新能源汽车产业发展研究外文文献2015年译文4656
文献出处：Ahman M. Government policy and the development of electric vehicles in Japan[J]. Energy Policy, 2015, 34(4): 433-443.
（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。）
原文
The Analysis on the Development of New-energy Vehicle Industry in Japan
Ahman M.
Abstract
In recent years, with the continuous development of national economy, all countries in the world especially developing countries, led by China, India, the rapid growth of car ownership. Automobile exhaust emission for the damage caused by the natural environment and human living environment is more and more obvious; Cars need rising oil consumption, the international energy supply tensions, human production and way of life has come to have to change from time to time. Brought by the traditional automobile energy consumption and climate warming have not allow to ignore. Under such background, the development of new energy vehicles to reduce the pollution of the environment, ease the oil shortage has important significance.
New energy cars represent the future of the world automobile industry development direction, is the commanding heights of the world automobile industry in the future. Vigorously develop new energy vehicles is the world's countries and major automakers common strategic choice. Since the 2008 financial crisis, the world's major automobile production countries increase the development of new energy automotive industry as its industry competition ability, keep the sustainable economic and social development of major strategic measures. At the same time, the development of new energy vehicles but also the breach to seek a new economic growth point and the basic way to realize transportation energy transformation. Support for new energy vehicle technology and related fiscal and tax policy, has become the powerful weapon of countries to tackle the financial crisis. To that end, countries have issued a series of policies and measures to encourage domestic the development of new energy vehicles and related industry.
As the world's second largest auto producer and a handful of automotive technology powerhouse, Japan, which is mainly composed of hybrid and electric vehicles in the development of new energy vehicles, leads the world in other countries. At the same time, Japan is also a hybrid car penetration of the highest. On April 12, 2010, the Japanese economy, trade and industry joint Japan each big auto companies and the academic community to set up the strategy of "a new generation of automobile research institute" announced "a new generation of automotive strategy 2010", put forward to Japan built "a new generation of new energy automobile research and development and production base". Study the development of Japan's new energy automotive industry will have on the development of new energy vehicles industry in China has important significance.
Keywords: Japan, the new energy vehicles, development strategy, industrial policy, prospects
1 New energy cars and industry overview
New energy vehicles include hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, including solar cars), fuel cell electric vehicles and other new energy vehicles, etc. Different from other conventional vehicles, new energy vehicles use unconventional fuel as power source, has the advantages of low emission even zero emission pollution to the environment pressure is small, has a very broad prospects.
A hybrid car is the key to a hybrid system, its performance is directly related to the overall performance of a hybrid car. After more than ten years of technology development, the hybrid system has been from the original engine and the discrete structure of the motor to the development of engine, motor and transmission integration structure, namely integrated hybrid system. A hybrid car is the electric car with the combination of the traditional internal combustion engine vehicle, it inherits the low-emission electric cars, the advantages of low noise, and played a common fuel cars and the advantages of high power, high torque significantly improved the traditional internal combustion engine vehicle emissions and fuel economy, increased the range of pure electric vehicles, by the internal combustion engine cars to electric
cars play an important role in the process.
Mixed type hybrid vehicle systems includes the characteristics of series and parallel connection. Power system including engines, generators and motors. Driven by an electric motor driving only when in low speed, when the speed match the engine and electric motor drive the car. This way need power distribution device and generator, etc., so the structure is complex. Pure electric vehicles is a kind of using single battery as energy storage power cars. It USES battery as energy storage power source, through the battery to the electric motor, Drive electric motor operation, thus pushing the car. Pure electric vehicle chassis, body, batteries, electric motors, controller and battery and so on six parts. Due to the electric motor with good traction, so pure electric vehicle drive system does not need the clutch and transmission. Speed regulation system of speed control by the controller through change the speed of the electric motor can be realized. And the difference from the hybrid, pure electric vehicles as a device without the use of internal combustion engine completely, also do not use fuels such as gasoline, diesel, but completely use rechargeable batteries.
The advantage of pure electric vehicles is: first, it itself is not the harmful gas of atmospheric pollution emissions. Even by the equivalent power consumption of power plant emissions, in addition to sulfur and particulate matter, other pollutants was also significantly reduced, because most of power plants built in away from the densely populated cities, less damage in humans, and power plants is stationary, concentration of emissions, remove all kinds of harmful emissions more easily, also have the relevant technology. Due to power can be obtained from a variety of primary energy, such as coal, hydropower, nuclear power, lifting the people fear of petroleum resources became more and more dried up. Second, pure electric vehicles can also make full use of the night when trough the surplus electricity power, make the generating equipment can make full use of day and night, greatly improve the economic benefit. In addition, the pure electric vehicle structure is simple, operation and less driving part, maintenance is convenient.
At present, the pure electric vehicles there are still some technical defects. The main problem is the battery unit weight to store too much electricity, once after a full
charge mileage is not ideal; At the same time, high reserves battery service life is short, the cost is high, make the overall cost is higher, pure electric vehicles, of course, it's none of pure electric vehicles to realize commercialization, also can't form scale economy. Therefore, the development of a wide range of pure electric vehicles is the top priority of the development of advanced battery.
Fuel cell car fuel cell is used as the power source of electric vehicles. The battery energy is through the chemistry of hydrogen and oxygen, directly into electricity. Storage of hydrogen and oxygen in the air in the fuel cell produces chemical reaction, generate electricity to start the motor, so as to drive the car. In addition, methanol, hydrogen gas, gasoline, diesel oil can replace. Fuel cell in the process of chemical reaction without burning, so the fuel cell car is no pollution to the environment. At the same time, the energy conversion efficiency of fuel cell is 2 to 3 times higher than the internal combustion engine, so from the aspects of energy utilization and environmental protection, is an ideal vehicle fuel cell car.
Compared with the traditional vehicles, fuel cell vehicles has the following advantages: no pollution, zero emissions. To reduce the greenhouse gas emissions High energy conversion effect. Wide range of fuel selection. In recent years, great progress has been made in fuel cell technology, the world many famous automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, ford, BMW, etc are purposeful, planned to fuel cell vehicles on the market.
Hydrogen powered cars are divided into hydrogen fuel cell vehicles with hydrogen internal combustion vehicle. The former with ordinary fuel cell cars, by hydrogen fuel cells in liquid hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity in the air to push the car. With hydrogen fuel cell vehicles using different motor, hydrogen is used for car internal combustion engine, by hydrogen gas and air mixture combustion produces energy, so as to move the car. Hydrogen internal combustion vehicle in a zero discharge of hydrogen fuel-cell cars, no pollution, etc.
Befoul refers to product or its by-products of agriculture and forestry, industrial waste, living garbage and other biological organism and its metabolic waste as raw material for making fuel. In most cases, "befoul" used to specifically to ethanol,
methanol, a liquid fuels such as bodies. Befouls mainly include biological diesel cars and fuel ethanol car.
2 global new energy automobile industry development situation
2.1 the global new energy automobile market
New energy vehicles as an important branch of the auto industry, in fact, in the early 1930 s, Italy has started its development course. Just because of the high cost of research and development and manufacture of new energy vehicles itself, and the global energy supply of the 20th century was not so nervous in the 21st century, its development has perhaps slowly. Entering the new century, with the global energy prices soaring, new energy vehicles really found its stage, shows a huge advantage and vitality.
2.1.1 Toyota
As the main innovators of hybrid cars, Toyota motor corp. announced, according to the results of the survey, Toyota February as of Zone its hybrid accumulative total sales of more than 3 million vehicles, to about 3.03 million, 8000 units. Toyota released in August 1997 in Japan hybrid concept car - Costa HybridEV.In December launched the world first to mass produce the pries hybrid. In 2003 issued the second generation of pries, Toyota after this and the expansion of hybrid into MPV and SUV, after drive car, small hatchback models. In 2006, Toyota pries as the hybrid made outside Japan in the first paragraph of the first into the Chinese market. Since then, Lexus has introduced LS60OhL, GS450h, RX45Oh hybrid vehicles. In May 2009, Toyota launched the third generation pries, in August the same year Toyota hybrid accumulative total sales of more than 2 million vehicles.
2.1.2 Honda
As advocate of hybrid cars, Honda has been hope that through promotion of plug-in hybrid vehicles, further speed up the popularity of hybrid cars, makes greater contribution to reduce our fleet emissions. Now Honda has some hybrid vehicles, such as the 2010 release of new FITHYBRID, a new CR Z, Civic Hybrid, Insight, Jazz Hybrid, etc.Among them, Honda's new hybrid Insight since February 2009 listed so far in the accumulation of domestic sales have more than 100000 vehicles. At the
same time, Honda also with dense (Dens. Companies in the production of hybrid car key parts together.
2.1.3 Mazda company
Mazda has been committed to by improve the efficiency of the power unit such as automobile engine, gearbox and lightweight car body, measures such as improving the basic performance of the "basic" technology, and import the braking energy recovery system in stages and hybrid systems and other electrical equipment, promote the strategy of "Building block stage development strategy ()".According to this strategy, Mazda will be starting in 2010, in the full update technology under the premise of the original basis, gradually to the market pick up models of "SK, beep CTIV" technology products, with a sharp rise in the environmental performance of the vehicle. In addition, Mazda is now actively promoted for urban driving close compact electric car research and development.
On January 24, 2011, a Mazda motor corporation announced on the basis of "Mazda" and independent development of electric vehicles, start in the spring of 2012 in Japan to rental sales business. The electric range is expected to reach 200 kilometers, Mazda is scheduled to Japan as the main object of local government and big customers to lease. Through the rental sales, expectations in the use of convenience and practicability of electric drive technology to obtain useful experience.
2.1.4 Ford
Ford motor company is currently promoting a hybrid car, plans to Zone annual production 300000 hybrid cars. In 2005, ford's first production of hybrid SUV Escape only sold 17000 vehicles; MercuryMariner models monthly production is only for 2000.For this purpose, the ford motor company in 2006, implemented a discount of $1000 per hybrid and zero credit policy.
2.1.5. GM
After bankruptcy reorganization in 2009, gm hopes to develop a hybrid car project to a new lease on life. In fact, since 2006, gm is to develop a series of ambitious hybrid cars. In 2008, general motors unveiled a plug-in hybrid Chevy V olt,
which contains 16 kilowatt-hours his ion battery and l. 4 l engine, the biggest range of more than 450 kilometers. General motors are developing at present but Saturn plug-in hybrid cars. Ethanol and its Saab are also developing electric hybrid vehicles.
3 Japan's new energy automobile industry development present situation
As the world's third largest economy, Japan's domestic energy resources lack of mannish, but technical talent advantage obviously, how to avoid disadvantages, to ensure energy security, environmental protection and realize the sustainable development of economy, becomes the important lesson that Japan officer people together to overcome. In recent years, Japan to speed up the adjustment of industrial structure, and actively cultivate a batch of strategic emerging industries, including new energy automobile industry efficiently, increasing scale, and is expected to become one of the new pillar of Japan's economic growth in the future.
In the early 1960 s, Japan embarked on the research of new energy vehicles in China. From formal electric vehicles in Japan started in 1965 included in the national project up to now, Japan has become the world leader in the field of new energy vehicles. In recent years, along with the increasingly serious energy situation, the Japanese auto manufacturing industry is brewing a major technological revolution the development of new energy vehicles instead of traditional fuel cars. At present, the new energy automobile technology is relatively mature, the growing market demand, new energy vehicles gradually into the comprehensive promotion stage, is expected to become the new engine for future Japanese auto industry. Experts pointed out that Japan's future development trend of new energy vehicles will be divided into the following three types: one is the pure electric vehicles, used to close small off-road vehicles; the second is a hybrid car, generally used as family and public transport; Third, fuel-cell vehicles, used for long distance transportation of commercial vehicles.
4 Japanese policies and measures for development of industry of new energy vehicles
Japan has a small territory, resources spent mannish, imports most of its energy needs. But at the same time, Japan is the world's economic power, in order to support its huge economic dimension normal operation need to consume large amounts of energy. Abnormal as a result, the Japanese government attaches great importance to
the emerging energy development and utilization, and the development of new energy automotive industry. Japan not only exert three times in the formation of strategic consensus, and formulated a series of related policies and measures. The government's fiscal measures mainly through two aspects of fiscal revenue and fiscal expenditure, which both tax cuts and subsidies, stimulate new energy automobile consumption.
In Japan in 1999 was in the transportation policy council report put forward the concept of "green car tax system", and to modify tax system in 2001.Except the tax system is specific car tax (mini) on the premise of tax neutrality, on the one hand, most of low pollution, low energy can reduce 50% of car taxes; To sign up for the first time, on the other hand, more than n years of diesel and gasoline vehicles more than 13 years to increase taxes on 100/0 of the car. At the same time, reduce the tax on the purchase of low emissions, low pollution cars.
To stimulate the Japanese car market downturn, replace the use fixed number of year long vehicles, the Japanese government issued a total of 370 billion yen in the green car new purchases and scrap page subsidies ".In April 2009, 10 solstice during March 31, 2010 to buy about reached the government's fuel-efficient cars of the user of the prescribed discharge standards, For 13 years old in buy green car consumers, giving the highest subsidy of 300000 yen. The Japanese government hopes the New Deal to drive 1 million new car sales.
译文
日本新能源汽车产业发展研究
作者：Ahman M.
摘要
近年来，随着国民经济的不断发展，世界各国尤其是以中国、印度为首的发展中国家的汽车保有量急剧增长。汽车的尾气排放对自然环境及人类居住环境造成的破坏越来越明显;汽车所需要消耗的石油量不断上升，国际能源供给日趋紧张，人类以往的汽车生产和生活方式已经到了必须变革的时候。传统汽车所带来的能源消耗和气候变暖问题己不容忽视。在这样背景下，发展新能源汽车对降低
环境污染、缓解石油短缺有着重要的意义。
新能源汽车代表了世界汽车工业的未来发展方向，是未来世界汽车产业的制高点。大力发展新能源汽车是世界各国和各大汽车制造厂商的共同战略选择。2008年金融危机以来，世界主要汽车生产国都把发展新能源汽车产业作为提高本国产业竞争能力、保持经济社会可持续发展的重大战略举措。同时，发展新能源汽车也是寻求新一轮经济增长点的突破口以及实现交通能源转型的根本途径。对新能源汽车技术的扶持及相关的财政税收政策，成为了各国应对金融危机的有力武器。为此，各国相继出台了一系列政策措施以鼓励本国新能源汽车及其相关产业的发展。
作为世界上第二大汽车生产大国以及屈指可数的汽车技术强国，日本在以混合动力汽车和电动车为主的新能源汽车方面的发展，遥遥领先于世界其他国家。同时，日本也是混合动力汽车普及率最高的国家。2010年4月12日，日本经济产业省联合日本各大汽车企业以及学术团体共同成立的“新一代汽车战略研究会”公布了《新一代汽车战略2010》，提出了要将日本建成“新一代新能源汽车研发和生产基地”的目标。研究日本新能源汽车产业的发展将对发展我国新能源汽车产业有着举足轻重的意义。
关键词: 日本，新能源汽车，发展战略，产业政策，前景
1 新能源汽车及其产业概述
新能源汽车主要包括混合动力电动汽车、纯电动汽车，包括太阳能汽车)、燃料电池电动汽车、其他新能源汽车等。有别于其他常规汽车，新能源汽车使用非常规燃料作为动力来源，具有排放小甚至零排放的优点，对环境污染的压力很小，具有非常广泛的前景。
混合动力汽车的关键是混合动力系统，它的性能直接关系到混合动力汽车的整体性能。经过十余年的技术发展，混合动力系统已从原来发动机与电动机的离散结构向发动机、电动机和变速器一体化结构发展，即集成化混合动力系统。混合动力汽车是电动汽车与传统内燃机汽车相结合的产物，它既继承了电动汽车低排放，低噪音的优点，又发挥了普通燃料汽车高扭矩和高功率的优点，显著改善了传统内燃机汽车的排放性和燃油经济性，增加了纯电动汽车的续航里程，在由
内燃机汽车向电动汽车的转变过程中扮演了重要的角色。
混联式混合动力汽车包含了串联式和并联式的特点。动力系统包括发动机、发电机和电动机。在低速时只靠电动机驱动行驶，当速度提高时发动机和电动机相配合驱动汽车。这种方式需要动力分配装置和发电机等，因此结构复杂。纯电动汽车是一种采用单一蓄电池作为储能动力源的汽车。它利用蓄电池作为储能动力源，通过电池向电动马达提供电能，
驱动电动马达运转，从而推动汽车行进。纯电动汽车由底盘、车身、蓄电池组、电动马达、控制器和蓄电池等六部分组成。由于电动马达具有良好的牵引特性，因此纯电动汽车的传动系统不需要离合器和变速器。车速控制由控制器通过调速系统改变电动马达的转速即可实现。与混合动力最大的不同在于，纯电动汽车完全不使用内燃机作为发动装置，也不使用汽油、柴油等燃料，而是完全采用可充电式电池驱动。
纯电动汽车的优点是:首先，它本身不排放污染大气的有害气体。即使按其所耗电量换算为发电厂的排放，除硫和微粒外，其它污染物也显著减少，由于电厂大多建于远离人口密集的城市，对人类伤害较少，而且电厂都是固定不动的，集中的排放，清除各种有害排放物较容易，也已有了相关技术。由于电力可以从多种一次能源获得，如煤、水力、核能等，解除了人们对石油资源日见枯竭的担心。其次，纯电动汽车还可以充分利用晚间用电低谷时富余的电力进行充电，使发电设备日夜都能充分利用，大大提高其经济效益。此外，纯电动汽车结构简单，运转和传动部件少，维修保养工作方便。
目前，纯电动汽车仍存在一些技术上的缺陷。最主要的问题在于蓄电池单位重量储存的电能太少，一次充满电后行驶里程不理想;同时，高储量的电池使用寿命较短，使用成本高，使得纯电动汽车总体成本比较高，当然这和纯电动汽车没有实现商业化、无法形成规模经济也有关系。因此，大范围的发展纯电动汽车的首要任务就是研发先进的蓄电池。
燃料电池汽车是采用燃料电池作为动力源的电动汽车。其电池的能量是通过氢气和氧气的化学作用，直接变成电能获得。储存在燃料电池中的的氢与空气中的氧发生化学反应，产生电能启动电动机，从而驱动汽车。此外，甲醇、天然气、汽油、柴油也可以代替氢。燃料电池在化学反应过程中不经过燃烧，故燃料电池
汽车对环境没有污染。同时，燃料电池的能量转换效率比内燃机要高2至3倍，因此从能源的利用和环境保护方面，燃料电池汽车是一种理想的车辆。
与传统汽车相比，燃料电池汽车具有以下优点:无污染、零排放。减少了温室气体的排放。能量转换效力高。燃料选择范围广。近几年来，燃料电池技术取得了重大进展，世界多家著名汽车厂商如丰田、福特、宝马等都开始有目的，有计划的将燃料电池汽车投放市场。
氢能源动力汽车分为氢燃料电池汽车与氢内燃车。前者与普通的燃料电池汽车一样，通过氢燃料电池中的液态氢与空气中的氧结合而产生电能来推动汽车。与氢燃料电池车使用电动机不同，氢内燃车使用的是内燃机，通过氢气与空气混合燃烧产生能量，从而推动汽车行驶。氢内燃车在具备氢燃料电池车的零排放，无污染等优点。
生物燃料指以农林产品或其副产品、工业废弃物、生活垃圾等生物有机体及其新陈代谢排泄物为原料制取的燃料。大多数情况下，“生物燃料”用来专指生物乙醇，甲醇，生物柴油等液态燃料。生物燃料汽车主要有生物柴油汽车与燃料乙醇汽车。
2全球新能源汽车产业发展状况
2.1全球的新能源汽车市场
新能源汽车作为汽车产业的一个重要分支，其实早在20世纪30年代，意大利就己经开始了它的发展历程。只不过由于新能源汽车本身的研发和制造成本过高，而且20世纪的全球能源供给并没有21世纪这样紧张，它的发展步履才略显缓慢。跨入新世纪，随着全球能源价格的飞涨，新能源汽车才真正找到了属于它的舞台，显示出巨大的优势与活力。
2.1.1丰田公司
作为混合动力汽车的主要创新者，丰田汽车公司宣布，根据丰田调查结果，截至ZOn年2月其混合动力车型累计销量突破300万辆，达到约303万8000辆。丰田于1997年8月在日本发布了混合动力概念车—柯斯达HybridEV。同年12月发布了世界上第一款量产混合动力车普锐斯。2003年丰田发布了第二代普锐斯，在此之后又将混合动力车型扩大到MPV、SUV、后驱轿车、小型两厢车等车型。（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。）
汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
汽车后市场 外文文献翻译
The Competitive Dynamics in the Automotive Aftermarket: Branded Products and Private Label Products THE BUSINESS CASE Throughout the automotive aftermarket industry,senior executives are facing the reality of private brands. Similar dynamics exist outside of the automotive aftermarket and are intensifying in other sectors, such as traditional consumer goods. Also known as ―private label‖ and referred to across many consumer-oriented industries as ―store brands,‖ ―control brands‖ or ―own brands,‖ their risin g prominence has led top executives to ask: ? What issues and risks do U.S.-branded manufacturers face with respect to private brands? ? How are market forces different today than in years past? How will this landscape evolve? ? How can I better understand my operational blind spots in an increasingly competitive landscape? ? What can my management team focus on to protect and grow my brands? Where do we start? ?What are the similarities and differences between the private brand trends in the automotive aftermarket and the consumer products sector? ? What can be learned by automotive aftermarket executives from the private brand experiences in other sectors? Although answers to these questions are not simple and some market dynamics are not yet fully clear, the availability of private brands and other competitive trends are growing in the automotive aftermarket community, just as they are in many consumer product segments. One out of every three consumer products sold by one of the nation’s largest retailers is now private brand – up from one out of every five just a few years ago. With U.S. private brand sales in the grocery market surpassing well over $80 billion, for example, private brands can no longer be ignored by consumer product manufacturers. The U.S. market share of private brands in food, drug and mass merchant channels is more than 20 percent, according to industry data research firms. More than 80 percent of consumers shopping in big box, warehouse clubs and superstores frequently buy store brands and, depending on the specific product category, multiple store brands at a time. Retailers are focusing more resources on private branding to enhance margins, increase shelf velocity and expand store
新能源电动汽车英文翻译
湖北文理学院 毕业设计(论文)英文翻译 题目在采用PWM逆变器下的变速感应电机驱动器中的传导性排放轴承电流的减少和鉴定 专业机械设计制造及其自动化 班级机制0911 姓名杨成杰 学号2009116140 指导教师 职称周立文（学校）冯南（企业） 2013年5月10日
┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊ Minimization and identification of conducted emission bearing current in variable speed induction motor drives using PWM inverter Abstract. The recent increase in the use of speed control of ac induction motor for variable speed drive using pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter is due to the advent of modern power electronic devices and introduction of microprocessors. There are many advantages of using ac induction motor for speed control applications in process and aerospace industries, but due to fast switching of the modem power electronic devices，the parasitic coupling produces undesirable effects. The undesirable effects include radiated and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) which adversely affect nearby computers, electronic/electrical instruments and give rise to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor. Due to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor，electrical discharge machining takes place in the inner race of the bearing which reduces the life of the bearing. In high power converters and inverters, the conducted and radiated emissions become a major concern. In this paper, identification of bearing current due to conducted emission, the measurement of bearing current in a modified induction motor and to minimize the bearing current are discussed. The standard current probe, the standard line impedance stabilization network (LISN)), the electronics interface circuits are used to measure high frequency common mode current，bearing current and to minimize the conducted noise from the system. The LISN will prevent the EMI noise entering the system from the supply source by conductive methods, at the same time prevents the EMI generated if any due to PWM, fast switching in the system, will not be allowed to enter the supply line. For comparing the results with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) standards, the graphs are plotted with frequency Vs，line voltage in dB μV，common mode voltage in dB μV and the bearing current in dBμA without and with minimizing circuits. Keywords. EMI;a.c.drives; bearing current.
外文文献翻译：汽车的发展
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
新能源汽车外文文献翻译
文献出处：Moriarty P, Honnery D. The prospects for global green car mobility[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008, 16(16): 1717-1726. 原文 The prospects for global green car mobility Patrick Moriarty, Damon Honnery Abstract The quest for green car mobility faces two major challenges: air pollution from exhaust emissions and global climate change from greenhouse gas emissions. Vehicle air pollution emissions are being successfully tackled in many countries by technical solutions such as low-sulphur fuels, unleaded petrol and three-way catalytic converters. Many researchers advocate a similar approach for overcoming transport's climate change impacts. This study argues that finding a technical solution for this problem is not possible. Instead, the world will have to move to an alternative surface transport system involving far lower levels of motorised travel. Keywords：Green mobility; Fuel efficiency; Alternative fuels; Global climate change; air pollution 1. Introduction Provision of environmentally sustainable (or green) private transport throughout the world faces two main challenges. The first is urban and even regional air pollution, particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the industrialising world. The second is global climate change, caused mainly by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. These two barriers to green car mobility differ in several important ways. First, road traffic air pollution problems are more localised, because of the short atmospheric lifetimes of most vehicle pollutants and . Thus regional solutions are often not only possible, but also essential – Australian cities, for example, can (and must) solve their air pollution problems themselves. Matters are very different for global climate change. Except possibly for geo-engineering measures
电动汽车应用前景(外文翻译)
电动车：正在进行的绿色交通革命？ 随着世界上持续的能源危机，战争和石油消费以及汽车数量的增加，能源日益减少，有一天它会消失得无影无踪。石油并不是可再生资源。在石油消耗枯竭之前必须找到一种能源与之替代。随着科技的发展和社会进步，电动车的发明将会有效的缓解这一燃眉之急。电动汽车将成为理想的交通工具。 面临能源成本居高不下、消费者和政府更加重视环境保护的情况下，世界汽车制造商正加大对可替代能源性混合动力汽车技术的开发投资。该技术能极大削减燃料消费，减少温室气体排放。许多人把目光投向了日本和美国的汽车制造商，关心他们开发混合动力和电池电动车的进展情况。丰田普锐斯一跃成为世界上销量最好的混合动力车。美国的新兴汽车制造商，Tesla Motors，推出了该公司首部电池电力车，名为Tesla Roadster。截至2010年底，通用汽车公司计划推出备受赞誉的V olt混合动力汽车，而克莱斯勒公司最近已经宣布同样的计划正在进行之中。 目前，中国在新能源汽车的自主创新过程中，坚持了政府支持，以核心技术、关键部件和系统集成为重点的原则，确立了以混合电动汽车、纯电动汽车、燃料电池汽车为“三纵”，以整车控制系统、电机驱动系统、动力蓄电池/燃料电池为“三横”的研发布局，通过产学研紧密合作，中国混合动力汽车的自主创新取得了重大进展。形成了具有完全自主知识产权的动力系统技术平台，建立了混合动力汽车技术开发体系。混合动力汽车的核心是电池（包括电池管理系统）技术。除此之外，还包括发动机技术、电机控制技术、整车控制技术等，发动机和电机之间动力的转换和衔接也是重点。从目前情况来看，中国已经建立起了混合动力汽车动力系统技术平台和产学研合作研发体系，取得了一系列突破性成果，为整车开发奠定了坚实的基础。截止到2009
外文翻译---汽车车身总布置的方法
附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下： 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。
汽车变速器设计外文翻译
汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。
外文翻译-汽车新能源现状与发展的探究
各专业全套优秀毕业设计图纸 The Investigation Of Car new energy'S Present Condition And Development As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars