people how to speak and write Standard English. Cynthia McVey says, "I can understand Netspeak worries teachers and it's important that they get across to their pupils that text messaging is for fun, but that learning to write proper English is a must for their future.” Perhaps we should give teenagers a little more trust anyway. Erin, age 12, says, "I wouldn't use text language in my homework. Texting is just for fun."ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:(ÔĶÁÀí½â)33: What might the future be like? Here are some predictions: things to come, things to go. 。
专业英语结课作业
Professional English final work Customer satisfaction analysisof 7-day Chain HotelClass Business Administration 2016-1 Class Student IDNameComplete time June 23, 20191.The background of surveyThe development of budget hotels has developed under the stimulation of mass consumption. In China, the budget hotel industry has faced wonderful development opportunities, while it also faced fierce reality and fierce competition. It is conducive to improving the overall quality of employees that improving service quality and consumer satisfaction, also helpful to enhance hotel service capabilities and competitiveness, gain customers’ recognition, thus winning longer-term development in the industry. This survey is targeted at consumers of 7- day hotel chain, to analysis the satisfaction of service.2.The introduction of 7-day hotel7 Days Hotel is one of the brands of the Platinum Hotel Group. It is the first Chinese hotel group listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In addition, it is the owner of the largest membership system in China's hotel industry and the leader in the technology and innovation model of China's hotel industry. It was founded in 2005 and listed on the New York Stock Exchange on November 20, 2009(Stock Code: SVN).On June 27, 2013, 7-day hotel chain delisted from the United States. On July 17, in the same year, it was acquired by the Platinum Hotel Group.Adhering to the vision of “sleeping well every day”, 7- Days Hotel is committed to providing clean, environmentally friendly, comfortable and safe accommodation services for value-oriented business travelers to satisfy their core requirements in accommodation.3.The method of investigationi.QuestionnaireThe questionnaire survey method is a widely used method in social surveys at home and abroad. Our group’s survey work lasted for one week. We adopt the method of issuing questionnaires , survey some consumers of 7- day hotel in Guilin Qixing District. A total of 35 questionnaires were collected in this survey.1)The purpose of the survey : the purpose of this survey is to grasp the real situationof the 7- day hotel chain customer experience to find out some problems.2)Scope of investigation : around 7 Days hotel, in Guilin Qixing District.3)The object of survey : consumers of 7-day hotel chain.4)Prophase : design survey questions and create survey questionnaires.5)Medium term : issue questionnaires6)Later stage : collect questionnaires and analyze data to conduct servicesatisfaction by using IPA analysis.ii.IPA analysisIPA analysis is the “importance-performance analysis”, which is widely used in the analysis of customer satisfaction, and is a comprehensive method for people to compare the importance and expressiveness of image attributes. People can map the importance and performance mean in the two-dimensional matrix corresponding to the dominant area, the maintenance area, the opportunity area and the improvement area respectively, and conclude that the evaluation object needs to continue to maintain the advantage, reduce the attention, appropriate improvement and key improvement indicators.The IPA analysis method has been widely used in domestic and foreign research, and its application in the tourism field has also been applied. For example, foreign scholars Uysal, chen, wiliiams ( 2000 ) used IPA analysis to conduct an IPA analysis of Virginia's tourism image in the United States, thereby helping it find the target market and improve customer satisfaction.4.Survey’s results and analysis1)The analysis of basic informationAccording to the statistical distribution table of the sample of Table 1, the total sample size is 35, and the age of the interviewed population is concentrated at 18 to35 years old. The youth is the main subject of investigation, and the education level is mainly undergraduates.2)The IPA analysis of Customer Experience of 7 Days Hotel Chain Hotel inGuilin.Calculating the mean and performance mean of the four measurement dimensions ( environment and facility experience, service skills and skills experience, safety and management experience, public space experience) for the 7-day hotel chain in Guilin. Table 1 shows that the average of total importance is 4.419 and the total performance average is 3.918.Taking (4.419, 3.918) as the coordinate origin, taking the importance mean variable as the x-axis, and the performance mean as the y-axis, plot the IPA analysis (as shown in Figure 1), and simultaneously set the position coordinates of each measurement item. One-to-one correspondence, and then data analysis.14The storage of consumers’ information 4.574average value 4.419285714 3.917857143Figure 1 IPA analysis chart➢Continue to maintain the advantage of the projectThe importance and performance of the first quadrant are high and are the main source of competitiveness of the company, so its service quality should continue to be maintained. There are a 14 project variables in this survey, 4 of which are distributed in the area, A2 has qualified professional licenses, A5 can be booked in advance, A6 can use WeChat or Alipay payment, and A14 hotel's custody of personal information falls here. region. Due to the popularity of online payment methods and the improvement of people's awareness of rights protection, more and more hotels pay more attention to this aspect, and the above four aspects should continue to be maintained.➢Reduce concerns about maintenance areasThe importance of the second quadrant is not high, but the satisfaction is very PerformanceImportancehigh, so the quality of service has excessive supply. Two of them are located in the area. The business hours of A1 meet the demand, the traffic of A3 is convenient, and the location is easy. For the above two aspects, the 7-day hotel chain should save resources without excessive emphasis and investment.➢Appropriate improvement of the opportunity zone projectThe importance and performance of the third quadrant are not high, so the quality of service is less important and the priority is lower. Two of them are located in the area, the A4 parking space is sufficient, and the A8 bedding is comfortable and tidy. In the above two aspects, the 7-day hotel chain can be appropriately improved.➢Focus on improvement zone projectsThe fourth quadrant has a high degree of importance, but the degree of satisfaction is not high. It is the main disadvantage of the enterprise. Therefore, its service quality has the decisive key factor for the future development of the enterprise, so it is a key improvement project. Five of them are located in the area, A9 hotel disposable supplies hygiene, A10 room smell is comfortable, A11 room sound insulation effect, A12 store interior design, A13 hotel overall service status, through the investigation can be concluded that 7- day hotel chain These aspects have not met the customer requirements, so in the development process, we should focus on improving hotel hygiene, improving the quality of hotel services, and paying attention to the interior decoration. （As shown in table 2）.Table 2 IPA Analysis5.Proposali.Designed decorationIn the decoration, the 7-day hotel is cheap, but the room decoration is similar, you can buy small accessories for different needs, such as small bulbs, balloons, puppets, tatami, etc., to satisfy the needs of customers at a lower cost, enhance thehotel Attractive.In the division of the room, it can be divided into several categories according to the needs. For the tourists, the tourist area can be divided, and the pictures of the scenic spots and the welcome words to the tourists are hung in the corridor of the tourist area, for example, "Guilin welcomes you, 7 Welcome to you, "live for 7 days, enjoy 7 days of beautiful holidays" and so on, highlighting the regional culture. In the naming of the room, it can be more interesting, rather than a simple number, to create features from the details.ii.Focus on the interactive atmosphereFirst of all, the scholars want to create an interactive atmosphere with the customers. As the saying goes, “The family atmosphere is also an interactive atmosphere. The operators need to have a family cultural concept, sincerely think for the customers, and use actions to make customers feel. We are a family, we can provide public rest on each floor. In terms of the tourist area, we can enhance the communication of each tenant, and even find like-minded friends, so that customers have the same sense of freedom and comfort at home. Secondly, the standard Standardized services and timely answers to questions can give customers a better and more enjoyable experience. Therefore, operators must provide service personnel with training in service skills, standardization, standard service procedures, and strengthen language training so that they can respond to customers’ consultation in a timely manner.iii.Keep the facilities inside and outside the hotel clean and tidyModern people not only consider the hotel price, but also the requirements for hotel hygiene. Keeping the environment clean and conducive to the customer's first impression of the hotel, the environment is clean and tidy, including the hotel's internal and external facilities, for the hotel's periphery, to ensure that the parking lot is adequate, regular cleaning and parking The field, for the interior of the hotel, focuses on the room hygiene, to ensure that the quilt towel has no stains, the air has no odor, and can specifically train the cleaning personnel to improve their own seriousness.6.ConclusionThis paper considers the problems that exist in the 7-day hotel in the environment and design experience, service skills, security and management experience, and public space experience through IPA analysis, and puts forward relevant suggestions for indicators with lower actual experience. It is recommended that operators pay attention to the interactive atmosphere experience, enhance the distinctiveness of the room design and improve the network status. The aim is to promote the sustainable development of the 7-day hotel in Guilin and improve the market share of the hotel, so that it has an advantage in the hotel competition.。
大学英语专业翻译作业-词类转换
他总是喝很多酒。
He is a heavy drinker.他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。
In his speech, he emphasized on improving the quality of the products in particular.绝对不许违反这个原则。
Never allowed to violate this principle。
林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片焚毁了。
In Lin Zexu’s opinion, a successful ban of opium trade must be preceded by destruction.医生迅速到达，做了仔细检查，病人得以很快康复。
The doctor’s prompt arrival and careful examination of the patient brought his speedy recovery.一看到校门，我就想起了我的大学时代。
The sight of school gate reminds me of college life.获悉贵国遭受地震，我们极为关切。
We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by an earthquake.有人在背后支持他。
He got someone behind him.街中的一切逐渐消失在灰暗的暮色里。
Everything in the street was gradually disappeared into gray twilight.经过学校的门口，也改换了名称和模样，令我很生疏。
When I passed the school gate, that too had changed its name and appearance, making me feel quite a stranger.空气是这样的清香，使人感到分外凉爽、舒畅。
2011春华师网院大学英语3在线作业答案100分
— I feel nervous about the exams.—_______ .A.Take your timeB.Take it easyC.Don’t worryD.Never mind您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.02．第2题I ________ for two hours but nobody has arrived yet.A.am waitingB.waitedC.have waitedD.have been waiting您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.03．第3题The new employee finished the report and ________ .A.turned it inB.turned in itC.turned it upD.turned it on您的答案：A此题得分：2.04．第4题If I ________ you, I ________ that job.A.was, would takeB.were, would takeC.was, would have takenD.were, would have taken您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.05．第5题The lake shone ________ glass in the moonlight and she _______ it very much.A.liking, likedB.liked, likeC.like, likedD.like, likes您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.06．第6题We are looking forward to ________ the Great Wall again.A.visitB.visitingC.having visitedD.being visited您的答案：B题目分数：27．第7题There are scientific ways ________ which man solves problems.A. inB.withC.atD.on您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.08．第8题It is necessary that everything ________ ready by 6: 00 p.m.A.beB.will beC.shallD.would be您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.09．第9题— Do you like collecting stamps?—________ .A.No, not likeB.No, not exactC.No, not reallyD.No, nothing您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.010．第10题— How much is your new bike? —________ .A.It costs me $ 200B.I cost $ 200 to buy itC.It spends me $ 200D.It takes me $ 2您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.011．第11题— What date is it today?— ________ .A.It’s a fine day todayB.It’s MarchC.It’s MondayD.It’s March 6您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.012．第12题— Is he very strict with you? —________ .A.Yeah. He seldom smilesB.Yeah. He is not kindC.Yeah. He makes us excitedD.Yeah. He is afraid您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.013．第13题—Well, I’m really attracted by the beautiful city.—_________ ?A.Isn’t it? What’s thatB.Really? What impresses you mostC.Is that so? What’s itD.OK, what beautiful您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.014．第14题He was willing to do all ________ he could to help his friends.A.whichB.thatC.howD.what您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.015．第15题The teacher had no idea ________ these two students argued about.A.whoB.whatC.thatD.why您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.016．第16题At no time during his speech ________ that he would make another film soon.A.he mentionedB.he should mentionC.did he mentionD.should he mention您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.017．第17题— Which is not your favourite subject, Sandy?—Football, Mr. Smith.—Football isn’t a subject, Sandy. It’s a game.—________ .A.It’s I dislike itB.The reason is I dislike itC.That’s why I dislike itD.No wonder I dislike it您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.018．第18题— Thank you for a wonderful meal.— _________ .A.No, really, it’s all rightB.The same to youC.Thank you all the sameD.I’m glad you enjoyed it您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.019．第19题—Could I speak to Jane please？— ________ .A. I’m afraid you’ve got the wrong numberB.Yes, speak pleaseC.Sorry, the line is busyD.Can I help you您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.020．第20题— We are happy with your new job as the manager. — ________ .A.Yes, I like to hear thatB.Sure, everybody isC.On the contrary, I’m worried. I have more responsibilitiesD.Above all, it’s what I wan t您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.021．第21题—They said they were going to invite us on their daughter’s birthday.— ________ .A.V ery well, I’ll goB.All right, I like itC.That’s great. I’ll look forward to itD.It’s OK. I feel excited您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.022．第22题— Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the library?— ________ .A.Sorry, I’m a stranger here, you seeB.I’m afraid you asked a wrong personC.I have no ideaD.I can’t, forgive me您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.023．第23题—I’ve got a raise for my salary.—_______ !A.CongratulationsB.That’s OKC.Very happyD.It’s fine您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.024．第24题— I like collecting stamps, what about you? —_______ .A.So do IB.I do soC.So I doD.I so do您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.025．第25题— If it rains on Sunday, the party will be cancelled. — _________ !A.What a bad news it isB.What bad news it isC.What a bad news is itD.What bad news is it您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.026．第26题— Good evening, madam. Would you like to sit here?— ________ .A.V ery good. You are very kindB.Fine. That’s no problemC.You’re welcomeD.I’d like to. Have a menu, please?您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.027．第27题— Sorry for the inconvenience it may cause you. —_______ .A.You are welcomeB.Never mindC.It’s OKD.Nothing else您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.028．第28题— Why are you so restless?—_______ .A.Sorry, I can’t stopB.I don’t know what to sayC.Yo u’d better not askD.I just can’t help feeling worried您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.029．第29题He gave ________ answer as I did.A.as sameB.sameC.as the sameD.the same您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.030．第30题The hostess ________ until the guests were seated.A.sat downB.was sitting downC.was to sit downD.didn’t sit down您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.031．第31题I’m very interested ________ plants, animals and geography.A.onB.toC.overD.in您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.032．第32题—Good afternoon. I’m going to invite some friends to dinner. Please reserve a table for six at about eight this evening.—________ .A.I know, I will do itB.I’m clear, don’t worry about itC.Sure, it doesn’t matterD.I see, I’ll make the reservation at once您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.033．第33题—Take a seat here, Mr. Brown. Let’s try the food.—________ .A.All right, you are very kind to let me sit downB.Thank you. Oh, the dishes look so niceC. I see, I will sit downD.You’re welcome您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.034．第34题He walked into the office and shook hands with a smiling man ________ Mr. Black.A.namingdC.by namedD.calling您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.035．第35题The shop offers products that range ________ inexpensive to very expensive.A.betweenB.fromC.amongD.along您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.036．第36题A friend of mine, after 10 years of studying ballet, succeeded ________ becoming a dancer.A.inB.onC.withD.of您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.037．第37题________ , he bought his wife a present.A.On his way to homeB.On his way homeC.In his way homeD.In his way to home您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.038．第38题Just for today, I’m not going to insi st that everything I do ________ perfect.A.wasB.isC.beD.are您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.039．第39题John had six eggs. Mary added three, so now they all _____ to nine.A.equalB.areC.added upD.sum up您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.040．第40题Only last week I called at ________ .A.my auntB.my aunt’sC.my auntsD.mine aunt您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.041．第41题As we were leaving, we saw the ________ man and his friends entering.A.red hairB.red-hairC.red-hairedD.red-hairing您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.042．第42题I have no idea ________ he has said about the matter.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.how您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.043．第43题With her yellow hair, Jane is ________ girl as a fairy.A.as beautiful aB.as a beautifulC.as a more beautifulD.so a beautiful您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.044．第44题According to ________ they have told me, they should return within about one week.A.thatB.itC.whatD.which您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.045．第45题Tom as well as two of his classmates ________ invited to the party.A.wasB.wereC.hasD.are您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.046．第46题She glanced shyly ________ him and then lowered her eyes.A.atB.offC.onD.with您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.047．第47题；；Mercury freezes if it is cooled to ________ .<／font><／span><／p>；；<／span><／font><／font><／span><／p>；<／p>A.a low too temperatureB.a too low temperatureC.too low temperatureD.too low a temperature您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.048．第48题；；；；；；<／span><／span><／span>I&rsquo；d rather you ________ say anything about it fｏｒthe time being. <／o:p><／font><／span><／font><／p>A.don’tB.wouldn’tC.didn’tD.shouldn’t您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.049．第49题The difference was ________ cross the river.A.where toB.how toC.what toD.which to您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.050．第50题She has ________ all her debts.A.paid inB.paid outC.paid offD.paid out您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.0作业总得分：100.0作业总批注：。
专业英语结课作业
专业英语结课作业通信与信息工程学院专业英语结课作业班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：作业时间：成绩：评语：通信与信息工程学院二〇一五年Passage B Binary System and Logic Systems1.Binary SystemA digital system functions in a binary manner.It employs devices which exist only in two possible states.A transistor is allowed to operate at cutoff or in saturation, but not in its active region.A node may be at high voltage of, say, 4±1V or at a low voltage of, say, 0.2±0.2V, but no values are allowed.Various designations are used for these two quantized states, and the most common are listed in Table 3.1.In logic,a statement is characterized as true or false, and this is the first binary classification listed in the table. A switch may be closed or open, which is the notation under 9, etc.Binary arithmetic and mathematical manipulation of switching or logic functions are best carried out with classification 3, which involves two symbols, 0(zero) and 1 (one).The binary system of representing numbers will now be explained by making reference to the familiar decimal system.Inthe latter the base is 10(ten), and ten numerals,0,1,2,3···,9, are required to express an arbitrary number.To write numbers larger than 9, we assign a meaning to the position of numerals in an array of numerals.For example, the number 1264 (one thousand two hundred sixty four) has the meaning1264=1×103＋2×102＋6×101＋4×100Thus the individual digits in the number represent the coefficients in an expansion of the number in powers of 10.The digit which is farthest to the right is the coefficient of the zeroth power; the next is the coefficient of the firth power.and so on.In the binary system of representation the base is 2, and only two numerals 0 and 1are required to represent a number.The numerals 0 and 1 have the same meaning as in the decimal system ,but a different interpretation is placed on the position occupied by a digit.In the binary system the two rather than ten as in the decimal system.For example, the decimal number 19 is written in the binary representation as 10011 since10011=1×24＋0×23＋0×22＋1×21＋1×20 =16＋0＋0＋2＋1=19A short list of equivalent numbers in decimal and binary notations is given in Table3.2.A general method for converting from a decimal to a binary number is indicated in Table 3.3.The procedure is the following.Place the decimal number (in this illustration,19) on the extreme right.Next divide by 2 and place the quotient (9) to the left and indicate the remember (1) directly below it.Repeat this process (for the next column 9÷2=4 and a remainder of 1) until a quotient of 0 is obtained.The array of 1’s and 0’s in the second row is the binary representation of the origin decimalnumber.In this example, decimal 19=10011 binary.A binary digit (a 1 or a 0) is called a bit.A group of bits that has the same significance is called a byte, word, or code.For example, to represent the 10 numerals (0,1,2,3···,9) and the 26 letters of the English alphabet would require 36 different combinations of 1’s and 0’s.Since 25<36<26, then a minimum of 6 bits per bit arerequired in order to accommodate all the alphanumeric characters.In this sense a bit is sometimes referred to as a character and a group of one or more characters as a word.2. Logic SystemsIn a DC, or level-logic, system a bit is implemented as one of two voltage levels.If, as in Figure 3.6(a), the more positive voltage is the 1 level and the other is the 0 level, the system is said to employ DC positive logic.On the other hand, a DC negative-logic system,as in Figure 3.6(b),i s one which designates the more negative voltage state of the bit as the 1 level and the more positive as the 0 level.It should be emphasized that the absolute values of the two voltages are of no significance in these definitions.In particular, the 0 state need not represent a zero voltage level (although in some systems it might).The parameters of a physical device (for example,VCE·sat of a transistor) are not identical from sample to sample,and they also vary with temperature.Furthermore, ripple or voltage spikes may exist in the power supply or ground leads, and other sources of unwanted signals, called noise,may be present in the circuit.For these reasons the digital levels are not specified precisely, but as indicated by the shaded region in Figure 3.6,each state is defined by a voltage range about a designated level, such as 4±1V and 0.2±0.2V.In a dynamic,or pulse-logic,system a bit is recognized by the present or absence of a pulse.At 1 signifies the existence of a positive pulse in a dynamic positive-logic system; a negative pulse denotes a 1 in a dynamic negative-logic system a 0 at a particular input (or output) at a given instant of time designates that no pulse is present at that particular moment.B篇二进制系统和逻辑系统1.二进制系统一个数字系统作用以二进制方式。
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氢 H hydrogen 氦 He helium 锂 Li lithium 铍 Be berillium 硼 B boron 碳 C carbon 氮 N nitrogen 氧 O oxygen 氟 F fluorine 氖 Ne neon 钠 Na sodium 镁 Mg magnesium 铝 Al aluminum 硅 Si silicon 磷 P phosphorus 硫 S sulfur 氯 Cl chlorine 氩 Ar argon 钾 K potassium 钙 Ca calcium 钪 Sc scandium 钛 Ti titanium 钒 V vanadium 铬 Cr chromium 锰 Mn manganese 铁 Fe iron 钴 Co cobalt 镍 Ni nickel 铜 Cu copper 锌 Zn zinc 金 Au gold 银 Ag silver 汞 Hg mercury 溴 Br bromine 碘 I iodine 铂 Pt platinum 一、无机化合物的命名 1.阳离子命名（Name of Cations） 单原子阳离子(Monatomic Cations) 元素名称+ion 例如：
Na+ sodium ion Fe+ iron(I) ion Fe2+ iron(II) ion
Ca2+ calcium ion Fe3+ iron(III) ion Ag+ silver ion Al3+ aluminum ion 多原子命名 原子团名称+ion 例如：
NH+ ammonium ion 2.阴离子命名(Name of Anions) 单原子阴离子(Monatomic anions) 元素名称的词干+-ide +ion 例如：
F- fluoride ion (F:fluorine) Br- bromide ion(Br:bromine)
I- iodide ion(I:iodine) Cl- chloride ion(Cl:chlorine) 氯根(CN-)和氢氧根(OH-)视为同单原子阴离子 CN-:cyanide ion OH-:hydroxide ion 酸根离子的命名（Oxoanions）(含氧阴离子)（Oxyanions） 非氧元素名称的词干+ -ate +ion(译为“*酸根离子”) 例如：
CO32- carbonate ion(C：carbon) SO42- sulfate ion(S：sulfur)
SO32- sulfite ion NO32- nitrate ion(N：nitrogen) NO2- nitrite ion
*如果某元素能形成一种以上的含氧阴离子，则按以下规则： a.高（过）*酸根离子 per- +非氧元素名称的词干 + -ate + ion
b.*酸根离子 非氧元素名称的词干 + -ate + ion
c.亚*酸根离子 非氧元素名称的词干 + -ite + ion
d.次*酸根离子 hypo + 非氧元素名称的词干 + -ite + ion (从a到d含氧原子数依次递减) 例如：
ClO4-:perchlorate ion ClO3-:chlorate ion
ClO2-:chlorite ion ClO-:hypochlorite ion
偏*酸根离子 meta- + 非氧元素名称的词干 + -ate + ion
焦*酸根离子 pyro- + 非氧元素名称的词干 + -ate + ion
例如：PO3-(偏磷酸根)：metaphosphate ion
含氢阴离子的命名(Anions containing hydrogen) hydrogen + 去掉氢的离子的名称
例如： HCO3-:hydrogen carbonate ion
3.盐的命名(Name of Salts) 不带“ion”的阳离子名称+不带“ion”的阴离子名称 例如：CuCl:copper(I) chloride CuCl2:copper(II) chloride
CuSO4:copper(II) sulfate KClO4:potassium perchlorate
4.分子化合物的命名(Names of Molecular Compounds) 正价元素名称+附加元素名称的词干+—ide *分子中各元素原子的个数用希腊数字前缀来表示。
例如：CaO:calcium oxide CO2: carbon dioxide P2O3:diphosphorus pentoxide
SF6:sulfur hexafluoride CO:carbon monoxide
5.酸的命名 酸根离子中非氧元素名称词干+—ic acid *如果某元素能形成一种以上的含氧酸，则按以下规则： a.高（过）*酸 per + 酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ic acid
b.*酸 酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ic acid
c.亚*酸 酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ous acid
d.次*酸 hypo + 酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ous acid (从a到d含氧原子数依次减少) 例如：
H2SO4:sulfuric acid H2SO3:sulfurous acid
H3PO4:phosphoric acid H3PO3:phosphorous acid H2CO3:carbonic acid HClO2:chlorous acid HNO3:nitric acid HNO2:nitrous acid HCl:hydrochloric acid (hydrogen acid) HClO:hydrochlorous acid
偏*酸 meta- + 酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ic acid
焦*酸 pyro- + 酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ic acid 无氧酸 命名规则：hydro- 词根 -ic acid 例如：HCl:hydrochloric acid
H2S:hydrosulfuric acid
6.碱的命名(Names of Bases) 元素名称+hydroxide 例如：NaOH:sodium hydroxide KOH: potassium hydroxide
7.水合物的命名 非水化合物+表示结晶水个数的希腊数字前缀+hydrate
例如：CuSO4·5H2O:Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate 二、有机化合物的命名 1.常用数字前缀(a Number Prefix) 1.mono- 2.bi- 3.tri- 4.tetra- 5.penta- 6.hex(a)-(sex(a)-) 7.hept(a)-(sept(a)-) 8.oct(a)- 9.non(a)- 10.dec(a)-
2.总碳数10时（total C no10） 甲 meth- 乙 eth- 丙 prop- 丁 buta- 戊 penta- 己 hexa- 庚 hepta- 辛 octa- 壬 nona- 癸 deca- 半 1/2 hemi-.semi- 单 mono- uni- 双、两 di- bi- bis- 3/2 sesqui-
3.烷烃（alkane）的命名 数字头 + -ane（以a结尾的数字头直接加 -ne） 例如：甲烷 methane 庚烷 heptane 癸烷 decane 十三烷 tridecane
4.烯烃的命名 数字头+—ene(以a结尾的数字头去a加—ene)
多烯的命名 二烯烃—数字头+-diene 三烯烃—数字头+-triene 例如：乙烯 ethene 丁烯 butene 丁二烯 butadiene 丁三烯 butatriene
5.炔烃的命名 数字头+ -yne(有时是 - ine)(以a结尾的数字头去a加 -yne) 多炔的命名：二炔类—数字头+ -diyne 例如：乙炔 ethyne 丁炔 butine 己二炔 hexadiyne或hexadiine
6.脂环类的命名 烃类名称前 + cyclo- 例如：环己烷 cyclohexane 环己二烯 cyclohexadiene
7.烃基的命名 将烃类名称的词尾换为 -yl 例如：甲基 methyl 乙烯基 ethenyl 乙基 ethyl 丁烯基 butenyl 癸基 decyl 乙炔基 ethinyl(ethynyl)
8.支链烃类的命名 以最长的碳链为主链，从一端向另一端编号，使侧链具有最低编号。 例如：
5-甲基-4-丙基 壬烷 不饱和烃中应使不饱和键的编号最小。 例如：
3-methyl(-1) butene 3-甲基 （-1）丁烯 或1,3-butadiene 或 but(a)diene (1,3)-丁二烯
2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (俗名：异戊二烯，) 2-甲基-1,3-丁二烯
I.环状烃类 + cyclo- 例如：