国际经济学课后习题答案1-8章
国际经济学作业答案-第八章
C h a p t e r8T h e I n s t r u m e n t s o f T r a d e P o l i c yMultiple Choice Questions1. Specific tariffs are(a) import taxes stated in specific legal statutes.(b) import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.(c) import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.(d) the same as import quotas.(e) None of the above.Answer: B2. Ad valorem tariffs are(a) import taxes stated in ads in industry publications.(b) import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.(c) import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.(d) the same as import quotas(e) None of the above.Answer: C3. The excess supply curve of a product we (H) import from foreign countries (F) increases as(a) excess demand of country H increases.(b) excess demand of country F increases.(c) excess supply of country H increases.(d) excess supply of country F increases.(e) None of the above.Answer: D4. If a good is imported into (large) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariffin country H(a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).(b) raises the price in country H and cannot affect its price in country F.(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.Answer: E5. If a good is imported into (small) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariff Incountry H(a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).(b) raises the price in country H and does not affect its price in country F.(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.Answer: B6. If a good is imported into (large) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariff incountry H in the presence of the Metzler Paradox,(a) raises the price of the g ood in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).(b) raises the price in country H and cannot affect its price in country F.(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.Answer: C7. The effective rate of protection measures(a) the “true” ad valorum value of a tariff.(b) the quota equivalent value of a tariff.(c) the efficiency with which the tariff is collected at the customhouse.(d) the protection given by the tariff to domestic value added.(e) None of the above.Answer: D8. If the tariff on computers is not changed, but domestic computer producers shift fromdomestically produced semiconductors to imported components, then the effective rate of protection in the computer industry will(a) increase.(b) decrease(c) remain the same.(d) depend on whether computers are PCs or “Supercomputers.”(e) None of the above.Answer: A9. If the tariff on computers is not changed, but the government then adds hitherto nonexistenttariffs on imported semi-conductor components, then the effective rate of protection in the computer industry will(a) increase.(b) decrease(c) remain the same.(d) depend on whether computers ar e PCs or “Supercomputers.”(e) None of the above.Answer: B10. If a small country imposes a tariff, then(a) the producers must suffer a loss.(b) the consumers must suffer a loss.(c) the government revenue must suffer a loss.(d) the demand curve must shift to the left.(e) None of the above.Answer: B11. If a large country imposes a tariff, then(a) the producers must suffer a loss.(b) the consumers must suffer a loss.(c) the government revenue must suffer a loss.(d) the demand curve must shift to the left.(e) None of the above.Answer: E12. The imposition of tariffs on imports results in deadweight (triangle) losses. These are(a) production and consumption distortion effects.(b) redistribution effects.(c) revenue effects(d) efficiency effects.(e) None of the above.Answer: E13. Suppose the United States eliminates its tariff on ball bearings used in producing exports. Ballbearing prices in the United States would be expected to(a) increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increase.(b) decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increase.(c) increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decrease.(d) decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decrease.(e) None of the above.Answer: C14. A specific tariff provides home producers more protection when(a) the home market buys cheaper products rather than expensive products.(b) it is applied to a commodity with many grade variations.(c) the home demand for a good is elastic with respect to price changes.(d) it is levied on manufactured goods rather than primary products.(e) None of the above.Answer: A15. A lower tariff on imported steel would most likely benefit(a) foreign producers at the expense of domestic consumers.(b) domestic manufacturers of steel.(c) domestic consumers of steel.(d) workers in the steel industry.(e) None of the above.Answer: C16. When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country dutyfree, this generally results in a(an)(a) effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rate.(b) nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff rate.(c) rise in both nominal and effective tariff rates.(d) fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates.(e) None of the above.Answer: B17. Of the many arguments in favor of tariffs, the one that has enjoyed significant economicjustification has been the(a) cheap foreign labor argument.(b) infant industry argument.(c) even playing field argument.(d) balance of payments argument(e) domestic living standard argument.Answer: B18. The main redistribution effect of a tariff is the transfer of income from(a) domestic producers to domestic buyers.(b) domestic buyers to domestic producers.(c) domestic producers to domestic government.(d) domestic government to domestic consumers.(e) None of the above.Answer: B19. The principle benefit of tariff protection goes to(a) domestic consumers of the good produced.(b) foreign consumers of the good produced.(c) domestic producers of the good produced.(d) foreign producers of the good produced.(e) None of the above.Answer: C20. As globalization tends to increase the proportion of imported inputs relative to domesticallysupplied components,(a) the nominal tariff automatically increases.(b) the rate of (effective) protection automatically decreases.(c) the nominal tariff automatically decreases.(d) the rate of (effective) protection automatically increases.(e) None of the above.Answer: D21. Which of the following policies permits a specified quantity of goods to be imported at one tariffrate and a higher tariff rate to imports above this quantity?(a) Import tariff(b) Voluntary exports restraint(c) Tariff quota(d) Ad valorum tariff(e) None of the above.Answer: C22. Should the home country be “large” relative to its trade partners, its imposition of a tariff onimports would lead to an increase in domestic welfare if the terms of the trade rectangle exceed the sum of the(a) revenue effect plus redistribution effect.(b) protective effect plus revenue effect.(c) consumption effect plus redistribution effect.(d) protective distortion effect plus consumption distortion effect.(e) None of the above.Answer: D23. A problem encountered when implementing an “infant industry” tariff is that(a) domestic consumers will purchase the foreign good regardless of the tariff.(b) the industry may never “mature.”(c) most industries require tariff protection when they are mature.(d) the tariff may hurt the industry’s dom estic sales.(e) None of the above.Answer: B24. Which of the following is a fixed percentage of the value of an imported product?(a) Specific tariff(b) Ad valorem tariff(c) Nominal tariff(d) Effective protection tariff(e) None of the above.Answer: B25. A tax of 20 cents per unit of imported garlic is an example of a(n)(a) specific tariff.(b) ad valorem tariff.(c) nominal tariff.(d) effective protection tariff.(e) None of the above.Answer: A26. A tax of 20 percent per unit of imported garlic is an example of a(n)(a) specific tariff.(b) ad valorem tariff.(c) nominal tariff.(d) effective protection tariff.(e) None of the above.Answer: B27. Which type of tariff is forbidden in the United States on Constitutional grounds?(a) Import tariff(b) Export tariff(c) Specific tariff(d) Prohibitive tariff(e) None of the above.Answer: B28. The deadweight loss of a tariff(a) is a social loss because it promotes inefficient use of national resources.(b) is a social loss because it reduces the revenue of the government.(c) is not a social loss because it merely redistributes revenue from one sector to another.(d) is not a social loss bacuase it is paid for by rich corporations.(e) None of the above.Answer: A29. Tariffs are not defended on the ground that they(a) improve the terms of trade of foreign nations.(b) protect jobs and reduce unemployment.(c) promote growth and development of young industries.(d) prevent over-dependence of a country on only a few industries.(e) None of the above.Answer: A30. The most vocal political pressure for tariffs is generally made by(a) consumers lobbying for export tariffs.(b) consumers lobbying for import tariffs.(c) consumers lobbying for lower import tariffs.(d) producers lobbying for export tariffs.(e) producers lobbying for import tariffs.Answer: E31. A policy of tariff reduction in the computer industry is(a) in the interest of the United States as a whole and in the interest of computer producingregions of the country.(b) in the interest of United States as a whole but not in the interest of computer producingregions of the country.(c) not in the interest of the United States as a whole but in the interests of computer producingregions of the country.(d) not in the interest of the United States as a whole and not in the interests of computerconsumers.(e) None of the above.Answer: B32. The fact that industrialized countries levy very low or no tariff on raw materials and semiprocessed goods(a) helps developing countries export manufactured products.(b) has no effect on developing country exports.(c) hurts developing country efforts to export manufactured goods.(d) hurts developing country efforts to export raw materials.(e) None of the above.Answer: C33. The Metzler Paradox(a) explains why the United States uses both specific and ad valorum tariffs.(b) explains why the United States uses many none-tariff barriers to imports.(c) refers to the fact that the United States exported labor-intensive goods.(d) is not considered to be of practical application in the real world.(e) None of the above.Answer: D34. The Metzler Paradox(a) could theoretically happen when a small country levies a tariff.(b) refers to a situation when an Optimal Tariff hurts a country’s econo mic welfare.(c) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff lowers domestic prices.(d) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff helps foreign exporters.(e) None of the above.Answer: C35. An Optimal Tariff(a) could theoretically happen when a small country levies a tariff.(b) refers to a situation when a tariff hurts a country’s economic welfare.(c) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff lowers domestic prices.(d) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff helps foreign exporters.(e) None of the above.Answer: E36. An Optimal Tariff is considered unlikely to be observed in the real world because of(a) The Metzler Paradox.(b) it is practically impossible to define optimality in trade policy terms.(c) the likelihood of foreign repercussions.(d) real countries are considered to be “small” in the world trade context.(e) None of the above.Answer: C37. In an inflationary environment, then over time(a) A specific tariff will tend to raise more revenue than an ad valorum tariff.(b) An ad valorum tariff will tend to raise more revenue than a specific tariff(c) An optimum tariff will tend to raise more revenue than an escalating tariff(d) A tariff quota will tend to raise more revenue than a specific tariff.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: B38. The imposition of tariffs will help a nation attain which of the following goals?(a) Decreased domestic consumer prices(b) Increased domestic employment(c) Increased amount and variety of goods available for consumers(d) Increased competition between domestic and foreign producers(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E39. Tariff rates on products imported into the U.S.(a) have dropped substantially over the past 50 years.(b) were prohibited by the constitution(c) reached an all time high in 2002.(d) have risen steadily since 1920(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A40. What is a true statement concerning the imposition in the U.S. of a tariff on steel?(a) It lowers the price of cheese domestically(b) It raises the price of cheese internationally(c) It raises revenue for the government(d) It will always result in retaliation from abroad(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C41. An important difference between tariffs and quotas is that tariffs(a) raise the price of the good(b) generate tax revenue for the government(c) stimulate international trade(d) help domestic producers(e) None of the aboveAnswer: BEssay Questions1. Economic theory in general, and trade theory in particular are replete with equivalencies. Forexample, it is argued that for any specific tariff one can find an equivalent ad valorum tariff; and that for any quota one can calculate a tariff equivalent. Discuss conditions or situations underwhich a specific and an ad valorum tariff are not equivalent. Discuss conditions or situationswhen a tariff and a quota are not equivalent.Answer: E.g., during a period of price inflation, an ad valorum tariff would become increasingly more effective. The government does not receive any of the quota revenues, unless theimport licenses are sold or auctioned.2. The Metzler Paradox is a special case of the optimum tariff concept. Discuss this assertion.Would the optimum tariff tend to be a high one or a low one in the case where this paradox exists?What conditions would be needed in the international markets for a country’s exports for thisparadox to exist? Why do you suppose empirical support for the existence of this paradox has not been forthcoming to date?Answer: The Metzler Paradox describes an unlikely situation in which the imposition of a tariff not only improves a country’s welfare, but also improves that of its domesticconsumers. If this paradox were present then the magnitude of the optimum tariff wouldtend to be large, since the welfare decreasing decrease in imports is not present in thiscase (the imports actually increase, as world prices drastically drop). The MetzlerParadox could occur only if the foreign offer curves are inelastic. It is not likely to beobserved because trade elasticities tend to be relatively large. Also, were it to exist, itsactivation by a large country would tend to evoke foreign retaliation.3. Some argue that tariffs always hurt the imposing country’s economic welfare, and are typicallydesigned to shift resources from one sector to another, protected or preferred one, within aneconomy. Find and discuss a counterexample to this argument.Answer: The optimum tariff is theoretically a first-best trade policy.4. The effective rate of protection is a weighted average of nominal tariffs and tariffs on importedinputs. It has been noted that in most industrialized countries, the nominal tariffs on raw materials or intermediate components or products are lower than on final-stage products meant for final markets. Why would countries design their tariff structures in this manner? Who tends to behelped, and who is harmed by this cascading tariff structure?Answer: The cascading tariff structure is probably the result of systematic lobbying on the part of manufacturing interests and lobbies to lower costs of production (in terms ofimported inputs). The end result is in fact to create effective rates of protection fordownstream, or final manufacturing processes that are often much higher than nominaltariffs on these products. An important group, which is hurt by this are exporters of rawmaterials and components in developing countries.5. The two deadweight triangles are the Consumption distortion and Production distortion losses. Itis easy to understand why the Consumption distortion constitutes a loss for society. After all it raises the prices of goods to consumers, and even causes some consumers to drop out of themarket altogether. It seems paradoxical that the Production distortion is considered an equivalent burden on society. After all, in this case, profits increase, and additional production (with itsassociated employment) comes on line. This would seem to be an offset rather than an addition to the burden or loss borne by society. Explain why the Production distortion is indeed a loss tosociety, and what is wrong with the logic that leads to the apparent paradox.Answer: The Production Distortion represents an inefficient shift of society’s resources to produce a good, which it could not sell profitably at world prices. Since (with fullemployment assumed) these resources were formerly used to produce export goods,which could compete profitably, the net result is a loss in real income to the country. 6. It is argued that a tariff may help promote employment in a single industry, but is not likely tohelp employment in general. Discuss.Answer: A general tariff on all imports is equivalent to a depreciation in the value of the country’s currency. It would raise the prices of all imports, and have a considerableincome effect. This income effect will have a negative effect on total consumption ofthe import-competing sector (as well as the exportables and non-tradables). In addition,under conditions of a flexible exchange rate regime (assuming the Marshal-LernerConditions hold) it will lower the supply of the country’s currency in the foreignexchange market, and hence cause an appreciation of the currency. This will harm thecountry’s exports, and negatively affect this sector’s employment.Quantitative/Graphing Problems1. In the Figure above, in the absence of Trade how many Widgets does this country produce andconsume?Answer: 602. In the absence of trade what is the country’s consumer plus producer surplus?Answer: $180, $1803. With free trade and no tariffs, what is the quantity of Widgets imported?Answer: 1004. With a specific tariff of $3 per unit, what is the quantity of Widget imports?Answer: 805. The loss of Consumer Surplus due to the tariff equalsAnswer: $2306. The lowest specific tariff which would be considered prohibitive isAnswer: $5。
国际经济学课后习题及答案(2)
第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答案提示：参照教材中第一章第二节（第26页）的内容，将图1-6（a）中，以横坐标表示Y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示X商品供给，得出相应的生产可能性曲线；然后将图1-6（b）中，以横坐标表示Y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示Y的相对价格P Y/P X，通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线，国民需求曲线做类似推导即可求出。
3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。
答案提示：两种商品同时达到均衡。
当一种商品达到均衡时，该商品的相对价格、均衡供给与需求、均衡状态下对生产要素的需求与供给都得以确定，则可得到另一种商品的相对价格、生产要素需求，从而确定该商品的均衡状态下供给和需求。
4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：参照教材图1-12、图1-13国民供给曲线与国民需求曲线的推导；过剩供给（或需求）曲线的形状，参见教材第30页。
5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：相一致。
国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
国际经济学的课后答案及选择
第一章绪论(一) 选择题1.国际经济学在研究资源配置时，是以（D.政府）作为基本的经济单位来划分的。
2.国际经济学研究的对象是（D 各国之间的经济活动和经济关系）3.从国际间经济资源流动的难易度看，（C人员）流动最容易（二）问答题1．试述国际经济学和国内经济学的关系。
答案提示：（1）联系：国际经济学与国内经济学研究的经济活动是相似的，面临的主要问题也是相似的；（2）最主要的区别是国际经济的民族国家性。
第二章古典的国际贸易理论（一）选择题本国生产A、B、C、D四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为1、2、4、15，外国生产这四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为12、18、24、30，根据李嘉图模型，本国在哪种产品上拥有最大比较优势？在哪种产品上拥有最大比较劣势？（（ｃ）Ａ、Ｄ）答案：Ｃ（二）问答题1．亚当·斯密对国际贸易理论的主要贡献有哪些？答案提示：亚当·斯密的主要贡献是：（1）抨击了重商主义；（2）提出了绝对优势之一概念；（3）强调国际分工是使国民财富增加的最重要手段。
2．绝对优势理论和比较优势理论的区别是什么？答案提示：（1）绝对优势理论强调，国与国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异导致的技术水平的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因；（2）比较优势理论强调，劳动生产率的相对差异导致的技术水平的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因。
第二章问答题2．假设A、B两国的生产技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进行贸易的动机吗？解释原因。
答案提示：从绝对优势来看，两国当中A国在两种产品中都有绝对优势；从比较优势来看，两国不存在相对技术差异。
所以，两国没有进行国际贸易的动机。
3．证明即使一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，也未必具有比较优势。
答案提示：如果ax>bx，则称A国在X生产上具有绝对优势；如果ax/ay>bx/by，则称A国在X生产上具有比较优势。
当 ay=by或者ay<by的时候，由ax>bx可以推出ax/ay>bx/by，但是，当ay>by的时候，ax>bx不能保证。
国际经济学课后答案
(1),本国共有1200单位的劳动，能生产两种产品：苹果和香蕉。
苹果的单位产品 劳动投入是3,香蕉的单位劳动产品投入时 2。
a. 画出本国的生产可能性边界。
b. 用香蕉衡量的苹果的机会成本是多少c. 贸易前，苹果对香蕉的相对价格是多少为什么答：a.本国的生产可能性边界曲线是直线，在400( 1200/3)处与苹果轴相截，(1200/2 )处与香蕉轴相截，如图 2-7所b.用香蕉衡量苹果的机会成本是 3/2。
单位苹果需要3单位的劳动，生产1单位单位的劳动可以被用来生产 3/2单位的香蕉c.劳动的流动性可以使得各个部门的工资趋同，竞争可以使得商品的价格等于它们的生产成本。
这样，相对价格等于相对成本，而相对成本等于工资乘以苹果的单位劳动产品投入。
因为各个部门工资相等，所以价格比率等于单位产品劳动投入的比率，即生产苹果所需的3单位劳动与生产香蕉所需的 2单位劳动比率。
(2)假设本国的情况和习题 1相同。
外国拥有800单位的劳动，外国苹果的 单位劳动投入是5,香蕉的单位产品劳动投入是 1。
a. 画出外国的生产可能性边界。
需要2单位的劳动 如果放弃1单位苹果的生产, 这将释放国生产可能勺劳动。
一条 在600 示。
生产1香蕉b. 画出世界相对供给曲线。
答：a.外国的生产可能性边界曲线是一条直线，在160 (800/5 )处与苹果轴相截，在800（800/1）处与香蕉轴相截。
如图2-8所示b.世界相对供给曲线可以由苹果和香蕉的相对价格和相对供给量绘出。
如图2-9。
从图2-9可以看出，苹果对香蕉的最低相对价格是3/2图在这个价格相对供给曲的世界相对供给曲线是水平曲在3/2的木酣价格上世界相国对苹果的最大供给量是400,外国对香蕉的供给量是800,这时，相对供给量为1/2。
只要相对价格保持在3/2和5之间，产量相对供给量就不变。
如果相对价格成为5,两个国家都会生产苹果，香蕉的产量为零。
这时，相对供给曲线是水平的。
国际经济学课后习题答案
2.在李嘉图贸易模型中，用生产者剩余和消费者剩余的方法说明一国进口和出口的福利水平变动。
思路：假设小国情形
（1）出口品市场上，封闭经济中国内价格为P0，开放后面临世界市场的价格为PW，价格的提高使消费者剩余减少P0PWAE，但生产者剩余增加PWP0EB，社会总体福利增加ABE。
（2）进口品市场上，封闭经济中国内价格为P0，开放后面临世界市场的价格为PW，价格的降低使消费者剩余增加P0PWBE，但生产者剩余减少PWP0EA，社会总体福利增加ABE。
5.设中国是汽车进口的小国，对汽车的需求和供给分别为：
Dc = 2000 - 0.02PSc = 1200 + 0.02P
并设国际市场上汽车的价格为10000，请用数字和图形说明下列问题：
（1）贸易前，中国汽车的产量和价格；
（2）自由贸易下，中国汽车的产量及进口或出口量；
（3）自由贸易对国内消费者、厂商和整个社会的福利影响
生产者利润减少a=1/2*(1400+1600)*10000=1.5*107
社会福利增加b=(a+b)-a=2*106
6.假设A、B两国生产技术相同且在短期内不变：生产一单位衣服需要的资本为1，需要的劳动为3；生产一单位食品需要的资本为2，需要的劳动为2。A国拥有160单位劳动和100单位资本；B国拥有120单位劳动和80单位资本。则
3.一个小国和一个大国发生贸易，哪一个国家的福利水平提高的幅度更大一些？画图说明。
思路：一般来说，小国福利水平提高的幅度更大一些。以大国向小国进口为例。从下图中可以看出虽然贸易后的价格均为PW,但是大国价格变动幅度小于小国,所以大国福利仅提高ABE，而小国福利提高A’B’E’。大国原来福利水平为OMEN，福利提高幅度为ABE/OMEN，而小国福利原来水平为O’M’E’N’，福利提高幅度为A’B’E’/O’M’E’N’，显然小国的福利水平提高幅度要比大国大。
李坤望国际经济学第四版课后习题答案(自整理)
资料范本本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载李坤望国际经济学第四版课后习题答案(自整理)地点：__________________时间：__________________说明：本资料适用于约定双方经过谈判，协商而共同承认，共同遵守的责任与义务，仅供参考，文档可直接下载或修改，不需要的部分可直接删除，使用时请详细阅读内容第一章1.封闭条件下，中国和美国的小麦与布的交换比率分别为1:4和2:5,那么在两国之间展开贸易后，小麦与布之间的交换比率可能为.A.1:6B.2:6C.3:6D.4:62.在机会成本递增条件下，只要各国在生产同样产品时存在着价格差异，那么比较利益理论就仍然有效。
这种说法是否正确?A.正确B.不正确3.作为新贸易理论的核心基础之一，规模经济意味着随着产量增加，()A.平均成本与边际成本都下降B. 平均成本变化不确定,边际成本下降C. 平均成本下降D.平均成本与边际成本都上升4.以下说法中，()是错误的。
A.绝对优势理论是以机会成本不变为前提的，而相对优势理论则是以机会成本递增为前提的B.相对优势理论可以部分地解释经济技术发展水平和层次不同的国家之间进行贸易的基础C.生产要素禀赋理论用生产要素禀赋的差异解释国际贸易产生的动因D.无论是生产技术差异还是生产要素禀赋差异导致国际贸易产生,都是以两国之间同一产品的价格存在差异为前提第二章1.下列() 属于李嘉图模型的假定前提条件。
A.生产过程中使用资本和劳动力两种要素B.没有运输成本和其他交易成本C.生产要素可以在两国间自由流动D.生产要素非充分利用因此机会成本不变2.下列()不属于重商主义的观点。
A.货币是财富的唯一表现形式B.通过国际贸易可以提高所有贸易参与国的福利水平C.出口意味着贵金属的流入D.进口意味着贵金属的流出3.下列关于技术差异论的表述哪一项是不正确的()A.分为绝对技术差异论与相对技术差异论B.劳动力在国内两个部门之间自由流动，而且机会成本保持不变C.参与贸易的两个国家福利水平都可以得到提高D.一国比另一国家的技术优势越大，则通过国际贸易获得的福利增加越大4.下列哪一条不是重商主义的理论主张()A.贸易不是“零和”的B.多卖少买，保持贸易顺差，是获得财富的基本原则C.国家应干预经济，鼓励出口，限制进口D.金银货币是财富的唯一形态第三章1.假定每单位x产品的生产需要4单位劳动与6单位土地，每单位Y产品的生产需要2单位劳动与4单位土地，如果本国有100 单位劳动与200单位土地,外国有200单位劳动与300单位土地，则根据H-O理论可推出()A. X是土地密集型产品，本国出口X产B. X 是土地密集型产品，品本国出口YC. Y是土地密集型产品，产品本国出口.D.Y是土地密集型产品，X产品本国出2.根据要素禀赋理论，如果美国与中国相比是资本相对丰裕的国家，汽车是资本密集型产品，而纺织品是劳动密集型产品，则与封闭条件下相比，中美两国进行贸易后()。
国际经济学作业答案-第八章经典.doc
Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade PolicyMultiple Choice Questions1. Specific tariffs are(a) import taxes stated in specific legal statutes.(b) import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.(c) import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.(d) the same as import quotas.(e) None of the above.Answer: B2. Ad valorem tariffs are(a) import taxes stated in ads in industry publications.(b) import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.(c) import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.(d) the same as import quotas(e) None of the above.Answer: C3. The excess supply curve of a product we (H) import from foreign countries (F) increases as(a) excess demand of country H increases.(b) excess demand of country F increases.(c) excess supply of country H increases.(d) excess supply of country F increases.(e) None of the above.Answer: D4. If a good is imported into (large) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariffin country H(a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).(b) raises the price in country H and cannot affect its price in country F.(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.Answer: EChapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 93 5. If a good is imported into (small) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariff Incountry H(a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).(b) raises the price in country H and does not affect its price in country F.(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.Answer: B6. If a good is imported into (large) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariff in countryH in the presence of the Metzler Paradox,(a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).(b) raises the price in country H and cannot affect its price in country F.(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.Answer: C7. The effective rate of protection measures(a) the “true” ad valorum value of a tariff.(b) the quota equivalent value of a tariff.(c) the efficiency with which the tariff is collected at the customhouse.(d) the protection given by the tariff to domestic value added.(e) None of the above.Answer: D8. If the tariff on computers is not changed, but domestic computer producers shift from domesticallyproduced semiconductors to imported components, then the effective rate of protection in thecomputer industry will(a) increase.(b) decrease(c) remain the same.(d) depend on whether computers are PCs or “Supercomputers.”(e) None of the above.Answer: A9. If the tariff on computers is not changed, but the government then adds hitherto nonexistent tariffson imported semi-conductor components, then the effective rate of protection in the computerindustry will(a) increase.(b) decrease(c) remain the same.(d) depend on whether computers are PCs or “Supercomputers.”(e) None of the above.Answer: B10. If a small country imposes a tariff, then(a) the producers must suffer a loss.(b) the consumers must suffer a loss.(c) the government revenue must suffer a loss.(d) the demand curve must shift to the left.(e) None of the above.Answer: B11. If a large country imposes a tariff, then(a) the producers must suffer a loss.(b) the consumers must suffer a loss.(c) the government revenue must suffer a loss.(d) the demand curve must shift to the left.(e) None of the above.Answer: E12. The imposition of tariffs on imports results in deadweight (triangle) losses. These are(a) production and consumption distortion effects.(b) redistribution effects.(c) revenue effects(d) efficiency effects.(e) None of the above.Answer: E13. Suppose the United States eliminates its tariff on ball bearings used in producing exports. Ballbearing prices in the United States would be expected to(a) increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increase.(b) decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increase.(c) increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decrease.(d) decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decrease.(e) None of the above.Answer: C14. A specific tariff provides home producers more protection when(a) the home market buys cheaper products rather than expensive products.(b) it is applied to a commodity with many grade variations.(c) the home demand for a good is elastic with respect to price changes.(d) it is levied on manufactured goods rather than primary products.(e) None of the above.Answer: A精选Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 9315. A lower tariff on imported steel would most likely benefit(a) foreign producers at the expense of domestic consumers.(b) domestic manufacturers of steel.(c) domestic consumers of steel.(d) workers in the steel industry.(e) None of the above.Answer: C16. When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country dutyfree, this generally results in a(an)(a) effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rate.(b) nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff rate.(c) rise in both nominal and effective tariff rates.(d) fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates.(e) None of the above.Answer: B17. Of the many arguments in favor of tariffs, the one that has enjoyed significant economic justificationhas been the(a) cheap foreign labor argument.(b) infant industry argument.(c) even playing field argument.(d) balance of payments argument(e) domestic living standard argument.Answer: B18. The main redistribution effect of a tariff is the transfer of income from(a) domestic producers to domestic buyers.(b) domestic buyers to domestic producers.(c) domestic producers to domestic government.(d) domestic government to domestic consumers.(e) None of the above.Answer: B19. The principle benefit of tariff protection goes to(a) domestic consumers of the good produced.(b) foreign consumers of the good produced.(c) domestic producers of the good produced.(d) foreign producers of the good produced.(e) None of the above.Answer: C20. As globalization tends to increase the proportion of imported inputs relative to domestically suppliedcomponents,(a) the nominal tariff automatically increases.(b) the rate of (effective) protection automatically decreases.(c) the nominal tariff automatically decreases.(d) the rate of (effective) protection automatically increases.(e) None of the above.Answer: D21. Which of the following policies permits a specified quantity of goods to be imported at one tariffrate and a higher tariff rate to imports above this quantity?(a) Import tariff(b) Voluntary exports restraint(c) Tariff quota(d) Ad valorum tariff(e) None of the above.Answer: C22. Should the home country be “large” relative to its trade partners, its imposition of a tariff on importswould lead to an increase in domestic welfare if the terms of the trade rectangle exceed the sum of the(a) revenue effect plus redistribution effect.(b) protective effect plus revenue effect.(c) consumption effect plus redistribution effect.(d) protective distortion effect plus consumption distortion effect.(e) None of the above.Answer: D23. A problem encountered when implementing an “infant industry” tariff is that(a) domestic consumers will purchase the foreign good regardless of the tariff.(b) the industry may never “mature.”(c) most industries require tariff protection when they are mature.(d) the tariff may hurt the industry’s domestic sales.(e) None of the above.Answer: B24. Which of the following is a fixed percentage of the value of an imported product?(a) Specific tariff(b) Ad valorem tariff(c) Nominal tariff(d) Effective protection tariff(e) None of the above.Answer: B精选Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 9325. A tax of 20 cents per unit of imported garlic is an example of a(n)(a) specific tariff.(b) ad valorem tariff.(c) nominal tariff.(d) effective protection tariff.(e) None of the above.Answer: A26. A tax of 20 percent per unit of imported garlic is an example of a(n)(a) specific tariff.(b) ad valorem tariff.(c) nominal tariff.(d) effective protection tariff.(e) None of the above.Answer: B27. Which type of tariff is forbidden in the United States on Constitutional grounds?(a) Import tariff(b) Export tariff(c) Specific tariff(d) Prohibitive tariff(e) None of the above.Answer: B28. The deadweight loss of a tariff(a) is a social loss because it promotes inefficient use of national resources.(b) is a social loss because it reduces the revenue of the government.(c) is not a social loss because it merely redistributes revenue from one sector to another.(d) is not a social loss bacuase it is paid for by rich corporations.(e) None of the above.Answer: A29. Tariffs are not defended on the ground that they(a) improve the terms of trade of foreign nations.(b) protect jobs and reduce unemployment.(c) promote growth and development of young industries.(d) prevent over-dependence of a country on only a few industries.(e) None of the above.Answer: A30. The most vocal political pressure for tariffs is generally made by(a) consumers lobbying for export tariffs.(b) consumers lobbying for import tariffs.(c) consumers lobbying for lower import tariffs.(d) producers lobbying for export tariffs.(e) producers lobbying for import tariffs.Answer: E31. A policy of tariff reduction in the computer industry is(a) in the interest of the United States as a whole and in the interest of computer producing regionsof the country.(b) in the interest of United States as a whole but not in the interest of computer producing regionsof the country.(c) not in the interest of the United States as a whole but in the interests of computer producingregions of the country.(d) not in the interest of the United States as a whole and not in the interests of computer consumers.(e) None of the above.Answer: B32. The fact that industrialized countries levy very low or no tariff on raw materials and semi processedgoods(a) helps developing countries export manufactured products.(b) has no effect on developing country exports.(c) hurts developing country efforts to export manufactured goods.(d) hurts developing country efforts to export raw materials.(e) None of the above.Answer: C33. The Metzler Paradox(a) explains why the United States uses both specific and ad valorum tariffs.(b) explains why the United States uses many none-tariff barriers to imports.(c) refers to the fact that the United States exported labor-intensive goods.(d) is not considered to be of practical application in the real world.(e) None of the above.Answer: D34. The Metzler Paradox(a) could theoretically happen when a small country levies a tariff.(b) refers to a situation when an Optimal Tariff hurts a country’s economic welfare.(c) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff lowers domestic prices.(d) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff helps foreign exporters.(e) None of the above.Answer: C精选Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 9335. An Optimal Tariff(a) could theoretically happen when a small country levies a tariff.(b) refers to a situation when a tariff hurts a country’s economic welfare.(c) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff lowers domestic prices.(d) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff helps foreign exporters.(e) None of the above.Answer: E36. An Optimal Tariff is considered unlikely to be observed in the real world because of(a) The Metzler Paradox.(b) it is practically impossible to define optimality in trade policy terms.(c) the likelihood of foreign repercussions.(d) real countries are considered to be “small” in the world trade context.(e) None of the above.Answer: C37. In an inflationary environment, then over time(a) A specific tariff will tend to raise more revenue than an ad valorum tariff.(b) An ad valorum tariff will tend to raise more revenue than a specific tariff(c) An optimum tariff will tend to raise more revenue than an escalating tariff(d) A tariff quota will tend to raise more revenue than a specific tariff.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: B38. The imposition of tariffs will help a nation attain which of the following goals?(a) Decreased domestic consumer prices(b) Increased domestic employment(c) Increased amount and variety of goods available for consumers(d) Increased competition between domestic and foreign producers(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E39. Tariff rates on products imported into the U.S.(a) have dropped substantially over the past 50 years.(b) were prohibited by the constitution(c) reached an all time high in 2002.(d) have risen steadily since 1920(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A40. What is a true statement concerning the imposition in the U.S. of a tariff on steel?(a) It lowers the price of cheese domestically(b) It raises the price of cheese internationally(c) It raises revenue for the government(d) It will always result in retaliation from abroad(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C41. An important difference between tariffs and quotas is that tariffs(a) raise the price of the good(b) generate tax revenue for the government(c) stimulate international trade(d) help domestic producers(e) None of the aboveAnswer: BEssay Questions1. Economic theory in general, and trade theory in particular are replete with equivalencies. Forexample, it is argued that for any specific tariff one can find an equivalent ad valorum tariff; and that for any quota one can calculate a tariff equivalent. Discuss conditions or situations under which a specific and an ad valorum tariff are not equivalent. Discuss conditions or situations when a tariff and a quota are not equivalent.Answer: E.g., during a period of price inflation, an ad valorum tariff would become increasingly more effective. The government does not receive any of the quota revenues, unless theimport licenses are sold or auctioned.2. The Metzler Paradox is a special case of the optimum tariff concept. Discuss this assertion. Wouldthe optimum tariff tend to be a high one or a low one in the case where this paradox exists? What conditions would be needed in the international ma rkets for a country’s exports for this paradox to exist? Why do you suppose empirical support for the existence of this paradox has not beenforthcoming to date?Answer: The Metzler Paradox describes an unlikely situation in which the imposition of a tariff not only improves a country’s welfare, but also improves that of its domestic consumers. Ifthis paradox were present then the magnitude of the optimum tariff would tend to be large,since the welfare decreasing decrease in imports is not present in this case (the importsactually increase, as world prices drastically drop). The Metzler Paradox could occur onlyif the foreign offer curves are inelastic. It is not likely to be observed because tradeelasticities tend to be relatively large. Also, were it to exist, its activation by a largecountry would tend to evoke foreign retaliation.3. Some argue that tariffs always hurt the imposing country’s economic welfare, and are typicallydesigned to shift resources from one sector to another, protected or preferred one, within aneconomy. Find and discuss a counterexample to this argument.Answer: The optimum tariff is theoretically a first-best trade policy.精选Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 93 4. The effective rate of protection is a weighted average of nominal tariffs and tariffs on importedinputs. It has been noted that in most industrialized countries, the nominal tariffs on raw materials or intermediate components or products are lower than on final-stage products meant for final markets.Why would countries design their tariff structures in this manner? Who tends to be helped, and who is harmed by this cascading tariff structure?Answer: The cascading tariff structure is probably the result of systematic lobbying on the part of manufacturing interests and lobbies to lower costs of production (in terms of importedinputs). The end result is in fact to create effective rates of protection for downstream, orfinal manufacturing processes that are often much higher than nominal tariffs on theseproducts. An important group, which is hurt by this are exporters of raw materials andcomponents in developing countries.5. The two deadweight triangles are the Consumption distortion and Production distortion losses. It iseasy to understand why the Consumption distortion constitutes a loss for society. After all it raises the prices of goods to consumers, and even causes some consumers to drop out of the marketaltogether. It seems paradoxical that the Production distortion is considered an equivalent burden on society. After all, in this case, profits increase, and additional production (with its associatedemployment) comes on line. This would seem to be an offset rather than an addition to the burden or loss borne by society. Explain why the Production distortion is indeed a loss to society, and what is wrong with the logic that leads to the apparent paradox.Answer: The Production Distortion represents an inefficient shift of society’s resources to producea good, which it could not sell profitably at world prices. Since (with full employmentassumed) these resources were formerly used to produce export goods, which couldcompete profitably, the net result is a loss in real income to the country.6. It is argued that a tariff may help promote employment in a single industry, but is not likely to helpemployment in general. Discuss.Answer: A general tariff on all imports is equivalent to a depreciation in the value of the country’s currency. It would raise the prices of all imports, and have a considerable income effect.This income effect will have a negative effect on total consumption of the import-competing sector (as well as the exportables and non-tradables). In addition, underconditions of a flexible exchange rate regime (assuming the Marshal-Lerner Conditionshold) it will lower the supply of the country’s currency in the foreign exchange market,and hence cause an appreciation of the currency. This will harm the country’s exports, andnegatively affect this sector’s employment.Quantitative/Graphing Problemsconsume?Answer: 602. In the absence of trade what is the country’s consumer plus producer surplus?Answer: $180, $1803. With free trade and no tariffs, what is the quantity of Widgets imported?Answer: 1004. With a specific tariff of $3 per unit, what is the quantity of Widget imports?Answer: 805. The loss of Consumer Surplus due to the tariff equalsAnswer: $2306. The lowest specific tariff which would be considered prohibitive isAnswer: $5精选。
国际经济学课后习题答案
国际经济学课后习题答案第⼆章古典国际贸易理论1.根据重商主义的观点，⼀国必须保持贸易顺差。
在两国模型中是否可能？为什么？思路：在两国模型中⼀国的贸易顺差等于另⼀国的贸易逆差，不可能出现两国都顺差的情况，重商主义贸易顺差的⽬标必有⼀国⽆法实现。
2.在分析中国加⼊世界贸易组织（WTO）的利弊时，有⼈说“为了能够打开出⼝市场，我们不得不降低关税，进⼝⼀些外国产品。
这是我们不得不付出的代价”；请分析评论这种说法。
思路：这种说法实际是“重商主义”，认为出⼝有利，进⼝受损，实际上降低关税多进⼝本国不具有⽐较优势的产品，把资源⽤在更加有效率的产品⽣产中去再出⼝，能⼤⼤提⾼⼀国的福利⽔平，对⼀国来说反⽽是好事。
3.在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动⼒，B国有50名劳动⼒，如果⽣产棉花的话，A国的⼈均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是⽣产⼤⽶的话，A国的⼈均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。
画出两国的⽣产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪⼀国拥有⽣产⼤⽶的绝对优势？哪⼀国拥有⽣产⼤⽶的⽐较优势？思路：B国由于每⼈能⽣产16吨⼤⽶，⽽A国每⼈仅⽣产10吨⼤⽶，所以B国具有⽣产⼤⽶的绝对优势。
从两国⽣产可能性曲线看出A国⽣产⼤⽶的机会成本为0.2，⽽B国为0.125，所以B国⽣产⼤⽶的机会成本或相对成本低于A 国，B 国⽣产⼤⽶具有⽐较优势。
4.理论，决不是个强权理论，只要按照⽐较优势进⾏贸易，专业化⽣产，充分有效地利⽤资源，穷国也可以得到好处，这不仅可以从Sachs 和Warner 对78个发展中国家贸易与经济发展的关系研究中的得到证实，单从中国改⾰开放的实践就可以得到说明。
5. 下表列出了加拿⼤和中国⽣产1单位计算机和1单位⼩麦所需的劳动时间。
假定⽣产计算机和⼩麦都只⽤劳动，加拿⼤的总劳动为600⼩时，中国总劳动为800⼩时。
（1）计算不发⽣贸易时各国⽣产计算机的机会成本。
（2）哪个国家具有⽣产计算机的⽐较优势？哪个国家具有⽣产⼩麦的⽐较优势？800 1200（3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的⼩麦，加拿⼤参与贸易可以从每单位的进⼝中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进⼝中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的⼩麦，加拿⼤和中国分别可以从进⼝每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4）在⾃由贸易的情况下，各国应⽣产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利⽔平是提⾼还是降低了？试⽤图分析。
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第一章练习与答案1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答案提示：3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡试解释原因。
答案提示：4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。
7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些答案提示：小国。
9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸答案提示：第二章答案1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入A BX Y6 215 12表2 X 、Y 的单位产出所需的劳动投入AB X Y10 45 5答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。
（表2-2（a ）和表2-2（b ）部分的内容）2．假设A 、B 两国的生产技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进行贸易的动机吗解释原因。
表3 X 、Y 的单位产出所需的劳动投入A B X Y4 28 4答案提示：从绝对优势来看，两国当中A 国在两种产品中都有绝对优势；从比较优势来看，两国不存在相对技术差异。
所以，两国没有进行国际贸易的动机。
3．证明如果一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，那么也必具有比较优势。
——题出错了 证明即使一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，也未必具有比较优势。
答案提示：如果X X b a 〉，则称A 国在X 生产上具有绝对优势；如果Y X Y X b b a a //〉，则称A 国在X 生产上具有比较优势。
当Y Y b a =或者Y Y b a 〈的时候，由X X b a 〉可以推出Y X Y X b b a a //〉，但是，当Y Y b a 〉的时候，X X b a 〉不能保证Y X Y X b b a a //〉。
所以，即使一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，也未必具有比较优势。
4．根据书中第二个例子的做法，如果按照比较劣势的原则进行国际分工，那么会对世界生产带来什么净影响 答案提示：5．假设某一国家拥有20，000万单位的劳动，X 、Y 的单位产出所要求的劳动投入分别为5个单位和4个单位，试确定生产可能性边界方程。
答案提示：2000000004151=+Y X L L ;X L X 51=;Y L Y 41=6．根据上一题的条件，再加上以下几个条件，试确定该国的出口量，并在图中画出贸易三角形。
（1）X 的国际相对价格为2； （2）进口为2，000个单位。
答案提示：封闭条件下，此国生产可能性边界的斜率是Y X P P=-=-455141。
因为X 的国际相对价格为2，所以此国出口X 进口Y 。
出口1,000个单位的X 可以换得2,000个单位的Y 。
贸易三角是C A DA ’（见图2-5（a ））。
7．在图2—2（b ）中，过剩供给曲线两端是否有界限试解释原因。
答案提示：过剩供给曲线两端是有界限的，因为一国生产能力和消费需求是有界限的。
8*． 仿照图2—4，你能否画出这样一种情形：两条曲线的交点所决定的国际均衡价格与某一国封闭下的相对价格完全相同如何解释这种结果 答案提示：从大国、小国的角度考虑。
9． 试对下列说法加以评价：（1）由于发达国家工资水平高于发展中国家，所以发达国家与发展中国家进行贸易会无利可图；（2）因为美国的工资水平很高，所以美国产品在世界市场缺乏竞争力； （3）发展中国家的工资水平比较低是因为国际贸易的缘故。
答案提示：以上三种观点都不正确。
10*．试根据李嘉图模型证明：如果A 国在两种产品上都具有绝对优势，那么贸易后A 国的名义工资水平肯定高于B 国。
答案提示：比较w x a p w 与wx b p w 之间的大小。
第三章答案1． 根据下面的两个表，试判断：（1）哪个国家是资本相对丰富的；（2）哪个国家是劳动相对丰富的；（3）如果X 是资本密集型产品，Y 是劳动密集型产品，那么两国的比较优势如何表1要素禀赋 AB 劳动 资本45 1520 10表2要素禀赋 AB 劳动 资本12 4830 60答案提示：表1中A 国劳动相对丰裕，A 国在生产Y 产品上有比较优势。
表2中A 国资本相对丰裕，A 国在生产X 产品上有比较优势。
2． 如果A 国的资本、劳动总量均高于B 国，但资本相对更多些，试仿照图3—3和图3—4的做法，确定两国生产可能性边界线的位置关系。
答案提示：3． 根据上一题，试在图中画出两国在封闭和开放下的一般均衡。
答案提示： BOYXA /B /A E aKE bO L（X=a X ）（X=b X ）（Y=b Y ）（Y=a Y ） BY //A E bp ap bE aQ aC a C bB Y //AO bO aQ bp wp w4．如果两个部门的要素密度完全相同，那么要素禀赋差异还会引发国际贸易吗如果贸易发生的话，那么国际分工与贸易型态如何试将你得出的结果与李嘉图模型加以比较。
答案提示：如果两个部门的要素密度完全相同，那么要素禀赋差异将不会引发国际贸易。
不过，国际贸易还可能存在，这时候的国际分工将有更多的偶然性质。
5*．试证明在图3—7中，两国的消费点共同位于从原点出发的一条直线上。
答案提示：根据两国的消费结构来判断6*. 如果两国存在技术差异，那么贸易后两国要素价格是否均等，为什么答案提示：如果两国存在技术差异，那么贸易后两国要素价格将不均等。
可采用图3—8的方式来解释7．需求逆转是否会影响要素价格均等为什么答案提示：需求逆转导致两个国家相同产品的价格不一样，使得要素价格无法均等。
8．如何根据罗伯津斯基定理，来解释要素禀赋不同的两个国家生产可能性边界之间的差别答案提示：罗伯津斯基定理是，在商品相对价格不变的前提下，某一要素的增加会导致密集使用该要素部门的生产增加，而另一部门的生产则下降。
如果两个国家的要素禀赋不一样，则某种要素多的国家，会生产更多密集使用该要素的产品，反之亦然。
所以，两个国家的生产可能性边界就出现了差别。
9．如果一国的资本与劳动同时增加，那么在下列情况下，两种产品的生产以及该国的贸易条件如何变化（1）资本、劳动同比例增加；（2）资本增加的比例大于劳动增加的比例；（3）资本增加的比例小于劳动增加的比例。
答案提示：（1）两种产品的产量同比例增加，贸易条件没有变化。
（2）资本密集型产品的生产增加更快，资本密集型产品的价格有下降的压力。
（3）劳动密集型产品的生产增加更快，劳动密集型产品的价格有下降的压力。
10．对小国来说，经济增长后福利如何变化答案提示：对于小国来说，经济增长以后，不对国际价格形成影响，其贸易条件不会变化，所以福利将上升。
11．在战后几十年间，日本、韩国等东亚的一些国家或地区的国际贸易商品结构发生了，明显变化，主要出口产品由初级产品到劳动密集型产品，再到资本密集型产品，试对此变化加以解释。
答案提示：随着国际贸易的开展，日本、韩国等东亚国家发挥了比较优势，促进了生产，提高了福利。
随着资本的不断积累，日本、韩国等国家的比较优势由起初的初级产品和劳动密集型产品的生产变成了资本密集型产品的生产，所以贸易结构也就相应地发生了变化。
12．试析外资流入对东道国贸易条件和比较优势的影响。
答案提示：外资流入可以从一定程度上改变东道国的要素禀赋，比如，使得原来资本相对稀缺的国家变成资本相对丰裕的国家。
当要素禀赋改变以后，东道国可以发挥新形成的比较优势进行国际贸易，提高福利水平。
如果外资流入的东道国在资本密集型产品的生产上增加特别多，以至于影响到国际价格，这将使得此国此种产品的出口价格有下降的压力，不利于贸易条件的维持和改善。
第四章习题答案提示1．如果劳动不是同质的话，那么劳动技能的差别是否会造成特定要素的存在试举例说明。
答案提示：会的。
2．如果短期内资本和劳动都不能自由流动，那么国际贸易对要素实际收入会产生什么影响答案提示：出口产品密集使用的要素，其价格将上升；进口竞争产品密集使用的要素，其价格将下降。
3．根据本章所建立的特定要素模型，试析劳动增加对要素实际收入和两个部门的生产会产生什么影响（提示：将图4—1中的纵坐标由原点O x或O y向外平行移动，然后比较一下新旧均衡点）。
答案提示：劳动增加并且完全就业，则整个经济的资本-劳动比例下降，劳动力价格将下降。
劳动力增加将增加密集使用劳动力产品的产量；资本密集型产品的产量下降。
4．如果是某一特定要素增加，那么要素实际收入和两个部门的生产又将如何变化（提示：考虑一下劳动需求曲线的变动）。
答案提示：某一特定要素增加，将导致密集使用该要素产品的产量上升，同时由于另一个部门释放出了一部分共同要素，使得另一个部门的产量下降了。
共同生产要素的收入将上升。
5．根据你对3和4题的回答，试判断在上述两种情况下，罗伯津斯基定理是否依然有效答案提示：依然有效。
6．假设某一国能源部门（比如石油部门）和制造业部门除劳动是共同的投入要素外，各使用一种不同的特定要素，那么，世界市场上能源价格的上涨对该国制造业部门的生产会产生什么影响答案提示：随着世界市场能源价格上升，一部分劳动力将由制造业部门流到能源部门，能源部门产量增加，制造业部门的产量下降。