德国破产法 中文版
德国的破产计划制度档
德国的破产计划制度——公平与效率前提下的高度意思自治何旺翔【专题名称】经济法学、劳动法学【专题号】D413【复印期号】2008年02期【原文出处】《江海学刊》(南京)2007年6期第127～130页【作者简介】何旺翔，1981年生，南京财经大学法学院讲师，德国哥廷根大学访问学者。
【内容提要】德国破产法上的破产计划制度赋予了当事人充分意思自治的权利，并通过其预设的各种机制确保破产计划的公平性和效率性。
尽管德国的破产计划制度与我国新破产法中的重整计划制度存在一定的差异，但通过对德国破产计划制度的解析，能够为进一步完善我国的破产法尤其是其中的重整计划制度提供一定的借鉴。
【关键词】破产计划/德国破产法/公平/效率/意思自治德国破产计划制度概述1994年《德国破产法》进行了一次全面的改革，其重点之一就是引入了破产计划制度(Insolvenzplan)①。
修改后的《德国破产法》第1条规定，破产程序的目的在于，通过对债务人财产的变价和对其剩余财产的分配，或者通过特别为维持企业而制定的破产计划做出变通规定的方式，使债权人共同受到清偿。
这就意味着当事人完全可以在破产计划中偏离破产法的原有规定做出对其更加有利的决定，以更好地满足其利益的需要，由此当事人意思自治的作用明显加强，对债务人财产的处理和债权的清偿也变得更加灵活。
并且破产法中债权人平等对待的原则在破产计划制度内也被修订了，其只在每个债权人分组中才有效，债权人还可以书面放弃其在该分组中的平等对待权。
德国破产计划制度的前身是其原破产法中的和解制度(Vergleich)②，并吸收转化了美国破产法重整制度中的许多内容。
但由于美国破产法更倾向于对债务人利益的保护，因此其重整制度的目的在于最大可能地确保债务人企业的存续，而德国破产计划制度的目的则在于最大可能地满足债权人利益。
③《德国破产法》为实现这一目的所设置的手段是多种多样的。
依据《德国破产法》第217条的规定，对于向享有别除权的债权人和破产债权人的清偿、破产财产的变现和破产财产的分配以及破产程序终结后债务人的责任，破产计划可以偏离破产法规定另行作出规定。
德国民法典中文版
德國民法（98年修訂）（完，未加親屬繼承）第一編總則第一章人第一節自然人第１條【權利能力的開始】人的權利能力，始於出生的完成。
第２條【成年】滿十八周歲為成年。
第３條至第６條（已廢除）第７條【住所；設定和廢止】（１）持續居住於一地的人，即在該地設定其住所。
（２）住所可同時存在於數地。
（３）如果以廢止的意思表示放棄其居所，其住所即被廢止。
第８條【非完全行為能力人的住所】（１）無行為能力人或者限制行為能力人，未經法定代理人的同意，不得設定或者廢止一個住所。
（２）已婚或者曾婚的未成年人，可以獨立設定或者廢止一個住所。
第９條【軍人的住所】（１）軍人以其駐地為住所。
國內無駐地的軍人，以其在國內的最後駐地為其住所。
（２）上述規定不適用於僅因履行兵役義務而服役的或者不得獨立設定住所的軍人。
第１０條（已廢除）第１１條【兒童的住所】未成年的兒童以其父母的住所為其住所；兒童不與無權照顧兒童本人的父親或者母親共其住所。
父親和母親均無權照顧兒童本人的，該兒童與享有此項權利的人共其住所。
兒童保有此住所，直到他在法律上有效地廢止該住所為止。
第１２條【姓名權】有權使用某一姓名的人，因另一方爭奪該姓名的使用權，或者因無權使用同一姓名的人使用此姓名，以致其利益受到損害的，可以要求消除此侵害。
如果有繼續受到侵害之虞時，權利人可以提起停止侵害之訴。
第１３條至第２０條（已廢除）第二節法人第一小節社團一、一般規定第２１條【非經營性社團】不以經營為目的的社團，通過在主管初級法院的社團登記簿上登記而取得權利能力。
第２２條【經營性社團】以經營為目的的社團，在帝國法律無特別規定時，因邦的許可而取得權利能力。
許可權屬於社團住所所在地的邦。
第２３條【外國社團】在帝國法律無特別規定時，在任何一個邦內都沒有住所的社團，因聯邦參議院決議許可而取得權利能力。
第２４條【社團住所】除另有其他規定外，社團的行政管理部門所在地視為其住所。
第２５條【社團組織機構】具有權利能力的社團的組織機構，除以下各條規定外，可以通過社團章程加以規定。
《德国破产法导论》札记
《德国破产法导论》读书笔记目录一、德国破产法概述 (3)1.1 德国破产法的立法体系 (4)1.1.1 德国破产法的主要法律 (5)1.1.2 相关配套法律 (6)1.2 德国破产法的历史发展 (8)1.2.1 早期的破产法律和实践 (9)1.2.2 破产法的现代化改革 (10)二、德国破产法的基本原则 (11)2.1 破产程序的启动 (12)2.1.1 破产申请的条件 (13)2.1.2 破产申请的程序 (14)2.2 债权人保护 (15)2.2.1 债权人的权利 (16)2.2.2 债权人的义务 (17)2.3 破产管理人 (19)2.3.1 破产管理人的职责 (21)2.3.2 破产管理人的选任 (22)三、德国破产法的实践 (23)3.1 破产案件的受理与审理 (25)3.1.1 受理程序 (26)3.1.2 审理程序 (27)3.2 破产财产的清算与分配 (28)3.2.1 清算程序 (30)3.2.2 分配程序 (31)3.3 破产救济措施 (33)3.3.1 债务人保护令 (34)3.3.2 破产重整与和解 (36)四、德国破产法的特色与创新 (37)4.1 德国破产法的国际化趋势 (38)4.1.1 国际条约的影响 (40)4.1.2 国际合作的实践 (41)4.2 数字化技术在破产法中的应用 (42)4.2.1 电子诉讼的推广 (44)4.2.2 大数据在破产预测中的作用 (46)4.3 绿色破产制度的发展 (47)4.3.1 环境保护与破产程序的结合 (48)4.3.2 可持续发展理念在破产法中的体现 (50)五、总结与展望 (51)5.1 《德国破产法导论》的核心内容总结 (52)5.2 对德国破产法未来发展的展望 (53)一、德国破产法概述德国破产法，作为现代破产法律体系中的重要组成部分，历经多年的发展和完善，形成了独具特色的法律制度。
破产法被分为债务清偿法和破产法两大部分，债务清偿法主要规定了个人和合伙企业的债务清偿程序，而破产法则主要适用于法人企业的破产清算。
德国和英国的破产立法
遇到污染防治问题？赢了网律师为你免费解惑！访问>>德国和英国的破产立法笔者于2005年8月5日至8月16日随全国人大财经委破产法考察团访问了德国和英国。
考察团在慕尼黑、柏林、伦敦等地受到德国pLUTA律师事务所、慕尼黑大学、均富会计师事务所德国分部、FESER & SpLIEDT律师事务所，以及国际破产协会、英国破产署、英国均富会计师事务所、高乐有限公司、KIRKLAND & ELLIS律师事务所等单位的盛情接待，与两国的专家学者、破产管理从业人士、政府破产管理机构官员等进行了广泛的会谈，对德国、英国的破产立法与实践进行了详细的考察，特别是对有关个人企业及自然人破产的问题进行了深入的互动式探讨，从中取得了许多对我国相关立法以及执法的有益经验，并对两国破产立法的最新发展有了一定的了解。
在德国，我们走访了慕尼黑、柏林两市。
德国的旧《破产法》制定于1877年，1879年10月1日开始实施，已经沿用了百年。
1978年德国开始制定新破产法，改称为《支付不能法》，于1994年10月5日颁布，1999年1月1日生效实施。
新法中增加了重整程序，统一了破产与和解程序，并对消费者破产设置了特别程序，同时实行了免责制度，进行了重大的立法改革。
此后，对新破产法又进行了一些修订工作，使之更为完善。
慕尼黑大学从事破产法研究的学者Gebhard.M.Rehm博士认为，在德国旧破产法体系中，仅注重维护债权人的利益，对挽救债务人避免其破产的制度则设计不足，其规定的和解程序实际适用甚少，在破产案件中的比例不足1%，难以适应新形势的发展，加之东、西德合并后统一破产法的需要，德国制定了新的破产法。
目前德国的经济体制不是完全的市场经济，而在一定程度上具有社会化的机制。
新破产法的目标与旧破产法不同，不再是单纯保护债权人的利益，也要保护债务人的正当权益，而且还要维护社会整体利益。
为此，新法借鉴美国经验，设置了挽救债务人事业的重整制度，维护社会财富与就业，设立劳动债权清偿基金，保障社会公平。
各国关于破产的法律规定(3篇)
第1篇一、引言破产是指债务人因无法清偿到期债务，经法定程序宣告破产，由法院指定管理人对其财产进行清算、处理，以偿还债务的行为。
破产制度旨在保障债权人的合法权益，维护市场经济秩序，同时给予债务人重生的机会。
世界各国关于破产的法律规定各具特色，本文将探讨各国破产法律制度的基本原则、程序、法律责任等方面的规定。
二、破产法律制度的基本原则1. 公平原则：破产法律制度要求在破产过程中，各方当事人享有平等的权利和义务，确保债权人和债务人的合法权益得到公平保护。
2. 保护债权人利益原则：破产法律制度强调保护债权人的利益，确保债权人能够从破产程序中获得尽可能多的清偿。
3. 债务人利益保护原则：破产法律制度在保护债权人利益的同时，也关注债务人利益，给予债务人重生的机会。
4. 公共利益原则：破产法律制度旨在维护市场经济秩序，保障社会公共利益。
三、各国破产法律制度概述1. 美国美国破产法律制度以《美国破产法》为核心，分为破产重组和破产清算两种程序。
破产重组旨在通过债务人与债权人协商，制定债务重组方案，使债务人得以继续经营；破产清算则是指债务人无力偿还债务，法院指定清算人对其财产进行清算，偿还债权人。
2. 英国英国破产法律制度以《破产法》为核心，分为破产清算和破产管理两种程序。
破产清算是指债务人无力偿还债务，法院指定清算人对其财产进行清算，偿还债权人；破产管理是指债务人无力偿还债务，但具有重整可能性，法院指定管理人对其财产进行管理，以期恢复其偿债能力。
3. 德国德国破产法律制度以《德国破产法》为核心，分为破产清算和破产重整两种程序。
破产清算是指债务人无力偿还债务，法院指定清算人对其财产进行清算，偿还债权人；破产重整是指债务人具有重整可能性，法院指定管理人对其财产进行管理，以期恢复其偿债能力。
4. 日本日本破产法律制度以《日本破产法》为核心，分为破产清算和破产重整两种程序。
破产清算是指债务人无力偿还债务，法院指定清算人对其财产进行清算，偿还债权人；破产重整是指债务人具有重整可能性，法院指定管理人对其财产进行管理，以期恢复其偿债能力。
柏林航空破产适用的法律(2篇)
第1篇一、引言柏林航空（Germania Airlines）作为德国重要的低成本航空公司，曾一度在航空市场中占据重要地位。
然而，由于多种原因，包括市场竞争加剧、成本控制不力以及新冠疫情的冲击，柏林航空在2020年宣布破产。
本文旨在探讨柏林航空破产所适用的法律框架，分析相关法律规定及其适用情况。
二、柏林航空破产的法律依据1. 《德国破产法》柏林航空破产的直接法律依据是《德国破产法》（Insolvenzordnung，简称InsO）。
该法律为德国企业破产提供了全面的法律框架，包括破产申请、破产程序、债权人权利保护、债务人财产管理等。
2. 《欧盟破产法》作为欧盟成员国，德国的破产法律体系也受到欧盟破产法规的影响。
欧盟破产法规旨在促进欧洲企业跨境破产程序的协调，提高破产程序的透明度和效率。
三、柏林航空破产程序1. 破产申请柏林航空破产程序首先由债权人或债务人向法院提起破产申请。
根据《德国破产法》第81条，债权人可以向法院申请债务人破产，如果债务人无力偿还债务。
2. 破产宣告法院在审查破产申请后，根据《德国破产法》第81条的规定，可以宣告债务人破产。
破产宣告后，债务人进入破产程序。
3. 破产管理破产程序中，法院会任命一名破产管理人（Insolvenzverwalter）负责管理债务人财产，包括资产清理、债权调查、债务清偿等。
4. 债权人会议债权人有权参加债权人会议，对破产程序提出意见和建议。
债权人会议是破产程序中重要的参与主体。
5. 破产清算破产程序最终目的是实现债务人的债务清偿。
破产管理人根据债权人会议的决定，对债务人财产进行清算，并将清算所得分配给债权人。
四、柏林航空破产适用的具体法律问题1. 债务清偿顺序根据《德国破产法》第39条，破产财产的清偿顺序为：首先支付破产费用和破产管理人的报酬；其次支付工资、社会福利和公共债务；最后支付其他债权人。
2. 债权确认债权人需在破产程序中申报债权，破产管理人进行债权确认。
个人破产法适用地区法律(2篇)
第1篇一、引言个人破产法是保护债务人合法权益，维护社会经济秩序的重要法律制度。
近年来，随着我国经济的快速发展，个人破产现象日益突出，个人破产法的制定和实施显得尤为重要。
本文将对个人破产法适用地区的法律进行概述。
二、个人破产法适用地区法律概述1. 美国美国个人破产法适用地区法律主要包括以下几种：（1）第七章破产法：适用于债务人无法偿还债务的情况，通过清算、重组或和解等方式解决债务问题。
（2）第十三章破产法：适用于家庭农场主和个体经营者的破产案件，通过债务重组和偿还计划解决债务问题。
（3）第十一章破产法：适用于大型企业的破产案件，通过债务重组和清算等方式解决债务问题。
2. 英国英国个人破产法适用地区法律主要包括以下几种：（1）破产法1978年：规定了个人破产的申请、程序、债务偿还等方面的内容。
（2）破产法2000年：对1978年破产法进行了修订，进一步完善了个人破产制度。
3. 德国德国个人破产法适用地区法律主要包括以下几种：（1）破产法1976年：规定了个人破产的申请、程序、债务偿还等方面的内容。
（2）破产法2004年：对1976年破产法进行了修订，进一步完善了个人破产制度。
4. 日本日本个人破产法适用地区法律主要包括以下几种：（1）破产法1994年：规定了个人破产的申请、程序、债务偿还等方面的内容。
（2）民事再生法：适用于个人或企业的破产案件，通过债务重组和偿还计划解决债务问题。
三、我国个人破产法适用地区法律概述1. 个人破产法草案我国个人破产法草案已于2020年6月由全国人大常委会审议通过，将于2021年5月1日起正式实施。
该草案规定了以下内容：（1）个人破产的申请、程序、债务偿还等方面的内容。
（2）债务人财产的清算、分配等方面的内容。
（3）债权人、债务人权益保护等方面的内容。
2. 适用地区我国个人破产法适用地区为全国范围内，包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区。
四、结论个人破产法适用地区法律是保护债务人合法权益、维护社会经济秩序的重要法律制度。
德国破产法(E)
德国破产法（英）Insolvency Statute (Insolvenzordnung, InsO)Promulgated on 5 October 1994, as last amended on 1 January 2002.Insolvency Statute - ContentsPart One: General Provisions1. Section 1: Objectives of the Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 2: Jurisdiction of the Local Court as Insolvency Court3. Section 3: Local Jurisdiction4. Section 4: Applicability of the Code of Civil Procedure (Zivilprozessordnung)5. Section 4a: Deferment of the Cost of the Insolvency Proceedings6. Section 4b: Repayment and Adjustment of the Deferred Amounts7. Section 4c: Rescission of Deferment8. Section 4d: Legal recourse9. Section 5: Principles of the Insolvency Proceedings10. Section 6: Immediate Appeal11. Section 7: Appeal on Points of Law12. Section 8: Service13. Section 9: Publication14. Section 10: Hearing of the DebtorPart Two: Opening of Insolvency Proceedings. Involved Assets and Parties Chapter One: Prerequisites of Opening and Opening Proceedings1. Section 11: Admissibility of Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 12: Corporations under Public Law3. Section 13: Request to Open Insolvency Proceedings4. Section 14: Request by the Creditor5. Section 15: Entitlement to Request the Opening of Insolvency Proceedings for Assets Owned by Corporations and for the Assets Owned by Companies without Legal Personality6. Section 16: Reason to Open Insolvency Proceedings7. Section 17: Illiquidity8. Section 18: Imminent Illiquidity9. Section 19: Overindebtedness10. Section 20: Obligation of Disclosure During the Opening Proceeding, Reference to Discharge of Residual Debt11. Section 21: Decisions Ordering Arrestment12. Section 22: Legal Status of the Temporary Insolvency Administrator13. Section 23: Publication of Restriction on Property Transfers14. Section 24: Effects of Restrictions on Property Transfers15. Section 25: Repeal of Measures of Arrestment16. Section 26: Refusal for Lacking Assets17. Section 27: Order Opening the Insolvency Proceedings18. Section 28: Requirements Incumbent on the Creditors and Debtors19. Section 29: Docketing of Meetings20. Section 30: Publication of the Order Opening the Insolvency Proceedings.21. Section 31: Commercial Register, Register of Cooperatives and Register of Associations22. Section 32: Land Register23. Section 33: Ship/Aircraft Register24. Section 34: AppealChapter Two: Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings. Classification ofCreditors1. Section 35: Definition of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 36: Objects not Subject to Attachment3. Section 37: Joint Marital Property of a Community4. Section 38: Definition of the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings5. Section 39: Lower ranking Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings6. Section 40: Claims to Maintenance7. Section 41: Immature Claims8. Section 42: Claims Subject to a Resolutory Condition9. Section 43: Liability Incumbent on Several Persons10. Section 44: Rights of Obligors Liable Jointly and Severally and of Guarantors11. Section 45: Conversion of Claims12. Section 46: Recurring Payments13. Section 47: Right to Separation14. Section 48: Right to Separation Extending to the Consideration Received as a Substitute for the Object of Separation15. Section 49: Separate Satisfaction from Immovables16. Section 50: Separate Satisfaction of Pledgees17. Section 51: Other creditors with a Claim to Separate Satisfaction18. Section 52: Elimination of Creditors with a Right to Separate Satisfaction19. Section 53: Creditors of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings20. Section 54: Costs of the Insolvency Proceedings21. Section 55: Other Debts incumbent on the Assets Involved in the Insolvency ProceedingsChapter Three: Insolvency Administrator Bodies Representing the Creditors1. Section 56: Designation of an Insolvency Administrator2. Section 57: Election of a Different Insolvency Administrator3. Section 58: Supervision by the Insolvency Court4. Section 59: Dismissal of the Insolvency Administrator5. Section 60: Liability of the Insolvency Administrator6. Section 61: Nonperformance of Debts incumbent on the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings7. Section 62: Period of Limitation8. Section 63: Remuneration of the Insolvency Administrator9. Section 64: Determination by the Insolvency Court10. Section 65: Empowerment to issue an Order11. Section 66: Rendering of Accounts12. Section 67: Establishment of the Creditors' Committee13. Section 68: Election of Different Members14. Section 69: Duties Incumbent on the Creditors' Committee15. Section 70: Dismissal16. Section 71: Liability of the Members of the Creditors' Committee17. Section 72: Decisions of the Creditors' Committee18. Section 73: Remuneration of the Members of the Creditors' Committee19. Section 74: Convening the Creditors' Assembly20. Section 75: Request to Convene a Creditors' Assembly21. Section 76: Decisions of the Creditors' Assembly22. Section 77: Determination of Voting Right23. Section 78: Repeal of a Decision taken by the Creditors' Assembly24. Section 79: Information to the Creditors' AssemblyPart Three: Effects of the Opening of Insolvency ProceedingsChapter One: General Effects1. Section 80: Right to Manage and Transfer the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings Vested in the Insolvency Administrator2. Section 81: Transfers of Property by the Debtor3. Section 82: Performance in Favour of the Debtor4. Section 83: Decedent's Estate. Continued Community5. Section 84: Liquidation of a Company or a Community6. Section 85: Joinder of Pending Actions as Plaintiff7. Section 86: Joinder of Certain Pending Actions as Defendant8. Section 87: Claims Held by the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings9. Section 88: Execution prior to the Opening of Insolvency Proceedings10. Section 89: Prohibition of Execution11. Section 90: Prohibition of Execution under Debts incumbent on the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings12. Section 91: Exclusion of other Acquisition of Rights13. Section 92: General Damage14. Section 93: Unlimited Liability of Partners15. Section 94: Preservation of the Right to Set Off a Claim16. Section 95: Acquisition of the Right to Set Off a Claim During the Proceedings17. Section 96: Prohibition of Set-Off18. Section 97: The Debtor's Obligation to Disclosure and Cooperation19. Section 98: Imposition of the Duties of the Debtor20. Section 99: Interception of the Debtor's Mail21. Section 100: Maintenance Payments using the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings22. Section 101: Members of the Body Representing the Debtor. Employees23. Section 102: Restriction of a Basic RightChapter Two: Performance of Transactions. Cooperation of the Works Council1. Section 103: Option to be Exercised by the Insolvency Administrator2. Section 104: Fixed-date Transactions. Financial Futures3. Section 105: Severable Contracts4. Section 106: Priority Notice5. Section 107: Retention of Title6. Section 108: Continuity of Severable Contracts7. Section 109: Debtor's Status as Tenant or Lessee8. Section 110: Debtor's Status as Landlord or Lessor9. Section 111: Sale of Property Let by the Debtor10. Section 112: Prohibition to Terminate Tenancy or Lease Contracts11. Section 113: Termination of a Service contract12. Section 114: Emoluments from a Service contract13. Section 115: Expiry of Mandates14. Section 116: Expiry of Management Contracts15. Section 117: Expiry of Proxies16. Section 118: Liquidation of Companies17. Section 119: Invalidity of Agreements Derogating from the Foregoing Provisions18. Section 120: Termination of Plant Agreements19. Section 121: Plant Modifications and Conciliatory Proceeding20. Section 122: Judicial Approval of a Plant Modification21. Section 123: Scope of the Social Plan22. Section 124: Social Plan Established prior to the Opening of Insolvency Proceedings23. Section 125: Reconciliation of Interests and Dismissals Protection24. Section 126: Judicial Orders Deciding on Dismissal Protection25. Section 127: Action brought by the Employee26. Section 128: Sale of PlantChapter Three: Contest of the Debtor's Transactions in Insolvency Proceedings1. Section 129: Policy2. Section 130: Congruent Coverage3. Section 131: Incongruent Coverage4. Section 132: Transactions Immediately Disadvantaging the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings5. Section 133: Wilful Disadvantage6. Section 134: Gratuitous Benefit7. Section 135: Loans Replacing Equity Capital8. Section 136: Silent Partnership9. Section 137: Payments on Bills of Exchange and Cheques10. Section 138: Persons with a Close Relationship to the Debtor11. Section 139: Calculation of Time Periods prior to the Request to Open Insolvency Proceedings12. Section 140: Date of Performance of Transaction13. Section 141: Executable Deed14. Section 142: Cash Transactions15. Section 143: Legal Consequences16. Section 144: Claims of the Party to the Contested Transaction17. Section 145: Transactions Contested and Enforced against Legal Successors18. Section 146: Limitation of the Right to Contest19. Section 147: Transactions carried out subsequent to the Opening of Insolvency ProceedingsPart Four: Management and Disposition of the Assets Involved in the InsolvencyProceedingsChapter One: Arrestment of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings1. Section 148: Transfer of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 149: Objects of Value3. Section 150: Sealing4. Section 151: Record of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings5. Section 152: Record of Creditors6. Section 153: Survey of Property7. Section 154: Deposit with the Registry of the Insolvency Court8. Section 155: Accounting under Commercial and Fiscal LawsChapter Two: Decision on Disposition1. Section 156: Report Meeting2. Section 157: Decision on the Further Proceedings3. Section 158: Measures taken prior to the Decision4. Section 159: Disposition of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings5. Section 160: Transactions of Particular Importance6. Section 161: Provisional Prohibition of the Transaction7. Section 162: Sale of Plant to Persons with Specific Interests8. Section 163: Sale of Plant below Value9. Section 164: Legal Validity of the TransactionChapter Three: Objects Subject to a Right to Separate Satisfaction1. Section 165: Disposition of Immovables2. Section 166: Disposition of Movables3. Section 167: Notification of the Creditor4. Section 168: Notification of Envisaged Sale5. Section 169: Protection of the Creditor Against Delayed Disposition6. Section 170: Distribution of Proceeds7. Section 171: Calculation of the Contribution to Costs8. Section 172: Other Use of Movables9. Section 173: Disposition by the CreditorPart Five: Satisfaction of the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings.Discontinuation of the proceedingsChapter One: Determination of Claims1. Section 174: Filing of Claims2. Section 175: Schedule3. Section 176: Proceedings of the Verification Meeting4. Section 177: Subsequent Filings5. Section 178: Prerequisites and Effects of Determination of Claims6. Section 179: Denied Claims7. Section 180: Competence for the Determination of Claims8. Section 181: Scope of Determination9. Section 182: Value of Action10. Section 183: Effect of the Decision11. Section 184: Action to Enforce a Claim Denied by the Debtor12. Section 185: Special Jurisdiction13. Section 186: Restitutio in IntegrumChapter Two: Distribution1. Section 187: Satisfaction of the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 188: Distribution Record3. Section 189: Consideration of Denied Claims4. Section 190: Consideration of Creditors with a Right to Separate Satisfaction5. Section 191: Consideration of Conditional Claims6. Section 192: Subsequent Consideration7. Section 193: Amendments to the Distribution Record8. Section 194: Objections to the Distribution Record9. Section 195: Determination of a Fraction10. Section 196: Final Distribution11. Section 197: Final Meeting12. Section 198: Deposit of Retained Funds13. Section 199: Surplus Resulting from Final Distribution14. Section 200: Termination of the Insolvency Proceedings15. Section 201: Rights of the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings subsequent to Termination16. Section 202: Jurisdiction for Actions to Enable Execution17. Section 203: Judicial Order to Hold Delayed Distribution18. Section 204: Appeal19. Section 205: Implementation of a Delayed Distribution20. Section 206: Exclusion of the Creditors of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency ProceedingsChapter Three: Discontinuation of Insolvency Proceedings1. Section 207: Discontinuation for Lacking Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 208: Notification of Lacking Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings3. Section 209: Satisfaction of the Creditors of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings4. Section 210: Prohibition of Execution5. Section 211: Discontinuation upon Notification of Lacking Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings6. Section 212: Discontinuation for Subsequent Lack of Grounds to Open Insolvency Proceedings7. Section 213: Discontinuation with the Creditor's Consent8. Section 214: Discontinuation Procedure9. Section 215: Publication and Legal Effects of Discontinuation10. Section 216: AppealPart Six: Insolvency PlanChapter One: Establishment of the Plan1. Section 217: Policy2. Section 218: Submission of the Insolvency Plan3. Section 219: Breakdown of the Plan4. Section 220: Declaratory Part5. Section 221: Constructive Part6. Section 222: Formation of Groups7. Section 223: Rights of Creditors Entitled to Separate Satisfaction8. Section 224: Rights of the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings9. Section 225: Rights of Lower-ranking Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings10. Section 226: Equal Treatment of Parties Involved11. Section 227: Debtor's Liability12. Section 228: Modification of Conditions under Property Law13. Section 229: Survey of Assets. Earnings and Finance Plan14. Section 230: Further Attachments15. Section 231: Refusal of the Plan16. Section 232: Comments on the Plan17. Section 233: Suspension of Disposition and Distribution18. Section 234: Laying Out of PlanChapter Two: Acceptance and Confirmation of the Plan1. Section 235: Discussion and Voting Meeting2. Section 236: Coincidence with the Verification Meeting3. Section 237: Voting Right of the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings4. Section 238: Voting Right of Creditors Entitled to Separate Satisfaction5. Section 239: Voting List6. Section 240: Modification of the Plan7. Section 241: Separate Voting Meeting8. Section 242: Voting in Writing9. Section 243: Voting by Groups10. Section 244: Necessary Majorities11. Section 245: Prohibition to Obstruct12. Section 246: Consent of Lower-ranking Creditors of the Insolvency proceedings13. Section 247: Debtor's Consent14. Section 248: Confirmation by the Court15. Section 249: Conditioned Plan16. Section 250: Contravention of procedural Provisions17. Section 251: Protection of Minorities18. Section 252: Publication of Decision19. Section 253: AppealChapter Three: Effects of the Confirmed Plan. Surveillance of Implementation of thePlan1. Section 254: General Effects of the Plan2. Section 255: Proviso of Revival3. Section 256: Denied Claims. Remaining Claims4. Section 257: Execution under the Plan5. Section 258: Termination of the Insolvency proceedings6. Section 259: Effects of Termination7. Section 260: Surveillance of Implementation of the Plan8. Section 261: Tasks and Rights of the Insolvency Administrator9. Section 262: Obligation to Disclosure incumbent on the Insolvency Administrator10. Section 263: Transaction requiring Consent11. Section 264: Loan Ceiling12. Section 265: Lower-ranking Status of New Creditors13. Section 266: Consideration of Lower-ranking Status14. Section 267: Publication of Surveillance15. Section 268: Termination of Surveillance16. Section 269: Costs of SurveillancePart Seven: Personal Management1. Section 270: Prerequisites2. Section 271: Subsequent Order3. Section 272: Repeal of the Order4. Section 273: Publication5. Section 274: Legal Status of the Custodian6. Section 275: Consent of the Custodian7. Section 276: Consent of the Creditors' Committee8. Section 277: Ordering the Requirement of Consent9. Section 278: Funds for the Debtor's Livelihood10. Section 279: Mutual Contracts11. Section 280: Liability. Contest of the Debtor's Transactions in Insolvency Proceedings12. Section 281: Notification of Creditors13. Section 282: Disposition of Securities14. Section 283: Satisfaction of the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings15. Section 284: Insolvency Plan16. Section 285: Lacking Assets Involved in the Insolvency ProceedingsPart Eight: Discharge of Residual Debt1. Section 286: Policy2. Section 287: Debtor's Request3. Section 288: Right of Proposal4. Section 289: Decision by the Insolvency Court5. Section 290: Refusal of Discharge of Residual Debt6. Section 291: Notification of Discharge of Residual Debt7. Section 292: Legal Status of Trustee8. Section 293: Trustee's Remuneration9. Section 294: Equal Treatment of Creditors10. Section 295: Obligations of the Debtor11. Section 296: Contravention of Obligations12. Section 297: Insolvency Offences13. Section 298: Coverage of the Trustee's Minimum Remuneration14. Section 299: Expiry before Date15. Section 300: Decision on Discharge of Residual Debt16. Section 301: Effect of Discharge of Residual Debt17. Section 302: Excepted Claims18. Section 303: Retraction of Discharge of Residual DebtPart Nine: Consumer Insolvency Proceedings and other Minor ProceedingsChapter One: Scope of Application1. Section 304: PrincipleChapter Two: Plan for the Settlement of Debts1. Section 305: Debtor's Request to open Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 305: a Failure of Out-of-Court Debt Settlement3. Section 306: Suspension of Proceedings4. Section 307: Service on the Creditors5. Section 308: Acceptance of the Plan for the Settlement of Debts6. Section 309: Replacement of Approval7. Section 310: CostsChapter Three: Simplified Insolvency Proceedings1. Section 311: Initiation of the Proceedings concerning Opening of Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 312: General Procedural Simplifications3. Section 313: Trustees4. Section 314: Simplified DistributionPart Ten: Special Types of Insolvency ProceedingChapter One: Insolvency Proceeding of a Decedent's Estate1. Section 315: Local Jurisdiction2. Section 316: Admissibility of the Opening of Insolvency Proceedings3. Section 317: Persons Entitled to Request the Opening of Insolvency Proceedings4. Section 318: Entitlement to Make the Request for the Joint Marital Property5. Section 319: Request Deadline6. Section 320: Reasons for Opening7. Section 321: Execution following Succession8. Section 322: Contestable Transactions on the Part of' the Heir9. Section 323: The Heir's Expenses10. Section 324: Debts incumbent on the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings11. Section 325: Obligations incumbent on the Estate12. Section 326: The Heirs' Claims13. Section 327: Lower-ranking Obligations14. Section 328: Restituted Objects15. Section 329: Revisionary Succession16. Section 330: Purchase of a Decedent's Estate17. Section 331: Simultaneous Insolvency of the HeirChapter Two: Insolvency Proceedings relating to the Joint Marital Property withContinued Community1. Section 332: Transfer to Insolvency Proceedings opened for an EstateChapter Three: Insolvency Proceedings relating to the Jointly Administered JointMarital Property of a Community1. Section 333: Right to file a Request. Grounds for Opening Proceedings2. Section 334: Personal Liability of the SpousesPart Eleven: Entering into Force1. Section 335: Referral to Introductory ActInsolvency Statute (Insolvenzordnung, InsO)Part One: General ProvisionsSection 1: Objectives of the Insolvency ProceedingsThe insolvency proceedings shall serve the purpose of collective satisfaction of a debtor's creditors by liquidation of the debtor's assets and by distribution of the proceeds, or by reaching an arrangement in an insolvency plan, particularly in order to maintain the enterprise. Honest debtors shall be given the opportunity to achieve discharge of residual debt.Section 2: Jurisdiction of the Local Court as Insolvency Court(1) The Local Court in whose district a Regional Court is located shall have exclusivejurisdiction for insolvency proceedings as the insolvency court for the district of such Regional Court.(2) The governments of the L?nder shall be empowered to designate other or additional Local Courts as insolvency courts by means of a legal ordinance for the purposes of expedient furtherance or expedited conduct of proceedings, and to determine different districts of insolvency courts. The governments of the L?nder may delegate such power to the judicial administrations of the L?nder.Section 3: Local Jurisdiction(1) The insolvency court in whose district the debtor has his usual venue shall have exclusive local jurisdiction. If the centre of the debtor's self-employed business activity is located elsewhere, the insolvency court in whose district such place is located shall have exclusive jurisdiction.(2) If several courts have jurisdiction, the court first requested to open the insolvency proceedings shall exclude any other jurisdiction.Section 4: Applicability of the Code of Civil Procedure (Zivilprozessordnung)Unless this statute provides otherwise the provisions contained in the Code of Civil Procedure shall apply to the insolvency proceedings mutatis mutandis.Section 4a: Deferment of the Costs of the Insolvency Proceedings(1) If the debtor is an individual and if he has made a request for discharge of residual debt, the cost of the insolvency proceedings shall be deferred on request until such time as discharge of residual debt is awarded, insofar as his assets are likely not to be sufficient to cover these costs. Deferment in accordance with the first sentence shall also cover the costs of the proceedings regarding the plan for the settlement of debts and the proceedings for discharge of residual debt. The debtor shall enclose with the request a declaration as to whether one of the grounds for refusal contained in section 290 subs. 1 Nos. 1 and 3 pertains. Deferment shall be ruled out if such a reason pertains.(2) If the cost of the proceedings are deferred to the debtor, on request a lawyer of his choice shall be appointed who is willing to represent him if representation by counsel appears to be necessary in spite of the duty of assistance incumbent on the court.Section 121 subs. 3 to 5 of the Code of Civil Procedure shall apply mutatis mutandis.(3) The effect of deferment shall be as follows:1. the Federal or Land cash office may claima) court costs in arrears and those arising,b) the claims of the appointed lawyer which transfer to the cash office against the debtor only in accordance with the provisions made by the court;2. the appointed lawyer is unable to assert claims for fees against the debtor. Deferment shall be effected separately in respect of each stage of the proceedings. Until such time as a decision is made regarding deferment, the effects specified in the first sentence shall apply on an interim basis. Section 4b subs. 2 shall apply mutatis mutandis.Section 4b: Repayment and Adjustment of the Deferred Amounts(1) If the debtor is unable once discharge of residual debt has been awarded to pay the deferred amount from his income and his assets, the court may extend deferment and set the monthly instalments to be paid. Section 115 subs. 1 and 2, as well as section 120 subs. 2, of the Code of Civil Procedure shall apply mutatis mutandis.(2) The court may alter the ruling regarding the deferment and the monthly instalments at any time insofar as any personal or economic circumstances relevant to the deferment have undergone major changes. The debtor shall be obliged to report to the court a major change in these circumstances without delay. Section 120 subs. 4 first and second sentences of the Code of Civil Procedure shall apply mutatis mutandis. A change placing the debtor at a disadvantage shall be ruled out if four years have passed since termination of the proceedings.Section 4c: Rescission of DefermentThe court may rescind deferment if1. the debtor intentionally or with gross negligence has provided incorrect information regarding circumstances relevant to the opening of the insolvency proceedings or to the deferment, or has not submitted a declaration required by the court regarding hiscircumstances;2. the personal or economic preconditions for deferment did not apply; in such a case, rescission shall be ruled out if four years have passed since termination of the proceedings;3. the debtor is more than three months in arrears in respect of payment of a monthly instalment or of the payment of another amount and such arrears are his fault;4. the debtor is not in suitable gainful employment and, if he is unemployed, is not looking for employment or rejects acceptable employment; section 296 subs. 2 second and third sentences shall apply mutatis mutandis;5. discharge of residual debt is refused or revoked.Section 4d: Legal recourse(1) Immediate complaint shall be available to the debtor against refusal to defer or rescission of deferment, as well as against refusal to appoint a lawyer.(2) If deferment is approved, the state cash office shall be entitled to file an immediate complaint. The latter may only be based on the fact that deferment should have been rejected given the personal or economic circumstances of the debtor.Section 5: Principles of the Insolvency Proceedings(1) The insolvency court shall investigate ex officio all circumstances relevant to insolvency proceedings. In particular, the court may hear witnesses and experts for this purpose.(2) The court may take decisions without an oral hearing. If an oral hearing takes place, section 227 subs. 3 first sentence of the Code of Civil Procedure shall not apply.(3) Tables and records may be prepared and processed using computer equipment.Section 6: Immediate Appeal(1) Decisions of the insolvency court may be only appealed if this statute provides for an immediate appeal.(2) The period within which an immediate appeal has to be brought shall begin on the day when the court promulgates its decision or when a decision is served on the parties if not promulgated.(3) The decision regarding the appeal shall only be effective when it becomes final. However, the court hearing the appeal may order immediate effectiveness of the decision.Section 7: Appeal on Points of LawAn appeal on points of law may lie against the decision on the immediate appeal.Section 8: Service(1) Documents shall be served ex officio. They may be served by mail. The documents to be served shall not require certification.(2) Service shall not be made to persons with unknown residence. If such persons have a representative empowered to receive any documents to be served, the documents shall be served on such representative.(3) The insolvency court may instruct the insolvency administrator to serve the documents. Section 9: Publication(1) Publication shall by made by notification in the gazette or in an electronic information and communication system intended for the court; such publication maybe restricted to excerpts. Documents to be published shall mention the debtor's particulars with special reference to his address and his branch of business. Such publication shall be deemed to have been effected when two additional days following the day of publication have expired.(2) The insolvency court may occasion additional and repeated publications. The Federal Ministry of Justice shall be empowered to govern the details of publication in an electronic information and communication system by means of an ordinance which shall require the approval of the Bundesrat. In doing so, in particular deletion periods shall be provided for, as shall regulations ensuring that the publications1. remain intact, complete and up-to-date,2. can be traced to their source at any time,3. cannot be copied by third parties in accordance with the state-of-the-art of existing technology.(3) Publication shall suffice as evidence of service on all parties to the proceedings even if any provision additionally orders individual service.Section 10: Hearing of the Debtor。
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德国破产法中文版
【实用版】
目录
1.德国破产法的概述
2.德国破产法的主要内容
3.德国破产法的特点和影响
正文
一、德国破产法的概述
德国破产法是一部关于企业破产和债务重组的法律，旨在保护债权人的利益，同时给予债务人改过自新的机会。
德国破产法遵循欧盟的破产法规范，具有很强的适用性和普遍性。
二、德国破产法的主要内容
1.破产申请和受理
在德国，破产申请可以由债务人、债权人或法院提出。
一旦破产申请被受理，法院将指定一名破产管理人负责处理破产事务。
2.破产分类
德国破产法将破产分为三类：破产清算、破产和解和破产重组。
破产清算适用于负债超过资产的债务人；破产和解适用于有还款能力但需要减轻债务负担的债务人；破产重组则适用于有发展前景但暂时遇到困难的企业。
3.破产程序
破产程序包括以下几个阶段：破产宣告、破产清算、债权人会议和破产终结。
在破产宣告阶段，法院将宣布债务人破产并指定破产管理人；在破产清算阶段，破产管理人将负责清算债务人的资产；在债权人会议阶段，
债权人可以就破产财产的分配方案进行表决；在破产终结阶段，破产管理人将向法院提交破产清算报告，法院将裁定破产终结。
三、德国破产法的特点和影响
1.强调债权人自治
德国破产法鼓励债权人积极参与破产程序，通过债权人会议等形式行使权利和维护利益。
2.注重企业挽救
德国破产法在破产程序中注重挽救企业，尽量保持企业的持续经营，以维护就业和社会稳定。
3.对我国破产法的借鉴意义
德国破产法在破产分类、程序设计等方面具有较高的参考价值。