2015年浙江大学博士研究生入学考博英语历年真题试题(2010-2014)
2015年浙江大学考博英语历年真题（2010-2014）目录2014年浙江大学考博英语真题 (2)2013年浙江大学考博英语真题 (14)2012年浙江大学考博英语真题 (23)2011年浙江大学考博英语真题 (34)2010年浙江大学考博英语真题 (40)2014年浙江大学考博英语真题1.听力Part A 原文：In my opinion, technology has become too advanced. I am 17-years-old, and I can still remember a time when I did not have a computer in my home, and if you did, it was uncommon. Not until the mid-1990s was it common for（middle class families）to have computers. In our society today, almost every single family has at least one computer if not more, and these computers are incredibly advanced compared to what you'd have had in your home a short ten years ago. Over the years, I have seen technology bloom; all I have known my entire lifetime, is that there is going to be something bigger, I should really say smaller, and better （out on the market）in no time. I can't believe how fast manufacturers are coming out with new technology. What will happen in the future, will technology become so advanced is changes the course of our humanity? You can do everything you want from a computer, work, play,（talk to friends）, research, and even order food! A person could live their entire life jammed up in a room with a computer, and they would have access to everything they need! It is insane! The advances in communication technology are blowing up all over the place as well. I, myself just bought a new camera phone, and this phone is amazing. The picture quality is superb, and not only that but I （have access to the）internet on my PHONE! I can't believe how the cell phone market has so drastically increased. The first phone I ever had was five years ago, when I was 12 years old. That phone today would be considered huge, clunky, heavy, and "old". I personally couldn't even imagine myself walking around with that phone （without being embarrassed）. It just goes to show how much things have changed in five years, and people just keep on taking it all in. Every time I have bought a new phone since that point, six months later, I have wanted a new one because my phone was not up to date. Can you believe it, after not even a year a phone can completely go off the market because it is not advanced enough? The manufacturers are putting these things out faster than people can buy them.2. 听力Part B 原文括号内为答案It is an honor to speak with you today on the issue of（public health disparities）. I would first like to thank the organizations that made this event possible. This has truly been a collaborative effort among a diverse group of constituents. I think this sets a positive tone and precedent for a healthy and spirited discussion. As many of you may know, reforming and improving our health care system is an issue that is close to my heart. I believe that in the richest and most powerful country in the world, we ought to be able to provide （basic health care）to all of our citizens. It is vitally important that we lessen the impact and burden of illness on all people in communities, regardless of race, gender, or religions. Our discussions today are critically important to rectify the injustices that many p eople face in our current health care system. Today‟s sessions have a greater purpose than mere discussions and networking opportunities----today‟s conference signifies an increased and （necessary call for action）among our region‟s top health professional s. Public health is directly connected to poverty, income, education, and community. We cant‟ look at health care in a silo and assume it is only a luxury for the well off. Health care needs to be provided to all people of all color. We are morally responsible for （improving the disparities in health care）because a healthy society is the foundation on which we build our schools, our neighborhoods, and our economy. Health care is not a privilege----it is a right. I know we have along road to travel inachieving equality in health status. I know that everyone here knows this. And I am hopeful that perhaps more people than ever are（finally waking up to this reality）.Part C1 原文3个选择题There were very few places in the world that Jules Verne, the writer,, did not visit. He went round the world a hundred times or more. Once he did it in eighty days, unheard of in the nineteenth century. He voyaged sixty thousand miles under the sea, toured around the moon, exploded the center of the earth, and chatted with natives in Australia. Jules Verne, the man, was a stay-at-home. He was more likely to be tired from writing than from traveling. He did make a few visits to Europe and North Africa. And he made one six-week tour of New York State. But that was all. He spent less than one of his seventy-seven years really traveling. Yet he was the world‟s most extraordinary tourist. His books are crowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. Jules actually went hunting only once. Then he raised his gun and shot off the guard‟s hat! He neve r held a test tube in his hand. But he was an inspiration to the scientist in the laboratory. Long before radio was invented, he had TV working in his books. His name for it was phono-telephoto. He had helicopters fifty years before the Wright brothers flew their first plane at Kitty Hawk. In fact, there were few wonders of the twentieth century that this man of the nineteenth century did not foresee. In his stories you can read about neon lights, moving sidewalks, air-conditioners, sky-scrapers, guided missiles, tanks, electrically operated submarines, and air-planes,and so on.第一个问题问这个人是干什么的选the writerPart C2 原文第2篇3个选择题Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes in contact with them. Their values—this can‟t be repeated too often—are not necessarily our values. Physical comfort, cleanness and order are not necessarily the most important things. The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a flat with decaying food covered by small worms, and an old person lying alone in bed, taking no notice of the worms. But is it interfering with personal freedom to insist that they go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better care of? Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms, think we are in danger of carrying this concept of personal freedom to the point where serious risks are being taken with the health and safety of the old. Indeed, the old can be easily hurt or harmed. The body is like a car, it needs more mechanical maintenance as it gets older. You can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spare parts. But never forget that such operations are painful experiences, however good the results will be. And at what point should you stop to treat the old body? Is it morally right to try to push off death by seeking the development of drugs to excite the forgetful old mind and to activate the old body, knowing that it is designed to die? You can‟t ask doctors or scientiststo decide, because so long as they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them a try, on t he principle that while there‟s life, there‟s hope.第三篇Animals do not possess a language in the true sense of the word. In the higher vertebrates, as also in insects, particularly in the socially living species of both great groups, every individual has a certain number of inmate movements and sounds for expressing feelings. It has also innate ways of reacting to these signals whenever it sees or hears them in a fellow-member of the species. The highly social species of birds such as the jackdaw or the graylag goose, have a complicated code of such signals which are uttered and understood by every bird without any previous experience. The perfect co-ordination of social behaviour which is brought about by these actions and reactions conveys to the human observer the impression that the birds are talking and understanding a language of the own. Of course, this purely innate signal code of an animal species differs fundamentally from human language, every word of which must be learned laboriously by the human child. Moreover, being a genetically fixed character of the species—just as much as any bodily character—this so-called language is, for every individual animal species, ubiquitous in its distribution. Obvious though this fact may seem, it was, nevertheless, with something akin to naïve surprise that I heard the jackdaws in northern Russia “talk” exactly the same, familiar “dialect” as my birds at home in Altenberg. The superficial similarity between these animal utterances and human languages diminishes further as it becomes gradually clear to the observer that the animal, in all these sounds and movements expressing its emotions, has in no way the conscious intention of influencing a fellow member of its species. This is proved by the fact that even geese or jackdaws reared and kept singly make all these signals as soon as the corresponding mood overtakes them. Under these circumstances the automatic and even mechanical character of these signals becomes strikingly apparent and reveals them as entirely different from human words.二.（15题，15分）单选题（顺序打乱了）The two friends sat in a corner and __B__ away to each other about the weather．a．talked b．chatted c．muttered d．whisperedHe is going to __D__ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute．a．speak b．talk c．remark d．addressAlthough not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's ___A___ policies.a. economicb. economicalc. economyd. economicsThere are not many teachers who are strong _C_of traditional methods in English teaching.a. sponsorsb. contributorsc. advocatesd. performersA friendship may be ___B___ , casual, situational or deep and lasting.a. identicalb. superficialc. criticald. originalNobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _C_ down the economy.a. putb. settlec. dragd. knockWe are _D_ to the idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force.a. equalb. adequatec. considerated. sympatheticPeople were surprised to find that Mr. Johnson had the ability to ___B__ everything he was involved in.a. Prevailb. dominatec. presided. instructYou can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it‟s not worth the __D__ it in volves.a. forceb. trialc. attemptd. effortThe manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for __D__ her attitude toward customers.a. straightforwardb. partialc. favorabled. hostileYou must pack plenty of food for the journey. __D__, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too.a. Equallyb. Incidentallyc. Inevitablyd. LikewiseThis __B_ was conducted to find out how many people prefer rice.a. examinationb. surveyc. inspectiond. testAs a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals __B__ a substance to absorb harmful chemicalsa. relieveb. releasec. dismissd. discardHe said that very clearly so that nobody was in any___B__ about what was meant.a. wonderb. doubtc. questiond. consideration三.完形填空（20题20分）Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they (1) . Yet, all living things still show the (2) of aging, which will eventually (3) death. Aging is not a disease, （4）as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body and the (5) they form do not function as well as they did in childhood and teenage years. The body provides less (6) against disease and is more (7) to have accident. A number of related causes may (8) aging. Some cells of the body have a （9）long life, but they are not (10) when they die. As a person ages, (11) of brain cells and muscle cells decreases. Other body cells die and are（12）by new cells. In an aging person the new cells may not be as workable or as capable (13) growth as those of a young person. Another (14) in aging may be changes within the cells(15). Some of the protein chemicals in cells are known to change with age and become less elastic. This is (16) the skin of old people wrinkles and hangs loose. This is also the reason why old people (17) in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, （18）DNA and RNA, store and (19) information that the cells need.Aging may affect this (20) and change the informationcarrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well.1.C A．would B．be used to C．used to D．used2.B A．function B．effect C．affect D．sign3.D A．lead in B．give in C．run into D．result in4.but5.D A．hands B．feet C．heart D．organs6.B A．energy B．protection C．vigor D．power7.A A．likely B．probable C．possible D．alike8.B A．attend to B．contribute to C．add to D．devote to9.fairly10.A A．replaced B．reborn C．recovered D．surrendered11.C A．a number B．the amount C．the number D．a great deal12.replaced13.C A．to B．for C．of D．in14.A A．factor B．effect C．reason D．element15.C A．for themselves B．of themselves C．themselves D．on their own16.why17.B A．increase B．shrink C．lengthen D．decrease18.such as19.D A．pass away B．pass by C．pass off D．pass on20.D A．improvement B．procession C．approach D．process四阅读（4篇，20分）阅读第一篇In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. one kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". this occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, it is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." this occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.Every day, we grow and have new experiences. we constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions. why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.1. the author's main purpose in writing the passage is to _B_.a) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionb) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningc) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learningd) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced2.if your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though _B_ that tellingjokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.a) classical conditioningb) operant conditioningc) neither of themd) some other sorts of conditioning3. if a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through _A_.a) classical conditioningb) operant conditioningc) both of themd) neither of them4. in the third paragraph, the author is _D_.a) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every dayb) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioningc) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so ond) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning5. in the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss __C_.a) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelingsb) the third kind of learningc) further examples of learning through operant conditioningd) none of the above阅读第2篇，Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both products have been known to kill people. The hazards of drinking too much alcohol are as bad or worse than the hazards of smiking too many cigarettes. All right then, let's pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country. Let's put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer--alcoholism.But wait. We've already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores anywhere in the United States. They were shut down abilished by an amendment to the Constitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of "intoxicating liquors". Without any more liquor, peoplecould not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. It was all bery logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why?Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. And gans of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were licky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor. Crime and drunkenness were both supposed to decline as a rusult of prohibition. Instead, people drank nore alcohol than ever-often poisoned alcohol.1. Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the V olstead Act? Aa) There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism.b) There would be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages.c) Without liquor, people would not drink.d) People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance.2. During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was_C___.a) sold openlyb) no longer a temptationc) a major factor in the passage of the Volstead Actd) brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders3. During Prohibition, people__B__.a) lived in fear of the lawb) were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquorc) recklessly endangered their comunitiesd) were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them4. When enacting the prohibition law, government officials assumend that__D__.a) every American would buy alcohol illegallyb) all criminal activities would ceasec) patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcohold) the social threat from drunkerness would decline5. It can be inferred from the passage that__A__.a) the Congress was wise to repeal Prohibitionb) the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkennessc) during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinkingd) laws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages第三篇As people continue to grow and age, our body systems continue to change. At a certain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives.Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of stress you are under is yet another. But scientists studying senescence want to know: Why do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life.There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world.What we consider old age now may only be middle-aged someday soon. Who knows with so many advances in medical science happening so quickly, life spans may one day be measured in centuries, rather than in years!1. When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury, “bounce back” here means __A__.A. to improve in health after one‟s disease and injuryB. to run fastC. to recover from disease and injuryD. to jump after recovering2. In order to live longer, ___A___.A. we should postpone the process of agingB. we should try to do some exerciseC. we have to try to be on a dietD. we should keep in high spirits3. Why are some scientists interested in studying senescence? ___B___A. They may be able to find better ways to our lifeB. If they pin down the biochemical process that makes us age, there will be hope for extending the length of lifeC. They want find out if there is a link between how efficiently a cell could repair itself and how long a creature livesD. They want to increase the general ability of our bodies4. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time of living, because ____A__.A. they have a very good understanding of themselves and the outside worldB. they have nothing to do all day long only to watch their grandchildren growing up around themC. they have come through the battle of life safelyD. they consider their life has been a successful one5. According to the passage, “spans” means ____B_____.A. a long period of timeB. a length of timeC. a long distance from one place to anotherD. longevity第四篇Any country has good reason to want its citizens to be as healthy as possible, since one of its greatest resources is an active population. No country wants its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health.This was the kind of thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in many countries. In Britain this has de veloped into a “Welfare State” in which all citizens, rich and poor alike, can get most health treatment free. The money for this is partially raised by contributions from employers and employees.As three decades have shown, such automatic arrangements are not always ideal and there are arguments for and against the Health Service. The number of patients treated every year and the cost of treatment are much greater than was estimated. This means that the people who work for the Health Service—doctors, nurses and other hospital staff—have much more routine work to do and as a result they have little time for preventive medicine. The Health Service does need more staff—a need that can only be met if more money is made available to it.However, a powerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able to receive expensive treatment which they could never afford themselves. Sometimes this free treatment is abused and people visit their doctors when they don‟t really need to. Because they have so m any patients, doctors cannot spend as long with each one as they would like, and some people prefer to pay for private treatment so that their doctors can give them more time. In fact, some wealthy people feel that they should pay, and so free more money for treatment to others.46. In the author‟s view, Britain is a Welfare State in that __A__.A. all citizens are entitled to a free medical treatment in some senseB. poor, unlike the rich, could enjoy free medical treatmentC. health service is highly developed in BritainD. Britain doesn‟t allow its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health47. We can infer from the passage that __B__.A. the Health Service is introduced to many other countries by BritainB. the Health Service has been introduced and developed for 30 years in BritainC. an active population is the greatest resource in BritainD. all citizens in Britain have a good opinion of the Health Service48. The best title for the passage would be __D__.A. A Welfare StateB. Importance of the Health ServiceC. Disadvantages of the Health ServiceD. The Health Service49. The author mentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because __C__.A. their doctors can give them more time leave from workB. those doctors have better medical instrumentsC. they might save some money for the poorD. their doctors have a stronger sense of responsibility for the patients50. The word “abused” (Par. 4) means __B__.A. destroyedB. used in wrong wayC. ignoredD. wasted五汉译英（25分）2013年12月份以来，中国25个省份、100多座大中城市再次遭遇雾霾侵袭。
(完整版)复旦大学2015年考博英语试题回忆版整理
2015年考博单选：有少部分原题（出自曾建彬《研究生英语》《研究生高级英语》）阅读理解：第一篇：Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits?So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so thatin this respect every- body is equipped for life.It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries.Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child. (选自新概念)第二篇：关于在Internet site上挂条幅广告销售商品的。
15中科院考博英语部真题
词汇（无）完型（网络上找到的原文，试题没有这么长，压缩了。
划线部分为虫友考后忆起的待选空及答案）In the last post, we discussed why fabrication and falsification are harmful to scientific knowledge-building. The short version is that if you’re trying to build a body of reliable knowledge about the world, making stuff up (rather than, say, making careful observations of that world and reporting those observations accurately) tends not to get you closer to that goal.Along with fabrication and falsification, plagiarism is widely recognized as a high crime against the project of science, but the explanations for why it’s harmful generally make it look like a different kind of crime than fabrication and falsification. For example, Donald E. Buzzelli (1999) writes:[P]lagiarism is an instance of robbing a scientific worker of the credit for his or her work, not a matter of corrupting the record. (p. 278)Kenneth D, Pimple (2002) writes:One ideal of science, identified by Robert Merton as ―disinterestedness,‖ holds that what matters is the finding, not who makes the finding. Under this norm, scientists do not judge each other’s work by reference to the race, religion, gender, prestige, or any other incidental characteristic of the researcher; the work is judged by the work, not the worker. No harm would be done to the Theory of Relativity if we discovered Einstein had plagiarized it…[P]lagiarism … is an offense against the community of scientists, rather than against science itself. Who makes a particular finding will not matter to science in one hundred years, but today it matters deeply to the community of scientists. Plagiarism is a way of stealing credit, of gaining credit where credit is not due, and credit, typically in the form of authorship, is the coin of the realm in science. An offense against scientists qua scientists is an offense against science, and in its way plagiarism is as deep an offense against scientists as falsification and fabrication are offenses against science. (p. 196)Pimple is claiming that plagiarism is not an offense that undermines(zqc2849) the knowledge-building project of science per se. Rather, the crime is in depriving other scientists of the reward they are due for participating in this knowledge-building project. In other words, Pimple says that plagiarism is problematic not because it is dishonest, but rather because it is unfair.While I think Pimple is right to identify an additional component of responsible conduct of science besides honesty, namely, a certain kind of fairness to one’s fellow scientists, I also think this analysis of plagiarism misses an important way(whj19890715) in which misrepresenting the source of words, ideas, methods, or results can undermine the knowledge-building project of science.On the surface, plagiarism, while potentially nasty to the person whose report is being stolen, might seem not to undermine the scientific community’s evaluation(zqc2849) of the phenomena. We are still, after all, bringing together and comparing a number of different observation reports to determine the stable features of our experience of the phenomenon. But this comparison often involves a dialogue as well. As part of theknowledge-building project, from the earliest planning of their experiments to well after results are published, scientists are engaged in asking and answering questions about the details of the experience and of the conditions under which the phenomenon was observed.Misrepresenting someone else’s honest observation report as one’s own strips the report of accurate information for such a dialogue. It’s hard to answer questions about the little, seemingly insignificant experimental details of an experiment you didn’t actually do, or to refine a description of an experience someone else had. Moreover, such a misrepresentation further undermines the process of building more objective knowledge by failing to contribute the actual insight of the scientist whoappears to be contributing his own view but is actually contributing someone else’s. And while it may appear that a significant number of scientists are marshaling their resources to understand a particular phenomenon, if some of those scientists are plagiarists, there are fewer scientists actually grappling with the problem than it would appear.In such circumstances, we know less than we think we do.Given the intersubjective route to objective knowledge, failing to really weigh in to the dialogue may end up leaving certain of the subjective biases of others in place in the collective ―knowledge‖ that results.Objective knowledge is produced when the scientific community’s members work with each other to screen out subjective biases. This means the sort of honesty required for good science goes beyond the accurate reporting of what has been observed and under what conditions. Because each individual re port is shaped by the individual’s perspective, objective scientific knowledge also depends on honesty about the individual agency actually involved in making the observations. Thus, plagiarism, which often strikes scientists as less of a threat to scienti fic knowledge (and more of an instance of ―being a jerk‖), may pose just as much of a threat to the project of producing objective scientific knowledge as outright fabrication.What I’m arguing here is that plagiarism is a species of dishonesty that can un dermine the knowledge-building project of science in a direct way. Even if what has been lifted by the plagiarist is ―accurate‖ from the point of view of the person who actually collected or analyzed the data or drew conclusions from it, separating this contribution from its true author means it doesn’t function the same way in the ongoing scientific dialogue.In the next post, we’ll continue our discussion of the duties of scientists by looking at what the positive duties of scientists might be, and by examining the sources of these duties.阅读：Passage One（无）Passage Two – Passage Five同2009.3 （Passage One – Passage Four)六选五：第一篇（无）第二篇（同2014.3六选五Passage One）翻译：Our best college students are very good at being critical. In fact being smart, for many, means being critical. (1) Having strong critical skills shows that you will not be easily fooled. It is a sign of sophistication, especially when coupled with an acknowledgment of one’s own “privilege.”The combination of resistance to influence and deflection of responsibility by confessing to one’s advantages is a sure sign of one’s ability to negotiate the politics of learning on campus. But this ability will not take you very far beyond the university. Taking things apart, or taking people down, can provide the satisfactions of cynicism. But this is thin gruel. The skill at unmasking error, or simple intellectual one-upmanship, is not totally without value, but we should be wary of creating a class of self-satisfied debunkers — or, to use a currently fas hionable word on campus, people who like to ―trouble‖ ideas.(2) In overdeveloping the capacity to show how texts, institutions or people fail to accomplish what they set out to do, we may be depriving students of the chance to learn as much as possible from what they study.In campus cultures where being smart means being a critical unmasker, students may become too good at showing how things can’t possibly make sense.(3) They may close themselves off from their potential to find or create meaning and direction from the books, music and experiments they encounter in the classroom.(4) Once outside the university, these students may try to score points by displaying the critical prowess for which they were rewarded in school, but those points often come at their own expense. As debunkers, they contribute to a cultural climate that has little tolerance for finding or making meaning — a culture whose intellectuals and cultural commentators get ―liked‖ by showing that somebody else just can’t be believed. But this cynicism is no achievement.Liberal education in America has long been characterized by the intertwining of two traditions: of critical inquiry in pursuit of truth and exuberant performance in pursuit of excellence. (5)In the last half-century, though, emphasis on inquiry has become dominant, and it has often been reduced to the ability to expose error and undermine belief. The inquirer has taken the guise of the sophisticated (often ironic) spectator, rather than the messy participant in continuing experiments or even the reverent beholder of great cultural achievements.作文：大意：常言道“富不过三代”，你怎么看？。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编39(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编39(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．As its______grew, funds began to accumulate and the union got more and more powerful.A．recruitB．sizeC．membershipD．expansion正确答案：C解析：membership n.会员数；全体会员(如：The membership of the club is now 500．The society has a large membership．)。
recruit n．新兵，新成员。
size n.大小，尺寸，尺码。
expansion n．扩大，扩充；扩张，膨胀。
2．Little boys seem to enjoy______ train sets more than little girls.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．captureB．departureC．fixtureD．miniature正确答案：D解析：本题是说，小男孩看上去比小女孩更喜欢小型的火车装置。
D项“miniature缩小的”符合题意。
其他三项“capture捕获；departure出发；fixture 固定设备”都不正确。
3．Concerned people want to______ the risk of developing cancer.(2002年春季上海交通大学考博试题)A．takeB．decreaseC．minimizeD．claimed正确答案：C解析：本题中，take the risk of doing sth．的意思是“冒险做……”；decrease 的意思是“降低”；minimize的意思是“减到最少”；claimed的意思是“声称、主张”。
2010—2015年历年MPA、MBA考研英语真题及答案解析
2010年MBA全国考试英语真题和解析Directions：Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and markA，B,C，D on answer sheet1(10points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009。
It is the first worldwide epidemic ___1___ by the Word Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert ____2___ an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising _____3___ in Britain，Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is”____4____”in severity，according to Margaret Chan，the organization’s director general, ____5___ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the ____6___ of any medical treatment。
The outbreak came to global ____7____ in late April 2009，when Mexican authorities noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths ___8_____ healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to ____9____ in New York City，the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States，new cases seemed to fade ____10____ warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009,officials reported there was___11__ flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the ____12____ tested are the new swine flu，also known as(A)H1N1,not seasonal flu. In the U。
浙江大学考博英语2013年真题_真题-无答案
浙江大学考博英语2013年真题(总分80,考试时间90分钟)Section Ⅰ Listening Comprehension(略)Section Ⅱ VocabularyDirections: there are 15 incomplete sentence in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose ONE answer that **pletes the sentence.1. As the firm"s business increased they ______ more and more employees.A. took upB. took inC. took afterD. took on2. Since the situation is changing, let"s take some ______ measures to deal with it.A. availableB. changeableC. considerableD. flexible3. As a good photographer, you must develop an awareness of the world around you and the people who ______ it.A. innovateB. inhabitC. integrateD. inherit4. Not all persons arrested and ______ with a crime are guilty, and the main function of criminal courts is to determine who is guilty under the law.A. sentencedB. accusedC. persecutedD. charged5. As a result, they had to ______ answering their letter by three days.A. decideB. refrainC. surpassD. delay6. The report mentioned that some important people had attended the closing ______.A. surgeonB. suspicionC. ceremonyD. target7. His birthday was ______ in a big hotel and attended by about 200 people.A. inspectedB. installedC. celebratedD. interfered8. The ______ of jet travel has made the world seem smaller.A. remarkB. relationshipC. removalD. innovation9. Before you can start a business, you will have to raise the necessary ______.A. investmentB. savingsC. incomeD. capital10. During the races there were two accidents to motor-cyclists including one ______ accident.A. fatalB. killingC. deadlyD. deathly11. **pany is on the verge of bankruptcy, and thousands of jobs are at ______.A. dangerB. lossC. threatD. stake12. As a result of the strike, the Government is urging people to be ______ with electricity.A. economicB. economicalC. economyD. economics13. Very few scientists ______ with a completely new answer to the world"s problem.A. come onB. come upC. come inD. come round14. A passer-by was quick enough to ______ the falling child and drew him out the path of a lorry.A. put awayB. lifted upC. grabbed atD. sought after15. Although most dreams apparently happen ______, dream activity may be provoked by external influences.A. instantaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. spontaneouslyD. unanimouslySection Ⅲ Cloze TestDirections: there are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose ONE answer that **pletes the sentence.Do you forget to turn off the lights and heaters when you go out of a room? In 2040 it 1 not matter. They will turn themselves off and on again when you 2 . You will choose the temperatures for each room, the lighting and the humidity. A sensor 3 the presence of a human (and, with luck, ignore the dog!) and turn the systems on, and when the humans 4 it will turn them off again.The sensors will work through the central **puter and they will do 5 more than just turn the fires and lights on and 6 for you. They will detect 7 electrical appliances, plugs or switches, isolate them 8 they cannot harm anyone, and then 9 you that they need repair. They will detect fire and if you are out of the 10 , **puter will call the fire brigade. It will also 11 the police 12 the sensors detect 13 intruder. This will not be too difficult 14 the locks on the outside doors will be electronic. You will open them using your personal card—the one you use for shopping—maybe using a 15 known only to you.It will be 16 to lose the keys, and a housebreaker will have to 17 with the lock or with a window. It is not very difficult to make such tampering and 18 a signal to **puter.**puter will be more than a fireman-policeman-servant. It will be an 19 , and most of your entertainment **e right into your home. It does now, of course, but by 2040 "entertainment" will mean much more. For one thing, you will be able to take part 20 , rather than just watching.1.A. willB. doC. canD. could2.A. go outB. returnC. run outD. go away3.A. will detectB. detectC. detectedD. detecting4.A. comeB. leaveC. stayD. stand5.A. manyB. muchC. a lot ofD. all6.A. offB. onC. awayD. in7.A. faultB. faultlessC. faultyD. faultiness8.A. so muchB. so thatC. in thatD. by that9.A. warnsB. warnedC. warningD. warn10.A. houseB. homeC. roomD. unit11.A. sendB. takeC. bringD. call12.A. shouldB. couldC. canD. would13.A. .aB. theC. anD. some14.A. becauseB. whereC. whyD. how15.A. figureB. amountC. numberD. sum16.A. impossibleB. impossibilityC. impossiblyD. possibly17.A. hamperB. dealC. handleD. tamper18.A. sentB. will sendC. sendD. sending19.A. entertainB. entertainingC. entertainerD. entertainment20.A. activelyB. passivelyC. inactivelyD. possiblySection Ⅳ Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter.Passage 1It might be supposed that greater efficiency could be achieved if several people worked together to solve a problem than if only one individual works on it.Although groups often may increase the motivation of their members to deal with problems, there are conflicts arising among members of a group. Problem solving needs the presence of an effective leader who not only provides direction, but also permits the orderly, constructive expression of different opinions; much of the leader"s effort may be devoted to resolving differences. Success in problem solving also depends on the distribution of ability within a group. Although groups may reach a greater number of correct solutions, or may require less time to discover an answer, their efficiency is typically lower than that achieved by skilled individuals working alone.In brainstorming, a problem is presented to a group of people who then proceed to offer whatever they can think of. Theoretically these unrestricted suggestions increase the probability that at least some better solutions will appear. Nevertheless, studies show that when individuals work alone under similar conditions, performance tends to proceed more efficiently than it does in groups. Under special circumstances, however, a group may solve problems more effectively than a competent individual does. Group members may contribute different resources to a solution that no individual can achieve alone. Sometimes social demands may require group agreement on a single issue, as in making national economic or military policies under the governments. Whenonly one among several solutions is correct, even if a group requires more time, it has a higher probability of identifying the right one than does an individual alone.1. In a group, problem solving needs ______.A. the presence of an effective leaderB. the best way to collect resourcesC. everyone to work harderD. more funds2. According to the author, it is easier for groups to reach ______.A. mistakes they want to makeB. the place which they want to goC. the place where they want to restD. a greater number of correct solutions3. The author thinks that unrestricted suggestions can bring about ______.A. some troubleB. some better solutionsC. some more timeD. some more effort4. It can be seen from the passage that a group will be more efficient in ______.A. discussing directionsB. correcting mistakesC. dealing with national problemsD. finding a problem5. According to the author, which of the following statement is TRUE?A. A group of people may solve problems more effectively than an individualB. The efficiency of a group is worst in the worldC. A group will not be efficient in dealing with national policiesD. Effective leaders often solve the problems themselvesPassage 2Today, cigarette smoking is a widespread habit. About 43 percent of the adult men and 31 percent of the adult women in the US smoke cigarettes regularly. It is encouraging to note, however, that millions of people have given up the smoking habit. 75 percent of the male population and 46 percent of the female population have smoked cigarettes at some time during their lives, but 26 percent of these men and 11 percent of the women have stopped smoking. The number of persons who have given up smoking is increasing.It is a fact that men as a group smoke more than women. Among both men and women the age group with the highest proportion of smokers is the age group 24-44.Income, education, and occupation all play a part in determining a person"s smoking habits. City people smoke more than people living on farms. Well-educated men with high incomes are less likely to smoke cigarettes than men with fewer years of schooling and lower incomes. On the other hand, if a well-educated man with a higher income smokes at all, he is likely to smoke more packs of cigarettes per day.The situation is somewhat different for women. There are slightly more smokers among women with higher family incomes and higher education than among the lower income and lower educational groups. These more highly educated women tend to smoke more heavily.Among teenagers the picture is similar. There are fewer teenaged smokers from upper-income, well-educated families, and fewer from families living in farm areas. High school students who are preparing for college are less likely to smoke than those who do not plan to continue their education after high school. Children are most likely to start smoking if one or both of their parents smoke.1. What do we know from the first paragraph?A. More and more people take up the habit of smokingB. There are more smoking women than smoking men in USAC. It is good news that more people have given up smokingD. The US has more smoking people than any other city2. What determines a person"s smoking habits?A. Age, income and educationB. Age, sex and incomeC. Occupation, income and sexD. Profession, income and education3. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. City people are less likely to smokeB. People in rural areas are more likely to smokeC. Men with higher incomes tend to smokeD. Well-educated men with high incomes are generally less likely to smoke4. What is the smoking situation for women?A. The situation is quite the same for women as for menB. Better-educated women are likely to smoke heavilyC. There are more women smokers with low incomesD. Women with higher incomes and higher education do not tend to smoke5. What can we say about teenage smokers?A. The picture about the teenage smokers is similar to that of women smokersB. The situation among teenagers is quite the same with menC. High school students are more likely to smoke than college studentsD. Farmers" children tend to smoke morePassage 3Everyone experiences fear during major crisis—such as fires, automobile accidents, etc. Some people even feel very nervous when they fly in airplanes. No matter how hard they try, they cannot lower their anxiety. Some of them enjoy talking about their fears while others resent being asked to discuss their personal feelings. Many are aware that they feel anxious but only a few are conscious of the way they express their tension. Some people try to hide their nervousness: they try to disguise their anxiety by telling jokes. Others become loud and aggressive, attacking people by making them the butt of cruel jokes. Sometimes making someone else the target of jokes is anattempt to control one"s own fears—to master anxiety.A number of factors can be mentioned as important in explaining why some people have a fear of flying: early childhood experiences, general sense of security, fear of heights, trust in others, percentage of alcohol in blood, etc. The memory of a bad experience can sometimes trigger the same fear caused by that experience. Thus, a child might be frightened by the sight of a dog even though he is safe, merely because he once had a bad experience with a dog. A bad experience can be the cue that triggers our fears. But the crucial factor seems to be a feeling of no control. Usually we are able to suppress our feelings so that they do not affect our behavior. But sometimes the tension produced by our fears is so great that we cannot suppress it. At such time we need to discharge the tension by laughing or crying. By smiling foolishly and talking loudly, we are able to repress the rising feeling of fear so that it does not affect the way we behave.Because it is necessary to recognize a problem before it can be solved, admitting that we are afraid is an integral part of the process of mastering our fears.1. To make someone the butt of jokes means ______.A. to make someone become the object of jokesB. to force someone to enjoy jokesC. to entitle someone to tell jokesD. to offend someone by jokes2. What is the positive purpose of people"s telling jokes?A. To show one"s sense of humorB. To control one"s own fearsC. To disguise their anxietyD. To attack others3. To master anxiety means ______.A. to be familiar with tensionB. to hold back the feeling of uneasinessC. to conquer the feeling of nervousnessD. to be good at the subject of anxiety4. According to the author, which of the following is the most important factor triggering the feeling fear?A. The fear of heightsB. Early Childhood experienceC. The general sense of securityD. A feeling of no control5. According to the concluding paragraph, what is essential to go through the process of mastering one"s fears?A. To be conscious of the way of mastering fearsB. To repress the rising feeling of fearC. To admit the feeling of fearsD. To control one"s feelingsPassage 4I hear many **plaining that their teenage children are rebelling. I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at one another"s hands for courage.They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up just by listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in this way is that the crowd is doing it.It has become harder and harder for a teenager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry has firmly carved out a teenage market. These days every teenager can learn from the advertisement what a teenager should have and be. And many of today"s parents **e to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a greater barrier for the teenager who wants to find his or her own path.But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don"t care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity **e—with the people who respect you for whom you are. That"s the only kind of popularity that really counts.1. The main purpose of this passage is to tell ______.A. readers how to be popular with people aroundB. teenagers how to learn to decide things for themselvesC. parents how to control and guide their childrenD. people how to understand and respect each other2. According to the author, many teenagers think they are brave enough to be themselves, but, in fact, most of them ______.A. have much difficulty understanding each otherB. lack confidenceC. dare not cope with problems single-handedD. are very much afraid of getting lost3. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. There is no popularity that really countsB. What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own pathsC. It is not necessarily bad for a teenager to disagree with his or her classmatesD. Most teenagers are not actually rebelling4. The author thinks of advertisements as ______.A. originalB. influentialC. detrimentalD. authoritative5. During the teenage years, one should learn to ______.A. differ from others in as many ways as possibleB. get into the right season and become popularC. find one"s real selfD. rebel against parents and the popularity waveSection Ⅴ TranslationDirections: Translate the following into English.1. 五年前，如果一个中国大学生打算入伍当兵的话，那可是需要很多勇气的。
浙江大学考博英语2012年真题_真题-无答案
浙江大学考博英语2012年真题(总分80,考试时间90分钟)Section Ⅰ Listening Comprehension(略)Section Ⅱ VocabularyDirections: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that **pletes the sentence.1. He was unable to endure the torture of the enemy and surrendered. He ______ **rades.A. revealedB. suspendedC. exposedD. betrayed2. On the side of the hill, there is a ______ which was once the entrance to a gold mine.A. deep hole in groundB. hole deep in groundC. deep hole in the groundD. deep in the ground hole3. She"s got so ______ to light music that it has become a **panion of her life.A. use to listenB. used to listenC. used in listeningD. used to listening4. Classroom testing, if well done, most certainly ______ a stimulus to study and real learning.A. acts forB. acts onC. acts asD. acts to5. I feel quite confident in ______ Mr. Jackson to you for the vacant post of research assistant.A. submittingB. proclaimingC. recallingD. recommending6. A poor man has to ______ many things which a rich man regards as almost necessaries in life.A. go throughB. go withoutC. go overD. go about7. One of the attractive features of the course was the way the practical work had been ______ with the theoretical aspects of the subject.A. embracedB. alternatedC. adjustedD. integrated8. Topics of conversation should be ______ to the experiences and interests of the students.A. rigidB. rigorousC. relevantD. remarkable9. They did considerable work to ______ the masses of the United States with the elementary problems of Latin America.A. instructB. acquaintC. impartD. dictate10. Only the Chinese have successfully ______ pandas and raised their babies in captivity.A. bredB. expandedC. exertedD. availed11. The purpose of the official inquiry is to ______ the true facts leading to the loss of the ship at sea.A. come atB. come forC. come intoD. come over12. The chairman made a(n) ______ statement before beginning the main business of the meeting.A. intensiveB. intermediateC. preliminaryD. operational13. Only in recent years ______ begun to realize that wild dogs, kept within bounds, often do more good than harm.A. people haveB. since people haveC. have peopleD. people who have14. At the **mittee meeting, the motion that the club ______ open until midnight was defeated.A. remainsB. remainC. remainedD. would remain15. I don"t think Johnson will succeed in his new job, for he is not ______ to do that type of work.A. compatibleB. convenientC. consistentD. competentSection Ⅲ Close TestDirections: There are 20 blacks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.From childhood to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening our knowledge of ourselves and the world about us. When humans first 1 , they were like newborn children, unable to use this 2 tool. Yet once language developed, the possibilities for human kind"s future 3 and cultural growth increased.Many linguists believe that evolution is 4 for our ability to produce and use language. They 5 that our highly evolved brain provides us with a(n) 6 language ability not found in lower organisms. Supporters of this innateness theory say that our 7 for language is inborn, but that language itself develops gradually, as a function of the growth of the brain during childhood. Therefore there are critical 8 times for language development.Current 9 of innateness theory are mixed; however, evidence 10 the existence of some innate abilities is undeniable. Indeed, more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught in 11 grades. Young children often can learn several languages bybeing 12 to them, while adults have a much 13 time learning another language once the rules of their first language have become firmly fixed.14 some aspects of language are undeniably innate, language does not develop automatically in a vacuum. Children who have been 15 from other human beings do not possess language. This demonstrates that 16 with other human beings is necessary for proper language development. Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to human language 17 than any innate capacities. These theorists view language 18 imitative, learned behavior. 19 , children learn language from their parents by imitating them. Parents gradually shape their child"s language skills by 20 reinforcing precise imitations and negatively reinforcing imprecise ones.1.A. generatedB. evolvedC. bornD. originated2.A. valuableB. appropriateC. convenientD. favorite3.A. attainmentsB. feasibilityC. entertainmentsD. evolution4.A. essentialB. availableC. reliableD. responsible5.A. confirmB. informC. claimD. convince6.A. innateB. basicC. inspiringD. outgoing7.A. potentialB. performanceC. preferenceD. passion8.A. ideologicalB. biologicalC. socialD. psychological9.A. reviewsB. referenceC. reactionD. recommendation10.A. opposingB. supportingC. encouragingD. discouraging11.A. variousB. differentC. the higherD. the lower12.A. revealedB. exposedC. engagedD. involved13.A. hardB. easyC. harderD. easier14.A. AlthoughB. WhetherC. SinceD. When15.A. distinguishedB. differentC. protectedD. isolated16.A. expositionB. comparisonC. contrastD. interaction17.A. acquisitionB. appreciationC. requirementD. alternative18.A. to beB. intoC. asD. of19.A. As a resultB. After allC. In other wordsD. Above all20.A. negativelyB. positivelyC. negativeD. positiveSection Ⅳ Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter.Passage 1Television—that most pervasive (遍布的) and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth—is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television **puter technologies.The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronics impulses, which can be sent through a wire or a cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), canthen be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronics system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle **munication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings. The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reached the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provided for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques. Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors (传播者) of the news, information and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have not only shaped television but our perception (感觉) as well. We **e to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.1. With which topic is the passage primarily concerned?A. Recent changes in modern technologyB. The marriage of broadcasting giantsC. The role of television in today"s societyD. The content of broadcast television programs2. The word "put" (2nd sentence of 2nd Para.) could best be replaced by which of the following?A. expressedB. askedC. placedD. inserted3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a function of electronics in television transmissions?A. The conversion of image into electronics impulsesB. The sending of impulses through a wire cableC. The changing of one image into another imageD. The feeding of impulses into a receiver4. What field of television is intended for specific groups?A. Broad-basedB. ReconstitutedC. TraditionalD. Non-broadcast5. Which of the following statements about the relationship between television and its viewers can best be inferred from the passage?A. Viewers do not take an active role in watching televisionB. Viewers would prefer increased news coverageC. Viewers like to use television to reach other human beingsD. Viewers are grown tired of televisionPassage 2Got milk? Be very afraid. Or, preferably, a bit skeptical. Some folks are about to try to convince you that milk is toxic. But the real question is, what"s more dangerous to your health: milk, or celebrities and activists embarked on the latest trendy crusade (改革)? This month marks thepublicity-pumped debut of the Anti Dairy Coalition, a band of physicians, self-described "Holly-wood personalities" and others who decry what they call "the health and nutritional risks of consuming dairy products".The coalition, including its spokes-Jeremiah, writer George Plimpton, would have you believe that milk causes heart disease, cancer infections, asthma, allergies and tuberculosis. Robert Cohen, founder of the ADC (and author ofMilk: The Deadly Poison, writes: "The Fountain of Youth and cure to illness can be obtained by giving up milk."Hyperbole aside, the ADC is spotlighting a question hotly debated by everyone from nutritionists to parents. Many patients ask doctors whether they should give up milk, like that supermodel they saw interviewed on TV. And to be sure, the ADC"s overwrought claims do have some scientific basis.Take heart disease. Foods like butter, cheese, ice cream and whole milk are packed with saturated fat (饱和脂肪), which blocks arteries (动脉) and can lead to heart attacks. That"s why most nutritionists advise switching to low-fat or skim milk and eating more yogurt and cottage cheese than Haagen-Dazs and Bric. Even skim milk, though, can trigger allergies in some people, including infants, who in any case will get more iron and other key nutrients from breast milk or formula.So must you flee from milk entirely? Yes, says Cohen, who holds that skim milk is the devil"s brew. It"s full of—are you sitting down?—protein. And here"s where the ADC starts twisting the facts to reach wild conclusions. Allergies are frequently triggered by proteins (true; asthma is an allergic condition (true; it"s been increasing dramatically (true; doctors don"t know the cause (true; therefore, the protein in milk must be the culprit (罪魁祸首)?A similar leap of illogic assumes that because women in the Netherlands. Denmark, Norway and Sweden consume lots of milk and also suffer high rates of breast cancer, the former must cause the latter. Another clunker is Cohen"s claim that widespread lactose intolerance (乳糖不耐受)—the inability to digest dairy products—means milk is of little use as a source of calcium. In fact, many cases of lactose intolerance are mild and interfere only slightly with calcium uptake. Many people intolerant of milk can easily digest yogurt. And lactase tablets (乳糖分解酵素片) can make dairy products digestible even in severe cases.If milk isn"t the perfect food, it"s still got some big things going for it. It"s an inexpensive source of calcium, protein, potassium and other vitamins and minerals. And unlike other sources of calcium, such as, say, steamed kale, milk is a food kids will eat. The ADC feels that milk is the root of most human maladies (疾病), but I can point to other single-issue obsessive who insist the villain is meat or wheat or sugar or some other substance that our species has long and happily consumed. I often learn something by examining their claims. But I **ing back to the mainstream nutritionists, who emphasize a balanced diet and advise moderation in all things.1. The ADC holds that giving up milk will cause the following diseases EXCEPT ______.A. breast cancerB. diabetesC. heart diseaseD. lung disease2. The writer thinks that milk ______.A. is toxic and we should give it upB. is very nutritious and we should consume it as much as possibleC. is the most ideal foodD. has its pluses and minuses and we should consume it sensibly3. It is clear from the passage that ______.A. the writer is of the same opinion about milk with the ADCB. the writer regards milk as the root of most human diseasesC. the writer advises people to stay out of trouble with milkD. the writer"s opinion about milk differs greatly from the ADC"s4. According to the passage, if you suffer from lactose intolerance ______.A. you had better give up milk entirelyB. you should have less milk every dayC. you can take lactase which catalyzes (催化) lactose into glucose (葡萄糖) and galactose (半乳糖)D. you must see a doctor at once5. We can conclude from the passage that the writer is ______.A. an unprejudiced personB. an opinionated personC. a worldly personD. a wise but peculiar personPassage 3Mathematical ability and musical ability may not seem on the surface to be connected, but people who have researched the subject—and studied the brain—say that they are. Research for my bookLate-Talking Childrendrove home the point to me. Three quarters of the bright but speech-delayed children in the group I studied had a close relative who was an engineer, mathematician or scientist—and four fifths had a close relative who played a musical instrument. The children themselves usually took readily to math and other analytical subjects—and to music. Black, white and Asian children in this group show the same patterns. However, looking at the large world around us, it is clear that blacks have been greatly overrepresented in the development of American popular music and greatly underrepresented in such fields as mathematics, science and engineering.If the abilities required in analytical fields and in music are so closely related, how can there be this great disparity? One reason is that the development of mathematical and other such abilities requires years of formal schooling, while certain musical talents can be developed with little or no formal training, as has happened with a number of well-known black musicians.It is precisely in those kinds of music where one can acquire great skill without formal training that blacks have excelled-popular music rather than classical music, piano rather than violin, blues rather than opera. This is readily understandable, given that most blacks, for most of American history, have not had either the money or the leisure for long years of formal study in music. Blacks have not merely held their own in American popular music. They have played a disproportionately large role in the development of jazz, both traditional and modern. Along string of **es to mind—Duke Ellington, Scou Joplin, W. C. Handy, Louis Armstrong, Charlie Parker...and on and on.None of this presupposes any special innate ability of blacks in music. On the contrary, it is perfectly consistent with blacks" having no more such inborn ability than anyone else, but beinglimited to being able to express such ability in narrower channels than others who have had the money, the tie and the formal education to spread out over a wider range of music, as well as into mathematics, science and engineering.There is no way of knowing whether Duke Ellington would have become a mathematician or scientist under other circumstances. What is clearer is that most blacks have not had such alternatives available until very recently, as history is measured. Moreover, now that cultural traditions have been established, even those blacks who have such alternatives available today, and who have the inborn abilities to pursue them, may nevertheless continue for some time to follow well-worn paths.1. The author"s research for his book Late-Talking Children showed him that ______.A. mathematical ability and musical ability are closely relatedB. bright but speech-delayed children favor analytical subjectsC. on the surface, mathematical ability and musical ability are not connectedD. children of different races differ slightly in their mathematical and musical abilities2. It can be concluded from the passage that ______.A. the development of all music talents needs little or no formal trainingB. abilities, such as mathematical ability, sometimes can not be developed with formal educationC. blacks are underrepresented in mathematics because they have no chances to receive formal educationD. blacks usually prefer music to mathematics, science and engineering3. It is known from the passage that Duke Ellington ______.A. only loves popular musicB. has made a great contribution to the development of jazzC. is an obscure musicianD. never excels in jazz music4. The author holds that ______.A. blacks demonstrate better inborn musical abilities than othersB. blacks are distinguished in all kinds of musicC. blacks now continue to do music because of their cultural traditionsD. blacks still have no chances to become mathematicians or scientists today5. In this passage, the author tries to say that ______.A. musical ability has no connection with mathematical abilityB. one"s ability has no connection with mathematical abilityC. blacks are so prejudiced that they seldom accept new thingsD. blacks are more successful in music than in science because of various reasonsPassage 4The deterioration of the environment, both physically and aesthetically, is most apparent in our cities. The dehumanizing effects of life in the slums and ghettoes particularly, where there is little hope for improving conditions, have often been cited as contributing causes of urban rioting and disturbances. Crime rates usually reach their peak in these neighborhoods. Such symptoms of general psychological maladjustment suggest that modern cities provide a less than idealenvironment for human beings.There seems to be abundant evidence that traditional cultural patterns break down in cities, and also that the high numbers of contacts with individuals, not part of one"s circle of regular social acquaintances may lead to mental disturbance defined here merely as behavior generally considered "disturbed" by the majority of the society. It is important to note that antisocial behavior and "mental illness" are found in all cultures, and that indeed the same disorders recognized by Western psychiatrists are found even in primitive peoples. Therefore, we can be reasonably certain that lack of an evolutionarily "natural" environment is not the sole cause of such behavior. Nevertheless, that lack may well serve to aggravate the problems of people living in our most crowded, smoggy, and impersonal metropolises.Stanford psychologist PG Zimbardo has concluded that urban pressures are transforming Americans into potential assassins. He based his conclusions on experimental studies of the connection between anonymity and aggression, and on field studies of vandalism. He noted an estimated 230 violent urban outbreaks in the period 1964-1969, and reported that in 1967 vandals in New York City alone wrecked 360,000 pay telephones, broke 202,719 school windows, and did damage to parks and transit systems costing some $850,000. Cars were abandoned on streets of a large city (New York) and a small one (Palo Alto, California), and secretly watched to see if there was a difference in vandalism between the two localities. The New York car was virtually demolished within three days by 23 separate attacks by looters and vandals, nearly all in view of passersby and during the daytime. The Palo Alto car was not molested for more than a week. How much (if any) of such behavior might be reduced if density were lowered is unknown, but at least the anecdotal evidence seems to indicate that high density is a factor in such problems. Crime rates are some five times as high in urban as in rural areas. Though some of this difference may be due to disparities in reporting, not all of it can be explained on this basis. Rates for violent crimes have been shown to be positively correlated with actual population densities in American cities. This general correlation held for statistics taken in three different years, 1940, 1950, and 1960, in the same cities. The rises in assault and robbery with higher density were particularly striking, although murder and rape both also reflected the trend. Robbery is the only one of the four that does not **monly occur between acquaintances. Interestingly, crime rates in the suburbs have been rising in the past few years, especially among teenagers from relatively affluent areas, although their crimes are more often acts against property than crimes of violence.1. According to the passage, most often crimes **mitted in ______.A. the suburbsB. commercial areas of big citiesC. the slums and ghettoesD. the parks and transit systems2. Which of the following statements is TRUE about antisocial behavior and "mental illness"?A. They are unique in modem citiesB. They are graver in metropolisesC. They are never found in primitive peoplesD. They result entirely from the lack of a "natural" environment3. According to PG Zimbardo"s research, ______.A. there exists a higher rate of vandalism in a more densely-populated cityB. when population densities decrease, crime rates go upC. there is no correlation between the population density and crime rateD. suburban teenagers are more apt to commit violent crimes than small thefts4. The writer holds that ______.A. deterioration of the environment in a modem city will make it unfit for people to live inB. lack of an "natural" environment results in antisocial behavior and "mental illness"C. deterioration of environment in a metropolis plays a certain role in causing high crime ratesD. vandalism and other violent outbreaks will never disappear in most crowded metropolises5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a form of breakdown in urban areas?A. VandalismB. SuicideC. RiotingD. RapeSection Ⅴ TranslationDirections: Translate the following into English.1. 世界人口突破70亿，地球资源日益减少，人们忧心忡忡。
2015年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2015年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．The ambassador was accused of having______on domestic affairs.A．trespassedB．encroachedC．entrenchedD．invaded正确答案：B解析：近义词词义辨析。
encroach，invade，trespass这三个词均指损害他人权利，侵占其财产或侵犯别国的领土。
encroach通常指蚕食，即逐渐地、不声不响或偷偷摸摸地进入别国的领土，或攫取别人的财物，侵犯他人的权利，常与介词on或upon连用。
invade暗示着明目张胆、凶残与暴行，常用来指一国武装侵略另一国。
也可用来指疾病、虫害的侵袭。
trespass是个法律用语，指未经许可进入私人土地，或非法侵入，常与on或upon连用。
句中提及侵犯他国内政，encroach更加符合语境。
entrench与on搭配使用时表示挖掘壕沟，与题意不符。
故答案为B。
2．The goal is to use crops, weeds and even animal waste______the petroleum that fuels much of American manufacturing.A．in terms ofB．in favor ofC．in spite ofD．in place of正确答案：D解析：介词词组辨析。
句中crops，weeds，animal waste与petroleum“石油”对比可知，这两组是性质不同的能源，由此可知空格处的词组应为“取代”的意思，选项中只有D表示“取代，替换”的意思。
2015年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案详细解析
2015年全国硕士研究生考试英语（一）试题考试时长：180分钟总分：100分Section I Use of English :Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as ―related‖ as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, ―Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.‖The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_‖functional Kinship‖ of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people‘s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted ―kings don‘t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.‖ Bu t embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, mona rchs can rise above ―mere‖ politics and ―embody‖ a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs‘ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe‘s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who h as preserved the monarchy‘s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service –as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy‘s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats‘ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility‘s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals ―have most to fear‖ because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California‘s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California‘s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect‘s purse. The court has ruled that police don‘t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one‘s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee‘s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of ―cloud computing,‖ meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution‘s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is th e case, stating that principle doesn‘t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California‘s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution‘s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects‘ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check sus pects‘ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author‘s attitude toward California‘s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The a uthor believes that exploring one‘s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one‘s residence.[B] handling one‘s historical records.[C] scanning one‘s correspondences.[D] going through one‘s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens‘ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr‘s c omparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California‘s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.―Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,‖ writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal‘s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: ―The creation of the ‗statistics board‘ was motivated by concerns br oadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science‘s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.‖Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to ―play primarily an advisory role.‖ He agreed to join because he ―found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.‖John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the polic y is ―a most welcome step forward‖ and ―long overdue.‖ ―Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,‖ he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, ―engaging reviewe rs who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process‖. V aux says that Science‘s idea to pass some papers to statisticians ―has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‗the papers that need scrutiny‘ inthe first place‖.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase ―flagged up‖ (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science‘s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers‘ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors‘ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch‘s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the ―unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions‖ Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only ―sorting mechanism ‖in society should be profit and the market .But ―it‘s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not pr ofit ‖.Driving her point home, she continued: ―It‘s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.‖ This same absence o f moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today‘s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for whathappens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies‘ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books‘s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42) _______Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or ―true‖ meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______Such backgrou nd material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) _______This doesn‘t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn‘t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author‘s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organ ization or patterning we perceive in a text‘s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen,Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.―To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.‖ said one recorder of events, ―The air at twelve leagues‘ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.‖ The colonists‘ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)A手机时代的聚会2015年全国硕士研究生考试英语（一）参考答案及详细解析I cloze1.【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。
2015全国医学考博英语真题(试卷高清打印版)
医学考博英语历年真题2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:I n this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weatherD.She is feeling relieved.13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。
浙江大学考博词汇真题
浙江大学考博英语词汇题1. Hoping that he might be able to _____the problem,I asked Manio to look at the engine.A . shed light onB. make light ofC. bring light toD. set light to2. His_____ and unwillingless to learn from others prevent him from being an effective member of the team.A. arroganceB. dignityC. humilityD. solitude3. The economy grew at its fastest rate since 1980 thanks toa(n)______in world trade.A. inflationB. stimulusC. bulgeD. boom4. He decided he was going to take______ for the murder of his sisterA. refugeB. testifyC. certifyD. allege5. No one expected him to ____against his former employer.A. dedareB. testifyC. certifyD. allege6. Rachel was the_____choice for the job thanks to her communication skillsA. unanimousB. genuineC. harmniousD. agreeable7. The police detective put together the pieces of evidence to form on ____ account.A. senstiveB. genuineC. expressiveD. coherent8. You should have your eyes examined_____to be sure of your eyesight.A. periodicallyB. persistentlyC. continuouslyD. continually9. You should treat those remarks with the ___ that they deserve don’t give them a second thought.A. negativeB. disgraceC. contemptD. sarcasm10 The book is a rain attempt to ____ the name of one of the worst dictators in modern history.A. worshipB. glorifyC. adoreD. cherish11 The government is seeking to ___ itself from the latest financial.A. detachB. extractC. deriveD. ease12 Heavy rainful in the south of England means that flooding is____A. imminentB. momentousC. transientD. prospective13 He____ his assistant to pick up the plans from the office.A. disposeB. dispensedC. dispatchedD. dispersed14 I didn't ignore her_____ just didn't recognize her.A. attentivelyB. intensivelyC. intentionallyD. intensely15 You will only be allowed to leave early in_____ circumstancesA. exceptionalB. concidentalC. peculiarD. imperative参考答案：A A D B B A D A A B B A C C A浙江大学考博英语04年春词汇题1. It is important to keep the factory working at ____ efficiency all the time.A optimisticB optimumC opticalD optional2. We need to take steps to counter the _____ decline in our export market.A lingeringB chronicC lengthyD abiding3. Her handwriting is so bad that it is barely____A legibleB intelligibleC distinctiveD conceivable4. We are going to____ what were learned so for by doing some revision exercise today.A consolidateB reinforceC affirmD conform5. Kerin made one last____attempt to persuade Sandra to go with him and then leftA considerableB trivalC futileD resultant6. The school agree to ___ their decision until they had spoken to his parents.A convertB retainC deterD expel7. Repullican Party member were confidently ____ victory even as the first few votes come inA acclainingB reclainingC exclainingD proclaiming8. The___between the two sets of figures suggests that someone had been stealing money from the bankA discrepancyB conflictC contrastD divergence9. The idea that a good night sleep will cure everything is a complete _____A defectB fallacyC fraudD abuse10 Before a bill can become law it has to have the full ____ of both Houses of Parliament.A justificationB warrantC endorsementD verification11 The image is ____ by a series of lenses within the telescopeA maginfiedB signifiedC extendedD expanded12 Strangely enough the most obvious explanation did not ___ Juckie until the next dayA stumble onB occur toC come up withD stand up to13 The government wants a 3% inflation rate,but is this a ___ objective?A reflectiveB flexibleC feebleD feasible14 She has still ___ by what happened in Bancelona,although she had left 20years earlierA hauntedB frequentedC recalledD sustained15 The hands on my alarm clock are____.So I can tell time in the darkA imminentB luminousC illuminationD illustrative参考答案：B B A A C B D A B C A B D A B浙江大学考博英语04年秋词汇题（大部分与03年秋以及04年春词汇部分重复，不同的有）1. You can't cure a common cold, but you can ____ the symptoms.A moderateB alleviateC diluteD subdue2. For years scientists have been ___ by the strange circles that have appeared in cornfields.A tangledB terrifiedC evokedD baffled3. The flood was a___ from which Bangladesh has never really recored.A calamityB downfallC reverseD scandal4 Our company's management____negotiations on a new union contractA launchedB triggeredC terminatedD preserved参考答案：B D A A浙江大学考博英语05年春词汇题1. If wool is submerged in hot water,it tend to___A snapB shrinkC fadeD condense2. His last play was ___ by the critics as a masterpieceA claimedB proclaimedC exclaimedD acclaimed3. It is the builder’s job to make sure that the house conforms to the architects___ in every way.A regulationsB specialitiesC essentialsD specifications4.Your letter has been___ to the authority concerned.A transitedB transferedC transportedD transmitted5.Among her many___ are loyalty ,courage andtruthfulnessA virtuesB moralsC charactersD graces6 The soldiers___ their arms as thay marched.A swayedB swungC swervedD swelled7. The country's constitution___ the ideals of equality and freedom.A embodiesB symbolizesC marksD represents8. It was ___ whether the patient will survive the operationA vagueB suspiciousC ambiguousD doubtful9, The brochure______us into thinking that our hotel was only five minutes from the beachA trappedB frightenedC engagedD misled10 "I'm far too busy to talk to you now."he said,in his usual____manner.A rigidB steepC abruptD stern11 He's rich and keeps____about how much money he's got to impress peopleA exaggeratingB boastingC admiringD inspiring12 She was____enough to realize right from the start that he was lying.A initiativeB pervasiveC imaginativeD perceptive13 The two countries___ their peace efforts after a break of two and a half yearsA rebukedB renewedC reviewedD reclaimed14 People always greet each other warmly,____ their different origins and beliefs.A in regard toB in contrast withC with respect toD regardless of15 The express train from London___ on time.A pulled upB pulled overC pulled inD pulled through参考答案：B D D B A B A D D C B D B D C。