Influence of NaCL Stress on delayed
拖延研究综述
拖延研究综述李春豆;葛操;李世杰【摘要】Procrastination is a universal phenomenon,and even become part of the people's living habits.In the fast and efficient modern life,the procrastination will not only give people a serious impact onlearning and work,but also lead to anxiety,guilt and self-blame and other negative emotions on the individual's physical and mental health damage.In order to find out the essence of procrastination and help people get rid of the troubles caused by delay,psychologists have done a lot of research.This paper will sort out the research in this area.We review these areas of intervention from the aspects of delay connotation,influencing factors,theoretical development,neural basis,and negative delays.%拖延是一种普遍现象,甚至成为人们生活习惯的一部分.在快速高效的现代生活中,拖延不仅会给学习和工作带来严重影响,还会导致焦虑、内疚和自责等负面情绪,对个人身心健康造成伤害.为了找出拖延的本质,帮助人们摆脱拖延带来的烦恼,心理学家进行了大量的研究.笔者整理了这方面的研究,从拖延的内涵、影响因素、理论发展、神经基础和负面拖延的干预等方面进行较为系统的阐述.【期刊名称】《周口师范学院学报》【年(卷),期】2018(035)005【总页数】4页(P153-156)【关键词】拖延;影响因素;干预【作者】李春豆;葛操;李世杰【作者单位】郑州大学教育学院,郑州450000;郑州大学教育学院,郑州450000;郑州大学教育学院,郑州450000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】B842Procrastination is a common problem that everyone hates, many of us have become accustomed to procrastination. Even among students, procrastination is common. In an investigation report, a quarter of people think that the procrastination is a serious problem. In a survey aimed at students, one-third of students’ life events are affected by procrastination, and they are constantly rising. Procrastination will cause us to have very bad feelings, influence our progress and work efficiency, and influence our emotions. Many people are plagued by procrastination. Many scholars study the status of procrastination through questionnaires, and there are some studies on neural mechanism. This article will review these researches in this field.1 The connotation and influencing factors of procrastination1.1 The connotation of procrastinationScholars try to describe this general phenomenon of procrastination by various definitions, however, there has been still no comprehensive theory yet. Solomon and Rothblum, their earliest procrastination researches haveshown that procrastination is “unnecessary delaying tasks to experience the subjective discomfort”, focusing on negative emotions caused by phenomenon[1]. Ferrari et al. conceptualized phenomenon as self-imposed actions. The specific meaning here is that when the task is about to reach the deadline, individuals still delay the start or delay the completion of the time[2]. Other researchers define the procrastination from different aspects. Some define procrastination as a kind of behavior,others define it as a behavioral propensity.There are also scholars who have learned that procrastination is not absolutely negative, and procrastination can also play a very positive role. These positive effects include the ability to ease anxiety or stress through procrastination when some tasks or assignments exert great pressure on individuals. In addition, there are some procrastinators who will efficient work leads to more creations and new ideas when completing tasks. There are also people who, after experiencing procrastination, are more likely to develop problem- or result-oriented thinking when deadlines approach, and focusing more on current activities and working more efficiently at the same time. Therefore, some scholars have divided the procrastination into positive and negative. Negative procrastination is that procrastinators delay the start of tasks and are unable to complete tasks well before deadlines. Positive procrastination means that the procrastinators are people who are suitable to work under high pressure. They like challenges and high pressure environment. They even deliberately procrastinated, hoping that in the case of high pressure, they could focus more on theimmediate task and work more efficiently[3].1.2 Influencing factors of procrastinationPersonality traits affect individual procrastination. When discussing procrastination, many of them are inseparable from the factors of personality.So there are many related studies. Researchers explore the relationship between personality and procrastination from different aspects. Researchers who used Big Five as a research model found that the sense of responsibility was negatively related to delays. Responsible people are generally more self-disciplined, more cautious, and more self-disciplined. There is a significant negative correlation between conscientiousness and delay [4]. Some researchers believe that delay is a motivation issue, including self-restraint, perfectionism, and motivation to avoid failure [3].Ross et al. believe that individuals’ self-restraint through procrastination is to protect their own value in front of others, thereby protecting their self-esteem [4].Parental support patterns can affect childre n’s procrastination. According to Robert J’s research,Significant negative correlation between parental rearing style and child procrastination [3] .The nature of the task is also very important in the related studies of delay. Delays are related to interests and areas where different people are good at. People often do not delay on the task of interest.In addition, the study found that individual delays can also be affected by changes in the external environment. When there are more recreational activities or more interference, the individual can easily be distracted andleave the task to be completed. There is also a time pressure on the deadline for the task to influence delays. When time is sufficient, procrastinators are more likely to delay the task.2 The development of procrastination’s theoryThere are three main theories that can be used to explain the delay. The theory of expectations is the first toremind. When a person is considered unlikely to complete a task, it is more likely to take a protracted strategy. Self-efficacy is an important factor in the expectation theory. Existing studies have shown that self-efficacy is negatively correlated with delay. One’s expectations will change with the growth or change of time. But the theory of expectations cannot explain this change caused by time. Then,Ainslie proposed a time discount theory to compensate for the shortcomings of the expected value theory, which was used to explain the changes in behavior brought about by time. Theorizing that delay is our instinct. Everyone tends to underestimate what may happen in the future. As the long-term goals of the future are underestimated, people are more likely to delay in their actions. When the deadline came, we saw an event that was underestimated by ourselves, but it was too late. Although the time discount theory compensates for the change in behavior caused by time, it also gains the support of many people, but it also ignores the role played by self-efficacy in it.Therefore, some scholars have put forward the theory of time motivation, combining the theory of expected value and time discount theory [3]. The theory holds that procrastination is not only related to expectations, butalso related to the value of the tasks. Procrastination also has different manifestations in different people. Delays exist in individual differences.3 Neural basis of procrastinationCardinal et al. showed that the delay may be related to the dopamine system and cognitively controlled brain regions. The results of event-related potential studies showed that high self-prioritized small rewards and P2 brainwaves are more delayed [5] .Resting-state functional magnetic resonance studies have found that procrastination may be related to the prefrontal lobe in the DMN, which may be caused by excessive activity in some areas of the prefrontal lobe, and control of DMN in the frontal frontal lobe. Failure is related[6].4 The intervention of procrastinationWith respect to procrastination interventions, we must look for interventions from the protracted factors, including tasks, personality or personality factors [7]. Can mainly be expanded from the following four aspects: First, from the cognitive improvement, according to the ABC theory we know that caused the behavior is not caused by the incident, but the individual’s attitude to the incident, the evaluation caused. So we can cause changes in behavior by improving cognition. Secondly, from the emotional improvement, studies have found that many negative emotions are highly related to procrastination. Positive emotions are more likely to awaken one person to start action, so they can be resolved through reasonable venting of negative emotions, or narration, and exercise. Negative emotions. At the same time, establish a good pattern of positiveemotions, learn to decompress yourself, and in this way reduce the procrastination caused by emotions[8] .Thirdly, from behavioral improvement, according to behavioral therapy, aiming at the causes of individual delays, cultivate reasonable ability to arrange time and self-control, learn to subdivide tasks into small tasks, establish awareness of goals, and set goals in a timely manner. The goal of the completion of the status of timely inspection and feedback, the early period can be achieved through the rewards and punishments to complete the mission objectives, and then gradually internalized into a sense of achievement to achieve the goal. Fourth, some scholars have tried to provide group counseling to procrastinators, develop group counseling for procrastinators, and use group strength to make progress together.5 The current research deficiencies and future prospectsA large number of scholars have continuously enriched theoretical studies of procrastination through varying degrees of research. However, there are still many issues that need further study. The first is the problem of the research object. The results obtained from the students’ samples were poor in ecological validity during promotion. Second, there are many studies on the status of procrastination, and there is relatively little research on the issue of delay. Future research should strengthen research on proactive delays while providing effective measures to eliminate delays. Questionnaires used in the study of procrastination are also a problem. Most of the scales used are self-contained scales. Many people find it difficult to judge whether their status is delayed or delayed. In addition,the foreign questionnaires used by many people, cultural differences in different countries may also have different depths of influence on delays. It is suggested that a questionnaire that meets the Chinese culture and that can be uniformly administered should be revised for domestic conditions. Reference：【相关文献】[1]Solomon L, Rothblum E. Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates[J]. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1984(31):503 -509.[2]Ferrari J R. Procastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteetn, and task delay frequencies[J]. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,2000(15):185-196.[3]CUI Yan, CUI Li, LIU Aishu. Review on the Research of Procrastination[J]. Science of Social Psychology, 2008,2(23): 150-153.[4]Ross SR, Kelli E. Self-handicapping and the five factor model of personality: mediation between Neuroticism and Conscientiousness[J]. Pers Individ Dif,2002,32:1173-84.[5]Wu Haiyan, Gui Danyang, Lin Wenzheng,et al. The procrastinators want it now: Behavioral and event related potential evidence of the procrastination of intertemporal choices[J]. Brain & Cognition, 2016, 107:16-23.[6]Zhang W, Wang X, Feng T. Identifying the Neural Substrates of Procrastination: a Resting-State f MRI Study[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6:33203.[7] SONG Meige, SU Ti, FENG Tingyong. The Model of Procrastination on Time Orientation[J]. Advances in Psychological Science,2015,23(7):1216-1225.[8]Sirois F, Pychyl T. Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self[J]. Social and Personality PsychologyCompass,2013,7(2):115-127.。
印度梨形孢提高作物抵抗非生物胁迫的研究进展
櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄櫄［７９］ＭａｉｍａｉｔｉｊｉａｎｇＭ，ＳａｇａｎＶ，ＳｉｄｉｋｅＰ，ｅｔａｌ．ＳｏｙｂｅａｎｙｉｅｌｄｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｆｒｏｍＵＡＶｕｓｉｎｇｍｕｌｔｉｍｏｄａｌｄａｔａｆｕｓｉｏｎａｎｄｄｅｅｐｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ［Ｊ］．ＲｅｍｏｔｅＳｅｎｓｉｎｇｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，２０２０，２３７：１１１５９９．［８０］ＰａｓａｌａＲ，ＰａｎｄｅｙＢＢ．Ｐｌａｎｔｐｈｅｎｏｍｉｃｓ：ｈｉｇｈ－ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｐｕｔｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｆｏｒａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｉｎｇｇｅｎｏｍｉｃｓ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＢｉｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２０２０，４５（１）：１１１．［８１］ＳｕＷ，ＺｈａｎｇＭＺ，ＢｉａｎＤＨ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｐｈｅｎｏｔｙｐｉｎｇｏｆｃｏｒｎｐｌａｎｔｓｕｓｉｎｇｕｎｍａｎｎｅｄａｅｒｉａｌｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ（ＵＡＶ）ｉｍａｇｅｓ［Ｊ］．ＲｅｍｏｔｅＳｅｎｓｉｎｇ，２０１９，１１（１７）：２０２１．［８２］ＹａｎｇＧＪ，ＬｉｕＪＧ，ＺｈａｏＣＪ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｕｎｍａｎｎｅｄａｅｒｉａｌｖｅｈｉｃｌｅｒｅｍｏｔｅｓｅｎｓｉｎｇｆｏｒｆｉｅｌｄ－ｂａｓｅｄｃｒｏｐｐｈｅｎｏｔｙｐｉｎｇ：ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｓｔａｔｕｓａｎｄｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｓ［Ｊ］．ＦｒｏｎｔｉｅｒｓｉｎＰｌａｎｔＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，２０１７，８：１１１１．［８３］ＢａｒｂｏｓａＭＲＪｒ，ＴｅｄｅｓｃｏＤ，ｄｏｓＳａｎｔｏｓＣａｒｒｅｉｒａＶ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｔｈｅｔｉｍｅｏｆｄａｙｉｓｋｅｙｔｏｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｅｃｕｌｔｉｖａｒｓｏｆｓｕｇａｒｃａｎｅｕｐｏｎｉｍａｇｅｒｙｄａｔａｆｒｏｍｕｎｍａｎｎｅｄａｅｒｉａｌｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ［Ｊ］．Ｄｒｏｎｅｓ，２０２２，６（５）：１１２．［８４］Ｅｌ－ＨｅｎｄａｗｙＳ，Ａｌ－ＳｕｈａｉｂａｎｉＮ，ＭｕｂｕｓｈａｒＭ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｕｓｅｏｆｈｙｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｒａｌｒｅｆｌｅｃｔａｎｃｅａｓａｈｉｇｈ－ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｐｕｔｎｏｎｄｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｈｅｎｏｔｙｐｉｎｇｔｏｏｌｆｏｒａｓｓｅｓｓｉｎｇｓａｌｔｔｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅｉｎａｄｖａｎｃｅｄｓｐｒｉｎｇｗｈｅａｔｌｉｎｅｓｕｎｄｅｒｆｉｅｌｄｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ［Ｊ］．Ｐｌａｎｔｓ，２０２１，１０（１１）：２５１２．［８５］ＣｈａｎｇＳ，ＬｅｅＵ，ＫｉｍＪＢ，ｅｔａｌ．Ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆ３Ｄ－ｖｏｌｕｍｅｔｒｉｃａｎａｌｙｓｉｓａｎｄｈｙｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｒａｌｉｍａｇｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｆｏｒｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｅｔｅｒｏｓｉｓａｎｄｃｙｔｏｐｌａｓｍｉｃｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｉｎｐｅｐｐｅｒ［Ｊ］．ＳｃｉｅｎｔｉａＨｏｒｔｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｅ，２０２２，３０２：１１１１５０．［８６］ＭａｓｃａｒｅｎｈａｓＭａｃｉｅｌＧ，ｄｅＡｒａúｊｏＧａｌｌｉｓＲＢ，ＢａｒｂｏｓａＲＬ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｉｍａｇｅｐｈｅｎｏｔｙｐｉｎｇｏｆｉｎｂｒｅｄｒｅｄｌｅｔｔｕｃｅｌｉｎｅｓｗｉｔｈｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇｃａｒｏｔｅｎｏｉｄｌｅｖｅｌｓ［Ｊ］．ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥａｒｔｈＯｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＧｅｏｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ，２０１９，８１：１５４－１６０．［８７］ＹａｎｇＷＮ，ＧｕｏＺＬ，ＨｕａｎｇＣＬ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｃｏｍｂｉｎｉｎｇｈｉｇｈ－ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｐｕｔｐｈｅｎｏｔｙｐｉｎｇａｎｄｇｅｎｏｍｅ－ｗｉｄｅａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｔｏｒｅｖｅａｌｎａｔｕｒａｌｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｉｎｒｉｃｅ［Ｊ］．ＮａｔｕｒｅＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ，２０１４，５：５０８７．［８８］ＲｏｕｘＦ，Ｍａｒｙ－ＨｕａｒｄＴ，ＢａｒｉｌｌｏｔＥ，ｅｔａｌ．ＣｙｔｏｎｕｃｌｅａｒｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓａｆｆｅｃｔａｄａｐｔｉｖｅｔｒａｉｔｓｏｆｔｈｅａｎｎｕａｌｐｌａｎｔＡｒａｂｉｄｏｐｓｉｓｔｈａｌｉａｎａｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄ［Ｊ］．ＰｒｏｃｅｅｄｉｎｇｓｏｆｔｈｅＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＵｎｉｔｅｄＳｔａｔｅｓｏｆＡｍｅｒｉｃａ，２０１６，１１３（１３）：３６８７－３６９２．陈建珍，穆麒麟．印度梨形孢提高作物抵抗非生物胁迫的研究进展［Ｊ］．江苏农业科学，２０２３，５１（２４）：１１－２０．ｄｏｉ：１０．１５８８９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００２－１３０２．２０２３．２４．００２印度梨形孢提高作物抵抗非生物胁迫的研究进展陈建珍，穆麒麟（长江大学农学院／长江大学湿地生态与农业利用教育部工程研究中心，湖北荆州４３４０００） 摘要：干旱胁迫和高盐胁迫是农业生产上面临的两大主要非生物胁迫，严重危害作物的生长生产，导致作物的产量和质量显著降低。
SA、MeJA和ACC处理对甘蓝型油菜叶角质层蜡质组分、结构及渗透性的影响
作物学报ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2016, 42(12): 1827 1833/ISSN 0496-3490; CODEN TSHPA9E-mail: xbzw@ DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2016.01827SA、MeJA和ACC处理对甘蓝型油菜叶角质层蜡质组分、结构及渗透性的影响李帅赵秋棱彭阳徐熠李加纳倪郁*西南大学农学与生物科技学院, 重庆 400715摘要: 角质层蜡质与植物适应逆境胁迫有关。
本研究以甘蓝型油菜中双11为试材, 在五叶期分别对其进行200 μmolL–1水杨酸(SA)溶液、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)溶液以及100 μmol L–1茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)溶液浇灌处理, 分析油菜叶角质层蜡质组分含量、结构以及角质层渗透性的变化。
结果表明, MeJA处理7 d后, 烷类、二级醇类、酮类、醛类含量以及蜡质总量与对照相比均显著增加, 而处理14 d后, 所有蜡质组分含量及蜡质总量与对照相比均显著减少; SA与ACC处理早期对叶片蜡质沉积无显著影响(SA处理14 d后, 一级醇类、醛类及未知组分含量显著减少)。
SA、MeJA和ACC处理21 d后均显著诱导油菜叶片角质层蜡质的沉积, 蜡质组分中烷类、酮类、醛类显著增加, 其中C29烷、C29酮、C30醛是被SA、MeJA和ACC诱导的主要蜡质组分, 暗示烷类、酮类、醛类可能与这些信号分子介导的抗(耐)性反应密切相关。
扫描电镜结果显示, SA处理减少叶表皮蜡质杆状结构, 且部分区域熔融; MeJA与ACC处理增加油菜叶表皮蜡质的晶体结构密度。
角质层蜡质的沉积与结构变化降低角质层渗透性, 减缓叶片的水分散失, 其中C29烷的特异性增加可能是造成叶片失水率降低的主要原因。
关键词:甘蓝型油菜; 角质层蜡质; 水杨酸(SA); 茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA); 乙烯(ETH)Effects of SA, MeJA, and ACC on Leaf Cuticular Wax Constituents, Structure and Permeability in Brassica napusLI Shuai, ZHAO Qiu-Ling, PENG Yang, XU Yi, LI Jia-Na, and NI Yu*College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaAbstract: Cuticular waxes are related to plant adaptation to environment stress. In the current study, Brassica napus cv. Zhong-shuang 11 grown in the soil treated with adding solutions of SA (200 μmol L–1), MeJA (100 μmol L–1), and ACC (200 μmol L–1) wax, were sampled at the five-leaf stage to clarify the effects of SA, MeJA and ETH on adjusting plant cuticular wax deposition. The leaves were used to analyze the amounts of total cuticular wax and wax constituents, wax crystal structure, and cuticular per-meability. The amounts of n-alkanes, secondary alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and total cuticular waxes increased significantly when compared with the control at seven days after MeJA treatment, whereas the amounts of all wax constituents and total cu-ticular waxes significantly decreased at 14 days after MeJA treatment. The application of SA and ACC had no significant influ-ence on cuticular wax deposition at 7 and 14 days after treatments, except for an amount reduction of primary alcohol, aldehyde and unknown constituents for SA treatment at 14 days after treatment. At 21 days after SA, MeJA, and ACC application, the amounts of total cuticular wax, n-alkanes, ketones and aldehyde significantly increased. C29 n-alkane, C29 ketone, and C30 al-dehyde were the main cuticular wax constituents induced by SA, MeJA, and ACC application, implying that n-alkane, ketone and aldehyde might be related to the resistance to stresses induced by these signal molecules. Scan electric microscope analysis in-dicted that the rod-shape structure of cuticular wax in leaf surface reduced and some rods melted under SA treatment. MeJA and ACC application increased the distribution density of wax crystalloids. The cuticular wax deposition and crystal structure altera-本研究由中央高校基本科研业务费专项(XDJK2014B037), 重庆市基础与前沿研究计划项目(cstc2016jcyjA0170)和国家自然科学基金项目(31000122)资助。
盐化及钠质化对土壤物理性质的影响
土壤结构性能的影响， 有机质对钠质化土壤结构性能的影响等方面的研究进行了综述。 中图分类号： ! ! ’ "
土壤盐渍化是一个世界性的问题。中国是世界上 土壤盐渍化为害最为严重的国家之一， 盐渍土总面积
［ ］ ! ( "。在我国西北的新疆、 据估计 约为 * * + ! %,! & .
） 三种情况 %) 。盐土和非盐土的划分标 ? ; < = 8 > ; < 8 7 ; 准传统上是土壤饱和提取液的电导率 （1 为) ／ @） = ; .， 但是美国土壤学会土壤学术语委员会曾建议将此标准 降低为". ／ 因为大多数果树、 高秆作物和观赏植 ; > .， 物在土壤饱和提取液 1 ／ @ 为 "!) = ; . 的范围内就可 能受到盐度 （2 ） 危害。1 6 7 8 9 8 A 2 3 ! ! ’ 5 是比较公认的 B 区分钠质土和非钠质土的一个标准。由于 1 2 3 测定 的繁琐和容易发生错误， 美国土壤学会土壤学术语委 员会推荐用土壤饱和提取液的钠吸附比 （2 描述钠 C D） 质土壤的特征。尽管 1 2 3与 2 C D 在数值上不是严格 相等， 为方便起见也可以用 2 C D 值! ’ 作为钠质土和 非钠质土的划分标准。但是也有一些研究说明 1 2 3 !
收稿日期： ； 修订日期： " & & " K ! ! K & ( " & & % K & ) K ! & 基金项目： 甘肃省科技攻关项目 （N 资助 O * $ ! ? " ? " 4 C） ） ， 男， 甘肃省灵台县人， 博士， 甘肃农业大学资源环境系教授， 主要研究方向为土壤物理、 盐碱土改良和土壤质量管理。 作者简介： 李小刚 （ ! * ( " K
铝用炭阳极生产常用英语词汇及句型表
铝用炭阳极生产常用英语词汇及句型表一、石油焦煅烧部分（Petroleum coke calcination）1、2001—2006年我国石油焦价格变化2、窑头、窑尾3、耐火材料4、回转窑5、煅烧实收率6、回转窑窑头结构示意图7、回转窑下料管8、回转窑温度带9、回转窑煅烧实收率统计图10、石油焦粒度分析统计表11、石油焦指标要求12、石油焦挥发份13、炭质烧损14、石油焦煅烧15、石油焦理化性能统计表16、石油焦煅烧回转窑17、二、三次风18、通过改变回转窑而三次风的位置和方向19、回转窑寿命20、高硫石油焦1、The price variety of domestic petroleum coke in2001—20062、kiln inlet；kiln outlet；at the tail of rotary kiln3、Refractory material4、Rotary kiln5、Yield rate of calcinations6、Sketch of rotary kiln，s head7、Rotary kiln，s feeding pipe8、Temperature zones in rotary kiln9、Statistics of yield rate of rotary kiln10、Statistics of petroleum coke,s particle size11、Requirement of petroleum coke12、Petroleum coke volatiles13、Burnt loss of carbon/carbon burnt loss14、Petroleum coke calcinations15、Statistics of physico-chemical properties of petroleum coke16、Petroleum coke calcining rotary kiln17、Secondary airflow and tertiary airflow18、Through changing the direction and position of the Secondary and tertiary airflow 19、The rotary kiln working life20、High-sulfur petroleum coke21、石油焦是阳极炭块生产的主要原料22、石油焦中的硫23、脱硫剂24、回转窑在国内的应用25、Φ2.2×45米回转窑内衬筑炉工艺的改进26、煅前生焦配料27、煅后焦28、回转窑窑内温度分布29、窑头密封30、二次风管31、余热发电32、电阻率、比电阻33、回转窑烟气余热的利用34、从下料管安装位置角度分析了回转窑窑尾反料的原因35、内衬36、浇注料37、通过对焦炭煅烧回转窑的一些设计和运行参数的讨论38、在炭素回转窑煅烧生产过程中39、石油焦的生产现状及发展趋势21、Petroleum coke is main raw material of anode carbon block22、The sulfur in petroleum coke23、Desulfurating agent24、Application ofФ3.43×67.06m carbon rotary kiln in china25、The improvement of the technique of building the liner of the calcinations rotary kiln（Φ2.2×45m）26、Green coke dosage before calcinations27、Calcined coke28、Distributing of temperature in50m rotary kiln29、Sealing of kiln head30、Secondary air pipe31、Power generation by waste heat/waste heat generating electricity32、Resisitivity33、Utilization of waste heat of flue gas in rotary kiln34、The reason of material reverting is analyzed from the view of feeding pipe，s position35、Lining/liner36、Castable37、Based on the discussion of some deign and operation parameters of coke calcination rotary kiln38、In the process of carbon calcinations in rotary kiln39、Production status and trend of china petroleum coke40、石油焦的种类和用途41、石油焦是炼油工业的副产品42、余热锅炉43、高温烟气44、给料量和窑尾负压的有效控制是稳定煅烧带温度、优化煅烧过程的重要环节45、内衬使用寿命46、影响回转窑内衬使用寿命的因素47、轻质保温料48、利用炭素煅烧回转窑高温烟气进行余热发电49、随着窑转速的增加，物料在窑内的轴向运动速度增加50、石油焦对预焙阳极质量的影响51、就煅烧质量而言52、烟气量53、为回转窑内煅烧工况的研究提供了依据54、Na、Ca、S对石油焦二氧化碳反应性的影响55、挥发份56、给料不均匀57、优化延迟焦化操作条件和原料生产质量好的焦炭40、Types and application of petroleum coke41、Petroleum coke is a byproduct of petroleum processing42、Waste heat boiler43、Flue gas with high temperature44、Effective control of feeding flux and negative press is the most important to stabilize the calcine zone’s temperature and optimize the calcinations process45、Lining service life46、The factors of rotary kiln lining service life effected47、Light insulation48、Power generation by using waste heat of high temperature gas from carbon calcinations rotary kiln49、Axial velocity of material increases with the rotation speed50、Effect of petroleum coke on quality of prebaked anode51、Considering from the quality of coke calcining52、The amount of fume53、It provides the reference basis for the research of calcinations process in rotary kiln 54、The influence of Na、Ca and S on petroleum coke carbon dioxide55、Volatile matter56、Non-uniform feeding57、Producing better quality coke through optimizing delayed coker operation condition and its feed stocks58、煅烧焦颗粒偏细、粉料多、气孔率大及强度差的特点59、随着炼油技术的提高，石油焦质量呈下降趋势60、施工温度61、国内外石油焦性能对比62、鄂式破碎机63、氨水64、皮带秤65、加料溜槽66、螺旋输送机67、斗式提升机68、抓斗桥式起重机69、拉紧装置70、热交换器71、阳离子交换剂72、定量给料机73、振动给料机74、电动葫芦75、看火孔76、原料仓库77、泵房78、衬板58、Calcined coke with characteristics of finer particle．much powder and large porosity and bad strength59、The quality of petroleum coke is becoming decline，while oil refine technology is progressing60、Making temperature61、Comparison of properties of petroleum coke from domestic and foreign62、Alligator63、Aqueous ammonia64、Scale belt；Weigh belt65、Feeding chute66、Screw conveyor67、Bucket conveyor/bucket elevator68、Overhead grab crane69、Take-up device70、Heat exchanger71、Anion exchangeer72、Constant weight feede73、Vibrating feeder/Oscillating feeder74、Motor hoist75、Peep hole76、Raw material hopper/Stock house77、Pump house78、Liner plate79、负压80、深井泵81、潜水泵82、往复泵83、生物需氧量（BOD）84、结圈85、饱和蒸汽86、过热蒸汽87、无机硫88、有机硫89、曝气池90、冷却塔91、逆止阀92、安全阀93、化学需氧量（COD）94、压力容器95、拱顶96、排气阀97、污水处理站98、转速99、柴油机100、灰份含量的测定79、Negative pressure/Underpressure80、Drowned pump81、Immersible pump82、Reciprocating pump83、Biological oxygen demand84、Ringing85、Saturated steam86、Superheated steam87、Inorganic sulfur88、Organic sulfur89、Aeration tank90、Cooling tower91、Back valve92、Guard（safety）valve93、Chemical oxygen demand94、Pressure vessel95、Vault96、Outlet valve97、Wastewater Treatment Station98、Rotation speed99、Diesel engine100、Determination of ash content101、工业炉砌筑102、砌体103、养护104、烘炉105、卷扬机106、烧嘴107、混合后煅后焦分析结果108、脱硫技术109、低浓度SO2110、转速对物料停留时间的影响111、斜度112、固定炭101、Furnace building102、Brickwork103、Curing104、Furnace heating105、Hoist106、Burner107、The analysis results of calcined coke after mixing108、Desulfurization technology109、Low concentration of sulfur dioxide110、Effect of rotating speed on residence time of solids111、Kiln slope112、Fixed carbon二、生阳极制造部分（Green anode production）1、配料、制糊、成型2、试验干料配方3、残极各粒级的密度（容重）4、4种配方表5、球磨粉的特点6、粉料的比例和纯度对阳极质量的影响7、煤沥青8、生阳极制造9、固体/液体沥青10、干料11、改性煤沥青12、甲苯不溶物13、喹啉不溶物14、β树脂15、生阳极制造改进前后对比16、干料预热系统17、混捏质量18、干混时间与温度19、生阳极配料仓20、振动筛21、单层筛22、球磨机1、Batching\Paste-making\Block-moulding2、The preparation fomulatim3、Bulk density of butt in various particle size4、4type recipes5、The characteristics of ball-milled powders6、Influence of fine material proportion and purity on anode quality7、Coal tar pitch8、Green anode manufacture9、Solide/liquid pitch10、Dry aggregate11、Characteristics-improving coal pitch12、Toluene-insoluble13、Quinoline-insoluble14、β-resin15、Comparison between before improvement of green anode making and after improvement 16、Dry materials preheating system17、Kneading quality18、The duration and temperature of dry mixing19、The compound storehouse of the green anode20、Vibrating screen21、Single deck screen22、Ball mill/Globe mill23、混捏温度24、粘度值25、改质沥青温度粘度曲线26、粘结剂27、生阳极制造工艺28、中碎筛分系统29、中碎筛分与配料系统工艺流程30、粒级31、料仓32、干物料的粒级33、配方34、冷却水35、振动成型36、成型工序是影响阳极质量的一个重要环节37、强力冷却机在炭阳极生产中的应用38、-0.075mm球磨粉需要粘结剂量是2～1 mm焦炭需要粘结剂量的3.8倍39、铝用预焙阳极配方优化的浅析40、从理论及实用的角度分析了粉料的级配关系41、糊料的理化性能与国家标准比较42、沥青烟23、Kneading temperature24、Viscosity value25、Relationship between temperature and viscosity of modified pitch26、Binder27、Green anode production process28、Medium crushing and screening system29、Process flow of medium crushing and screening and proportioning30、Classification of particle size31、Stock bin32、Classification of dry aggregates33、Formulation34、Cooling water35、Vibro-compacting（shaping/forming）36、The compacting process is a important process to influence the quality of carbon anode37、Application of intensive cooler in the production of carbon anode38、-0.075mm powder's,the binder content is 3.8times higher than that for2～1mm granule39、brief analysis of recipe optimization of pre-baked anode40、The relation of match was studied from both theoretical and practical points41、The comparison between physico-chemical of the paste and countries standards42、Asphalt flue gas43、结果发现，煤沥青的组成对预焙阳极使用性能影响很大44、针对我国预焙阳极与国际水平的差距，开发出适合预焙阳极用改性煤沥青45、通过对配方进行优化，并进行工业试验，控制生产工艺过程参数，对预焙阳极质量进行跟踪、分析，总结出最佳配方46、采用blaine值表示粉子相对比表面积47、残极48、残极的钠含量对阳极反应性的影响49、计算表明，冷却温度主要受冷却时间影响50、制品堆垛时温度小于沥青软化点温度51、贮槽52、分级机53、反击式破碎机54、鄂式破碎机55、环锤式破碎机56、配料设备57、旋转给料机58、星型给料机59、混捏机60、成型机43、It found out that composition of coal pitch has a great influence on the application of prebaked anode.44、A reformed coal pitch suitable for prebaked anode has been developed in considering the gap existed between domestic and international levels.45、The optimum recipe will be achieved according to the optimization of recipe，industry production testing，control of technic parameters and monitor of prebaked anode quality.46、The Blaine value is adopted to characterize the relative specific surface area of the powder 47、Butt anode48、Effect of content of Na on anode reactivity49、The results show that the cooling temperature is closely related to the cooling time50、The temperature which green anodes are piled up should be lower than the softening point of pitch51、Bunker52、Classifier53、Impact crusher54、Jaw crusher55、Ring hammer crusher56、Proportioning equipment57、Rotary feeder58、Star feeder59、Kneader/Mixer60、Moulder61、软化点62、液压泵63、真空泵64、高位槽65、液体沥青贮槽66、筛下物67、结焦值68、叉车69、粒度组成70、导热油71、中温沥青72、储气罐73、液压油74、骨料75、试验配方粒度组成76、生碎77、改质沥青78、糊料79、振动成型时间对产品质量的影响61、Softening point62、Hydraulic pump63、Vacuum pump64、Elevated tank65、Liquid pitch storage tank66、Undersieves67、Coking value of pitch/Agglomerating value68、Forklift69、Size composition70、Heat conductive oil/Heat transfer oil71、Medium temperature pitch72、Gas tank73、Hydraulic liquid74、Aggregate75、Composition of particles in experimental formula76、Green scrap77、Modified pitch78、Mass79、Efect of vibration time on the quality of products三、阳极焙烧（Anode baking）1、敞开式焙烧炉2、节能型阳极焙烧炉3、燃烧自动控制系统4、电捕焦油器5、静电除尘器6、焙烧升温速度：7、铝用阳极焙烧炉8、填充料9、填充料烧损10、优化焙烧温度减少沥青焦和石油焦反映活性的差异11、燃烧装置12、排气装置13、阳极焙烧新工艺14、焙烧炉能耗15、阳极焙烧烟气净化系统着火的原因及对策16、阳极焙烧烟气静电捕集法17、炭块转运站18、焦油粉尘含量19、挥发份燃烧的关键是火道与阳极之间保持较大温差20、火道升温速度1、Open type anode baking furnace2、Energy saving anode baking furnace3、Automatic firing control system4、Tar electrical precipitator5、Electrostatic precipitator6、The temperature-rasing rete of baking7、Carbon anode baking furnace for aluminium electrolysis8、Packing coke9、Combustion loss of filler10、Reducing the difference preferential（优先）reaction of the binder phase between pitch and coke by optimizing baking temperature 11、Burning device12、Exhaust device13、The new process of anode baking14、Furnace consumption15、Fire reason and countermeasure（对策、手段）of the fume gas purification（清洗、净化、提纯）system of anode baking furnace 16、Flue gas electrostatic precipitation17、Carbon-block transport station18、The contents of coke tar and dust19、The key to full combustion of volatiles is to keep a larger temperature difference between flue and anode20、The rate of temperature rising in flue21、耐火泥21、Refractory cement/Refractory clay22、粘土质浇注料23、火道温差24、局部过热25、燃烧系统26、焙烧曲线27、最终焙烧温度对阳极碳块质量的影响28、拆流板（即火道插板）29、54室环式阳极焙烧炉30、烟气成份（烟气组成）31、升温曲线32、边火道33、低温阶段的升温速度34、本文为环式焙烧炉运行参数的测定提供了一种新思路35、用天然气作燃料36、高铝砖37、楔形砖38、炉底砖39、夹具40、顺时针方向/逆时针方向41、空气压缩机22、Clayey castable refractory23、The flue temperature difference24、Local overheating25、Burning system26、Baking curve27、Effect of final baking temperature on anode quality28、Baffle29、54-room ring-type anode baking furnace30、Flue gas composition31、Temperature-rising curve32、Side flues33、The heating rate in the low temperature range34、The article present a new method for measuring the operation parameters of ring baking furnace35、Using natural gas as fuel36、Aluminous brick37、Arch brick/Key arch brick/Wedge brick38、Floor tile brick39、Clamp/Fixture40、Clockwise/Counter clockwise41、Air compressor42、链式输送机42、Chain conveyor43、喷淋冷却器44、横向裂纹/纵向裂纹45、烘炉曲线46、鼓风机47、电动翻板48、氟化物49、转运站50、点火器51、爆炸极限52、清理机53、喷嘴54、出炉操作55、热电偶56、保温时间57、压力传感器58、脉冲电磁阀59、预热区60、保温区61、加热区62、冷却区63、通风机64、外观检查43、Shower cooler44、Transversal crack/Vertical crack45、Heating-up curve46、Exhauster/Blower/Blast fan47、Power operating flap48、Fluoride49、Transfer house50、Lighter/Ignitor51、Explosive limit52、Clearing machine53、Eject nozzle/Flow nozzle/Injector nozzle54、Unloading operation55、Thermocouple/Pyod56、Thermostatical time57、Pressure transducer58、Impulse electromagnetic valve59、Preheating zone60、Holding zone61、Heating zone62、Cooling zone63、Ventilator64、Visual inspection65、砂轮片66、使碳化，使焦化67、阳极炭块合格率68、硅酸铝纤维69、纸板70、排烟风机71、多功能天车72、砖缝73、膨胀缝74、2005年预焙阳极体积密度、电阻率统计65、Gringding wheel66、Carbonize（及物动词）67、Rate of carbon anode up to standard68、Aluminum silicate fibre69、Paperboard70、Fume exhaust fan71、Multifunction crane72、Brick joint73、Expansion joint74、Statistics for resistivity and density of prebaked anode in2005四、公共部分1、初步设计2、企业3、公司4、污染物的种类和数量5、技术改造6、工艺流程图7、铝用炭阳极8、理化性能9、生阳极参数10、预焙阳极合格率11、预焙阳极理化指标12、运行参数13、结构参数14、惰性阳极15、阳极净耗16、空气反应性17、二氧化碳反应性18、体积密度19、真密度20、抗弯强度21、抗压强度22、空气渗透率1、Preliminary scheme2、Business\Enterprise\Complex（联合企业）3、Corporation\Company4、Type of pollutants and its amount5、Technical reform\renovate6、Flow scheme；Process flow diagram；Technological flow sheet7、Carbon anode for aluminium electrolysis8、Physico-chemical properties9、Parameters of green anode10、Accept rate of prebaked anode11、Physico-chemical index of prebaked anode12、Operational parameters13、Structural parameters14、Inert anode15、Anode net loss/Net consumption of carbon anode16、Air reactivity17、Carbon dioxide reactivity18、Volume density19、Real density20、Bending strength21、Compression strength22、Air permeability rate23、生产工艺流程图24、着火温度25、铝电解26、变频风机27、阳极质量损失率28、原料的组成及理化性能29、单位产品能源消耗限额30、消耗定额31、能源单耗32、废品率33、废品34、体积密度与空气渗透率的关系35、中国有色金属行业阳极质量标准36、铝电解用预焙阳极二氧化碳反应性测试方法37、微量元素含量38、冶金工业39、示意图40、污染物排放标准41、干法净化42、生产规模43、发展方向44、技术现状23、Flow chart of production24、Ignition temperature25、Aluminium electrolysis26、Frequency conversion blower27、The rate of anode weight loss28、The components and physico-chemical properties of the raw materials29、The norm of energy consumption per unit product30、Quota of expenditure31、Unit energy consumption32、Reject rate33、Reject；Waste product34、Relationship between bulk density and air permeability35、Quality standards of carbon anode worked out by Chinese national nonferrous metal industry36、The measuring method of carbon dioxide of carbon anode for aluminium electrolysis 37、The content of traceelement（microelement）38、Metallurgical industry39、Schematic diagram40、Emission standard of pollutants41、Dry purification42、Production capacity43、The development direction44、Technology status45、各工序年生产能力46、传热介质47、耐腐蚀性48、耐磨性49、影响阳极质量波动的主要因素50、以SO2的形式排入大气51、电耗52、净化效率53、经济效益54、社会环保效益55、天然气作为燃料是最理想的56、填充率57、单位容积产能58、针对59、技术先进，投资省、效益好、运行安全可靠60、小修61、中修62、大修63、12万吨预焙阳极工程工艺流程图64、空气过剩系数65、节能降耗的新技术66、节能技术45、Annual production capacity of every process46、Heating transfer medium47、Corrosion resistance48、Absrasive resistance49、The main factors effecting anode quality fluctuation50、Volatilize into the atmosphere in the form of SO251、Power consumption52、Purification effeciency53、Economic benefit54、Social environment benefit55、Natural gas is the best to be used as fuel56、Filling ratio57、Unit volumetric capacity58、In accordance with；In connection with；In view of59、Advanced technology,less investment，high efficiency，safe and reliable operation60、Minor repair61、Medium repair62、Heavy repair；Overhaul；Major repair63、Process flowsheet of120,000t/a prebaked anode project64、Air excess coefficient65、New technologies that use less energy and resources66、Energy saving techniques67、青海桥头铝电有限公司炭素分公司68、影响炭阳极成品率常见问题的分析和对策69、节能降耗减排70、改进阳极质量的措施71、投产72、阳极关键质量指标在线监测技术73、随着铝工业的发展，预焙阳极的生产规模越来越大74、铝用阳极消耗机理75、描述76、论述77、如何组建和管理炭素厂78、预测未来十年世界原铝产能与产量的变化趋势79、预焙阳极氧化机理与提高抗氧化性主要方法80、在预焙阳极的生产中，生阳极的质量至关重要，尤其是生阳极的配方直接决定其体积密度、耐压强度等关键指标81、设备选型汇总表82、新旧工艺性能指标对比表83、从力矩的角度出发84、铝工业对阳极的要求67、Carbon anode branch of Qinghai qiaotou aluminium&power CO.,LTD68、Analysis for factors affecting carbon anode productivity and resolution69、To save energy,lower energy consumption and reduce pollutants discharge70、The strategy of improving the anode quality71、Go into operation/Put into production72、Online measuring device for anode key property73、Prebaked anode output greatly increased with the aluminium industry developmed74、The consumption mechanism of carbon anode for aluminium electrolysis75、Describe\Represent76、Discuss\Expound\Relate and analyze77、How to construct and manage carbon plant78、It predicted the trend of primary aluminium capacity and output in the worldfor the decade to come.79、Oxidation mechanisms and primary methods of increasing oxidation resistanceof prebaked anode80、In the prebaked anode production,the quality of green anode is very important，especially the density and compressive strength，these key targets of green anode are directionally dependent on the recipe.81、Sum-up of selection type of main equipment82、Comparision of new process performance with that of old process83、From the aspect of force moment84、The requirement of aluminimu industry form anode85、原料与阳极生产工艺适应性研究86、脉冲袋式除尘器87、将统计质量控制引入阳极生产88、针对我国预焙阳极与国际水平的差距89、国内外预焙阳极特性指标对比90、三种装备生产的阳极质量对比91、阳极质量与铝成本的关系92、不同的原料采用不同的工艺参数93、阳极炭块生产企业制造成本构成比例94、减少阳极氧化速度降低阳极过量消耗95、钠、钙、钒96、两种石油焦生产的阳极97、不断地将最新研究成果应用于新建或技改工程98、使用质量较差的原料生产合格阳极99、发展历史和现状100、提出101、影响因素102、方式；方法103、描写；叙述104、水分、湿度105、解决、处理85、Study on adaptability of raw materials quality and the process parameters of the anode production process86、Pulse bag dust filter87、Adopting statistic quality control in the anode producing period88、In considering the gap existed between domestic and international levels89、Characteristics comparison of prebaked anode home and abroad90、Properties comparison of anode produced by three kinds of device91、T he relation between the carbon anode quality and the cost of aluminium92、According to different raw material using different process parameters93、The manufacture cost structure of anode enterprise94、Reduce the ratio of anode oxidation and excessive consumption95、Sodium\Calcium\Vanadium96、Anode made of two kinds of petroleum coke97、Keep on applying its new research results to the new-built or retrofitted projects98、Use poor raw material produce good quality anode99、The development history and current status100、Put forward；Suggest；Project；Pose101、Influencing factor102、Way\Fashion\Pattern\Manner103、Depict104、Moisture105、Handle；Deal with；Manage；Manipulate；Tackle106、增加、提高107、这些工厂的主要产品包括铝用预焙阳极、阴极108、影响预焙阳极质量的因素109、铝电解槽110、热膨胀系数111、环境污染控制112、建设周期113、压力表114、相对湿度115、裂纹116、流量计117、杂质118、扩建项目119、技术改造120、施工计划121、经济效益分析122、除尘粉123、红外线测温仪124、按照125、保温材料126、产量106、Improve\Increase\Enhance\Raise\ Heighten107、These enterprises produce products mainly covering prebaked anodes，cathode carbon blocks used in aluminium industry 108、The influence factors on prebaked anode quality109、Aluminium cell110、Coefficient of thermal expansion 111、Environmental pollution control 112、Construction cycle113、Pressure meter114、Relative humidity115、Crack/Fissure116、Flowmeter117、Impurity118、Expansion project119、Technical transformation/Technical reform120、Construction Plan121、Economic and efficiency analysis 122、Dust removal powder123、Infrared thermometric gauge124、According to/In accordance with 125、Thermal insulation material126、Output/Yield/Outcome/Productivity127、铝用炭素材料128、取样/检测方法129、环境保护130、大型预焙阳极电解槽131、回收利用132、阳极开槽133、降低、减少134、辅助设备135、氧化铝136、一氧化碳137、烟囱138、停产时间（工厂由于检修、待料等而暂时停工的）139、含尘气体140、钠含量对阳极反应性的影响141、包装、标志、储存、运输、质量证明142、产品、成品143、半成品、中间产品144、质量波动145、电阻率降低达到25.29%146、耐压强度增加率达到50%147、内裂纹/横向裂纹/纵向裂纹148、预焙阳极质量和残极特性之间的相互关系127、Carbonaceous（碳质的）material used in the production of aluminium128、Sampling/testing method129、Environmental protection130、Large-scale prebaked anode cell131、Recovery and utilization132、Anode grooving/notch133、Reduce/Lower/Decrease134、Auxiliary equipment135、Alumina136、Carbon monoxide137、Chimney/Stack138、Downtime139、Dust laden gas140、Effect of content of Na on anode reactivity141、Packing/Marking/Storage/Transport/Quality certificates142、Finished product143、Semifinished product144、Quality fluctuation145、The decreace rate of electronic resistivity can reach25.29%146、The increase rate of compression strength can reach50%147、Internal crack/transversal crack/ longitudinal crack148、Interdependence between properties of anode butts and quality of prebaked anodes149、众所周知，残极的数量和清洁度影响阳极的物理性能。
延迟满足实验英语作文
延迟满足实验英语作文Title: Delayed Gratification Experiment。
Delayed gratification, as explored in various psychological experiments, highlights the human ability to resist immediate rewards in favor of long-term benefits. One such experiment that significantly exemplifies this phenomenon is the Stanford marshmallow experiment conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s and early 1970s.In this experiment, young children were presented with a choice between receiving a small reward immediately or waiting for a larger reward later. The iconic scenario involved offering a child a marshmallow and informing them that if they could resist eating it for a certain period, they would receive two marshmallows instead of one. The results of this experiment revealed intriguing insightsinto the psychology of self-control and delayed gratification.The ability to delay gratification is often considered a crucial predictor of future success. Individuals who exhibit self-control and can resist immediate temptations tend to achieve higher levels of academic and professional success, maintain healthier relationships, and lead more fulfilling lives overall.One key aspect of the experiment is the strategies employed by children to resist temptation. Some children diverted their attention by covering their eyes or singing to themselves, while others physically distanced themselves from the marshmallow by sitting on their hands or turning away. These strategies highlight the importance ofcognitive strategies in managing impulses and delaying gratification.Furthermore, the marshmallow experiment underscores the role of individual differences in self-control. While some children were able to wait patiently for the larger reward, others succumbed to temptation almost immediately. Factors such as age, temperament, and upbringing can significantlyinfluence an individual's ability to delay gratification.The implications of the marshmallow experiment extend beyond the laboratory setting and into real-world applications. Parents, educators, and policymakers can draw valuable insights from these findings to promote self-control and delayed gratification in children and adults alike. By fostering an environment that encourages patience, perseverance, and long-term thinking, society can cultivate individuals who are better equipped to navigate the complexities of modern life.Moreover, understanding the mechanisms underlying delayed gratification can have profound implications for fields such as behavioral economics and addiction research. By identifying strategies to enhance self-control and mitigate impulsive behavior, researchers can develop more effective interventions for individuals struggling with issues such as substance abuse, gambling addiction, and compulsive spending.In conclusion, the Stanford marshmallow experimentserves as a poignant reminder of the power of self-control and delayed gratification. By exploring the interplay between immediate desires and long-term goals, this iconic experiment sheds light on fundamental aspects of human behavior and decision-making. As we continue to unravel the complexities of self-control, we can harness this knowledge to promote individual well-being and societal progress.。
女性生育意愿英语作文
女性生育意愿英语作文Title: Factors Influencing Women's Fertility Desire。
In contemporary society, women's fertility desire is influenced by a multitude of factors, ranging from cultural norms and socioeconomic conditions to individualaspirations and personal choices. Understanding thesefactors is crucial for policymakers and healthcare professionals to address challenges related to fertility rates and family planning. In this essay, we will explorethe various factors that influence women's fertility desire.Firstly, cultural and societal norms play a significant role in shaping women's attitudes towards childbirth. In many cultures, especially in traditional societies, motherhood is highly valued, and women may feel societal pressure to fulfill their roles as mothers. Conversely, in societies where individualism is emphasized, women may prioritize personal and career goals over starting a family. These cultural differences contribute to varying fertilityrates across different regions of the world.Secondly, socioeconomic factors such as education, income, and employment opportunities also influence women's fertility desire. Higher levels of education and better career prospects often lead to delayed childbearing as women focus on building their careers and achievingfinancial stability. Additionally, the rising cost of living, especially in urban areas, can deter couples from having children or limit the number of children they can afford to raise.Furthermore, access to healthcare services and family planning resources plays a crucial role in shaping women's fertility decisions. Inadequate access to reproductive healthcare, including contraception and maternal healthcare, can result in unintended pregnancies or difficulties in planning desired pregnancies. Conversely, comprehensive reproductive healthcare services, including access to contraception, fertility treatments, and prenatal care, empower women to make informed choices about their reproductive health.Moreover, individual aspirations and personal preferences greatly influence women's fertility desire. Some women may prioritize their careers or personal interests over starting a family, while others may have a strong desire for motherhood and prioritize building a family. Additionally, factors such as relationship status, partner's fertility desire, and previous childbirth experiences also impact women's decisions regarding family planning.In recent years, societal trends such as delayed marriage, cohabitation, and non-traditional family structures have further diversified women's fertility choices. Delayed marriage and increased acceptance of non-traditional family arrangements provide women with more flexibility in deciding the timing and number of children they wish to have. However, these trends also pose challenges in terms of fertility preservation and family planning, particularly for women who delay childbearing until later stages of their reproductive years.In conclusion, women's fertility desire is influenced by a complex interplay of cultural, socioeconomic, and individual factors. Understanding these factors is essential for policymakers, healthcare professionals, and society as a whole to support women in making informed decisions about their reproductive health. By addressing barriers to reproductive healthcare, promoting gender equality, and providing support for work-life balance, we can empower women to fulfill their fertility desires while pursuing their personal and professional aspirations.。
TA仪器——流变中震荡时间扫描的重要性
Importance of Oscillatory Time Sweeps in RheologyFred A. Mazzeo, Ph.D.TA Instruments, 109 Lukens Drive, New Castle DE, USAABSTRACTOscillatory time sweeps are important when testing materials, such as dispersions and polymers, that may undergo macro- or micro-structural rearrangement with time. These rearrangements directly influence rheological behaviour. Oscillatory time sweeps directly provide the necessary information about how a material changes with time. Depending on the sample tested, information on polymer degradation, solvent evaporation, dispersion settling, cure information and/or time dependant thixotropy, can be found. By determining the time for polymer degradation, solvent evaporation and dispersion settling, information related to the maximum time of any analytical test can be measured. Once any of these cases occur, the material properties change so drastically that accurate and reproducible measurements becomes difficult.INTRODUCTIONDispersions are discrete substances that are randomly distributed in a fluid medium. There are three categories of dispersions:o Suspensions - solid particles in a liquid medium.o Emulsions - liquid droplets in a liquid medium.o Foams- a gas in a liquid medium.Some materials, however, consist of all three types.Many factors influence the rheological behavior of dispersions including:o Volume concentration of the dispersed phaseo Viscosity of suspending mediumo Size of the dispersed phaseo Size distribution of the dispersed phaseo Surface chemistry of the dispersed phaseo Shape of the dispersed phaseThese variables give rise to many interesting rheological behaviors.However, the true behavior of a material can only be observed if the system is in a steady state. Therefore, the first consideration when testing dispersions is to determine if the material is stable before data collection. That is, the network structure due to rearrangement of the dispersed phase is unchanging before beginning the experimentalprocedure, assuming thermal equilibration of the material has been attained. This requires that the time dependant structural effects, due primarily to the microscopic interactions of the dispersed phase with the liquid medium and itself, to be tested.A simple test to determine if a system has time dependent rheological properties is an oscillatory time sweep. This test monitors if and how the material properties change after it has been loaded, by monitoring certain viscoelastic parameters as time advances. By selecting the appropriate conditions for the parameters of the control variable (a value of either oscillatory stress or strain found within the linear viscoelastic region), the frequency and the temperature of interest, evaluation of the material’s behavior with time can be monitored directly.EXPERIMENTALThe AR2000 Rheometer, using a Smart Swap Peltier plate temperature system with a 40 mm parallel plate, is used for all testing. The temperature was maintained at 25 °C for all tests. Solvent traps were used to ensure that no evaporation or drying takes place during each procedure. The oscillation procedure uses a conditioning step that applied a pre-shear controlling shear rate at 100 1/s for 30 seconds. The oscillatory time sweep applied a constant oscillation stress of 0.2 Pa at a frequency of 1 Hz. The oscillatory stress sweep varied the stress from 0.2 Pa until the material yielded at a constant frequency of 1 Hz.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAn automotive ink is used as an illustrative example. An example of an oscillatory time sweep on automotive ink is shown in Figure 1 in which elastic modulus (G’) is displayed on a logarithmic scale on the Y-axis versus time on the X-axis. This figure shows in that after pre-shearing, the material’s properties constantly increase until a steady value is obtained near 120 s. This is illustrated by the increase of the elastic modulus. This indicates that the material’s structure has reached an equilibrium state. Once this time is determined, any subsequent tests on this material should be set up with the same pre-shear conditions, followed by the required equilibration time, in this example 150 seconds.Figure 2 illustrates the case when the structure is allowed to rebuild to an equilibrium state. This figure consists of two oscillatory stress sweeps that further characterize the ink sample used in Figure 1. Each test, where the material is pre-sheared, differs only by the amount of equilibration time allowed after the pre-shear ceased. One sweep is started directly after the pre-shear stopped, labeled ‘time after pre-shear = 0 seconds’, and the other stress sweep allows the material to build a steady structure, labeled ‘time after pre-shear = 150 seconds’. The oscillatory stress sweep performed on the sample causing structure to form, shows a relatively steady linear viscoelastic region followed by a gradual breakdown of the structure. This steady linear viscoelastic region at low applied stresses indicates that little or no change in structure is occurring, as determined by the oscillatory time sweep.The oscillatory stress sweep labeled ‘time after pre-shear = 0 seconds’, which does not allow any time for the structure to form, clearly leads to erroneous information about the sample’s rheological properties. This is compared to the oscillatory stress sweep that was delayed by the correct amount of time. After the pre-shear finished and the oscillatory stress sweep test is initiated, the material begins to form a structure, shownby an increase in elastic modulus, regardless of the stress applied to the material. This indicates that the energy necessary to inhibit bond formation is larger than the oscillatory stress that is being applied. As the stress increases, the amount of applied stress gradually becomes equal to the amount of energy required to maintain or form any new structure. Eventually, the structure cannot resist the applied stress and it begins to yield. Therefore, by not allowing the structure to come to a steady state, the measured material properties were grossly underestimated, shown by the reduced elastic modulus and yield stress.G' (Pa)time (s)Figure 1 – Automotive Ink Showing Changing Modulus with TimeG' (Pa)osc. stress (Pa)Figure 2 – Effect of Pre-ShearSUMMARYThe importance of an oscillatory time sweep before running the oscillatory stress sweep is demonstrated using dispersions as an example. The collected time information is useful for other materials, such as polymers, and will carry over into all subsequent rheological tests, such as creep/recovery, stress relaxation, flow and other oscillatory tests. This equilibration time is only associated with the particular material being measured. Once any component within the material has been changed or adapted, another oscillatory time sweep is required. Accurate and reproducible information on a material’s rheological properties becomes routine when taking time to tailor one’s experiment.KEYWORDSRheology, Oscillation。
浙江省县域教研联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期12月模拟考试英语试题
浙江省县域教研联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期12月模拟考试英语试题一、阅读理解Brogdale Collections is the home of the National Fruit Collection and works to provide access and education about the National Fruit Collection. It offers a variety of activities to suit all ages and interests. For upcoming events, look here.●Heritage Orchard DaysWed, October 9, 2024-Sun, October 20, 2024 (1:00 pm - 3:00 pm)Come and join us for a fun family day out at Brogdale Farm. Each weekend, visitors will delight in the wonderful orchards (果园) bursting with fruit, join a guided tour of the National Collection and taste hundreds of varieties straight from the trees. Children will join in with some apple campfire cooking and traditional apple pressing. Included in the ticket price, visitors will also harvest their own apples and pears to take home.●Ticket price:Adult (16yrs+) £10.00Child (3-15yrs, under 3’s free) £5.00●Kids Juicing WorkshopsMon, August 19, 2024 - Mon, October 21, 2024 (10:00 am - 3:00 pm)Everyone loves apple juice, but have you ever thought about where it comes from and how it is made? Here we are giving children a unique opportunity to explore where our apples are growing and find out what happens to them. Come along to Brogdale where you will see more than 3000 varieties of fruit trees including apples, cherries, pears and plums. Then, there is an opportunity to pick some apples and have a go at making freshly pressed juice!●Ticket price:£15.00 per child plus accompanying adultAdditional child £10.00Additional adult £15.001．What is the main purpose of Brogdale Collections?A．Offering traditional gardening courses.B．Collecting various fruits from all states.C．Providing fruit-related education with fun.D．Making tailored package tours for families.2．What do the two events have in common?A．They offer guided tours.B．They end on the same day.C．They involve apple pressing.D．They allow making campfire.3．How much do a couple with a kid pay to join Kids Juicing Workshop?A．£25.B．£30.C．£40.D．£45.Street artist Banksy, whose real identity remains unknown, has grabbed public attention with animals painted at different spots around London this week. On Aug. 5, a water bird was drawn above a fish-and-chips shop, as though wolfing down fish on the store’s signs. Then the following day, monkeys were seen painted swinging across a bridge near an East London station. “It’s an eye trick, and that’s what draws you in,” says Tordoff, a specialist in such art.There is no clear explanation for this animal-focused art series. Some have thought of it as a warning that eventually humanity would lose control of the earth and cities like London could return to nature. Meanwhile, a BBC presenter has claimed that Banksy cares deeply about the environment, animal welfare and ecological issues. “He puts situations together which are at first, playful and humorous,” says Acoris Andipa, who runs a gallery and sells Banksys worldwide. “People laugh, and then suddenly, step back and just say, ‘Ouch, that’s got a sting to it.’ That’s something people really enjoy.”Banksy’s work challenges the art market —often adding to its charm. Andipa has sold hundreds of Banksy’s paintings and thousands of prints since the mid-2000s. He mentioned that besides art thefts, some pieces have been ruined by other graffiti artists since their appearance. But with his knowledge of the commercial market for Banksy’s work, he says the recent London series is unlikely to influence prices for his work significantly.Almost everyone in the art world has a theory about Banksy’s real identity. “He’s hiding behind this mask: If his identity was revealed, immediately you would associate his painting with his position. It would be easy to say, ‘I don’t like it.’” Tordoff says. Banksy published his works on Instagram, allowing him to reach a large global audience —with more than 13 millionfollowers.4．According to Tordoff, what is the magic of Banksy’s work?A．Its mystery.B．Its visual effect.C．Its location.D．Its animal theme. 5．What does paragraph 2 focus on?A．Influence of Banksy’s work.B．Views about Banksy’s work.C．Concerns over Banksy’s work.D．Suggestions on Banksy’s work.6．What does Andipa think might happen to Banksy’s work?A．Its price will stay relatively stable.B．It will be attacked by other artists.C．Its commercial market will expand.D．It will continue to focus on animals. 7．What is Tordoff’s attitude to Banksy hiding his identity?A．Critical.B．Ambiguous.C．Understanding.D．Doubtful.Halloween plays on our fears and our fantasies. We craft haunted houses and scary decorations to arouse particular emotions. We choose our costumes to reflect the kind of people we are or want to be — edgy, funny, clever. For children, Halloween is an experiment in delayed satisfaction and negotiation — which candies to eat now, which to trade, which to save. It’s no surprise, then, that Halloween might show interesting features of human psychology.In fact, there’s a long tradition of using Halloween to shed light on the human mind and behavior. In a study published recently, researchers observed over 1,000 trick-or-treating children as they visited houses in Seattle on the evening of Halloween. The researchers were interested in understanding the conditions that lead to “unrestricted” behavior: stealing Halloween candy or money. One of the variables they controlled was whether the adult who greeted the children at the entrance asked for each child’s name and address, thereby treating each child as an identifiable individual, or instead let each child remain a stranger. Either way, the adult then instructed each child to take one candy from the table while the adult went away to “work in another room.”The children’s behavior was recorded by an observer behind a peephole. For each child, the observer recorded how many candies were taken, and whether the child took any money from a bowl of coins next to the candy. And they did take candy and money: about 30 percent of children took extra candy, money or both.The researchers identified several factors that influenced the probability of such behavior.Thefts were more likely for children whose names remained unknown, who were in groups rather than alone, and who were not accompanied by an adult. There was also an important influence of peer behavior: kids in groups were more likely to steal if the first child in their group did so. 8．Which of the following might children care more on Halloween?A．Horrible houses.B．Funny costumes.C．Scary decorations.D．Trick-or-treat candies.9．What was the purpose of the Halloween research?A．To renew the knowledge of Halloween.B．To give a new definition to “trick or treat”.C．To uncover a Halloween-related psychology.D．To expose children’s bad behavior on Halloween.10．How was the research mainly conducted?A．By observing subjects.B．By analyzing data.C．By recording children’s identities.D．By controlling children’s behavior. 11．Which group of children is less likely to steal candies?A．Kids who remain nameless.B．Kids coming with their parents.C．Kids accompanied by their friends.D．Kids whose peer members steal candies.It is a common view that “Necessity is the mother of invention.” That is, inventions supposedly arise when a society has an unfulfilled need. Quite a few inventions do fit in this category. For example, in 1794 Eli Whitney invented cotton gins to replace laborious hand cleaning of cotton grown in the U. S. South.Such familiar examples fool us into assuming that other major inventions were also responses to perceived needs. In fact, most inventions were developed by people driven by curiosity or by a love of tinkering (捣鼓). Once a device had been invented, the inventor then had to find an application for it. Only after it had been in use for a considerable time did consumers come to feel that they “needed” it. Thus, invention is often the mother of necessity, rather than vice versa.A good example is the history of the motor vehicle which was not invented in response to any demand. When Nikolaus Otto built his first gas engine in 1866, it was weak, heavy, and seven feet tall. Thirty years later, he built the first truck. But it was a time when horse wagons andsteam-powered railroads dominated transportation. Public contentment with these two means remained high until World War I when the armies concluded that they really did need trucks, which eventually made those vehicles a substitute for horse-drawn wagons in industrialized countries.Inventors often have to persist at their tinkering for a long time in the absence of public demand, because early models perform too poorly to be useful. For instance, the first cameras, typewriters, and television sets were as awful as Otto’s seven-foot-tall gas engine. That makes it difficult for an inventor to foresee whether his or her awful prototype might eventually find a use and thus invest more time and expense to develop it. Even inventions that meet the need for which they were initially designed may later prove more valuable at meeting unforeseen needs. While James Watt designed his steam engine to pump water from mines, it soon was supplying power to cotton mills, then (with much greater profit) propelling trains and boats.12．Why does the writer mention Eli Whitney in the first paragraph?A．To clarify a doubt.B．To illustrate a view.C．To introduce the topic.D．To evaluate a statement.13．What contributed to the popularity of motor vehicles?A．Military demands.B．Powerful engines.C．Creative designs.D．Public satisfaction.14．What does the underlined word “That” refer to in the last paragraph?A．A lack of money and time.B．Absence of public demand.C．Bad performance of early models.D．Awful looks of previous inventions. 15．Which of the following is the best title for the text?A．Social Need: the Inner Drive for InventionB．Great Invention: the Force of Society’s ProgressC．General Application: the Final Purpose of InventionD．Beyond Necessity: the Curious Pursuit of InventionIt’s your turn to talk, your opportunity to dive deep into a favorite anecdote. People around you are listening, hanging on your every word —until someone interrupt. There is little for you to do apart from swallow the bitter taste in your mouth, smile, nod and return to listening mode.16 Perhaps not.First thing first. Although it might be easy to imagine you are not interesting or important enough to speak, that isn’t the case. In my opinion, one doesn’t have to get to the point or avoid boring topics all the time to be a good speaker. 17So when people seem to brush aside your story next time, how to respond appropriately?18 Everyone is programmed slightly differently. Perhaps if it’s a first-time incident, just take a deep breath and let it go. That’s not to say you can’t look out for a chance to return to your anecdote, just that now’s time to press the pause button.However, if you don’t want the interrupter to speak over you, there are gracious ways to reclaim your voice. 19 Insist you would love to hear their thoughts when you’ve finished your story. Then, in theory, everyone wins.20 In group environments, that meaningful grin from across the table, the person with the “go-on” eyes, is waiting to hear your tale’s ending. This might be because they’re interested, or they recognize you’ve been silenced and want to show solidarity. Whatever it is, if you can, keep going.Pretty much everyone will experience conversational clashes at some point. Remember, the art of conversation is the art of hearing as well as being heard.A．Does it have to be this way?B．Can’t they just wait until you finish?C．One reason might be understanding.D．Understanding is almost certainly the answer.E．Everyone has the right to make their voice heard.F．Politely but firmly express that you appreciate their input.G．Don’t give up before checking if you still have someone’s attention.二、完形填空I’m a photographer. Sometimes my travels take me to places where people have much less than I do. Sometimes I feel a wave of 21 , knowing that the photo I’ve just taken is now in my possession, but the person in the photo is left with only a 22 of the image on the backof my camera.A decade ago, while planning a trip to Thailand, I came up with a solution to 23 my guilt: a portable photo printer. Equipped with one, I was 24 to hand out snapshots wherever I went.Near Mai Sot, I walked into a city dump where many poor people 25 among the mountains of trash. A family squatting in their open hut watched me 26 as if I came to spy on them. I asked the father if I could take their photo. He shrugged, 27 why I wanted to do so. My printer began to work. The moment the first print appeared, they approached and I was 28 .Soon I began making friends. Children tugged at my shirt wanting to be the next 29 . Old ladies tried to 30 the children so they could cut in line. I couldn’t make the photos fast enough, so I showed a teenage boy how to 31 machine.As their enthusiasm grew, I noticed that many held their small photos 32 , as if they were gazing at a (n) 33 they’d never seen before.After many such journeys, I was finally free of that bad feeling and grew 34 . I’m a photographer, one who loves taking portraits and 35 them, and spreading happiness in the most unexpected places.21．A．guilt B．panic C．pride D．satisfaction 22．A．description B．copy C．glimpse D．reflection 23．A．hide B．prove C．express D．ease 24．A．lucky B．ready C．hesitant D．honored 25．A．marched B．wandered C．searched D．sheltered 26．A．eagerly B．silently C．suspiciously D．bravely 27．A．expecting B．knowing C．wondering D．noticing 28．A．encouraged B．surrounded C．forgiven D．recognized 29．A．role B．model C．fan D．member 30．A．take over B．run after C．calm down D．drive away 31．A．operate B．activate C．polish D．protect32．A．in disgust B．with patience C．in shame D．with awe 33．A．image B．shape C．pattern D．scene34．A．concerned B．sympathetic C．relieved D．grateful 35．A．revealing B．distributing C．exhibiting D．cherishing三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
氨基酸对 NaCl 胁迫下棉苗生理性状及脯氨酸含量的影响
氨基酸对 NaCl 胁迫下棉苗生理性状及脯氨酸含量的影响杜娟;申磊;孙艳香【摘要】为了研究不同氨基酸不同浓度对NaCl胁迫下棉苗生理性状和脯氨酸含量的影响，采用温室培养处理，将2、4、6、8 mmol/L氨基酸与1 mol/L NaCl 溶液混合后浸泡处理棉籽24 h，同设单独盐处理及水处理，10 d后测定棉苗生理指标和脯氨酸含量。
结果显示，8 mmol/L瓜氨酸处理的发芽率比1 mol/L NaCl 处理高很多；鸟氨酸处理的棉籽发芽势基本都高于NaCl处理中棉籽的发芽势，不同种类不同浓度氨基酸浸种对NaCl胁迫下棉花幼苗鲜质量、干质量及含水量均有不同程度的影响；所有氨基酸处理对NaCl胁迫下棉花中脯氨酸的生成均有一定的抑制作用。
说明部分种类及浓度的氨基酸能缓解盐胁迫对棉籽萌发及棉花幼苗生长的抑制作用，而对脯氨酸的生成有不同程度的抑制作用。
【期刊名称】《江苏农业科学》【年(卷),期】2014(000)007【总页数】4页(P99-101,102)【关键词】氨基酸;棉花;生理性状;NaCl胁迫;脯氨酸【作者】杜娟;申磊;孙艳香【作者单位】廊坊师范学院，河北廊坊065000;廊坊师范学院，河北廊坊065000;廊坊师范学院，河北廊坊065000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S562.01NaCl胁迫会造成植物发育迟缓，抑制植物组织和器官的生长和分化[1]。
氨基酸能帮助植物对一些逆境作出反应，防止叶绿体光合作用的衰减[2-3]等多种生理过程。
中国盐渍土的比例明显高于世界平均水平，提高植物耐盐性是克服土壤盐渍化的一条重要途径[4-5]。
因此，研究NaCl胁迫下氨基酸与植物耐盐性的关系具有重要意义。
目前，关于氨基酸参与植物胁迫适应的研究主要包括盐胁迫抵抗力、调节膨压渗透势和阳离子膜运输等[6-10]；还有文献报道氨基酸能够提高植物对盐胁迫的适应能力，进而提高植物的耐盐能力[11]；近期有研究表明，NaCl处理严重抑制了棉苗节间伸长和叶面积的扩展，减慢了生长速率，降低了干物质积累，NaCl浓度越高，胁迫症状出现得越早[12]。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Influence of NaCL Stress on delayed luminescence(DL) from leavesHong-Mei WangKey Lab of Biophysics in Universities of ShandongDepartment of Physics, Dezhou UniversityWhm_2327@Abstract—The influence o f different c o ncentrati o n NaCL treatment o n delayed luminescence(DL) fro m Lo tus leaves has been investigated by BPCL. The results indicate that in the co nditio n o f the lo wer co ncentratio n treatments, the initial strength and attenuatio n parameters o f DL firstly increase and then decrease with treating time going on; that in the condition of higher c o ncentrati o n treatments the initial strength and attenuation parameters of DL continuously decrease; and that in the same treating time, the initial strength and attenuatio n parameters o f DL vary differently with co ncentratio n adding , and they arrive the biggest o nes specially in 72h with 1 concentration and in 96h with 0.1 concentration.Keywords- delayed luminescence, NaCL Stressˈconcentratio nI.I NTRODUCTIONSalt stress is a major environmental factor of affecting plant growth. The harm of it is in many ways, among which the most principal one is the damage to the plant leaves. It can cause outstanding changes in chlorophyll content[1-2]㧘ion metabolism , protein content 5-6 , lipid peroxidation and chloroplast ultrastructure 7-8 and so on. These changes have a direct impact on plant photosynthetic performance, which is high or not eventually affects the crops’ growth, yield and quality. So it has been subject to be widespread concerned. However, these reports are mainly about the influence of salt stress on physiological and biochemical parameters. Because the materials and the environment of determination are not same, the results are often not the same.Delayed luminescence emission is unique ultra-weak luminescence phenomena of living organisms, and the certain time of light-emitting phenomenon which is maintained by organisms exposed to the outside light (electromagnetic field, etc.) a period of time. It is closely related with differentiation of organism cells, signal transmission, value-added control, and the internal sequence of organism. Delayed luminescence is a window to react the function of organismsǒ9-10ǓIt can continuously monitor the internal physiological state of the biological samples without damaging the original organizational structure of biological samples. Thus, it avoids the impact on the result caused by the different drugs and the methods of determination applied in the process of determination. To avoid the impact on the results caused by the differences between biological samples, this experiment chooses lotus leaf with larger leaves as material to measure the impact of different concentrations of NaCl stress on the leaves’ delayed luminescence, and to provide certain reference to the study of the impact of salt stress on plant leaves by bio-physical method.II.EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT AND METHODS A.Experimental equipmenUltra-weak luminescence was determined by the BPCL luminescence-based measuring instrument (photon counting time interval is 1.00s, each measurement time 100s),which was made by Chinese Academy of Sciences developed biophysical, its structure diagram in Figure 1B. Experimental method1)Sample treatmentExperiment is done like the following: to take lotus leaf as material, to the cut the disc-shaped leave of 15mm diameter along the same circumference of the center part of leave avoid main vein and then put it into different concentrations of NaCl solution. The concentration of NaCl solutions were 0% (pure water), 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10% and 20%. Put five leaf discs into each concentration of NaCl solution, exchange solution every 24 hours, determine the delayed luminescence, and then put leaves in re-treatment solution again.)LJ 'LDJUDP RI %3&/978-1-4244-4412-0/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE2) Determination of delayed luminescenceBlot up the solution of the sample surface with filter paper when determination, after illumination in 10 minutes (light from the leaves about 20cm) with fluorescent lamp, promptly place it in Samples Room, and determine the leaves luminous intensity attenuation with time at once. The whole determination should be done in the darkroom with the temperature of 23 ć . III.EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA . The curve of delayed luminescenceFig.2a The curve of delayed luminescence of leaf after 24h 0fdifferent concentration treatmentIt can be seen from Figure 2 (a) - Figure 2 (d): •When treating time is same, the delayed luminescence of treated leaves by different concentrations of NaCl solution is obvious different. The difference between delayed light emissions has begun to appear when treated for 24h. However, the leaves which were treated in the various concentration have a very obvious phenomenon of delayed luminescence. The concentration of the leaves which have the highestprimary intensity of delayed luminescence are 0% and 0.1%, its primary intensity up to 408 photons per second. Besides, the primary intensity of the leaves treated by 1% is 336 photons / sec; the smallest primary intensity is the leaves treated by 20%, and the primary intensity is only 81 photons / sec. •When processing time is 96h, the delayed luminescence of the treated leaves in different concentration has obvious change compared to that of the leaves treated for 24h, the difference among the concentration has increased, and the primary intensity also has changed. The biggest primary intensity is the leaves treated by 0%, with the primary intensity of only 418 photons / sec; the second ones are those treated by 0.01% and 0.1%, which primary intensity are 357 photons / sec and 345 photons / sec; The smallest primary intensity is the leaves treated by 10% and 20%, with the primary intensity of 22 photons / sec and of 38 photons / sec specificly.•When the processing time is 168h, the attenuations of delayed luminescence treated by various concentrations are noticeably accelerated compared to that of 96h. The luminescence of leaves treated by 10% and 20% has no any difference with self-luminousFig.2b The curve of delayed luminescence of leaf after96h 0f different concentration treatment20406080100Fig.2d The curve of delayed luminescence of leaf after240h 0f different concentration treatmentlight. At this time the leaves are considered having no the characteristics of delayed luminescence. The leaves which have the biggest primary intensity are treated by 0.1%, with primary intensity of 338 photons / sec. The leaves which have the less intensity are ones treated by 0.01%, and their primary intensity is 256 photons / sec. •When the processing time is 240h, the delayed luminescence of leaves treated by various concentrations does not have any obvious attenuation. It can be considered that the leaves treated by various concentrations have lost the basic characteristics of delayed luminescence at this time. However, the self-luminous of the leaves treated by various concentrations still have differences, so the luminescence curves do not overlap, and it also can distinguish the difference between concentrations.B .Primary intensity of delayed luminescencIn order to show the distinction of DEL Qualitatively treaded by the concentrations, Figure 3 gives out the changing curve of initial intensity of delayed luminescence with different NacL concentration treating ( -3 for the 0 percent deal) .than 144h, as the concentration increased the initial intensity of DEL is downward trend; When the treatment time reaches168h, the initial intensity of DEL first increased, and at about-1 (concentration of 0.1%) reaches the maximum, and then began to decrease. It shows that among these treatment concentrations the 0.1% has a lowest impact on the initial intensity of DEL and the loss of ability to DEL and the destruction of the coupling between the internal organizations.When the treatment time reaches to 264 hours, the initial intensity of DEL basically comes into a horizontal line, and the counts is at around 61 to 23 photon / sec. This shows that variousconcentrations treatment of DEL has been basically no difference in apparent attenuation, and has lost the characteristics of the initial greater delayed luminescence intensity and a clear attenuation .C . Delayed luminescence attenuationIn order to qualitatively describe the processing speed of attenuation, each delayed luminescence curve is hyperbola fitted using Popp[11] attenuation law, and we obtain the curves on the delayed luminescence attenuation parameters •It can be seen when the treatment time is 24h and 48h, the difference between the concentrations of 0% -5% is not very clear. However the attenuation coefficient of delayed luminescence of leaves treated by 10% and 20% has been significantly reduced. It is probably because the treatment time is short and the lower concentrations stress is not out of self-endurance of the leaves, the speed of the delayed luminescence attenuation of the leaves treated by various concentrations is not very clear. While the treatment of a high concentration (10% and 20%) has exceeded the scope of the regulation of leaf, and has weakened the link between the internal organizations, so the attenuation of leaves delayed luminescence speeds up clearly.•When the treatment time is 72h, the attenuation parameters of the delayed luminescence first increase and reach to maximum at -2 (1%). And then theyFig.4 The curves about the delayed luminescence attenuationparameters with NaCl concentration-0.20.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.432decrease with the increase of concentration. Maybe dueto the low concentrations the stress is in its owncapacity of endurance, and that does not make theleaves to adjust themselves in their own organizations.However, the treatment of 1% has gone beyond theability of leaves to endure. In order to resist theexternal environment of stress, the link between of theorganization further strengthen, the delayedluminescence attenuation is the most slowest, and theattenuation parameters reaches the maximum. Whenthe concentration is higher, this treatment has exceededthe scope of their own regulation, and the leaves arenot able to regulate through its own to enhance thelinks between organizations, so that the delayedluminescence attenuation significantly speeds up andthe delayed luminescence attenuation parameterssignificantly reduces.•When the treatment time is 96h to 216h, Parameters of delayed luminescence attenuation is first increase andthen decrease and at -1 (0.1%) reach to the maximum,and then began to increase as the concentrationdecreases. It is probably that with time the leaves areable to self-regulate and strengthen the links betweenorganizations so that the concentration which can makeorganizations in better order is changing into 0.1%.•When the treatment time is 240h and 260h, Parameters of delayed luminescence attenuation treated by variousconcentrations is basically a horizontal line with theconcentration. That is to say, there is no obviouschange between the concentrations. Probably becauseof the increase in processing time, all theconcentrations exceeded the tolerance and regulationof leaf capacity, and destroyed the leaves internalorganization so that the link between the basicorganizations are interrupted and the ability of delayedluminescence loses.IV.CONCLUSIONA . Only when NaCl solution is in the condition of a certain degree of concentration and a certain action time, it can cause the leaves defense system which make the leaves resist the environmental stress from outside world through self-regulation to enhance the links of organizations and make the delayed luminescence attenuation arrived at the maximum. Over-high concentration , too high WKDW exceed the adjustment range of the leaves defense system, has damaged the internal organization of the leaves in a very short time and has made the leaves gradually lose the characteristics of delayed light emission (such as the leaves treated in concentration of 20%); Relatively higher concentrations can cause the defense system of leaves in a relatively short period of time, and make the leaves system strengthen the internal organization of the link through self-regulation and reduce the speed of delayed luminescence attenuation ( such as the leaves treated in the concentration of 1% for 72h ); Relatively lower concentrations require a relatively long time to cause the leavesto start the defense system (such as 0.1% concentration for from 96h to 216h). However, the over- low concentrations may not arrive at the intensity of stimulation which can make the leaves defense system start , so that in the experiment until 240h, all leaf treated by the concentrations lost the capability of delayed light emission, and the maximum of parameters of delayed luminescence attenuation is not occurring at 0.01% and 0%.B. The regular changes of DLE with the treatment time and treatment concentration show that the delayed luminescence can be used to study the impact of external stress on of blade system with no harm. It can provide some referential significance for agricultural production and hurt Level to find out the minimum stress intensity and maximum stress time.C. Determination of DLE does not damage the system of physical structure and internal conditions of biochemical reaction system, avoid the error caused by means of biochemistry and the use of drugs and different means of measurement and provide a certain referential value for the biophysical measurement of the external stress impact on the blades.A CKNOWLEDGMENTAcknowledgments㧦This work was supported by The Foundation RI De Zhou university ˖˄No. 2005RC039˅.R EFER EN CE[1]XIA Yang, SUN Ming-gao, LI Guo-lei,ect. The Effect of Salt Stress onThe Contents of Chlorophyll in Seedling Leaves of Four Garden Tree Species[J]. Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Science), 2005, 36(1) : 30㨪34[2]LU You-jun, WANG Cai-xia, ZHU Shui-jin, The Research on UplandCotton under Salt Stress Chlorophyll Component of Dynamic Change[J] .Journal of Anhui Agricultureal Science, 㧘2006㧘34㧔20㧕㧦5203㧙5204[3]WANG Ren-lei, HUA Chun,LUO Qing-yun,ect, Na㧗 and Cl 㧙Accumulation in CHoroplastsr Results in a Decrease in Net Photosynthetic Rate in Rice Leaves Under Salt Stress[J].Acta Photophysiologica Sinica, 2002㧘28㧔5㧕㧦385㧙390[4]ZHANG Yan-yan, LIU Jun, LIU You-liang ,Nirric Oride AlleviatiesGrouth Lnhibition of Msize Seedlings Under NaCL Stress[J], Acta Photophysiologica Sinica, 2004, 30(4):455 – 459.[5]YANG Ying-li, XU Shi-jian, BAO Ying, ect. Effect of NaCl on proteinin two Cultivar Leaves. Journal of LanZhou University(Natural Sciences) [J], 2007㧘43㧔1㧕㧦70㧙74.[6]MA Cui-lan, LIU Xing-hui, PAN Jin-shan, ect. Effect of salt stress onthe protein synthesis in seedling of Citrus grandis Dsbeck andC.reticulata Blance[J].Journal of Fujian Agriculturl and ForestryUniversity(Natural Science) ,2005㧘34㧔4㧕㧦450㧙453[7]WANG Yu-mei ,REN An-xiang, PAN Chun-xiang, ect. Effect of Long-time Salt Stress on cell Structure of leaves in Amaranthus tricolor. Plant Physiology Communication [J], 㧘2004㧘40㧔3㧕㧦289㧙292[8]HUA Chun, WANG Ren-lei. Salt Stress Affects Photosyntheic EfficiEncy and Chloroplast Ultrastructure of Rice Leaves[J]. .Journal of Anhui Agricultureal Science(Natural Science), 2004㧘35㧔1㧕㧦27㧙31[9]R. Van Wijk. Bio-photons and Bio-communication[J]. Journal ofScientific Exploration. 2001.15(2):183-197[10] G.Christen㧘R㧘Steffen㧘G. Renger.Delayed fluoresce emitted fromlight harvesting complex and Photosystem of higher Plants in the 100ns5s time domain[J].[11]Popp F.A., Li K H, GU Q. Recent Advances in Biophoton Research andits Applications[J]. Singapore: World Scientific. 1992, 1-46.。