译林牛津版高中英语必修一语法讲解限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

：：梁晓

概念引入：

He is a person who never gives up. 他是个永远不服输的人。

I found him in the woods, where has a well-known tree.

(我是在树林里找到他的，那里有一棵很有名的树。)

Our guide,(who was a Frenchman, ) was an excellent cook.

我们的导游是个很优秀的厨师，他是个法国人

She was not on the train which arrived just now。

她没在刚刚到达的那辆车上

语法点拨

什么是定语从句？

修饰主语、宾语、表语的句子就叫做定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有：

关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that

关系副词：when, where, why

我们把下面两个句子组合成一个复合句：

1. This is our school. It is beautiful.

→This is our school which is beautiful.

2. This is our school. We study in our school.

→This is our school which we study in.

→This is our school in which we study.

→This is our school where we study.

3. Do you know the room? It is made of amber.

→Do you know the room which is made of amber?

4. I have read the newspaper. It carries the important news.

→I have read the newspaper which carries the important news.

从上述定语从句的组合我们可以看出：

先行词和关系词的关系：关系代词实际上是先行词的复指；关系词whose 实际上是先行词的所有格。

1. A plane is a machine that can fly.

the machine = that

2. The boy who broke the window is called Wangkai.

the boy =who

3. The boy whose parents are working outside was brought up by his grandfather.

the boy’s =whose

【高一英语语法（二）定语从句（二）356521限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句】

限制性和非限制性定语从句：

什么是限制性定语从句？

•Anyone should be punished.

→ Anyone who breaks the rules should be punished.

•也就是说，如果一个句子去掉定语从句后，主句的意思不是所要表明的意思，那么这个定语从句就是限制性定语从句。

什么是非限制性定语从句？

就是不用限制先行词的定语从句。译成汉语时，主句和从句可以分别翻译，互不影响。最大的特点就是先行词后面有逗号隔开。

•She is good at speaking French, which she learned at school.

•This book was written by Jack, who was here a moment ago.

•I have some friends, some of whom are teachers.

非限制性定语从句的连接词可以用who, whom或whose, which。不用that，也不能省略。

•She had eight children, three of whom became soldiers.

•Their teacher is a Japanese, whose wife is a Chinese.

•My sister, who is a nurse, got married last month.

•China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.

非限制性定语从句还可以用when或where引起。

•She is going to Shanghai, where she was born.

•We will go home next week, when we won’t be so busy.a

•除了前面提到的那些连接词以外，在下面两种情况下还可以用as作为定语从句的连接词。

1. 当先行词在从句中做主语或者宾语的时候，同时先行词又被same、so或者such修饰的时候。

非限制性定语从句除了可以修饰词以外, 还可以修饰前面整个句子。

•They invited me to their party, which is very kind of them.

•I was late for school again, which made my teacher very angry.

• A student killed his English teacher, which frightened me very much.

•Such people as you said are not good.

•Let’s discuss only such questions as are interesting to all of us.

•I have the same trouble as you have.

•I feel just the same as you do.

•He is so good a teacher as I like very much.

•Those are so difficult the questions as he asked.

2. 在非限定性定语从句中，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。as一般放在句首，which在句中。

•As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

•Smoking is harmful to one’s health, which is known to all.

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：

上述定语从句都是我们已经学过的限制性定语从句。所谓限制性定语从句，是指定语从句部分对先行词起限制、修饰的作用，关系代词有that, which, whom, who, whose以及关系副词when, where, why等，没有逗号把从句与先行词分开。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确。

Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?

你认识那个正在会上讲话的教授吗？

Where is the book which I bought this morning?

我今天上午买的书在哪儿呢？

此外，还有一类非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。用法其实与限制性定语从句极为

相似，只是不能用that引导。

This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.

这些信来自他的父母，他们在西藏工作。

English is an important subject, which every student should study well.

英语是一门重要的科目，每个学生都应该学好。

This is our headmaster, who I think has something to tell you. 这是我们校长，我认为他有一些重要的事情要告诉你。(校长只有一位)

限定性：对先行词起修饰限制作用

非限定性：对先行词起补充说明作用，先行词与定语从句有逗号隔开.

He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, ____ was unexpected.

A. which

B. where

C. that

D. it

1. 从形式上看

限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连之间不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与先行词之间必须用逗号隔开。

Mr. Smith，who came to see me yesterday，is one of my best friends.

昨天来看我的史密斯先生是我的一位好朋友。(非限制性定语从句)

This is the teacher who has taught for 30 years.

这就是那位有30年教龄的老师，你想见的那个人。(限制性定语从句)

2. 从意义上讲

限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词，具有限制作用，两者关系紧凑，如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性往往句意不明，有时甚至于引起费解、误解；而非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词作补充性叙述或说明，不起限制作用两者关系不那么紧密，可以省略，省略后主句的意思仍然完整；

Her sister who teaches us English will go abroad next year.

她教我们英语的姐姐明年将出国。(限制性定语从句，意思是她可能还有别的姐姐。) Her sister，who teaches us English，will go abroad next year.

她的姐姐教我们英语，明年将出国。(非限制性定语从句，对先行词her sister起到补充说明的作用，言外之意：她只有一个姐姐。)

The old man has a son, who is in the army.

那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。（非限定性定语从句是对son进行补充、说明。“这位老人只有一个儿子”）

The old man has a son who is in the army.

“那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。（“这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作”，也就是说可能老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作）

3. 从翻译方法来看

一般来说，限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语，修饰其后的先行词，非限制性定语从句则往往译成后置的并列从句。

This is the house which we bought last year. 这是我们去年买的那幢房子。（限制性）

The house，which we bought last month，is very nice．

这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)

The teachers who are kind are popular with the students.

态度和蔼的老师们受学生的欢迎。（限制性）

Mr. Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.

王老师深受学生的欢迎，他态度和蔼。(非限制性)

This notebook was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.

这个笔记本是汤姆留下的，刚才他还在这里。

4. 先行词不同

限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词；非限制性定语从句的关系代词which 既可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整句的含义。指代前面整句的含义时，定语从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。

This is the best novel that I have ever read.

这是我看过的最好的小说。(先行词是novel)

The novel，which I read last night，is very interesting.

这是我昨天晚上看过的小说，非常有意思。(先行词为novel)

The novel is very interesting，which makes me very glad.

这部小说很有意思，这让我很高兴。(先行词为“The novel is very interesting”)

She heard the terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. (which指代noise)

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

他似乎没领会我的意思，这使我心烦。(Which指代句子“他似乎没领会我的意思”。)

注意：当先行词是世界上独一无二的事物或人名、地名、国名、建筑物等专有名词时时，用非限制性定语从句；

The moon, which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth, goes around the earth.

月球绕着地球转，它离地球384,000千米远

Yesterday he left America, where he had stayed for two years.

昨天他离开了美国，在那儿他待了两年。

5. 从关系词的使用来看:

that，why不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中，that改用which；why改用for which。

在限制性定语从句中，用关系代词指物which, that；指人who, whom, that; whose既可用来指人也可用来指物。

We don’t know the number of peop le who lost their homes in the 1906 earthquake.

我们不知道在1906年地震中失去家园的人们的数量。

在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词指人时用who，whom；指物时用which；whose既可用来指人也可用来指物；

John Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.

约翰﹒史密斯去年退休了，他曾是我的老师。

My elder sister has become a doctor，which I wanted to be.

我姐姐成了一名医生，我原来也想当医生的。

That is his room，whose window faces south.

那是他的房间，房间的窗户朝南。

引导限制性定语从句的关系副词有when, where, why; 引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词有when，where。当先行词指时间并且在定语从句中充当状语时用when；指地点并且在

定语从句中充当状语时用where。

He will have to wait until next month, when everything has been ready.

他不得不等到下个月，那时一切都准备好了。

Can you tell me the reason why he was absent yesterday?

你能告诉我他昨天缺席的原因吗？

He was hurt in the accident yesterday, for which he stayed in the hospital for several hours.

他昨天在事故中受伤，为此他在医院中待了好几个小时。

Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977.

卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里

在限制性定语从句中：whom作宾语时可用who替代；在非限制性定语从句：whom 作宾语时不能用who代替。

This is the boy whom/who I met at the theatre. 这是我在剧院遇到的那个男孩。

The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to marry.

这个年轻人有一个女朋友，他想娶她。

在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可省略（介词后不可）；在非限制性定语从句中，所有关系词不可省略.

I passed him a large glass of whisky, which he drank immediately.

我递给他一大杯威士忌，他立即喝下了。（which在从句中作宾语，不能省略）

He wrote a letter to me, telling me everything (that) he saw on the way to the Paris.

他给我写了一封信，告诉我去巴黎的途中看到的每一件事。（that在从句中作宾语，可以省略。）

as可引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句，有“正如，就像”之意。as引导的定语从句可放在主句之前，之中或之后，位置灵活。

“我们都知道，吸烟有害健康”这句话可译成：

As we know, smoking is harmful to our health.

Smoking, as we know, is harmful to our health.

Smoking is harmful to our health, as is known to us all.

非限制性定语从句中as 和which的选择：都可以指代整个句子的内容，非限定语从句位于句末且as 或which作主语、宾语或表语时，常可互换。

He married her, as /which was natural. 他娶了她，这是很自然的事。

He is a kind fisherman, as /which anybody can see. 他是一个善良的渔民，这大家都清楚。

The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.

太阳给予大地热量，这就使植物的生长成为可能。(指代逗号之前的整个句子)

如非限定语从句位于主句之前，只能用as。

As we expected, he passed the exam. 正如我们预料的，他通过了考试。

as引导的从句在意义上不可与主句相悖，而which引导的不受此限制。

Chang’e-1 has been launched successfully, as was expected.

嫦娥一号成功发射，这正是我们期待的。

The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn’t expected.

实验结果非常好，这点出乎我们预料。

as常用在一些固定结构中：

as we know/ as is known to all/ as we all can see 众所周知

as is often the case 情况常常是这样

as might be imagined 可以想象得到

as might be expected 正如所预料的那样

as has been pointed out 正如所指出的那样

as has been said before/above 正如前文所述

as often happens 像往常一样

当与such或the same连用时，一般用as。

Such books as you tell me are interesting. 你给我说的这些书很有趣。

I have the same plan as you. 我有和你一样的计划。

当which在从句中指代的是先行词本身（一个先行词）而不是主句时，不可用as代替which。

The house, which they built 2 years ago, fell down in the earthquake.

这所房子他们建于两年前，在地真正倒塌了。

My friend showed me round the town，which was very kind of him.

我的朋友真不错，他带我绕城转了一圈。

注意：

在anyone, those, he/she/I / they作先行词时，用“who”代替“that”。

任何犯法的人都要受到惩罚。

Anyone who breaks the law is punished.

Those who break the law are punished.

He who breaks the law is punished.

t ime 作“次数”讲时用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若that作“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during which引导定语从句。

This is the second time that/（省略）the President has visited the country.

这是总统第二次访问这个国家。

That was at a time when/ during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.

那是一个没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视的时期。

定语从句解题思路：

1. 通读全句，首先判断是什么句型。

2. 题干句如果是疑问句式，将其转化为陈述句式。

3. 分析从句的句子结构，在定语从句中，缺什么，就补什么：缺主或宾语，用关系代词；缺状语，用关系副词。

4. 注意标点符号和题干中是否存在并列连词and, but等。