跨文化交际UNIT-8
跨文化商务交际Chapter_8_Intercultural_Management
What is intercultural management?
跨文化管理真正作为一门科学，是在20世纪70年代后 期的美国逐步形成和发展起来的。它研究的是在跨文化 条件下如何克服异质文化的冲突，进行卓有成效的管理， 其目的在于如何在不同形态的文化氛围中设计出切实可 行的组织结构和管理机制，最合理地配置企业资源，特 别是最大限度地挖掘和利用企业人力资源的潜力和价值， 从而最大化地提高企业的综合效益。 兴起这一研究的直接原因是二战后美国跨国公司进行 跨国经营时的屡屡受挫。
企业文化中一些典型的可观察到的要素
典礼和仪式 典故 象征物
语言
Some tips about Corporate culture
A company’s culture is greatly influenced b team as they set the policies and practices for the organization. Many articles and books have been written in recent years about culture in organizations, usually referred to as “corporate culture”. Every organization has its own unique culture or value set. To be specific, corporate culture can be looked as a system. Often the people who see an organization’s culture more clearly are those from the outside, the new comers, or the consultants.
跨文化交际课后翻译原文1--8单元
Translation1The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization’s failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism tr even armed conflict. It is obvious that increases contact with other cultures and subcultures make it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining would peace. Translation 2Culture is something referred to as our mental programming, our “software of the mind.”But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific applications. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture：culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with members of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in--a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. It is in the air we breathe and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what o prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be . It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in setting priorities. It establishes codes for behavior and provides justification and legitimization for that behavior.Translation 3Although each of us has a unique set of values, there also are values that tend to permeate a culture. These are called cultural values. Cultural values generally are normative in that they inform a member of a culture what is good and bad, right and false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values define what is worthwhile to die for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people and their social systems, what are considered proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity. Cultural values also specify what behaviors are of importance and which should be avoided within a culture. Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts. The values held by participants in intercultural communication are important because values develop standards and guidelines that establish appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in a society. Values, in other words, help determine how people ought to behave with the result that people will exhibit and expect behaviors according to their value systems. To the extent that cultural value systems differ, we may expect that intercultural communication participants will tend to exhibit and to expect different under similar circumstance.Translation 4When we say that language is always ambiguous, what we mean is that we can never fully control the meaning of the things we say and write. The meanings we exchange by speaking and by writing are not given in the words and sentences alone but are also constructed partly out of what our listeners and our readers interpret them to mean. To put this quite another way, meaning in language is jointly constructed by the participants in communication. Language is inherently ambiguous. It means that in order to communicate we must always jump to conclusions about what other mean. There is no way around this. When someone says something, w must jump to some conclusion about what he or she means. We draw inferences based on two main sources. 1, the language they have used, and 2, our knowledge about the world. The knowledge includes expectations about what people would normally say in such circumstances. Language is ambiguous. This means that we can never be certain what the other person means--whether in speaking or writing. To put it another way, language can never fully express our meanings. But what does this mean for intercultural communication? In the first place it should be clear that communication works better the more the participants share assumptions and knowledge about the world. Where two people have very similar histories, backgrounds, and experiences, their communication works fairly easily because the inferences each makes about what the other means will be based on common experience and knowledge. Two people from the same village and the same family are likely to make fewer mistakes in drawing inferences about what the other means than two people from different cities on different sides of the earth.Translation 5Where any two people differ in group membership because they are of different genders, different ages, different ethnic or culture groups, different educations, different parts of the same country or even city, different income or occupational groups, or with very different personal histories, each will find it more difficult to draw inferences about what the other person means.In the contemporary world of international and intercultural communication, the differences between people are considerable. People are in daily contact with members of cultures and other groups from all around the world. Successful communication is based on sharing as much as possible the assumptions we make about what others mean. When we are communicating with people who are very different from us, it is very difficult to know how ti draw inferences about what they mean, and so it is impossible to depend on shared knowledge and background for confidence in our interpretation.It has been found that men and women from the same culture, even from the sane families, often misunderstand each other because of different assumptions they make about the purposes or goals of their communication. A man may wish to make a woman happy by giving her a gift of something she really wants. He asks her what she would like to have for her birthday--- she can ask for anything. Unfortunately, what she wants more than anything else is for him to know intuitively what she would like to have. Men and women, at least in North American society, tend to differ in their concern for explicitness or for indirection. A woman is likely to think it is important for someone to show how well he knows her by not having to ask explicitly what she wants. A man in that situation, however, feels beast about the situation if he is told quiet directly and explicitly how he can make her happy.Translation 6Non-verbal communication might be thought of as any form of communication which is not directly dependent on the use of language. Generally speaking, however, it is very difficult to know where to separate verbal and non-verbal forms of communication. Such non-verbal aspects of communication as nodding the head most often accompany speech and are part and parcel of the verbal system of language use. On the other hand such forms of communication as dance and music often have no verbal component at all. What we want to here is simply to call attention to the fact that many aspects of human interaction depend upon forms of communication which can not be easily transcribed into words and yet are crucial to our understanding to each other.Of course we have to emphasize the importance of communication in speaking and writing, and yet we should also realize that much much communication also takes place without the use of words. The way a person dresses for a meeting may suggestion to other participants how he or she is prepared to participate in it. In fact, we can use virtually any aspect of our behavior or our presentation which others can perceive as means of communication.Translation 7Many people today want to do many things within so little time. The sense o time might be called time urgency, it is a syndrome of behavior in which the persons continually tries to accomplish more than can be humanly accomplished. Until very recently, time urgency was thought to be a characteristics of Americans, particularly American males in the generation born in the period from the Great Depression through to the end of the World War .It should be obvious that that this sense of time urgency is no longer a cultural characteristic of just this one generation of American males. It is a characteristic of the Asian “salary man”, and is spreading throughout the world rapidly as one aspect of the internationalization of business.One of the most important effects of this sense of time is that in communication it will almost produce a negative evaluation to the slower participants by the faster participants. Those who share in this concept of time urgency will come to see anyone who moves more slowly than they do as conservative, as uncooperative, as resistant to change, and as opposing progress. Behind the concept of time urgency is the idea that what lies ahead in the future is always better than what lies behind in the past; it based solidly on the belief in progress.Translation 8If we accept the belief that our past influences our view of reality and the corresponding tenet that each of us may have similar but not identical personal histories, then it should follow that another person’s picture of the universe will not be exactly like ours. Yet most of us act as if our way of perceiving things is the correct and only way. We often overwork perceptual differences and conclude that if the other person doesn’t see that Pablo Picasso is the greatest artist that ever lived, he simply does not art. Actually, it may well be that he has a different past history and what is great art for him may not match our perception of art.In our daily activities these differences in perception appear between different groups. Various generations, minorities, occupation and cultures have conflicting values and goals that will influence their orientation and interpretation of reality.Our culture is a major of factor in perceptual discrepancies. Culture helps supply us with our perceptive of reality. It therefore plays a dominant role in intercultural communication. Our cultures tell us, in a variety of ways, how to judge others and what to use as criteria for those judgments. The danger of such evaluations is that they are often false, misleading, and arbitrary. It is truly a naive view of the world to believe and behave as if we an our culture have discovered the true and only set of norms.。
跨文化交际答案
Unit 1 Communication Across CultureTranslation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。
很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
Case StudyCase 1In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highlythat it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard…s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, ―What beautiful frames your pictures are in.‖In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmonyamong persons in a group, and that the organization itself－be it a family or a vast corporation－is more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case: Richard…s mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmenthan between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, ―Help yourself‖; for the English counterpart, ―Be my guest.‖ American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who ―makes himself at home,‖ even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to bedirect communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that…s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough. Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginn ing, Mary didn…trealize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a differentway of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 4It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personaland family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual, and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner --- not because you don…t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but because you have seen her that morning. Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reverse this --- see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and the first one you will invite more formally to dinner.Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends easily, and they don…t feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.Unit 2 Culture and CommunicationTranslation文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。
跨文化交际全部答案
参考资料Unit 1 Communication Across CulturesReading IIntercultural Communication：An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “everyone‟s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary worldThis is still powerful in today‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance,it is not uncommon intoday‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems arecaused by minorities and immigrants.2. What‟s the difference between today‟s intercultural contact and that of any time in the pastToday‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importancethan in anytime in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life todayNew technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behavein our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communicationThe three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one‟s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in itThe family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our cultureBecause language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning toPeople can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society existA free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changedMany things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village” is likeAs our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. In a ―global village‖, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people maylive thousands of miles away or right next door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalizationTechnology, particularly telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean by saying that “the …global‟may be more local than the …local‟”The increasing global mobility of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We may communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we may be more informed of the international events than of the local events. In this sense, ―the ‗global‘ may be more local than the ‗local‘‖.5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the worldEffective communication may be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market today requires the ability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures,a sensitivity that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted withCountries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economy, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of MichaelFayThis case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the ability tounderstand and communicate effectively with people from other cultures takes on extreme urgency. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plays in communication, we may place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored by the author towardsglobalizationGlobalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatly. Whether we like it or not, globalization is all but unstoppable. It is already here to stay. It is both a fact and an opportunity. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions exist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanity.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
跨文化交际全部答案
参考资料Unit1municationAcrossCulturesReadingIInterculturalmunication：AnIntroductionprehensionquestions1. Is itstilloften thecasethat “everyone‟squickto blamethealien”in thecontemporaryworld?This isstillpowerfulintoday‘ssocialand politicalrhetoric. Forinstance,it isnotunmon intoday‘ssocietytohearpeoplesaythatmost,ifnotall,ofthesocialandeconomicproblemsare causedbyminorities andimmigrants.2.What‟sthedifferencebetween today‟sinterculturalcontactand thatof anytimein thepast?Today‘sinterculturalencountersarefarmorenumerousandofgreaterimportancethaninany timeinhistory.3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontacta verymonphenomenoninour lifetoday?Newtechnology,in theformoftransportation and munication systems,hasaccelerated interculturalcontact;innovative munication systemshave encouraged andfacilitated cultural interaction; globalizationoftheeconomy has broughtpeopletogether; changes inimmigration patternshavealso contributedtointercultural encounter.4. Howdo you understand thesentence“cultureis everything and everywhere”?Culturesuppliesuswiththeanswers toquestions aboutwhat theworldlooks likeand howwe liveandmunicatewithinthatworld.Cultureteachesushowtobehavein ourlifefromthe instantofbirth. It isomnipresent.5.Whatarethemajorelements thatdirectlyinfluenceourperception andmunication?Thethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectly influenceperception and munication areculturalvalues, worldview(religion), andsocialorganizations (familyandstate).6.Whatdoes one‟sfamilyteach himor her whileheor shegrows upin it?Thefamilyteaches thechildwhat theworldlooks likeandhisorherplaceinthatworld.7.Whyis it impossibleto separateour useof languagefromour culture?Becauselanguageisnotonly aformofpreservingculturebutalsoameansofsharingculture. Languageisanorganized,generallyagreed-upon,learnedsymbolsystemthatisusedtorepresent theexperiences withinaculturalmunity.8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattach meaning to?Peoplecan attachmeaning tononverbalbehaviorssuch asgestures,postures,facialexpressions, eyecontactandgaze, touch,etc.9. Howcan a free,culturallydiversesocietyexist?A free,culturallydiversesocietycanexistonlyifdiversityispermittedtoflourishwithout prejudiceand discrimination, both ofwhich harmallmembers ofthesociety.ReadingIITheChallenge ofGlobalizationprehension questions1.Whydoes theauthorsaythatour understanding of theworld has changed?Many things,such aspoliticalchangesand technologicaladvances,havechanged theworld very rapidly.In thepastmosthuman beingswereborn,lived,anddiedwithin alimited geographical area,neverencounteringpeopleofotherculturalbackgrounds.Suchanexistence,however,no longerprevailsin theworld.Thus,allpeoplearefacedwith thechallengeofunderstanding this changedandstillfastchangingworldinwhichwelive.2.Whata “global village”is like?Asourworldshrinksanditsinhabitantsbeeinterdependent,peoplefrom remotecultures increasinglyeintocontactonadailybasis.Ina―global village‖, membersofonceisolated groupsofpeoplehavetomunicatewithmembersofotherculturalgroups.Thosepeoplemaylivethousands ofmiles away orrightnextdoortoeach other.3.What is consideredasthemajor driving forceof thepost-1945 globalization?Technology,particularly telemunicationsand putersareconsidered to bethemajor driving force.4.Whatdoes theauthor mean bysaying that“the…global‟maybemorelocal than the…local‟”?The increasingglobalmobilityofpeopleand the impactofnewelectronicmediaonhuman municationsmaketheworldseem smaller.Wemaymunicatemorewithpeopleofother countriesthan with ourneighbors,and wemay bemoreinformedoftheinternationaleventsthan of thelocalevents.Inthis sense,―the‗global‘maybemorelocalthanthe ‗local‘‖.5.Whyis it important for businesspeopleto knowdiversecultures in theworld?Effectivemunicationmaybethemostimportantpetitiveadvantagethatfirmshavetomeetdiversecustomerne edson aglobalbasis.Succeedingin theglobalmarkettoday requiresthe ability tomunicatesensitively withpeoplefromothercultures,asensitivity thatisbased on an understandingofcross-culturaldifferences.6.Whataretheseriousproblems thatcountries throughout theworld are confronted with?Countriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwithseriousproblemssuch asvolatile internationaleconomy,shrinking resources,mounting environmentalcontamination,andepidemics thatknownoboundaries.7.What implications can wedrawfromthe caseofMichaelFay?Thiscaseshowsthatin aworldofinternationalinterdependence,the ability tounderstand andmunicateeffectivelywithpeople fromother culturestakes onextreme urgency. Ifweare unawareof thesignificantrolecultureplaysinmunication,wemayplacetheblame for munication failureonpeopleofother cultures.8.Whatattitudes arefavored bytheauthor towards globalization?Globalization,forbetterorforworse,haschanged theworldgreatly.Whetherwelikeitornot, globalization is allbutunstoppable.Itis already heretostay. Itis both afactand an opportunity.The challenges arenotinsurmountable.Solutions exist, andarewaitingtobe identifiedand implemented. Fromaglobalisticpointofview, thereishopeand faithin humanity.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
跨文化交际Unit 8(大二英语)
I. What is Culture?
Culture is everything. Culture is opera, art, and ballet. Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks. What really binds men together is their culture. A culture is a collections of beliefs, habits, living patterns and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas.
Greek Culture
Egyptian Culture
Babylon Culture
Chinese Culture
From Anthropological Perspective
Culture is “the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people”. This is an anthropologist’s definition.
II. Three Ingredients of Culture
Beliefs & value systems
Material objects
Behavior patterns
Culture
Case Study???
It was my first visit to Chongqing. I felt uneasy when I asked the way to some place. In my hometown in the North, directions are given in terms of East, West, North and South. We may easily find the way when local people there tell you whether the place is in the direction of North or South; while in Chongqing the local people tell you the way in terms of direction on the right, or on the left, to which we Northerners are quite unfamiliar.
跨文化Unit 8
French Leave and Dutch Courage (P265)
French： ： French leave 不告而别；擅自行动 French bean 菜豆[英] French chalk 滑石粉 French curve 曲线板 French letter 避孕套（英国） French window 落地长窗
Unit 8
CrossCross-cultural Perception
Warm up (P264)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
sportevolutionary insured
Warm up
It seems that the captain wouldn’t need to say anything to a Chinese businessman, for he would not be the first or the last to jump overboard. When he found most of the businessmen were gone already, he would jump himself without being persuadded by the captain. Of course, what the story tells us about people of those different nations can only be partially true and we must be aware of such overgeneralization (过度概括) and oversimplification in our perception of people of other cultures.
跨文化交际课件Unit Eight
教学内容
• 1. Men and Animals
•
In the textbook, we have learned that animals might have astonishing ways of showing their emotions and feelings. The way different kinds of animals behave, have fascinated great minds since Plato and Aristotle. More…
• 3. Man’s development • 4. Globalization • 1) Globalization notion romantic, not
realistic . • 2) Globally you win some, you lose some . • 3) Go global for people, not powers . Going global is great, but an entirely different tone was heard: Globalization is a menace to mankind. Globalization will make the powers more powerful but the weak weaker and the poor poorer. More…
2. Understanding of the three extensions of man
• One point that is beyond doubt is that our ancestors
were extremely handicapped --- in comparison with us now --- in communication. From the Staone Age, to the present day, over 2,000,000 years, man has done his best to extend himself in order to improve his way of communication. Writing, printing technology, postal services, telegraph, telephone, radio, picture communication, television, computer and laser technology, internet --- these have extended man’s mouth, eyes, ears, hands, legs, in short the whole body beyond a house, a village, a county, a province, a country, an ocean, a continent, and even beyond the mother earth to the moon and the Mars
跨文化交际unit8
Unit Eight From a Primitive Tribe to a Global villageⅠ. Fill in blanks1. The English words for 雌雄鸳鸯are ______.2. To be immune to means ______.3. ______is applied to a congregation of animals of one kind, especially sheep or goats herded by human beings.4. The stereotyped impressions on people of ______are 精明（jingming）.5. The people of ______are romantic.6. The cardinal principle we should bear in mind in conducting cross-cultural communication is this: _______. ______.7. In communicating with Westerners, the following advice can be helpful. ______, ______.8. Here-and-now communication is confined to the reach of man’s ______ and ______.9. ______ is a machine that sends a copy of a document by telephone.10. ______, ______ and ______ have virtually turned our mother earth into a global village.Ⅱ.Short Answer1. What’re the three extensions of man?2. What’re the main forms of telecommunications?Ⅲ. Translation1. inquiring minds2. intriguing3. take leave of its senses4. immune system5. genetic studies6. global village7. cellular telephone8. stereotype9. Television transmission------There are several ways of sending an image to your television screen. The image may be transmitted via satellite to a satellite dish on your house, or it may be sent as a signal that will be picked up by an aerial on your roof or on the television. It can also be sent through an underground cable directly to your living room.Key to Unit EightⅠ. Fill in blanks1. manderin drake and mandarin duck or _female and male mandarin ducks2. to be not affected by3. Flock4. Shanghai5. France6. There is no such a thing as good or bad. There are only differences.7. Do not impose anything on your partner. Give options.8. ear, sight9. Fax10. Satellite communication, computer networks, supersonic air busesⅡ.Short Answer1. there-and-then communication, transcending distance and time, replacing human brain with “an electronic mind”.2. Telephone, television, and radio.Ⅲ. Translation1.乐于探索的人2.令人迷惑不解的3.失去理智4.免疫系统5.基因研究6.地球村7.手提电话8.刻板印象9.电视信号传送------传送图像到电视上有几种方法。
大学英语跨文化交际 chapter8
Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on ContextsI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this chapter, the teacher should enable the students to:1. Perceive the relationship between context and communication.2. Describe different views towards various contexts in different cultures.3. Understand the management concept and behavioral modes of business context.4. Summarize the different roles and behavioral patterns of educational context.5. Evaluate the different attitudes and conversational structures of health care context.II. Contents1. KeywordsCommunication is not devoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs. This is known as the communication context. （交际无法脱离外部环境的影响：所有的人类交际都或多或少受到社会、物理和文化场景的影响。
这些场景被称为交际语境。
）2. Key Points(1) the relationship between context and communication.(2) different views towards various contexts in different cultures.(3) the management concept and behavioral modes of business context.(4) the different roles and behavioral patterns of educational context.(5) the different attitudes and conversational structures of health care context.3. Difficult Points(1) the relationship between context and communication.(2) different views towards various contexts in different cultures.(3) the management concept and behavioral modes of business context.III. Teaching Methods1. Pair/Group work2. Discussion3. Task-based approach4. Communicative approach5. Questions and answers6. Case analysis7. InterviewIV. Teaching Procedures1. Lead-in case: Let students do Lead-in Case and discuss the questions.2. Text Aa. Presentation: Pre-reading taskLet students do pre-reading task and discuss the questions provided by the activity.b. Practice: The explanation of the text and activitiesThree basic assumptions about human communication(1) Communication is rule governedLet students read “Communication is rule governed” and discuss the examples, and then do the Blank Filling task. Based on this discussion, students can understand why communication is rule governed?In this way, teacher can sense students’ understanding of communication is rule governed. (2) Contexts specify the appropriate rulesLet students think how such contexts as a classroom, bank, church, hospital, courtroom, wedding, or funeral determine which communication rules apply.(3) Rules are culturally diverseLet students know different cultures, different rules after reading this part and finishing “Blank Filling”.c. Production: after-reading checkLet students do the brief analysis of the case “Talk or not talk?” and then teacher provides the answer to them. And make the students clearly know the relationship between the communication and context.3. Text Ba. Presentation: Pre-reading taskLet students do pre-reading task and discuss the questions provided by the activity.b. Practice: The explanation of the text and activities(1) Culture’s Influence on the Business ContextLet students know business negotiation is intertwined with cultural exchange. This part is very easy so teachers just give some examples about Culture’s Influence on the Business Context(2) ManagementLearning on “Management” from the views various cultures hold regarding management and managers, and understand the cultural differences over management. Then teacher give some more examples about management and make the students do the activities:(a) Management In China(b) Management in the United States(c) Management in Germany(d) Management in Japan(e) Management in France(f) Management in Mexico and Latin America(3) Business Etiquette Norms(a) Appointment seeking(b) The Date for Business(c) Greeting behavior(d) Gift givingBusiness etiquette is very important in the business communication. Let students know the importance of appropriate etiquette and correct practice is essential. Then let the students do the role-play with their partners. And do the blank filling.c. Production: after-reading checkLet students do the brief analysis of the case “A Gift from Chinese” and then teacher providesthe answer to the questions:(1)Why did Dongxie give the manager a gift?(2)Why did the manager refuse to accept the gift?(3)What can be reflected related to cultural specific business practice in the case above?4. Text Ca. Presentation: Pre-reading taskLet students do pre-reading task and discuss the questions provided by the activity. Practice: The explanation of the text and activities(1) Culture’s Influence on the Educational ContextLet students read this part because students are so familiar with the educational context.And ask students about their own experience communicating with the foreigners.(2) Role Behaviors of Students and TeachersLet students talk about the roles of students and teachers in China. Then teacher give some examples to explain the difference of the roles of students and teachers between China and Europe. And let students do the activity.(3) Classroom ParticipationThis part is important and students should know clearly their own behaviors in class.Teacher introduce the classroom participation in western countries. And do the blank filling.(4) Turn takingLet students know that turn taking within the classroom is also governed by culturalexpectations.c. Production: after-reading checkLet students do brief analysis of the case “why is he angry” And ask the students to answer the questions. Then let student think about the exploring ideas and exchange some information with the classmate.5. Text Da. Presentation: Pre-reading taskb. Practice: The explanation of the text and activities(1) Culture’s Influence on the Health Care Context(a) Microreligious Approach(b) Naturalistic Approach(c) Biomedical ApproachLet students read “Culture’s influence on the Health care context’’ and understand what constitutes appropriate and effective medical care from different cultural patterns and expectations. And then do the activity “when you are ill”.(2) Family and Gender Roles in the Health Care ContextLet students talk about their own ideas of family and gender roles in the health care context, and then read this part of text and teacher explain the roles in the health care context from different countries.(3) Conversational Structures and LanguageLet student know that the medical interview between caregiver and patient and whether ambiguities in the use of language will present difficulties in diagnosing and treating illnesses. And then do the blank filling.c. Production: after-reading checkLet students do the brief analysis of the case ‘’ Refused to be Treated?’’ and check their actual understanding of culture’ influence on the health care context.V. Assignments1. Let students do the Checklist and Assessment.2. Let students do the rest exercises and activities in “After-reading Check” of each text.3. Review what has been learned and preview the next chapter.VI. Reference1. Cultural Background:中英宴客习俗的差异上面比较详细地介绍了英语国家的宴客形式和他们的待客之道。
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Fill-in Task (p268)
Belgian hare, Dutch barn, French letter, German measles, Greek gifts and Swedish drill.
Among the English idioms mentioned in Reading I, some are emotionally “neutral” in that they only deal with “flora and fauna and products” that are not native to England. However, some other idioms may carry the British cultural values and attitudes to other nations.
Review of Unit 7
1. What is M-Time and P-Time? Which do you think is the dominating time system in our culture?
2. What is the right way of dealing with issues of space and privacy in an intercultural environment?
French Leave and Dutch
Courage (p265-267)
Do you know some terms and expressions in English that are formed wes?
For instance, idioms which are culturally neutral include:
“I told the Englishman it was the 1 sporting thing to do, and he jumped. I told the Frenchman it was 2 chic; the German that it was a 3 command; the Italian that it was 4 forbidden; the Russian that it was 5 revolutionary; so they all jumped overboard.”
Many idioms concerning other nations suggest that the British’s used to hold others in derision and contempt. But all those related to the British themselves indicate that the British used to view themselves in positive ways.
Intercultural Communication Unit 8
Cross-Cultural Perception
Warm Up
Please read the story on page 264 and fill in the blanks. What do you think of the story?
Idioms which are culturally loaded include:
Belgian hare, Dutch barn, French letter, German measles, Greek gifts and Swedish drill.
French Leave and Dutch Courage (p265-267)
French Leave and Dutch
Courage (p265-267)
Do you know some terms and expressions in English that are formed with names of other nationalities?
Danish pastry, Flemish bond, Irish stew, Italic handwriting, Portuguese man-or-war, Russian roulette, Spanish fly, Scotch pine, Swiss roll, Turkish delight and Welsh rarebit;
“And how did you get the American to jump?”
“No problem,” said the captain, “I told him he was 6 insured!”
Of course, what the story tells us about people of those different nations can only be partially true at best and we must be aware of such overgeneralization and oversimplification in our perception of people of other cultures.
Danish pastry, Flemish bond, Irish stew, Italic handwriting, Portuguese man-or-war, Russian roulette, Spanish fly, Scotch pine, Swiss roll, Turkish delight and Welsh rarebit.