分词做状语和独立主格结构
独立主格结构与with复合结构
The meeting （being）over, they all went home.
名词/主格代词+介词短语
1）孩子们手里拿着花向我们跑过来 The children came running towards us, flowers in hands. 2）玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.
⑧ He reached the beautiful river with red flowers and green trees on both sides.
他来到了两岸长满红花绿树的这条河上。（作后置定语，修饰river）
独立主格结构与with复合结构的区别
独立主格结构和with / without 的复合结构在大多数情况下可以相互转换。 • ① He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍or an instant，his hand still raised. • ② He could be seen with his legs wrapped around the trunk and his blond head sticking out above the branches. 只见他双腿盘着树干，长满金黄头发 的头伸出树枝以上。 • →He could be seen，his legs wrapped around the trunk and his blond head sticking out above the branches. • ③ Without any money left，he had no choice but to borrow some from his friend. 由于手头拮据，他只得向他的朋友借一些钱。 • →No money left，he had no choice but to borrow some from his friend. • 意思基本相同。
英语独立主格结构的用法
学法新探独立主格结构，紧凑简练，是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，分词、不定式、形容词、副词及介词短语等作为逻辑谓语构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随、目的等情况，主要用作状语，修饰整个句子，与主句之间不用任何连接词，而是多用逗号隔开。
它是高中英语中至关重要的语法知识之一，也是高考英语的一大考查热点。
一、独立主格结构的构成形式（1）名词/代词+分词。
名词或代词加分词可以构成独立主格结构，其中的现在分词表示主动或正在进行的动作，名词或代词表示动作的执行者，它与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系；而过去分词则表示被动或已完成的动作，名词或代词表示动作的承受者，它与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构。
如：①Many eyes watching him,he felt a bit nervous.（许多双眼睛看着他，他感到有点紧张。
）②The experimentfinished,the students jumped up happily.（实验完成了，学生们开心地跳了起来。
）（2）名词/代词+动词不定式。
名词或代词加动词不定式可以构成独立主格结构，其中不定式表示逻辑主语将要发出的动作，如果动作与逻辑主语存在主谓关系，则用主动形式；若为动宾关系，则用被动形式。
如：①Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,ournewly-built school will look even more beautiful.（被动形式，种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
）②The last guest to arrive,our party wasstarted.（主动形式，最后一位客人一到，我们的晚会就开始。
）（3）名词/代词+形容词/副词。
名词或代词加形容词或副词可以构成独立主格结构，其中形容词主要表示逻辑主语的性质和特征；副词则表示逻辑主语所处的状态。
关于分词的独立主格结构
关于分词的独立主格结构（最新版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制学校：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后，系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。
英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。
而且，英语语法是一套完整的语言知识体系。
如果你想英语能够更进一步，英语语法就是其中的主要一环。
Download tips: English grammar is a series of language rules that are systematically summarized after studying the English language. The essence of English grammar lies in mastering the use of language. Moreover, English grammar is a complete language knowledge system. If you want English to go further, English grammar is the main link.正文内容在通常情况下，分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型。
如：误：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down.正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。
关于分词的独立主格结构正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。
解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。
分词与独立主格结构
分词与独立主格结构分词的结构现在分词：doing/being done/having done/having been done过去分词:done分词用途定语单个的分词为定语通常是前置，特别是现在分词，其中现在分词表示主动且正在进行的含义，过去分词表示被动（及物动词）或已经完成的含义（不及物动词）；对声音和表情的修饰常用过去分词；某些单个过去分词前置与后置有区别：the given time/the time giventhe wanted person/the person wanteda concerned look/the persons concernedan involved sentence/the persons involved2) 分词短语为定语需要后置，相当于一个定语从句，用doing表示主动且正在进行的含义；用being done 表示被动且正在进行的含义；用done表示被动且已经完成的含义；用to be done 表示将来被动的含义，没有having done和having been doneThe bridge ______(build)next year will join up the two islands.The bridge ______(build)in 1960 is the first modern one in Chongqing.The bridge ______(build)will be completed next week.思考：是否所有的定语从句都可以改为分词结构吗？下列两个句子可以改为分词结构吗？The man who came this morning is his father.Is there anyone who can drive a car?表语现在分词作为表语表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词为表语表示主语所处的状态1). The animal and plants that they found there were (astonish)2). I was (astonish) to learn that his long lost child had been found.3). The news made us .(diappoint)4). The mother went to visit Einstein. (puzzle)5). Madame Curie found husband’s death .(shock)6). I saw the boy very (excite)7). Be brave. You look like a bird (frighten)8). The fierce lion looks (frighten). Keep away from its cage or it will attack you.9). The food served at the dinner party did not seem very (invite)3.宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance 等感官动词和look at, listen to 等短语动词，以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。
分词,独立主格
分词/独立主格结构作附属成分（定语，补语，状语）一．现在分词1. 作定语a. 动词-ing形式可以前置或后置修饰名词，作定语。
：--This is a new type of self-winding watch. (这是一种新款的自动上弦手表。
)b. 动词-ing形式后置修饰名词，作定语。
例如：--The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, was a reminder of old times.c. 含有being的形容词短语作定语，只能表示被动进行。
如：--Did you see that boy being questioned by the police? (你看到那个正在受警察盘问的男孩了吗？)2. 作状语a. 动词-ing形式作状语相当与各类副词从句--She begged him not to drink too much, reminding him that he'd have to drive home.（表示进一步说明）--Frankly speaking, I don't like people of his kind. (表示方式)--Putting down the newspaper, I walked over the window and looked out. (表示时间)--Not knowing what to do, the woman telephoned the police. (表示原因)--If going there by plane, we’ll have to pay twice as much. (表示条件)3.相当于状语从句的垂悬结构--Generally/broadly speaking, men can run faster than women.--Relatively speaking, the cost of living has remained static for several years.--She looks wonderful, considering she has been through so much.--Judging from his expression, he's in a bad mood.二．过去分词1. 定语a作前置定语--a born musician (= a natural musician)--a newly-born child--a married man (= a man who is married)--a recently-married womanb. 作后置定语---- the army defeated by the enemy, the army defeated for lack of ammunition.----the sum agreed upon----the people concerned (和所发生的事有关联的人)2. 作补语(as complement)a. 作主语补语----The quarrel of the night before seemed forgotten.b. 作宾语补语---They discovered him worn out by travel and exertion.3 相当于状语从句(as adverb clause equivalent)a. 动词-ed短语可以相当于副词短语，在句中作状语。
With结构,独立主格,分词
题3.---You should have prepared your speech for the meeting , Mrs Smith . ---Yes, I know .But how could I ______the meeting date fixed so soon . A. while B. as C. after D. with 题4.____ more and more forests damaged ,some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out. A. As B. For C. With D. By
3、条件或伴随状语 题3..______ more time, he is sure to finish his test paper. A.If he is given B.If given C.Given D.all the above 题4..Father came back, _______ a bag of money on his left shoulder. A.carrying B.he was carrying C.and carrying D.all the above
题8.I send you 100 dollars today, the rest___ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 题9 I send you 100 dollars today, and the rest______ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. will follow D. being followed
状语从句和独立主格
语法复习专题（13）状语从1、时间状语从句（1）as、when、while用法一览表。
（2）引导时间状语从句的连接词除上述外还有：①till, not … until …, until, before, sinceDon’t get off the bus until it has stopped.He waited for his father until(till)it was twelve o’clock.It will be five years before he returns from England.②hardly / scarcely … when, no sooner … than, as soonas once表示“一……就”As soon as I have finished it , I’ll give yu a call.Once you show any fear, he will attack you.We had hardly got / Hardly had we got into the country when itbegan to rain.No sooner had he arrived / He had no sooner arrived than she started complaining.③directly, immediately, the moment, the minute that…一……就He made for the door directly he heard the knock.④each time, every time, by the timeEach time he came to my city, he would call on me.注意：表示未来情况，主句用将来时，从句用现在时。
2、让步状语从句（1）although与though可以引导让步状语从句，不能与but 连用，但可以与yet连用。
独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点
独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。
它有以下三个特点：1.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2.名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
3.独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的常见形式1.名词（代词）+现在分词The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。
2.名词（代词）+过去分词The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
3.名词（代词）+不定式Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。
4. 名词（代词）+介词短语The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
独立主格结构
B 7．_______，everything has changed。 A Time goes on B Time going on C As time going on D With time went on 8．He was lying on the grass ，his hands B _______under his head。 A crossing B crossed C was crossing D were crossed C 9．The storm _______their house，they had to live in a cave。 A destroyed B destroying C having destroyed D being destroyed
4．表示伴随情况或补充说明
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. （=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.） Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. （Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）
3．表示条件 Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week. （= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.） All the work done, you can have a rest. 表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放 在句首，并且不能保留连词。 【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom. 【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. 【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way. 【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.
独立主格结构和分词结构
独立主格结构和分词结构在英语语法中，独立主格结构和分词结构是常见的语法现象。
它们分别以独立的形式和用法出现在句子中。
本文将详细介绍这两个结构，说明它们的用法和特点，并举例展示它们在实际语境中的运用。
独立主格结构（Independent Gerundial Construction）独立主格结构是指一个现在分词或动名词短语在句子中作为一个完整的独立成分存在。
它通常用来表达一个附加的行为，补充说明主句中的内容，并且不影响整个句子的基本含义。
独立主格结构的形式为：现在分词/动名词 + 宾语 + 独立主格（通常是一个名词短语）。
以下是一些独立主格结构的例子：1. 路上下着雨，我们决定打的去上班。
2. 他在看书的时候，电话突然响了。
3. 听着音乐，她开始跳舞。
4. 天气晴朗，孩子们踢足球玩得很开心。
可以看到，以上例句中的独立主格结构都在句子中独立存在，通过补充信息来增强句子的意义。
它们可以用来修饰主句的主语或动词，或者表达一个伴随状态或原因。
分词结构（Participial Construction）分词结构是通过分词的形式在句子中充当句子成分的一种短语结构。
分词结构可以是现在分词（-ing形式）或过去分词（-ed或第三人称单数形式）。
分词结构常常用来修饰主语或宾语，并且能够形成定语从句或状语从句。
以下是一些分词结构的例子：1. 坐在沙发上，他看着电视。
2. 这本书是由著名作家写的。
3. 受伤的狗躺在路边。
可以看到，以上例句中的分词结构分别修饰了主语、宾语和介词短语，使得句子更加丰富和详细。
分词结构可以用来表达时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等多种语义。
总结独立主格结构和分词结构是英语语法中常见的句子结构形式。
独立主格结构通过现在分词/动名词短语的形式在句子中独立存在，补充说明主句中的内容。
而分词结构则通过分词的形式修饰主语或宾语，起到进一步详细描述的作用。
这两个结构都能为句子增添信息，使其更加准确和丰富。
在实际应用中，我们可以根据句子的需要灵活运用独立主格结构和分词结构，以达到精准表达的目的。