2018届北京市各区高三英语一模二模试题题型分类专题汇编--阅读理解D篇 -老师版(带答案精准校对完美排版)

第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，40分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

D

The cruise（邮轮）tourism is the fastest growing industry in the travel industry. With rapid growth in the number of passengers, the number of cruise ships at sea, and the increased variety of destinations, the fast growth in the industry follows with increasing influences on the environment.

Like many travel industries, the negative influences on the environment seem to outweigh the positive ones. Even though the cruise industry is relatively small compared to the airline industry, cruise ships and their passengers generate more waste and pollutant emissions（排放物）while travelling and docked in port. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, a one-week voyage generates more than 50 tons of garbage, and during that same week 3.78 million litres of waste water is produced. That is water which is harmful to the ocean life and cannot be poured back into the ocean without being treated. These numbers are multiplied by more than 200 cruise ships sailing the world 365 days a year.

Due to pollution, coral reefs（珊瑚礁）are taking a significant damage. There are 109 countries with coral reefs. In 90 of them, reefs are being damaged by cruise ships. It is said 70% of cruise destinations are in the spots with the existence of a wide variety of sea plants and animal species.

However, it is not the amount of pollution generated by cruise ships that is most concerned, but rather, the way cruise ships deal with their waste. The way cruise ships get rid of waste is highly unregulated. Waste can be poured a few short miles off shore, which is later brought back to shore due to ocean currents. In most cases, there was no monitoring or administration from local authorities if cruise ships violated the pollution standards. The cruise industry continues to promote itself as environmentally friendly; the truth is, there are many examples of cruise ships breaking the law.

Processing waste on board is not impossible for cruise industries. Since the increased harmful effects on the environment have come to light, some cruise industries have done their part and as

technology increases, their ability to become more eco-friendly has become the most important.

Holland American Line has invested $1.5 million into a program called Seawater Scrubber Pilot. This program looks for opportunities to reduce engine emission on its ships. The Sea Water Scrubber system uses the natural chemistry of seawater to remove all harmful materials in the seawater before it is poured overboard. Even though it is only a small step, it makes a big difference.

The environmental impact of the cruise industry on the destination has negative effects. However, with effort made, there is still hope that these effects can be limited, or as we wish, reduced.

47. What adds to cruise ships’ pollution?

A. Lack of proper regulations.

B. Growing size of cruise ships.

C. Service system on cruise ships.

D. Useless water-treating program.

48. Why did the author mention Holland American Line?

A. To stress environmental protection matters.

B. To evaluate the effects of natural chemistry.

C. To introduce the Sea Water Scrubber system.

D. To prove some anti-pollution measure works.

49. What is the passage mainly about?

A. Influences of cruise tourism.

B. Problems in tourist industry.

C. Consequence of ocean pollution.

D. Administration of cruise emissions.

50. How is the passage developed?

A. By analyzing cause and effect.

B. By discussing problems and solutions.

C. By comparing benefits and disadvantages.

D. By presenting similarities and differences.

Keys: 47-50 ADAB

第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，40分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

D

Earth is experiencing its sixth mass extinction: somewhere between 30 and 159 species （物种）disappear every day, and more than 300 types of animals have died out since 1500. This is not good for the future of life on our planet, but what if we could make some of the extinct species come back to life? Thanks to ongoing advances in DNA recovery and cloning technology, de-extinction may soon be realized, and we may see Tasmanian Tigers, or Dodo Birds back into existence in the near future.

Some scientists are confident and optimistic about de-extinction. They think that the best reasons for de-extinction have more to do with ecology than tourism. “If this is always going to be a zoo animal, then stop,” says Ben Novak, the lead researcher at Revive & Restore-a foundation devoted to rescuing endangered and extinct species in San Francisco, California. “The goals have to be about ecological restoration and function.”

Take passenger pigeons for example. Their numbers reached nearly 5 billion at the start of the 19th century, and they played an important role in shaping the forests they inhabited(居住). After their extinction, the forests have never been the same. “The passenger pigeon is a very important ecological species if we want their original habitat back,” Novak says.

However, we need to think twice about Novak's idea. Any new scientific initiative is bound to have risks, so is de-extinction. Although some assume that de-extinction may help the environment, we can’t be so sure. The de-extinct animals would now be strangers to their habitats. As the habitat is no longer what it was, the species role within the ecosystem may have also changed. This could be actually a threat to the other species within the environment as the de-extinct animals enter the area and compete for food sources. Once again we’re trying to force nature to act in a certain way, rather than letting it remain natural.

Many scientists also believe that priorities (优先权) would change within the conservation of currently endangered species. Would we still put in the effort to preserve living animals if we knew we could just magically bring them back from-the dead? Douglas McCauley, an ecologist at University of California, Santa Barbara, stresses this worry. “Honestly, the thing that scares me most is that the public absorbs the misimpression that extinction is no longer scary. The general

attitude becomes: Deforest, no worry, we can reforest. If we drive something extinct, no worry, we can de-extinct it.”said McCauley.

It seems that with the subject of de-extinction, we must look at our reasons for doing such a thing. Yes, we may, in the near future, be able to de-extinct the extinct species. But does that mean we should? Are the risks really worth it? Does it make sense to focus on the dead than the living? And who are we truly benefiting in the end?

47. Ben Novak probably agrees that

A. the value of de-extinction lies in tourism

B. de-extinct animals are unfit to live in the zoo

C. de-extinction results fr om the change of ecosystem

D. de-extinction aims to bring back former environment

48. What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 5?

A. People's impressions on lost species.

B. Change of public attitudes towards de-extinction.

C. Importance of the conservation of living animals.

D. Effects of de-extinction on the protection of endangered species.

49. What is the author's attitude toward de-extinction?

A. Optimistic. C. Neutral.

B. Doubtful. D. Supportive.

50. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

I:Introduction P:Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) C:Conclusion

Keys: 47-50 DDBA

第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，40分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

D

Ownership used to be about as straightforward as writing a cheque. If you bought something, you owned it. If it broke, you fixed it. If you no longer wanted it, you sold it or threw it away. In the digital age, however, ownership has become more slippery. Since the coming of smartphones, consumers have been forced to accept that they do not control the software in their devices; they are only licensed to use it. As a digital chain is wrapped ever more tightly around more devices, such as cars and thermostats, who owns and who controls which objects is becoming a problem. Buyers should be aware that some of their most basic property rights are under threat.

The trend is not always harmful. Manufacturers seeking to restrict what owners do with increasingly complex technology have good reasons to protect their copyright, ensure that their machines do not break down, support environmental standards and prevent hacking. Sometimes companies use their control over a product’s software for the owners’ benefit. When Hurricane Irma hit Florida this month, Tesla remotely updated the software controlling the batteries of some models to give owners more range to escape the storm.

But the more digital strings are attached to goods, the more the balance of control leans towards producers and away from owners. That can be inconvenient. Picking a car is hard enough, but harder still if you have to dig up the instructions that tell you how use is limited and what data you must give. If the products are intentionally designed not to last long, it can also be expensive. Already, items from smartphones to washing machines have become extremely hard to fix, meaning that they are thrown away instead of being repaired.

Privacy is also at risk. Users become terrified when iRobot, a robotic vacuum cleaner, not only cleans the floor but also creates a digital map of the inside of a home that can then be sold to

advertisers (though the manufacturer says it has no intention of doing so). Cases like this should remind people how jealously they ought to protect their property rights and control who uses the data that is collected.

Ownership is not about to go away, but its meaning is changing. This requires careful inspection. Devices, by and large, are sold on the basis that they enable people to do what they want. To the extent they are controlled by somebody else, that freedom is compromised.

47. What benefit does it bring to customers if companies control the ownership of products?

A. It provides them with knowledge to prevent hacking.

B. It gives them the chance to be protected from danger.

C. It enables them to own the copyright of the products.

D. It helps them know more about complex technology.

48. The underlined words “that freedom” in the last paragraph refer to the freedom to _____.

A. control other people

B. share the ownership

C. inspect devices at any time

D. use devices as one wishes

49. The author may agree _____.

A. customers should buy fewer digital devices

B. producers should control property rights

C. property rights need to be protected

D. better after s ales service is required

50. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?

A. B.

C. D.

I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion

Keys: 47-50 BDCA

第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，40分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

D

They hide in trees, hang from helicopters, even follow people down on motorcycles—all so that they can snap a shot of a celebrity. They are paparazzi—photographers who make a living by taking pictures of the rich and famous.

This September, California, a state with plenty of celebrities, passed a law aimed at taking action against paparazzi. The law forbids photographers from entering private property to take pictures, from using high-tech devices to take pictures of people on private property, and from “persistently following in order to take a picture.” Violators can be fined or spend time in prison. The United State Congress is considering passing a similar law.

Supporters of the California law say it will protect the privacy of celebrities, whom paparazzi have been bothering for years. Opponents (反对者) say the law restricts photojournalists from doing their job.

Most celebrities seem to like having their pictures taken when they are in public at award shows or other events. After all, it’s free publicity. But when they’re not in public, they say, photographers should leave them alone. Yet paparazzi have been known to secretly look in windows and worse. Actor Michael J. Fox said that paparazzi have even “tried to pretend to b e medical personnel at the hospital where my wife was giving birth to our son.”

Celebrities have as much right to their privacy as anyone else, supporters of the law state. Supporters further argue that the California law is a fair way to keep the press at bay, because the law still allows photographers to do their job. It only punishes them, supporters say, when they violate celebrities’ privacy.

Opponents of the law say it violates the First Amendment to the United States Constitution (美国宪法第一修正案), which guarantees that no laws will be made to limit “the freedom of speech, or of the press.” Although some people might not consider paparazzi a part o f the legal press, the California law does not single out paparazzi. It applies to photographers working for any

publication.

Opponents of the law are also concerned about its wording. “Does ‘persistently’ mean following someone for six minutes, six secon ds, or six days?” asked lawyer Douglas Mirell. The wording of the law is too vague, critics complain, and could be used to punish almost any news photographer.

The United States needs a free press to keep the public informed about important news, paparazzi law opponents say. Limiting the press in any way, they argue, limits the freedom of all.

47. Which of the following will be considered illegal by the new California law?

A. Paparazzi slipping into the house of a famous person to take a shot.

B. Paparazzi taking photos of famous people with high-tech cameras.

C. Paparazzi hiring helicopters as a fast means of transportation.

D. Paparazzi rushing towards filming sites on motorcycles.

48. Supporters of the new law believe that _____.

A. it prevents the media from getting worse

B. it gives photographers a fair way to compete

C. punishment forces paparazzi to quit their job

D. privacy of famous people needs special protection

49. Opponents of the new law are concerned that _____.

A. It will violate paparazzi’s privacy

B. the First Amendment will be changed

C. some photographers will be wrongly accused

D. people will not be informed of important news

50. What is the author’s attitude towards the new California law?

A. Critical.

B. Neutral.

C. Approving.

D. Sceptical.

Keys: 47-50 AACB

第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，40分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

D

Comedy and Psychology

Earlier this year I did a part-time comedy course. The class was taught by Ryan, a professional comedian.I had performed a show, which wasn’t originally meant to be a comedy. However, the audience laughed at my first joke, then continued to laugh throughout the routines that were meant to be serious. So it was the audience who told me I was funny, but I didn’t understand why or how to control the comic (滑稽的) moments. So, I joined the course to learn.

“Turn off your editor that makes you say the right thing and remember how to be a child,” explained Ryan. “Don’t try to be clever. Don’t try too hard to be funny…and knowing all about the theory of humor is unlikely to help you much. Just behave in a silly way. That’s what people want to see on stage.”Ryan would help us loosen up by saying things like, “Wander around talking to others, but make sure that you’re the lowest status person here.”

I’ d say that understanding the psychology of humor has actually helped. Recently I came across the book Inside Jokes: Using Humor to Reverse-Engineer the Mind. Its main idea is that any self-directed intelligent system will need to correct its own fault. There’s a risk that the occasional error will be made. If this was boring or burdensome, we’d be less willing to do it. However, evolution has made the process fun.

Here’s a joke in the book: Two fish are in a tank. One says to the other, “Do you know how to drive this thing?” It works on the principle that we have started to imagine one thing—that the tank is the typical container people keep fish in—and, just in time, the following words tell us that our first assumption was wrong—it’s a heavy vehicle. For correctly figuring out the error, we are rewarded with a pleasurable feeling. The joke is an efficient way of encouraging this natural reaction, and comedians have become experts in slightly touching this mental funny-bone in order to make us laugh.

Ryan was right when he said that knowing the theory of humor wouldn’t help us that much as a comedy.During one exercise in the course, four of us were told to perform an opera. Susan and Caroline sang earnestly on either side of the stage, and I brought Henry to the floor, where we wrestled (摔跤) each other like out-of-control teenagers. The rest of the group was in

uncontrollable fits of laughter. As a performer, I’ ll never appreciate just why it seeme d so funny. But the point is that I would never have written this on the paper. It was a joyous, found moment.

47. Why did the author attend the comedy course?

A. He wanted to see how the theories worked in practice.

B. He discovered he had some natural ability in comedy.

C. He worried about how other performers would find him.

D. He got unpleasant experiences when performing a comedy.

48. Ryan required the people on the comedy course to______.

A. copy their favorite performance

B. imagine other people’ s reactions

C. help themselves feel comfortable

D. behave in a more playful manner

49. What is the purpose of the joke mentioned in Paragraph 4?

A. To discuss what humor brings about exactly.

B. To give an example of another kind of humor.

C. To prove the point about psychology of humor.

D. To show why some people are funnier than others.

50. What view does the author put forward in the end?

A. Visual humor is what appeals to people most.

B. What people find funny is often unpredictable.

C. Theories explaining humor tend to be mistaken.

D. Learning comic skills proves to be a difficult task.

Keys: 47-50 BDCB

第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，40分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

D

A Competitive Sport

Over the years, cheerleading has taken two primary forms:

game-time cheerleading and competitive cheerleading.

Game-time cheerleaders’ main goal is to entertain the crowd and

lead them with team cheers, which should not be considered a

sport. However, competitive cheerleading is more than a form of entertainment. It is really a competitive sport.

Competitive cheerleading includes lots of physical activity. The majority of the teams require a certain level of tumbling (翻腾运动) ability. It’s a very common thing for gymnasts, so it’s easy for them to go into competitive cheerleading. Usually these cheerleaders integrate lots of their gymnastics experience including their jumps, tumbling, and overall energy. They also perform lifts and throws. This is where the “fliers” are thrown in the air, held by “bases” in different positions that require strength and working with other teammates.

Competitive cheerleading is also an activity that is governed by rules under which a winner can be declared. It is awarded points for technique, creativity and sharpness. Usually the more difficult the action is, the better the score is. That’s why cheerleaders are trying to experience great difficulty in their performance.

Besides, there is also a strict rule of time. The whole performance has to be completed in less than three minutes and fifteen seconds, during which the cheerleaders are required to stay within a certain area. Any performance beyond the limit of time is invalid.

Another reason for the fact that competitive cheerleading is one of the hardest sports is that it has more reported injuries. According to some research, competitive cheerleading is the number one cause of serious sports injuries to women. Emergency room visits for it are five times the number than for any other spor t, partially because cheerleaders don’t use protective equipment. Smiling cheerleaders are thrown into the air and move down into the arms of the teammates, which may easily cause injuries. Generally, these injuries affect all areas of the body, including wrists, shoulders, ankles, head, and neck.

There can be no doubt that competitive cheerleading is a sport with professional skills. Hopefully, it will appear in the Olympics since cheerleaders are just as athletic and physically fit as those involved in the more accepted sports. It should be noted that it is a team sport and even the smallest mistake made by one teammate can bring the score of the entire team down. So without working together to achieve the goal, first place is out of reach.