托福阅读练习：营销员利用＂数学盲＂消费者
托福对话模拟试题及答案
托福对话模拟试题及答案试题一：对话发生在图书馆，学生A正在寻找一本关于心理学的书籍。
学生B 是图书管理员。
学生A: 你好，我正在找一本关于心理学的书，你能帮我吗？学生B: 当然可以，心理学的书籍在第三排书架上。
你需要哪方面的心理学书籍？学生A: 我对发展心理学特别感兴趣。
学生B: 好的，那你可以去第三排的中间部分找到相关书籍。
学生A: 谢谢，我去看看。
学生B: 如果你有任何问题，随时可以回来问我。
答案：1. 学生A想要找什么类型的书？- A. 历史书籍- B. 心理学书籍- C. 科学书籍- D. 文学作品答案：B2. 学生B建议学生A去哪里找心理学书籍？- A. 第一排书架- B. 第二排书架- C. 第三排书架- D. 第四排书架答案：C3. 学生A对哪个心理学分支感兴趣？- A. 社会心理学- B. 发展心理学- C. 临床心理学- D. 认知心理学答案：B4. 如果学生A需要帮助，他应该怎么做？- A. 继续寻找- B. 离开图书馆- C. 回来问学生B- D. 向其他学生求助答案：C试题二：对话发生在学校餐厅，学生A和学生C正在讨论即将到来的数学考试。
学生A: 我听说数学考试很难，你准备好了吗？学生C: 我有点担心，但我一直在复习。
学生A: 你复习了哪些内容？学生C: 我复习了代数和几何，但我对三角函数不太熟悉。
学生A: 我可以帮你复习三角函数，我们可以一起学习。
学生C: 那太好了，谢谢你！答案：1. 学生A和学生C正在讨论什么？- A. 学校的活动- B. 即将到来的数学考试- C. 餐厅的食物- D. 他们的假期计划答案：B2. 学生C对数学考试感到怎样？- A. 非常自信- B. 有点担心- C. 完全不担心- D. 非常害怕答案：B3. 学生C复习了哪些数学内容？- A. 只有代数- B. 只有几何- C. 代数和几何- D. 三角函数答案：C4. 学生A提出要帮助学生C复习什么？ - A. 代数- B. 几何- C. 三角函数- D. 所有数学内容答案：C请注意，以上试题及答案仅为模拟示例，实际托福考试内容和形式可能会有所不同。
托福阅读关于广告的阅读材料
托福阅读关于广告的阅读材料大家在备考托福的时候会积累许多素材，参考许多资料，才能增加我们的做题经验，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读关于广告的阅读材料，希望大家喜欢。
托福阅读实例解析：电视广告管理者的批评原句案例：The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness"—creating a wrong impression either intentionally orunintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.构造划分：The Independent Television Commission, (regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom), has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness"(—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—)(in an effort)(to control advertisers' use of techniques)(that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.)深度剖析：修饰一：(regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom) ，同位语中文：英国电视广告的管理者修饰二：(—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—)，破折号和非谓语动词中文：他们有意或无意营造了一个错误的印象修饰三：(in an effort) ，介词短语中文：努力修饰四：(to control advertisers' use oftechniques)，非谓语动词中文：控制广告商对技术的运用修饰五：(that make it difficult forchildren to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.) ，从句，修饰techniques中文：这些技术使孩子很难去判别玩具的真实大小、动作、性能以及结构参考翻译：英国电视广告的管理者即独立电视委员会批判广告商的“误导”(他们有意或无意营造了一个错误的印象)，他们努力控制广告商对技术的运用，这些技术使孩子很难去判别玩具的真实大小、动作、性能以及结构。
托福TPO5口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO5口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO5口语Task4阅读文本： Target Marketing Advertisers in the past have used radio and television in an attempt to provide information about their products to large, general audiences; it was once thought that the best way to sell a product was to advertise it to as many people as possible. However, more recent trends in advertising have turned toward target marketing. Target marketing is the strategy of advertising to smaller, very specific audiences– audiences that have been determined to have the greatest need or desire for the product being marketed. Target marketing has proved to be very effective in reaching potential customers. 托福TPO5口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a marketing class. Professor (male) Nowadays something you notice more and more is television commercials that are made specifically for certain television programs. So, let's say, uh, a company wants to sell a telephone, a cell phone. Now during TV shows that young people watch, you know shows with pop music or teen serials, they create a commercial that emphasizes how fun the phone is. You know, the phone has bright colors and they show kids having a good time with their friends. And, well, the company wants the kids watching TV at this time to want to buy this phone, this phone that's made especially for them.But, the same company will make a different commercial to be shown during, say, a program about business or a business news show. Now, for this group of people, business people, the company will have to show how efficient their phone is, how it can handle all business easily and maybe even save money. And here is the thing: it’s basically the same phone. The company has just made two different commercials to appeal to different groups of people. 托福TPO5口语Task4题目： Using the professor’s examples, explain the advertising technique of target marketing. 托福TPO5口语Task4满分范文： Targeted marketing is an effective marketing strategy, that is, a companyadvertises the product to a smaller and more specific audience so it's more likely to attract the customers in need. For example, a cellphone company may show a cellphone commercial emphasizing its variety of colors and entertainment functions during entertainment programs for young people like pop concerts or the like, since the audience then are usually teenagers, and they're very likely to be fascinated and ask their parents to buy the fun phone for them. However, the company may also create a different commercial that shows how convenient and productively helpful the phone is and put it during the business news hour to attract business people. According to the two examples, the cellphone company can maximize the sales of its cellphones with the help of target marketing. (137 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO5口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福阅读练习题汇总
托福阅读练习题汇总下面给大家整理一些托福考试的阅读练习题，盼望大家喜爱。
托福阅读练习题(1)【Introduction】Doctors have long known that vitamin D is essential to good health. Get enough of it and it ensures strong bones and teeth. But a new study this week suggests an even more extraordinary benefit: a lower risk of death.【Section One】ArticleVitamin D Lowers Risk of DeathThe new paper, published in the Sept. 10 issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine, is a meta-analysis of 18 previously published studies on the vitamin. None of the original experiments was specifically designed to study how vitamin D affects mortality — the trials involved conditions such as bone fractures, bone mineral density, congestive heart failure and colorectal cancer — but all of them tracked participants‘ death data. Overall, researchers found, people who took daily vitamin D supplements were 7% less likely to die during the study — from any cause — than people who didn‘t.The study‘s authors still don‘t know exactly how the vitamin may reduce people‘s death risk, but their findings are in line with a spate ofrecent research linking the vitamin to a wide range of health benefits. Not only does it promote calcium absorption and bone maintenance, but vitamin D also appears to stimulate the immune system, inhibit cellular proliferation and spur cell differentiation — in turn, those processes could reduce the aggressiveness of cancer tumors or keep artery-clogging plaques from growing. Indeed, studies have suggested that low levels of vitamin D may be associated with a higher risk of death from certain cancers, heart disease and diabetes.The current analysis looked at data on 57,311 participants, most of whom were middle-aged or elderly and in generally good health. Those in intervention groups took daily doses of vitamin D — ranging mostly from 400 IU to 833 IU per day, with a study size–adjusted mean intake of 528 IU a day. Compared with people who weren‘t given supplements, the test groups had up to a five times greater blood level of vitamin D and a significantly reduced risk of death. Though there‘s no medically recommended optimum level of the vitamin, throughout human evolution when the vitamin D system was developing, the ‘natural‘ level... was probably around 50 ng/mL or higher, writes Dr. Edward Giovannucci, a professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health, in an accompanying editorial. In modern societies, few people attain such high levels, and levels below 10 ng/mL or 15 ng/mL are not uncommon.If people can‘t get enough natural vitamin D from food or sun exposure, which synthesizes it in the skin, then daily supplements may be a good alternative — and the current study shows that an intake of up to 800 IU a day is safe. In the 18 studies that researchers analyzed for the current report, none of the participants taking supplements — even at a 2,000 IU daily dose — surpassed the 50 ng/mL mark. According to Giovannucci, people should reasonably shoot for levels of 30 ng/mL to 40 ng/mL, and doctors should consider testing patients who are at risk for deficiencies in vitamin D.【Section Two】Vocabulary1. mortalityn. 死亡率2. fracturen. 裂开, 骨折;v. (使)破裂, (使)裂开3. congestiveadj. 充血的4. diabetesn. [医] 糖尿病, 多尿症5. evolutionn. 进展, 开展, 演化, 进化6. bone fractures 骨折7. bone mineral density 骨密度8. immune system 免疫系统9. cell differentiation 细胞分化【Section Three】Homework1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.Not only does it promote calcium absorption and bonemaintenance, but vitamin D also appears to stimulate the immune system, inhibit cellular proliferation and spur cell differentiation.2. What is the main idear of this Article?3. A intake of how many vitamin D a day is safe from the current study?4. The article mentioned Researchers found, people who took daily vitamin D supplements were 7% more likely to die during the study — from any cause — than people who didn‘t. Right?参考答案:1. 维生素D不仅能促进钙的汲取、骨骼的保养，还能激活免疫系统、抑制细胞扩散、刺激细胞分化。
托福TPO10口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
托福TPO10口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO10口语T ask4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO10口语Task4阅读文本：Entertainment MerchandisingAn effective, widely used marketing practice in the entertainment industry is entertainment merchandising. Entertainment merchandising is a form of marketing in which the brand or image from one product is also used to sell another. The practice of entertainment merchandising often occurs in connection with movies and television shows, especially those associated with children. For example, the success of a popular children’s television show may result in the marketing of toys that are designed to look like characters in the show. Or the sati ation may be reversed when a children’s television show is written to include characters that are based on already-popular toys.托福TPO10口语Task4听力文本：Now listen to a lecture from a marketing class.(male professor): Ok, so I’ve actually got a few different examples of this. You know, uh, when I was a kid, a character named Action Hero was really popular with my friends and me. We would always watch the Action Hero program on television every week and played games pretending we were strong and powerful as he was. Then pretty soon we began seeing these small Action Hero figures in all the stores. And, well, we all just had to have them. I mean, we’ve been watching the television show for so long that it seemed only natural to want to own toys, too.Well, I finally grew up and left Action Hero television program and toys behind. But, now, I have a 7-year-old daughter who watches television a lot and also like to play with her toys. And lately her favorite toy is a cute little baby doll with a big round face and l ots of curly hair named Rosa. All my daughter’s friends have Rosa dolls, too. And they enjoy going to each other’s houses to play with them. Then a few weeks ago, my daughter came running up to me all excited because she just heard that there is going to be a new television program on every week with the doll, Rosa, as the main character. So naturally she and all her friends have begun watching the show. And it’s already very popular, as popular as the toy doll.托福TPO10口语Task4题目：Using the examples from the lecture, explain the concept of Entertainment Merchandising.托福TPO10口语Task4满分范文：Entertainment merchandising is a marketing practice using the brand or image from one product to sell another. The professor uses two examples to illustrate this practice. The first example is that when he was a kid, his friends and he liked a character named Action Hero and they always watched the Action Hero program on Television and played games pretending to be the powerful hero. After a time, they started to see small hero figures in all the stores. They all watched the TV show so long that it was natural they wanted to buy the toys. The second example is that his 7-year-old daughter and her friends like a cute little baby doll named Rosa. One day his daughter told him that a new TV program with Rosa as the main character would show every week. Naturally, she and her friends all started to watch the television show which was already popular, as popular as the toydoll.以上是给大家整理的托福TPO10口语T ask4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福阅读句子简化题型及答案
托福阅读句子简化题型及答案托福阅读中词汇题是重要题型之一。
根据托福阅读题型不同来进行专项练习，是短期提高托福阅读能力的有效方法。
那么，在以下内容中，我们就为大家带来一系列的托福简化题内容汇总希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
托福阅读句子简化题：Early Cinema【Paragraph 2】These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. The Kinetoscope parlors functioned in a similar way. Edison was more interested in the sale of Kinetoscopes (for roughly $1,000 apiece) to these parlors than in the films that would be run in them (which cost approximately $10 to $15 each). He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several. (Early Cinema) Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence from the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.○Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.○Edison did not want to develop projection technologybecause it limited the number of machines he could sell.○Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.托福阅读句子简化题答案：3托福阅读句子简化题：Desert Formation【Paragraph 10】The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas whereconsiderable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface. (Desert Formation)Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.○Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.○The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.○Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless thepopulation is reduced in the vast areas affected.托福阅读句子简化题答案：1托福阅读句子简化题：The Origins of Cetaceans【Paragraph 5】An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs.The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales bymoving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea.(The Origins of Cetaceans)Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structureshows that it swam like modern whales.○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up a nd down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.托福阅读句子简化题答案：3托福阅读句子简化题：highlighted sentence【Paragraph 1】Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal—it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the "applied arts." Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision,have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm.However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary function.Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. ( Applied Arts and Fine Arts)○Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.○The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.○Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form.○The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.托福阅读词汇题答案：1。
托福阅读题型之修辞目的题例
智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福阅读题型之修辞目的题例托福阅读题型常见的有十种，包括大家常见的词汇题和事实信息题。
在这十种题型中，修辞目的题，跟其他题型不同，它注重考察单词，短语或是句子在句子之内或句子之间起到的作用，这就要求大家平时阅读时，在涉猎原文细节信息的基础之上，要有意识地注意句子之间的逻辑关系以及段落的结构。
通过练习培养严谨的句子逻辑关系和紧凑的文章构架，对于无论是写作还是口语都有着一定的帮助。
●●点击获取更多专业名师辅导、免费增值服务，享受托福精英、VIP一对一计划●● 此次修辞目的题参考的内容基本可以分为三类，其一，作者在句中提到一些单词或短语或是句子是为了举例说明之前的相关信息点，辅助读者更好地理解原文的信息。
其二，作者提供相关信息目的在于解释说明某一现象或是事件，本质与举例说明较为类似，也是为了帮助读者更好地理解信息，其三，作者在提出某些重要的观点时，为了突出个别的信息点，而引入一些单词短语或句子，目的是为了强度。
基于对修辞目的题作者写作目的本身的分析和理解，我们可以更好地解决相关题目。
以下以第一种举例说明的情况为例，重点讲解如何解决此类题目。
我们来看一道题，此题出自TPO14--children andadvertising中的第10题，题干问why does the author mention a show about a cartoon lion in which an advertisement appears featuring the same lioncharacter?根据题干关键词定位到文中对应的句子，Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal.读完句子看到句中的插入短语for example，知道此句式为例子，属于举例说明，我们都知道例子是用来证明之前的信息，所以向前反推，看到紧接其前这样的内容In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of host selling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other.这两句第一句解释了host selling，第二句提到host selling的影响，所以得知紧接其后的句子是为了例证这两点信息，即hostselling的概念以及它产生的影响。
【托福写作备考】TPO19综合写作文本与解析
【托福写作备考】TPO19综合写作文本与解析TPO 19首先来看综合写作的阅读材料：Many consumers ignore commercial advertisements. In response, advertisingcompanies have started using a new tactic, calling “buzzing.” The advertisershire people - buzzers - who personally promote (buzz) products to people theyknow or meet. The key part is that the buzzers do not reveal that they are beingpaid to promote anything. They behave as though they were just spontaneouslypraising a product during normal conversation. Buzzing has generated a lot ofcontroversy, and many critics would like to see it banned.中文：很多消费者都无视商业广告。
为了应对这种情况，广告公司开始采取一种名为”托儿”的新策略。
广告公司雇佣托儿，让他们向他们认识的或者遇见的人推荐产品。
这种策略的关键是托儿是会隐藏他们受雇佣来推荐产品这一事实的。
他们表现出他们只是在日常的交流中无意地推荐某种产品。
这种营销方式引来了很多争议，而许多批评家希望能够禁止这种方式。
First, the critics complain that consumers should know whether a personpraising a product is being paid to praise the product. Knowing this makes a bigdifference: we expect the truth from people who we believe do not have anymotive for misleading us. But with buzzing what you hear is just paidadvertising, which may well give a person incorrect information about the buzzedproduct.中文：首先，批评家认为消费者有权利知道向他推荐产品的人是否是有报酬的。
新托福TPO14阅读原文及译文(一)
新托福TPO14阅读原文(一)：Children and AdvertisingTPO14-1：Children and AdvertisingYoung children are trusting of commercial advertisements in the media, and advertisers have sometimes been accused of taking advantage of this trusting outlook. The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness"—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children are largely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggeration is used at the expense of product information. Claims such as "the best" or "better than" can be subjective and misleading; even adults may be unsure as to their meaning. They represent the advertiser's opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence, are difficult to verify. Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclaimer—a qualification or condition on the claim. For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast." However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that the cereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats. Nevertheless, disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format only.Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience. Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults. In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play. Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children's attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.The use of celebrities such as singers and movie stars is common in advertising. The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience's mind. In children's advertising, the "celebrities" are often animated figures from popular cartoons. In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of host selling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other. Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal. The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that the practice of host selling reduced children's ability to distinguish between advertising and program material. It was also found that older children responded more positively to products in host selling advertisements.Regarding the appearance of celebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling, the evidence is mixed. Researcher Charles Atkin found that childrenbelieve that the characters used to advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, and children accept such characters as credible sources of nutritional information. This finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of television. In addition, children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorses that product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children's perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question.TPO14-1译文：儿童和广告儿童信任媒体中的商业广告，可是广告商们有时会因利用这种信任常常受到指责。
托福阅读专题——插入题(五)
• Storm surges, such as the heaping up of ocean water by hurricane winds, are yet another factor.
• We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? ■Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. ■When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. ■Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. ■Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant. • The stencils of hands found in these shelters and caves allow us to draw conclusions about which hand was dominant.
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托福阅读练习：营销员利用"数学盲"消费者
小马过河为大家准备了“托福阅读练习：营销员利用"数学盲"消费者”， 供各位备考托福的考生们参考使用，来提高自己
的托福成绩！免费咨询电话：400-0123-267
Business.
商业
The psychology of discounting.
“打折”心理学
Something doesn't add up.
就是算不对
How marketers can take advantage of consumers' innumeracy.
且看营销人员如何利用“数学盲”消费者
WHEN retailers want to entice customers to buy a particular product, they typically offer it at a discount. According to a new
study to be published in the Journal of Marketing, they are missing a trick.
零售商想吸引顾客购买某种特别商品时，典型做法就是打折促销了。但是，一项发表在《市场营销杂志》的新研究则说明了他们并未统揽全局，
掌握所有窍门。
A team of researchers, led by Akshay Rao of the University of Minnesota's Carlson School of Management, looked at consumers'
attitudes to discounting. Shoppers, they found, much prefer getting something extra free to getting something cheaper. The main reason
is that most people are useless at fractions.
以明尼苏达大学卡尔森管理学院的阿卡什?劳为首的调查小组研究了消费者对打折的态度。他们发现，购物者们更喜欢赠品胜过打折品。主要
原因在于多数人对分数运算束手无策。
Consumers often struggle to realise, for example, that a 50% increase in quantity is the same as a 33% discount in price. They
overwhelmingly assume the former is better value. In an experiment, the researchers sold 73% more hand lotion when it was offered
in a bonus pack than when it carried an equivalent discount (even after all other effects, such as a desire to stockpile, were controlled
for).
比如，消费者们常常很难意识到，加量50%就等同于折扣33%。绝大多人都以为前者更划算。在一次实验中，调查者们出售手霜，一种是带赠
品的，另一种是打折品，两者价值相当(即使排除如囤货需要之类的其他因素)，但是结果前者多售出73%。
This numerical blind spot remains even when the deal clearly favours the discounted product. In another experiment, this time
on his undergraduates, Mr Rao offered two deals on loose coffee beans: 33% extra free or 33% off the price. The discount is by far
the better proposition, but the supposedly clever students viewed them as equivalent.
即便当买打折品明显更划算时，人们还是无法走出数字盲区。另一次实验在本科生中展开，Rao先生出售散装咖啡豆时提供两种选择：赠送33%
或者折扣33%。打折远远更加划算，但那些本以为十分聪明的学生们却认为两种促销都是一样的。
Studies have shown other ways in which retailers can exploit consumers' innumeracy. One is to befuddle them with double discounting.
People are more likely to see a bargain in a product that has been reduced by 20%, and then by an additional 25%, than one which
has been subject to an equivalent, one-off, 40% reduction.
根据学生们的反映，零售商们发现了其他方式来利用消费者对数字上的不敏感。比如利用二次折扣来迷惑他们。人们觉得一件商品如果先打8
折再打75折，那肯定比一次性打6折要划算。
Marketing types can draw lessons beyond just pricing, says Mr Rao. When advertising a new car's efficiency, for example, it is
more convincing to talk about the number of extra miles per gallon it does, rather than the equivalent percentage fall in fuel
consumption.
Rao先生说，这不仅对营销手段的价格方面有所启发，其他方面也是如此。比如，在宣传新车效率时，引用每加仑汽油多跑的英里数要比引用
减少的耗油量的比值要更有说服力。
There may be lessons for regulators too. Even well-educated shoppers are easily foxed. Sending everyone back to school for maths
refresher-courses seems out of the question. But more prominently displayed unit prices in shops and advertisements would be a great
help.
这对监管者也有所启示。即便是受过良好教育的购物者也很容易被骗。我们不可能让每个人都重新回到数学课堂。但如果商店和广告上能更清
楚地标明单价的话必定可以帮上大忙。
来源于：小马过河
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