养老金会计外文翻译文献

养老金会计外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

原文：

New Accounting Rules for Defined Benefit Pension Plans MARCH 2008 - Issued in September 2006, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 158, Employers’ Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans—An Amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, 106, and 132(R), significantly changes the balance-sheet reporting for defined benefit pension plans. Before SFAS 158, the effects of certain events, such as plan amendments or actuarial gains and losses, were granted delayed balance-sheet recognition. As a result, a plan’s funded status (plan assets minus obligations) was rarely reported on the balance sheet. SFAS 158 requires companies to report their plans’ funded status as either an asset or a liabil ity on their balance

sheets, which will cause reported pension liabilities to rise significantly. Although SFAS 158 also applies to postretirement benefit plans other than pensions and to not-for-profit entities, the focus below is on for-profit businesses with defined benefit pension plans.

Balance-Sheet Reporting Under SFAS 158

Under SFAS 87, prepaid or accrued pension cost, which is the net of a firm’s pension assets, liabilities, and unrecognized amounts, is reported on the balance sheet. SFAS 158 arguably improves financial reporting by more clearly communicating the funded status of defined benefit pension plans. Previously, this information was reported only in the detailed pension footnotes.

Under SFAS 158, companies with defined benefit pension plans must recognize the difference between the plan’s projected benefit obligation and its fair value of plan assets as either an asset or a liability. The projected benefit obligation is the actuarial present value of the benefits attributed by the pension plan benefit formula for services already provided. As a result, the complex and conceptually unsound ―minimum pension liability‖ rules, which are used when the accumulated benefit obligation is less than the fair value of pension plan assets, has been eliminated. (The accumulated benefit obligation is similar to the projected benefit obligation but does not include expected future salary

increases in the calculation of the present value of actuarial benefits.) In addition, the unrecognized prior service costs and actuarial gains and losses that were previously relegated to the footnotes are now recognized on the balance sheet, with an offsetting amount in accumulated other comprehensive income under shareholders’ equity.

Income Reporting Under SFAS 158

SFAS 158 does not change the computation of periodic pension cost, which remains a function of service cost, interest cost, expected return on pension plan assets, and amortization of unrecognized items. It does, however, impact the reporting of comprehensive income. Specifically, actuarial gains or losses and prior service costs that arise during the period are recognized as components of comprehensive income. In addition, the amortization of actuarial gains or losses, prior service costs, and transition amounts recognized before implementing SFAS 158 require a reclassification adjustment to comprehensive income. Applying SFAS 158

Exhibit 1 presents pension footnote data for three companies: Lockheed Martin, Glatfelter, and AMR Corp. Lockheed Martin represents a classic example of a scenario SFAS 158 is designed to eliminate: namely, reporting a pension asset when the pension plan is actually underfunded. Specifically, Lock heed Martin’s pension obligation

($28,421 million) exceeds its plan assets ($23,432 million), meaning the plan is underfunded by the difference, $4,989 million. Previously, Lockheed Martin’s unrecognized net losses and unrecognized prior service costs (totaling $7,108 million) enabled it to report a pension asset of $2,119 million ($7,108 – $4,989).

The data for Glatfelter and AMR in Exhibit 1 indicate other likely scenarios under SFAS 158. Glatfelter, while overfunded by $155.3 million, would reduce its reported pension asset by $90 million under SFAS 158. Although AMR currently recognizes a pension liability of $882 million, SFAS 158 would require AMR to significantly increase its reported pension liability to $3,225 million.

An Illustration of the Transition to SFAS 158

The following example uses the actual 2005 data from Exhibit 1 to illustrate how each of these companies would record the transition to the new rules. Because SFAS 158 is generally first effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2006, the actual numbers these companies record upon transition to SFAS 158 will differ from those in this example. For simplicity, the illustration ignores tax effects.

Exhibit 1 shows that each of the three companies reports additional minimum liabilities and related intangible assets on its balance sheet. These items are eliminated under SFAS 158. In addition, pension assets

and liabilities and accumulated other comprehensive income are adjusted so that their ending balances conform to the amounts required under SFAS 158. The necessary journal entries to accomplish the transition, using 2005 data, are presented in Exhibit 2.

Exhibit 3 shows the balance-sheet reporting for each company after posting the entries in Exhibit 2, and exposes several important points. First, each company reports its funded status as either a pension asset or liability. Second, the balance in accumulated other comprehensive income equals the amount of previously unrecognized items. In this example, and likely for many companies with defined benefit plans, the amount of this contra-shareholders’ equity will increase under SFAS 158, even potentially generating negative shareholders’ equity. The transition to SFAS 158 might impose costs on leveraged firms due to the increased likelihood of tightening restrictive debt covenants. Finally, the balance-sheet presen tation, and each company’s funded status, should be easier to understand after SFAS 158 is implemented.

Subsequent Application of SFAS 158

SFAS 158 does not impact the amount of periodic pension cost reported on the income statement, but it does impact the reporting of comprehensive income. For example, assume that after implementing

SFAS 158 Lockheed Martin were to report the financial results in Exhibit 4. Again, these amounts are for illustrative purposes only.

Exhibit 5 shows the required journal entries. The first entry records the service cost, interest cost, and expected return on plan assets components of periodic pension cost. The second entry reclassifies the amortization items from accumulated other comprehensive income to periodic pension cost, and the third entry adjusts the pension liability and accumulated other comprehensive income for the difference in actual pension returns above expectations during the year.

Author: Kenneth W. Shaw

Nationality: Columbia

Originate from: The CPA Journal

翻译：

设定收益制养老金会计新准则

2008年3月SFAS颁布了158号《雇主对既定福利养老金和其他退休后计划的会计处理》对FASB第87、88、106号准则做了修订，显著改变了资产负债表对设定收益制下养老金的列报。在SFAS 158颁布之前，一些特定事项的影响，像养老金计划的修改，精算所得和精算损失，是准许在资产负债表中递延确认的，以至于养老金净资产（养老金资产减去养老金负债）很少在资产负债表中列报。SFAS 158要求公司在资产负债表中以资产或是负债的形式列报养老金净资产，这将会引起养老金负债的显著上升。尽管SFAS158也应用于其他退休福利计划以及非盈利组织，但是我们这里主要是讲盈利组织的设定收益计划。

SFAS 158对资产负债表列报的要求

SFAS158对于预付或应付的养老金成本，即一个公司养老金净资产、净负债以及未确认的金额是在资产负债表中列报的。SFAS158论证性地提高了财务报告要求，公司需要更加清楚地提供有关设定收益养老金计划的信息。而之前只要在财务报表附中披露就行了。

SFAS158要求实行设定收益制养老金计划的公司必须将预计养老金负债总额和养老金资产的公允价值之差确认为一项资产或负债。预

计养老金负债总额是根据养老金计划公式对职工已提供的服务精算所得的当前价值。结果复杂、抽象、不确定的“最小养老金负债”准则被删掉了，之前它运用于累积的养老金负债小于养老金资产的公允价值的情况。（累积养老金负债与预期养老金负债类似，但是它没有包含预期未来上涨工资的现值）。除此之外，先前在附注中披露的未确认前期服务成本以及精算所失和所得，现在要求在财务报表中进行披露，作为一个对所有者权益项下综合收益进行抵消的科目。SFAS 158 对利润表的要求

SFAS158并没有改变当期养老金成本的计算，当期的成本依旧取决于原来的服务成本，利息成本，养老金资产的预期收益率，以及未确认项目的分摊。然而SFAS158的确对综合收益产生了影响。具体来说，期间内发生精算所得和精算损失以及前期服务成本都确认为综合收益的组成部分。除此之外，实施SFAS158之前，对精算所得、精算损失、前期服务成本和转换金额的分期确认在计入综合收益前需要重分类调整。

SFAS 158的实施

图表1表示的是Lockheed Martin, Glatfelter, and AMR Corp 三家公司在财务报表附注中对养老金披露的数据。Lockheed Martin 的例子很经典，它代表了SFAS 158试图改变的现状——实际上养老金资金筹集不足却仍报告一项资产。特别是Lockheed Martin的养老金负债($28,421 million)超过了它的养老金资产($23,432

million)，表明养老金资金短缺4,989 million。之前Lockheed Martin未确认的净损失和前期服务成本(totaling $7,108 million)使它报告了$2,119 million的养老金资产($7,108 – $4,989)。

图标1中有关Glatfelter和AMR的数据预示在SFAS 158准则下其他类似的情形。Glatfelter尽管报告了$155.3 million的净资产，按照SFAS 158的要求需要减少$90 million的资产。虽然AMR近期确认了高达$882 million的养老金负债，但按照SFAS 158的要求，AMR还要将养老金负债提高到$3,225 million。

如何向SFAS 158过渡

下面的例子采用图表1 中2005年的实际数据来阐述以上三个公司在向新准则过渡时所做的记录的。由于SFAS 158大致上是在2006年11月15号的会计年度末生效的，因此这些公司在转变中所记录的实际数字会与例子有所不同。为了简化，在阐述过程中我们将忽略税收的影响。

图表1显示了这三个公司分别在资产负债表上报告了额外的最

小负债额和相应的无形资产。SFAS15把这些项目都给删除了。除此之外，养老金资产、养老金负债和累计综合收益需要调整使最终的平衡与SFAS158要求的数字相等。这种转变所做主要的分录，我们用2005年的数据在图表2中展示。

图表3展示了图表2的分录过继到三个公司的资产负债表的结果，我们可以看到重要的几点。第一，每个公司的养老金状况不是报告为一项资产就是一项负债。第二，计入综合收益后的收入与前期未确认的金额相等。在这个例子中以及其他类似的拥有设定收益制养老金计划的公司按照SFAS158进行调整后，所有者权益金额会有所下降，甚至增加了少数股东权益。向SFAS过渡可能增加杠杆公司的成本，因为增加限制性条约的可能性下降了。最后公司的资产负债表和基金状况在实施SFAS158后会更容易理解。

作者：肯尼斯w.肖

国籍：哥伦比亚

出处：注册会计师