考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之定语从句
考研英语之定语从句 PPT
定语从句之he critically endangered languages are those that are
only spoken by the elderly.
critically adv.严重地 endangered adj.威胁的 the elderly 老年人
定语从句之关系副 词
where 先行词表示地点的名词： place In Beijing , there are some famous teahouses where you can sit and drink some tea.
在北京，有一些有名的茶馆你可以坐下来喝点茶。
定语从句之关系副 词
定语从句之关系代 词
who whom whose
1.who可以用在缺少主语或宾语时
2.whom只能用在缺少宾语时
3.whose在定语从句中可翻译成：…的
定语从句之关系代 whose 考研真题解析
词
People whose dogs bite other people should keep them tied up. tie up 拴起来 谁的狗咬了人就应该拴起来。
非限定性定语从句： 主从句之间关系松散，用逗号隔开，缺少从句主句仍然成 立。
why 先行词表示原因的名词： reason
One of the major reason why this change has happened is the increased influence of TV.
这种变化发生的原因是电视的影响增加了。
定语从句之限定性与非限定性
限定性定语从句： 主从句之间关系密切，不用逗号隔开，缺少从句主句不成 立。
那些受到严重威胁的语言就是被老人所说的。
考研英语语法： 学会辨认六类从句
考研英语语法：学会辨认六类从句说起英语，怎能忽视语法，单词背的再熟练，看完文章还是不懂含义，根源在于语法知识的匮乏。
中英文的语言思维模式并不相同，要想深入的学习考研英语，语法必不可少。
可是语法书那么厚，该怎么学呢?今天我们就来解读考研英语从句。
我们在阅读中，经常能够看到从句的身影，然而种类繁多的从句经常困扰着考生，使考生傻傻分不清眼中的从句究竟属于是哪一类从句，下面就对从句进行简单的剖析，希望对学生们的考研英语复习有所帮助。
►从句类型在英语中，经常使用的从句有以下六类：1.主语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当主语的成分，该句子被称为主语从句。
2.宾语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当宾语的成分，该句子被称为宾语从句。
3.表语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当表语的成分，该句子被称为表语从句。
4.定语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当定语的成分，该句子被称为定语从句。
5.状语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当状语的成分，该句子被称为状语从句。
6.同位语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当同位语的成分，该句子被称为同位语从句。
►从句的辨认如果想辨认从句类型，学生们应该对从句的基本形式有所认识。
无论是哪种从句类型，在句子中充当成分的"句子"应该都具备以下特征：从句=从属连词+句子了解了从句的基本结构，那么应该如何辨别从句类型呢?学生可以在句子中通过简单的公式进行辨认。
常见的从句出现形式有四类：1.名词+从属连词+句子=定语从句/同位语从句2.动词+从属连词+句子=宾语从句/表语从句3.[从属连词+句子=状语从句]+句子4.从属连词+句子+动词=主语从句对于以上四类从句出现形式有了一定的了解，那么今天就首先看看第一类从句出现形式的辨认方法和注意事项吧!1.名词+从属连词+句子=定语从句/同位语从句文都教育教学研究院11例子1： Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers. (1997 年 Text2)从句类型：定语从句辨别方式： a virtue(名词)+that(从属连词)+many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers(句子)译文：然而，表示友好是一种美德，美国人高度重视这种美德，并期望邻居和陌生人都能有这种美德。
定语从句英译汉的方法
定语从句英译汉的方法
定语从句是英语中常见的一种从句，用于修饰名词或代词，进一步说明其所指的人或事物。
在英语语法中，定语从句可以使用不同的关系代词或关系副词来引导，如that、which、who、whom、whose、when、where等。
在将定语从句翻译成中文时，有一些常见的方法和技巧可以帮助我们更准确地理解和翻译定语从句。
1. 寻找关系词
首先，我们需要确定定语从句中的关系词，即引导从句的关系代词或关系副词。
这个关系词通常用来引导从句并确定其与先行词的关系。
2. 确定先行词
在翻译定语从句时，我们还需要确定定语从句中所修饰的先行词，即被从句中的关系词所代表的人或物。
这一步非常重要，因为只有确定了先行词，我们才能正确理解定语从句的含义。
3. 翻译定语从句
根据关系词和先行词的特点，我们可以选择不同的翻译方式来表达定语从句的意思。
例如，当关系词为who或which时，我们可以将其翻译为“……的人”或“……的物品”等；当关系词为that时，我们可以将其翻译为“……的”或“……这个”。
4. 注意语序
在翻译定语从句时，我们还需要注意语序的问题。
由于英语和中文的语序有所不同，因此我们需要根据语境和语法规则来灵活调整语序，以确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。
总之，翻译定语从句需要我们掌握一定的语法知识和翻译技巧，并且需要我们根据具体情况进行灵活运用。
只有在不断练习中积累经验和技巧，我们才能更好地理解和翻译英语中的定语从句。
whose四级语法定语从句考研长难句
whose四级语法定语从句考研长难句在英语四级和考研中，定语从句是一个常见的语法考点。
其中，带有“whose”引导的定语从句是一种比较难的结构。
下面是一个例句，展示了这种结构的用法：1. I have a friend whose sister is a famous actress.在这个句子中，定语从句“whose sister is a famous actress”修饰了名词“friend”。
这个句子的意思是，“我有一个朋友，他的姐姐是一位著名的演员。
”这种用法中，“whose”引导的定语从句用来描述某人拥有的事物或特征。
在考试中，我们经常会遇到一些较长且复杂的句子，其中含有这种结构。
以下是一些考研长难句的例子：2. The company, whose CEO was recently appointed, has announceda new product.在这个句子中，定语从句“whose CEO was recently appointed”修饰了名词“company”。
意思是，“这家公司的首席执行官最近被任命，并宣布了一款新产品。
”3. The book, whose pages are filled with beautiful illustrations, has become a bestseller.这个句子中，定语从句“whose pages are filled with beautiful illustrations”修饰了名词“book”。
它表明，“这本书的页面上满是美丽的插图，已成为畅销书。
”这些例句展示了在定语从句中使用'whose'引导的一些难句结构。
在考试中，理解和正确运用这种结构对于提高语法得分至关重要。
通过大量练习和积累，我们可以逐渐掌握这一语法点，并在考试中得心应手。
考研英语长难句总结
考研英语长难句总结一、定语从句1.The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.2.I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sittingCEOs first.3.In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patentedand not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.4.But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives ofthe founding generation.5.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domesticsituations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.二、名词性从句1.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappychildless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.2.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and morediverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.3.What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast thingsare changing.4.But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warmingseriously.三、状语从句1.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Seniorwrites that ―the ve ry things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources ofintense gratification and delight.‖2.But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – forinstance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.3.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizationsplace their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.四、后置定语1.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all.2.Consumers passionate about a product may create ―earned‖ media by willingly promoting itto friends, and a company may leverage ―owned‖ media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.3.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.4.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in theinstitution of the traditional classical concert.5.Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lumptogether information from different research projects.6.It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suitsone to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.7.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed inschool and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg.五、伴随状语1.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.2.But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider theoriginal Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances.3.Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor U.S.economic performance.4.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.5.But particularl y when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardlysuggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.六、形式主语1.But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience.2.To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is notnecessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.3.It is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments thatscience can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.4.It’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until w e know for sure.5.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable ofeconomic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.七、形式宾语1.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.2.At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front,to make it easier to remember their names.八、长主语1.The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director hasbeen the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.2.The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministersand political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.3.The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widelymisunderstood by economists and politicians alike.4.The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the onlyMadonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.九、同位语1.Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a jobdatabase on the Internet.2.But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased inheight by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.3.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court ineffect supported the medical principle of ―double effect‖, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.4.Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measurecreativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.十、并列结构1.Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies con cerned.2.Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning thePhilharmonic into ―a markedly different, more vibrant organization.‖3.For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists mustcompete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.4.Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectualdevelopment of these and all other societies.5.This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient,condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.十一、插入语1.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert iscomparatively little known.2.The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to theproper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.3.Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing thebravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.4.The Internet –and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercialpublishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality.5.I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life theactivity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems.十二、比较1.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like anopportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.2.Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating asmuch on technique as on outcome.3.In fact, the more new things we try — the more we step outside our comfort zone — the moreinherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.4.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.5.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct ourown change by consciously developing new habits.6.Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,‖ these were stores ―anyone couldenter, regardless of class or background.十三、倒装1.According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial Americawas ―s o much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.‖2.Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for otherthings.3.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased ―opportunities‖ forstress.4.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a privateintelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas.十四、强调句1.It was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision.2.It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because theyspend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.十五、That1.As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led bymusicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.2.When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they couldin turn afford more education.。
2020考研英语：语法长难句之定语从句句型结构篇
2020考研英语：语法长难句之定语从句句型结构篇2020考研英语：语法长难句之定语从句句型结构篇以下是2020考研英语：语法长难句之定语从句句型结构篇的具体内容：一、理论常识在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句。
结构：先行词+关系词（分为关系副词和关系代词）+从句关系代词（that，who，which，whose，as）关系副词（when，where，why，how）定语从句分为限制性定语从句及非限制定语从句，限定从直接放在先行词后，非限定从与先行词之间要加逗号。
二、试题举例例句1：TheAswanDam，forexample，stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatf loodsleft-allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsil tthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.【重点词汇解析】deprivesb.ofsth.剥夺某人某物；silt，n.淤泥v.（使）淤塞【参考翻译】例如，阿斯旺大坝阻止了尼罗河的洪水侵袭，但是也夺去了埃及的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥---这一切换来的却是一个巨大的病态的水库，这个水库积满了淤泥，以至于几乎不能发电了。
例句2：Thesecond，byJoshuaGreenberge，takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversality，identifyingtraits（particularlyinwordorder）sharedbymanylanguages，whichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitivec onstraints.（2012，49）【重点词汇解析】empirical，adj.经验主义的；resultfrom 由……造成；cognitive，adj.认知的【参考翻译】第二个为此做出努力的人是约书亚·格林伯格，他采用经验主义的方法来研究普遍性，确认多种语言（尤其是语序方面的）共同特征，这些特征被认为是体现了由于认知局限性而带来的偏见。
考研英语语法：学会辨认六类从句
考研英语语法：学会辨认六类从句从句类型在英语中，经常使用的从句有以下六类：1. 主语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当主语的成分，该句子被称为主语从句。
2. 宾语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当宾语的成分，该句子被称为宾语从句。
3. 表语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当表语的成分，该句子被称为表语从句。
4. 定语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当定语的成分，该句子被称为定语从句。
5. 状语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当状语的成分，该句子被称为状语从句。
6. 同位语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当同位语的成分，该句子被称为同位语从句。
►从句的辨认如果想辨认从句类型，学生们应该对从句的基本形式有所认识。
无论是哪种从句类型，在句子中充当成分的"句子"应该都具备以下特征：从句=从属连词+句子了解了从句的基本结构，那么应该如何辨别从句类型呢?学生可以在句子中通过简单的公式进行辨认。
常见的从句出现形式有四类：1. 名词+从属连词+句子=定语从句/同位语从句2. 动词+从属连词+句子=宾语从句/表语从句3. ×+从属连词+句子=状语从句4. 从属连词+句子+动词=主语从句对于以上四类从句出现形式有了一定的了解，那么今天就首先看看第一类从句出现形式的辨认方法和注意事项吧!1. 名词+从属连词+句子=定语从句/同位语从句例子1：Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.(1997年Text2)从句类型：定语从句辨别方式：a virtue(名词)+that(从属连词)+many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers(句子)译文：然而，表示友好是一种美德，美国人高度重视这种美德，并期望邻居和陌生人都能有这种美德。
考研英语语法之三大从句
三大从句一、定语从句定语从句，简言之，就是用来做定语的句子，即用于修饰名词或代词的一个具有完整主谓结构的句子。
这个被修饰的名词或代词因为总是在定语从句的前面，所以我们称之为先行词。
而引导定语从句的连词，叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools.（一）定语从句的先行词先行词是定语从句所修饰的对象。
只有正确找出先行词，才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是什么成分，才能正确理解句子前后各部分的逻辑关系，分清句子结构，从而正确理解句子。
1. 一个词（通常是名词，也可以是代词）For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.2. 一个短语During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.3. 一个从句The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.4. 一个完整的句子As can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of this condition.They are invited to the state banquet, which was a great honor to them.（二）引导定语从句的关系词1.It is about YOU, and how you performed and what you accomplished in those past jobs –especially those accomplishments that are most relevant to the work you want to do next.She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of the company’s client data, which she intended to draw upon in starting her own business.At the same time, the American Law Institute – a group of judges, lawyers and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight – issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.dream, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything.Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.（三）定语从句与先行词的隔离考研英语中有很多复杂的定语从句，它们的先行词并不像常规那样紧靠着关系词，而是在先行词与关系词之间插入了很多成分。
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考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之定语从句
一篇文章的意义不在于材料本身，而是在于读者与材料不断交流活动的结果。
考研大纲阅读理解部分对考生规定的六种能力的要求，主要测试考生对语篇的理解和把握作者意图的推理过程，那么我们如何在规定的时间内更深、更准确地理解一篇阅读材料呢?以及在英译汉中更进一步地把句子译的更趋完美呢?这就要求我们能够对材料或英译汉中一些难句进行系统的剖析和理解。
本节是为硕士研究生编写的特色备考篇章，其特色就是通过对英语篇章中的难句进行剖析，最终达到深刻理解和完美翻译的目的。
下面从定语从句、倒装句、分割结构、省略法、并列平行结构、同位语、分词作状语、否定句、比较结构、it的用法及词义的正确选择等方面分别进行阐述。
一、定语从句
定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。
在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。
对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。
此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。
例1The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.(_96年真题)
分析：该句总体上是一个并列句，其框架为“The cha nge met...and
prev ented”“that”后边引导的是一定语从句，作后置定语，修饰“the decline in efficiency”。
介词短语“in the second and third generation”,“after the energetic founders”又作为定语从句中“spoiled”的状语。
译文：这一变化适应了新时代技术的要求，防止了效率下降，而效率下降已使许多老家族公司破产，因为第二、三代继承人已不像公司创立者那样精力充沛。
例2The method of scientific investigation is nothing but thee_pression of thenecessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which allphenomena are reasoned about and given precise and e_act e_planations.(_94年真题)
英译汉考研英语一级真题翻译讲究信、达、雅，第一步的“信”就是，你要“精准”地知道每个单词的意思，不可以
考研英语二级英译汉真题当我们在学习单词时，要时刻联系其背后的语境，在语境中学习单词，掌握它在不同语境中
考研英译汉英语二级真题翻译题需要根据上下文和汉语习惯搭配来确定词义，主要体现为语句太长、结构太复杂。
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历年考研英语二级翻译真题汉译英翻译讲究信、达、雅，第一步的“信”就是，你要“精准”地知道每个单词的意思，不可以。