牛津上海版高三第12讲 阅读拓展训练
高中英语阅读强化训练十二牛津译林版必修32
阅读强化训练(十二)[学生用书P152(单独成册)](建议用时：25分钟)Ⅰ阅读理解From online newspapers to ereaders(电子阅读器) to social media, the Internet has had a deep effect on the ways people read for information and pleasure. However, research also shows that it has changed the depth of reading abilities. The Internet has not just changed what people read, but the ways they process and use the information, leading to both positive and negative consequences for Americans’reading skills.If you’ve ever got a headache when reading pages filled with texts or felt like you couldn’t focus when reading a simple paragraph, the Internet may have affected your attention. According to Nicholas Carr of The Atlantic, it actually may have changed your brain. Carr’s article “Is Google Making Us Stupid” reports a widespread decrease in people’s abilities to carefully read and understand texts. Instead of focusing on the overall meaning of an article, people are likely to search for key words by reading the text quickly. This could possibly lead to weaker reading comprehension skills for students.Although the results of studies are different, the National Endowment for the Arts reports a relationship between the lack of time students spend reading for pleasure and decreased(降低的) reading scores. Their report “To Read or Not to Read” revealed that more than half of people aged 18 to 24 don’t read for fun and that people in the same age group are more likely to spend money on entertainment than books. In possible consequence, overall reading test scores are down nationwide, with only 5 percent of students testing at skilled levels.While some studies show that social media and texting have had a harmful effect on students’ language use, some studies show that these activities might actually be improving their skills. Researchers at Coventry University selected a group of 9and 10yearolds who did not text and had them perform reading and spelling tests before and after texting ove r a 10day period. The results revealed an improve ment in test scores that could be linked to texting use. These studies showed that students seem to gain valuable writing practice from online communication.【解题导语】本文介绍的是不同的有关因特网和电子阅读对美国人阅读能力的正面或负面的影响的研究成果。
牛津上海版深圳三上Unit12Thefourseasons第3课时
Unit12第3课时教案教学内容：Say and act Learn the letters教学目标：1. 帮助学生复习26个字母。
2. 通过Say and act栏目的角色扮演来帮助学生运用所学知识。
一、Warm up通过Complete my sentences，帮助学生复习学过的句型。
In spring, ___________.In summer, __________.In autumn, __________.In winter, ___________.二、Say and actPresentation1. 教师询问学生喜欢哪个季节及其原因。
2. 出示第一幅情境图，学生看图，回答问题。
What season is it?Is it cold?How many boys?How many girls?3. 教师播放动画，学生了解课文内容。
4. 学生自读课文，回答问题：What are they doing?Is the snowman’s nose funny?老师呈现宋小宝的滑稽的照片，帮助学生理解funny的意思。
请学生展示一个滑稽的搞笑的表情。
5. 重点内容讲解：Look at the snow.Let’s make a snowman, Peter.look at 表示“看……”Let’s do sth.表示“让我们做某事”Let’s = Let usPractice1. Fill in the blanks：呈现课文，空出重点单词，学生填空。
2. 在小组内，练习对话并表演出来。
3. Make a new dialogue学生仿照课文编对话：A: Hi, B!B: Hello, A!A: It’s hot.B: Yes, it is.A: Let’s go swimming, B.B: OK.A: Wow! It’s so cool!4. 文化之窗：在英国，天气是最受欢迎的话题。
牛津上海版高二 第12讲 阅读拓展训练
4. From the passage we get to know __________. A. there is more water vapour in the air in the tropics than in cold polar regions B. there is more water vapour in the air in cold polar region than in the tropics C. it getTisnhmtehoeariecroirsladimnpooirnleatrmhreoegitsritoo(pn潮isc湿s t)hiannthine tcroolpdicpso(l热ar带re)gtihoanns because there is less vapour D. the amount of water vapour in the air depends on how often it rains
There are many stages in the water cycle. Rain falls when water vapor in clouds condenses(凝结). Drops of water form and fall to the ground. The water soaks into the ground and feeds streams and rivers. A lot of rain falls into the sea. The heat of the sun evaporates some of the water in the ground and in the rivers, lakes, and the sea. It changes the liquid water into water vapor. The vapor rises onto the air. Water vapor is normally invisible
牛津上海版高三第6讲 阅读拓展训练
授课日期时间主题阅读拓展训练之介绍与说明学习目标1. 在主题阅读中学会英美文化相关的单词、短语及句型表达；2. 灵活迁移阅读信息到相关的写作表达中去。
教学内容1.上次课后巩固作业复习；2.互动探索A gadget which makes water out of air could become the greatest household invention since the microwave.Using the same technology as a dehumidifier (除湿器), the Water Mill is able to create a ready supply of drinking water because it can always get it from an unlimited source — the air.The company behind the machine says not only does it offer an alternative to bottled water in developed countries, but it is a solution for the millions who face a daily water shortage.The machine works by drawing in wet air through a filter (过滤器) and over a cooling instrument which changes it into water droplets. It can produce up to 12 liters a day. The Water Mill will also produce more water when storms pass over, as the amount of water which is contained in the air increases. In keeping with its eco-development, the machine uses the same amount of electricity as three lights.Inventor Jonathan Ritchey said: "The demand for water is off the chart. So people are looking for freedom from water distribution systems that are shaky and unreliable."The machine, which is about 3 feet wide, is likely to cost £800 when it goes on sale here in the spring. Its maker, Canadian Firm Element Four, roughly calculates that a liter of water cost around 20p to produce.Environmentalists state that half the world's population will face water shortage because of climate change by 2080. One in five is said to lack access to safe drinking.The Water Mill is not effective in areas where the amount of water contained in the air is belowabout 30 percent, but in Britain that won't be much of a problem.1.What does the underlined word "it" refer do?A. Drinking water.B. Invention.C. Microwave.D. Water Mill.2. What do we learn about the machine?A. It works in the same way as microwaves.B. It is very expensive for families to afford.C. It absorbs steam and turns it into water.D. It helps to make the water clean to drink.3. What does the passage lead us to believe?A. The cost of water will go up.B. Bottled water will disappear sooner.C. The machine is energy saving.D. The machine will be popular worldwide.4. What's the best title for the passage?A. A New Way to Solve Water ProblemB. A Machine to Make Water out of AirC. A Dehumidifier to Produce WaterD. An Absolutely New Invention【知识梳理1】题型说明介绍说明类文章在高考中主要呈现形式是B篇。
牛津上海版高三英语上册同步学案 第4讲 阅读拓展训练
标出好词好句基础题Henkel was surprised by now obsessed people are with taking picture these days---before dinner, during friends’ birthday parties, on museum tours and so on. You know people just like that, don’t you?They keep taking pictures because they think that it helps record the moment, but as Henkel’s latest study has just found out, this obsession may prevent their brains from remembering what actually happened, reported The Guardian.In her study, Henkel, led a group of college students around a museum and asked them to simply observe 15 objects and to photograph 15 others. The next day the students’ memory of the tour was tested, and the results showed that they were less accurate in recognizing the objects and they remember fewer details about them if they photographed them.“When people rely on technology to remember for them---counting on the camera to record the event and thus not needing to attend to it fully themselves, it can have a negative impact on how well they remember their experiences,” Henkel explained.But there is also an exception: if students zoomed in to photograph part of an object, their memory actually improved, and those who focused the lens on a specific area could even recall parts that weren’t in the frame.So basically, this study is saying that constantly taking pictures can harm your memory. But shouldn’t reviewing pictures we have taken help wake up our memories? This is true, but only if we spend enough time doing it.“In order to remember, we have to access and interact with the photos, rather than just amassing them.’’ Henkle told The Telegraph. However, previous research has shown that most people never take the time to look over their digital pictures simply because there are too many of them and they aren’t usually very organized on their computer.1.The author mentioned Henkel’s trip to the Grand Ca nyon at the beginning to ________．A. describe the great view of the Grand CanyonB. complain about some tourist’s bad habitsC. point out people’s obsession with taking picturesD. give suggestions on how to enjoy one’s tour2. Which of the following statements about Henkel’s study is TURE according to the article?A. Taking pictures in museum tour helps students organize objects better.B. Reviewing pictures always helps people bring back memories.C. Pictures that focus on the details of objects are likely to improve people’s memoriesD. People should spend more time studying real objects than taking pictures of them.3. The word “amassing” in the last paragraph probably means_________________.基础题As long as u love me.。
牛津上海版高三第8讲 阅读拓展训练
1、上次课后巩固作业复习；2、互动探索Questions:1.Why did Doherty and his team of scientists an experiment?2. Why are younger children not fooled?Can you believe your eyes? A recent experiment suggests that the answer to that question may depend on your age.Martin Doherty, a psychologist at the University of Stirling in Scotland, led the team of scientists. In this experiment, Doherty and his team tested the perception (观察力) of some people, using pictures of some orange circles. The researchers showed the same pictures to two groups of people. The first group included 151 children aged 4 to 10, and the second group included 24 adults aged 18 to 25.The first group of pictures showed two circles alone on a white background. One of the circles was larger than the other, and these people were asked to identify the larger one. Four-year-olds identified the correct circle 79 percent of the time. Adults identified the correct circle 95 percent of the time.Next, both groups were shown a picture where the orange circles, again of different sizes, were surrounded by gray circles. Here's where the trick lies in. In some of the pictures, the smaller orange circle was surrounded by even smaller gray circles —making the orange circle appear larger than the other orange circle, which was the real larger one. And the larger orange circle was surrounded by even bigger gray circles —so it appeared to be smaller than the real smaller orange circle.When young children aged 4 to 6 looked at these tricky pictures, they weren't fooled — they were still able to find the bigger circle with roughly the same accuracy as before. Older children and adults, on the other hand, did not do as well. Older children often identified the smaller circle as the larger one, and adults got it wrong most of the time.As children get older, Doherty said, their brains may develop the ability to identify visual context. In other words, they will begin to process the whole picture at once: the tricky gray circles, as well as the orange circle in the middle. As a result, they're more likely to fall for this kindof visual trick.阅读拓展——心理与健康【知识梳理】知识点1：题型说明心理与健康类文章在高考中主要呈现形式是C篇。
高三物理综合专题讲义-第12讲-力学图像问题
第十二讲高考命题点命题轨迹情境图运动学图象问题20161卷21,3卷2316(1)21题20172卷2220182卷19,3卷18、19力学图像问题十二16(3)23题第十二讲17(2)22题第 十 二 讲18(2)19题 18(3)18题 18(3)19题动力学图象问题20173卷2017(3)20题20181卷1518(1)15题第十二讲其他图象20152卷17问题15(2)17题20151卷20、2515(1)20题第十二讲图象信息提取问题20192卷1815(1)25题19(2)18题第 十 二 讲图11．v －t 图象的应用技巧(1)图象意义：在v －t 图象中，图象上某点的斜率表示对应时刻的加速度，斜率的正负表示加速度的方向．(2)注意：加速度沿正方向不表示物体做加速运动，加速度和速度同向时做加速运动．2．x －t 图象的应用技巧(1)图象意义：在x －t 图象上，图象上某点的斜率表示对应时刻的速度，斜率的正负表示速度的方向． (2)注意：在x －t 图象中，斜率绝对值的变化反映加速度的方向．斜率的绝对值逐渐增大则物体加速度与速度同向，物体做加速运动；反之，做减速运动．【例1】(2019·广西桂林市、贺州市、崇左市3月联合调研)甲、乙两辆汽车在同一平直公路上行驶，在t ＝0时刻两车正好相遇，在之后一段时间0～t 2内两车速度—时间图象(v －t 图象)如图1所示，则在0～t 2这段时间内有关两车的运动，下列说法正确的是( ) A ．甲、乙两辆车运动方向相反 B ．在t 1时刻甲、乙两车再次相遇C ．乙车在0～t 2时间内的平均速度小于v 1＋v 22D ．在t 1～t 2时间内乙车在甲车前方【拓展训练1】(2019·云南昆明市4月质检)汽车在限速为40 km/h 的道路上匀速行驶，驾驶员发现前方斑马线上有行人，于是减速礼让，汽车到达斑马线处时行人已通过斑马线，驾驶员便加速前进，监控系统绘制出该汽车的速度v 随时间t 变化的图象如图2所示，下列说法正确的是( ) A ．减速前该车已超速B ．汽车在加速阶段的加速度大小为3 m/s 2C ．驾驶员开始减速时距斑马线18 mPart 1 运动学图像问题第 十 二 讲图3D ．汽车在加速阶段发动机的输出功率保持不变【例2】(2019·湖北鄂南高中、华师一附中等八校第一次联考)A 、B 两质点在同一平面内同时向同一方向做直线运动，它们的位置—时间图象如图3所示，其中甲是顶点过原点的抛物线的一部分，乙是过点(0,3)的一条直线，两图象相交于坐标为(3,9)的P 点，则下列说法不正确的是( ) A ．质点A 做初速度为零、加速度为2 m/s 2的匀加速直线运动 B ．质点B 以2 m/s 的速度做匀速直线运动 C ．在前3 s 内，质点A 比B 向前多前进了9 m D ．在3 s 前某时刻质点A 、B 速度相等【拓展训练2】(多选)(2019·吉林省名校第一次联合模拟)某做直线运动的质点的位移－时间图象(抛物线)如图4所示，P (2,12)为图线上的一点．PQ 为过P 点的切线，与x 轴交于点Q (0,4)．已知t ＝0时质点的速度大小为8 m/s ，则下列说法正确的是( ) A ．质点做匀减速直线运动 B ．2 s 时，质点的速度大小为6 m/s C ．质点的加速度大小为2 m/s 2D ．0～1 s 内，质点的位移大小为4 m1．基本思路(1)解读图象的坐标轴，理清横轴和纵轴代表的物理量和坐标点的意义． (2)解读图象的形状、斜率、截距和面积信息．2．解题技巧(1)可以采用解析法和排除法分析a －t 图象和F －t 图象．Part 2 动力学图像问题图4第 十 二 讲(2)要树立图象的函数思想，即图象反映的是两个变量间的函数关系，应用物理规律找到两个变量之间的关系是解题关键．【例3】(多选)(2019·河南驻马店市第一学期期末)如图5甲所示，一质量m ＝1 kg 的物体置于水平地面上，在水平外力F 作用下由静止开始运动，F 随时间t 的变化情况如图乙所示，物体运动的速度v 随时间t 的变化情况如图丙所示(4 s 后的图线没有画出)．重力加速度g 取10 m/s 2，则下列说法正确的是( ) A ．物体在第3 s 末的加速度大小是2 m/s 2 B ．物体与水平面间的动摩擦因数为0.4 C ．物体在前6 s 内的位移为10 m D ．物体在前6 s 内的位移为12 m【拓展训练3】(2019·河北张家口市上学期期末)如图6所示，一足够长的水平传送带以恒定的速度顺时针转动．将一物体轻轻放在传送带左端，则物体速度大小v 、加速度大小a 、所受摩擦力的大小F f 以及位移大小x 随时间t 的变化关系正确的是( )图6图5第 十 二 讲【拓展训练4】(多选)(2019·山东淄博市3月模拟)如图7所示，劲度系数为k 的轻弹簧竖直放置，下端固定在水平地面上．一质量为m 的小球，从距离弹簧上端高h 处由静止自由下落，接触弹簧后继续向下运动．小球从开始下落到小球第一次运动到最低点的过程中，下列关于小球的速度v 、加速度a 随时间t 变化的图象中符合实际情况的是( )图7第十二讲1．x－v图象的应用技巧x与v的关系式：2ax＝v2－v02，图象表达式：x＝12av2－12av022．解题技巧对于图象问题要注意应用解析法和排除法，两者结合提高选择题图象类题型的解题准确率和速度．Part 3 其他图像问题第 十 二 讲【例4】(2019·福建三明市期末质量检测)如图8所示四幅图为物体做直线运动的图象，下列说法正确的是( )图8A ．甲图中，物体在0～t 0这段时间内的位移小于v 0t 02B ．乙图中，物体的加速度为2 m/s 2C ．丙图中，阴影面积表示t 1～t 2时间内物体的加速度变化量D ．丁图中，t ＝3 s 时物体的速度为25 m/s【拓展训练5】(2019·辽宁省重点协作体模拟)从t ＝0时刻开始，物块在外力作用下由静止开始沿x 轴做直线运动，如图9所示为其位移和速率二次方的关系图线，下列说法正确的是( )第 十 二 讲图10A ．t ＝0时刻物块位于x ＝0处B ．物块运动的加速度a ＝2 m/s 2C ．t ＝4 s 时物块位于x ＝2 m 处D ．由图可知物体做往复运动【拓展训练6】(2019·山西五地联考上学期期末)甲、乙两辆汽车从同一点同时出发，沿同一方向行驶，它们运动的xt －t 图象如图10所示．下列判断正确的是( )A ．在4 s 末以前，乙车的速度比甲车的大B ．在4 s 末以后，乙车的加速度比甲车的大C ．在4 s 末，甲、乙两车相距最远D ．在前4 s 内，甲、乙两车的平均速度相等1．题型特点此类题目的解题信息或者重要的条件往往在图象中呈现，因此根据图象的变化分析物体的运动和受力特点是解题的突破口．2．解读题目信息的两种方法(1)分析转折点、两图线的交点、与坐标轴交点等特殊点和这些特殊点前后两段图线． (2)分析图象的形状变化、斜率变化、相关性等．【例5】(多选)(2019·全国卷Ⅱ·18)从地面竖直向上抛出一物体，其机械能E 总等于动能E k 与重力势能E p 之和．取地面为重力势能零点，该物体的E 总和E p 随它离开地面的高度h 的变化如图11所示．重力加速度取10 m/s 2.由图中数据可得( ) A ．物体的质量为2 kgB ．h ＝0时，物体的速率为20 m/sC ．h ＝2 m 时，物体的动能E k ＝40 JPart 4 图像信息提取问题图9第 十 二 讲图12图13D ．从地面至h ＝4 m ，物体的动能减少100 J【拓展训练7】(2018·陕西榆林市第三次模拟)二十一世纪新能源环保汽车在设计阶段要对其各项性能进行测试，在某次新能源汽车性能测试中，图12甲显示的是传感器传回的牵引力的实时数据随时间变化的关系图象，但由于机械故障，速度传感器只传回了第20 s 以后的数据，如图乙所示，已知汽车质量为1 500 kg ，若测试平台是水平的，且汽车由静止开始做直线运动，设汽车所受阻力恒定，由分析可得( )A ．由图甲可得汽车所受阻力为1 000 NB ．第20 s 末的汽车的速度为26 m/sC ．由图乙可得20 s 后汽车才开始匀速运动D ．前20 s 内汽车的位移为426 m【拓展训练8】(2019·福建龙岩市期末质量检查)如图13甲所示，一个质量m ＝1 kg 的物块以初速度v 0＝12 m/s 从斜面底端冲上一足够长斜面，经t 1＝1.2 s 开始沿斜面返回，t 2时刻回到斜面底端．物块运动的v －t 图象如图乙所示，斜面倾角θ＝37°(sin 37°＝0.6，cos 37°＝0.8，重力加速度g 取10 m/s 2)．则可确定( )A ．物块上滑时的加速度大小为5 m/s 2B ．物块与斜面间的动摩擦因数为0.4C ．物块沿斜面向上滑行的最大距离为7.2 mD ．物块回到斜面底端的时刻为2.4 s(限时45分钟)【1】(2019·四川达州市第二次诊断)一辆汽车由静止开始从甲地出发，沿平直公路驶往乙地，其v －t 图象如图1所示，在0～t 0和t 0～3t 0两段时间内( ) A ．加速度大小之比为1∶2 B ．位移大小之比为2∶3专题强化练习第 十 二 讲图2图5C ．平均速度大小之比为1∶1D ．合力的冲量大小之比为2∶1【2】(2019·山东菏泽市下学期第一次模拟)一辆汽车以20 m/s 的速度在平直的公路上行驶，当驾驶员发现前方有险情时，立即进行急刹车，刹车后的速度v 随刹车位移x 的变化关系如图2所示，设汽车刹车后做匀减速直线运动，则当汽车刹车后的速度减小为12 m/s 时，刹车的距离x 1为( )A ．12 mB ．12.8 mC ．14 mD ．14.8 m【3】(多选)(2019·河北唐山市第一次模拟)如图3所示，x －t 图象反映了甲、乙两车在同一平直公路上行驶时位移随时间变化的关系，已知乙车做匀变速直线运动，其图线与t 轴相切于10 s 处，则0～10 s 过程中( )A ．甲车的速度大小为4 m/sB ．乙车的平均速度大小为4 m/sC ．甲车的位移大小为40 mD ．乙车的位移大小为80 m【4】(2019·吉林省“五地六校”合作体联考)一物体在合外力F 的作用下从静止开始做直线运动，合外力方向不变，大小随时间的变化如图4所示，物体在t 0和2t 0k2，物体的动量分别为p 1、p 2，则( )A ．E k2＝8E k1，p 2＝4p 1B ．E k2＝3E k1，p 2＝3p 1C ．E k2＝9E k1，p 2＝3p 1D ．E k2＝3E k1，p 2＝2p 1【5】(2019·山东烟台市上学期期末)甲、乙两辆汽车在平直的高速公路上行驶，某时刻两车正好并排行驶，从该时刻起两车的速度—时间图象如图5所示，则下列说法正确的是( ) A ．t 0时刻两车相遇B ．0到t 1时间内，甲、乙两车的加速度大小均逐渐减小且方向相同C ．0到t 0时间内，甲车的平均速度小于乙车的平均速度D ．t 1时刻甲、乙两车一定再次相遇，之后甲车将一直在乙车前方图4第 十 二 讲图6【6】(2019·浙江杭州市高三期末)利用力传感器、数据采集器和计算机可以对快速变化的力的特性进行研究．如图6甲所示，用弹性轻绳将小球挂在力传感器的O 点．在某次实验中，将小球举到悬点O 处，然后静止释放小球，此后小球始终在竖直方向上运动，用计算机绘得轻绳的拉力随时间变化的图象如图乙所示．则在小球运动过程中，下列说法正确的是( ) A ．t 3时刻小球速率最大 B ．t 2时刻小球动能为零 C ．t 3、t 4时刻小球速度相同D ．小球和轻绳组成的系统在运动过程中机械能守恒【7】(2019·福建龙岩市3月模拟)A 、B 、C 、D 四个质量均为2 kg 的物体，在光滑的水平面上做直线运动，它们运动的x －t 、v －t 、a －t 、F －t 图象如图所示，已知物体在t ＝0时的速度均为零，其中0～4 s 内物体运动位移最大的是( )【8】(2019·山东枣庄市上学期期末)某马戏团演员做滑杆表演时，所用竖直滑杆的上端通过拉力传感器固定在支架上，下端悬空，滑杆的质量为20 kg.从演员在滑杆上端做完动作时开始计时，演员先在杆上静止了0.5 s ，然后沿杆下滑，3.5 s 末刚好滑到杆底端，速度恰好为零，整个过程演员的v －t 图象和传感器显示的拉力随时间的变化情况分别如图7甲、乙所示，取重力加速度g ＝10 m/s 2，则下列说法正确的是( )A．演员在1.0 s时的加速度大小为2 m/s2B．滑杆的长度为5.25 mC．传感器显示的最小拉力为420 ND．3.5 s内演员损失的机械能为2 700 J图7【9】(多选)滑块以初速度v0滑上表面粗糙程度相同的固定斜面，到达最高点后又返回到出发点．则能大致反映整个运动过程中，滑块的加速度a、速度v随时间t，重力对滑块所做的功W、动能E k与位移x关系的是(取初始位置为坐标原点、初速度方向为正方向)()第十二讲【10】(2019·山东临沂市质检)如图8甲所示，质量为m＝2 kg的物体置于倾角为θ＝37°的足够长的固定斜面上，t＝0时刻对物体施以平行于斜面向上的拉力F，t1＝0.5 s时撤去该拉力，整个过程中物体运第 十 二 讲图8动的速度与时间的部分图象如图乙所示，不计空气阻力，g 取10 m/s 2，sin 37°＝0.6，cos 37°＝0.8.求： (1)物体与斜面间的动摩擦因数μ； (2)拉力F 的大小；(3)物体沿斜面向上滑行的最大距离s .Part1运动学图像问题 【例1】答案 C解析 由题图可知，二者速度均为正值，即二者均向正方向运动，故甲、乙两辆车运动方向相同，选项A 错误；由题图可知，在0～t 1时间内，二者位移不相等，即在t 1时刻甲乙两车没有相遇，在该时刻二者速度相等，二者之间的距离是最大的，故选项B 错误；若乙车在0～t 2时间内做匀变速运动，则平均速度为v 1＋v 22，如图所示：由v －t 图象与t 轴所围面积代表位移可知，匀变速运动的位移较大，故乙车在这段时间内的平均速度小于v 1＋v 22，故选项C 正确；由于甲的初速度大于乙的初速度，所以开始时甲车在乙车前面，由v －t 图象与t 轴所围面积代表位移可知在0～t 2时间内甲的位移大于乙的位移，故整个过程中甲车一直在乙车前面，故选项D 错误．参考答案第 十 二 讲【拓展训练1】答案 B解析 由题图可知，汽车减速前的行驶速度为v 0＝10 m/s ＝36 km/h<40 km/h ，未超速，故A 错误；汽车在加速阶段的加速度大小为：a ＝Δv Δt ＝8－25.5－3.5 m/s 2＝3 m/s 2，故B 正确；由题图可知，汽车减速过程不是做匀减速运动，因此由速度－时间图象不能精确求解汽车开始减速时距斑马线的距离，故C 错误；由题图可知汽车在加速阶段做匀加速直线运动，由牛顿第二定律F －F f ＝ma 知，牵引力F 恒定，速度增加，据P ＝F v 知，发动机的输出功率P 增加，故D 错误．【例2】答案 C解析 质点A 的运动方程为x ＝12at 2，则初速度为零，加速度a ＝2 m/s 2，故A 正确；乙直线的斜率表示速度，故质点B 做匀速直线运动，质点B 的速度为v ＝Δx Δt ＝9－33 m/s ＝2 m/s ，故B 正确；在前3 s 内，质点B 的位移为6 m ，质点A 的位移为9 m ，质点A 比B 向前多前进了3 m ，故C 错误；t ＝1 s 时刻，质点A 的速度为2 m/s ，且质点B 以v ＝2 m/s 的速度做匀速直线运动，故D 正确．【拓展训练2】答案 AC解析 由题知图象为抛物线，结合匀变速直线运动的位移公式x ＝v 0t ＋12at 2，而v 0＝8 m /s ，t ＝2 s 时的位移x ＝12 m ，代入解得a ＝－2 m/s 2，则函数表达式为x ＝8t －t 2，即质点做匀减速直线运动，加速度大小为2 m/s 2，故A 、C 正确；2 s 时的瞬时速度为v ＝v 0＋at ＝8 m/s －2×2 m/s ＝4 m/s ，故B 错误；由位移公式可得1 s 内的位移x 1＝8×1 m －12 m ＝7 m ，故D 错误．第 十 二 讲Part2 动力学图像问题 【例3】答案 BD解析 由题图丙可知，物体在前4 s 内做匀变速直线运动，所以物体在第3 s 末的加速度a 1等于前4 s 内的加速度，a 1＝Δv Δt ＝44 m /s 2＝1 m/s 2，选项A 错误；在0～4 s 内，F 1－μmg ＝ma 1， 解出：μ＝0.4，选项B 正确；设前4 s 内的位移为x 1，x 1＝12a 1t 12＝12×1×16 m ＝8 m ；设4 s 后物体运动时的加速度为a 2，则：F 2－μmg ＝ma 2， 解得，a 2＝－2 m/s 2；物体在4 s 末时的速度为v ′＝4 m/s ， 设物体从4 s 末运动时间t 2速度减为0， 则：0＝v ′＋a 2t 2，解得：t 2＝2 s ； 所以物体在6 s 末速度恰好减为0. 故后2 s 内的位移：x 2＝v ′t 2＋12a 2t 22，解得，x 2＝4 m ；所以物体在前6 s 内的位移x ＝x 1＋x 2＝8 m ＋4 m ＝12 m ，选项C 错误，D 正确．【拓展训练3】答案 A解析 在前t 1内物体受到向右的滑动摩擦力而做匀加速直线运动，加速度不变，F f 恒定，速度与时间的关系为 v ＝at ，v －t 图象是倾斜的直线；位移与时间的关系为x ＝12at 2，x －t 图象是抛物线；物体的速度与传送带速度相同后，不受摩擦力而做匀速直线运动，速度不变，摩擦力F f 为0，加速度为0.故A 正确，B 、C 、D 错误．【拓展训练4】答案 AD解析 在小球由静止自由下落未接触弹簧阶段，小球做自由落体运动，加速度为g ；接触弹簧后，刚开始重力大于弹力，加速度方向向下，随着小球的不断下降，弹力逐渐变大，故小球做加速度减小的加速运动，当小球所受弹簧弹力等于重力时，加速度为零，此时速度最大；小球继续下落时，弹力大于重力，加速度方向变为向上，且加速度逐渐变大，直到速度减小到零，到达最低点，由对称知识可知，到达最第 十 二 讲低点的加速度大于g ，故A 、D 正确.Part3 其他图像问题 【例4】答案 D解析 题图甲中，因v －t 图象与t 轴围成的面积等于位移，可知物体在0～t 0这段时间内的位移大于v 0t 02，选项A 错误；题图乙中，根据v 2＝2ax 可知2a ＝1515 m/s 2＝1 m/s 2，则物体的加速度为0.5 m/s 2，选项B错误；题图丙中，根据Δv ＝at 可知，阴影面积表示t 1～t 2时间内物体的速度变化量，选项C 错误；题图丁中，由x ＝v 0t ＋12at 2可得x t ＝v 0＋12at ，由图象可知12a ＝102 m/s 2＝5 m/s 2，则a ＝10 m/s 2；v 0＝－5 m/s ，则t ＝3 s 时物体的速度为v 3＝v 0＋at 3＝25 m/s ，选项D 正确．【拓展训练5】答案 C解析 根据x －x 0＝v 22a ，结合题图可知物块做匀加速直线运动，且有12a ＝2－04－2 s 2/m ＝1 s 2/m ，则加速度 a＝0.5 m/s 2，初位置x 0＝－2 m ，故A 、B 、D 错误；t ＝4 s 内，物块的位移Δx ＝12at 2＝12×0.5×42 m ＝4 m ，则t ＝4 s 时物块的位置坐标x ＝Δx ＋x 0＝2 m ，故C 正确．【拓展训练6】答案 D解析 由题图可得，对于甲有：xt ＝0.5t ＋1，对于乙有：xt＝－0.5t ＋5，对照匀变速直线运动的位移公式x ＝v 0t ＋12at 2得：x t ＝a2t ＋v 0.可得甲的加速度为a 甲＝1 m/s 2，初速度为v 0甲＝1 m/s ，做匀加速直线运动．乙的加速度为a 乙＝－1 m /s 2，初速度为v 0乙＝5 m/s ，做匀减速直线运动．故B 错误； 当t ＝4 s 时，甲的速度为v 甲＝v 0甲＋a 甲t ＝1 m/s ＋1×4 m/s ＝5 m/s. 乙的速度为v 乙＝v 0乙＋a 乙t ＝5 m/s －1×4 m/s ＝1 m/s ，可知，在4 s 末以前，乙车的速度先比甲车的大，后比甲车的小，故A 错误．由题意可知，当两车速度相等时相距最远，则在4 s 末，甲、乙两车相距不是最远，故C 错误． 平均速度为v ＝v 0+ v2，在前4 s 内，甲、乙两车的平均速度相等，故D 正确.第 十 二 讲Part4 图像信息提取问题 【例5】答案 AD解析 根据题图可知，h ＝4 m 时物体的重力势能mgh ＝80 J ，解得物体质量m ＝2 kg ，抛出时物体的动能为E k0＝100 J ，由公式E k0＝12m v 2可知，h ＝0时物体的速率为v ＝10 m/s ，选项A 正确，B 错误；由功能关系可知F f h ＝|ΔE 总|＝20 J ，解得物体上升过程中所受空气阻力F f ＝5 N ，从物体开始抛出至上升到h ＝2 m 的过程中，由动能定理有－mgh －F f h ＝E k －100 J ，解得E k ＝50 J ，选项C 错误；由题图可知，物体上升到h ＝4 m 时，机械能为80 J ，重力势能为80 J ，动能为零，即从地面上升到h ＝4 m ，物体动能减少100 J ，选项D 正确．【拓展训练7】答案 B解析 由题图乙可知，在20 s 后汽车做匀速运动，则由题图甲可知：F f ＝1 500 N ，故选项A 错误； 在0～6 s 内由牛顿第二定律得：F 1－F f ＝ma 1，则：a 1＝5 m/s 26 s 末车速：v 1＝a 1t 1＝5×6 m/s ＝30 m/s ，在6～18 s 内，由牛顿第二定律得：F 2－F f ＝ma 2，则：a 2＝－13m/s 2，第18 s 末车速：v 2＝v 1＋a 2t 2＝30 m/s ＋⎝⎛⎭⎫－13×12 m/s ＝26 m/s由题图知18 s 后牵引力等于阻力，即汽车做匀速直线运动，故第20 s 末的车速：v ＝26 m/s ，故选项B 正确，C 错误；汽车在0～6 s 内的位移：x 1＝v 12t 1＝90 m汽车在6～18 s 内的位移：x 2＝v 1＋v 22t 2＝336 m 汽车在18～20 s 内的位移：x 3＝v t 3＝52 m故汽车在前20 s 内的位移：x ＝x 1＋x 2＋x 3＝478 m ，故选项D 错误．【拓展训练8】答案 C解析 根据题图乙可以知道，上滑时物块的加速度大小为a 1＝10 m/s 2，故A 错误； 物块在上滑时：mg sin θ＋μmg cos θ＝ma 1 解得：μ＝0.5，故B 错误；v －t 图象与t 轴所围面积等于位移，所以物块沿斜面向上滑行的最大距离为s ＝12×12×1.2 m ＝7.2 m ，故C 对；物块沿斜面下滑的加速度为a 2＝g sin θ－μg cos θ＝2 m/s 2第 十 二 讲根据位移公式：s ＝12a 2t 2解得：t ＝7.2 s ≠1.2 s ，故返回到斜面底端的时刻不是2.4 s ，故D 错误．强化练习参考答案 【1】答案 C解析 根据v －t 图象斜率的绝对值等于加速度大小，则得加速度大小之比为：a 1∶a 2＝2∶1，故A 错误；根据v －t 图线与t 轴所围的“面积”等于位移，则得：位移之比为x 1∶x 2＝1∶2，故B 错误；在0～t 0时间内汽车做匀加速直线运动，在t 0～3t 0时间内汽车做匀减速直线运动，由平均速度公式得两段时间内的平均速度均为v 02，故C 正确；根据动量定理可知，在0～t 0时间内合外力的冲量I 1＝m v 0；在t 0～3t 0时间内合外力的冲量I 2＝0－m v 0＝－m v 0，则合力的冲量大小之比为1∶1，故D 错误．【2】答案 B解析 由于汽车做匀减速直线运动，设加速度为a ，由v 2－v 02＝2ax ，解得a ＝－10 m/s 2，当v 1＝12 m/s 时，汽车刹车的距离x 1＝v 12－v 022a ＝12.8 m ，B 项正确．【3】答案 ACD解析 甲车做匀速直线运动，v 甲＝x t 1＝205m /s ＝4 m/s ，在0～10 s 内位移为：x 甲＝v 甲t ＝4×10 m ＝40 m ，故A 、C 正确；乙车做匀变速直线运动，其图线与t 轴相切于10 s 处，则t ＝10 s 时，速度为零，将其运动反过来看成初速度为0的匀加速直线运动，则根据位移与时间关系x ＝12at 2，根据题图有：x 0＝12at 2，20 m ＝12at 02，t ＝10 s ，t 0＝5 s ，解得：a ＝1.6 m/s 2，x 0＝80 m ，则平均速度为：v 乙＝x 0t ＝8010 m/s ＝8 m/s ，故B 错误，D 正确．【4】答案 C解析 根据动量定理得： 0～t 0内：F 0t 0＝m v 1 t 0～2t 0内，2F 0t 0＝m v 2－m v 1 联立解得：v 1∶v 2＝1∶3 由p ＝m v 得：p 2＝3p 1第 十 二 讲由E k ＝12m v 2得：E k1＝12m v 12E k2＝12m v 22解得：E k2＝9E k1.【5】答案 C解析 根据速度－时间图象与时间轴所围的“面积”表示位移，知0～t 0时间内乙车的位移比甲车的大，则t 0时刻两车没有相遇，故A 错误；0～t 1时间内，甲、乙两车图象斜率均逐渐减小，则它们的加速度大小均逐渐减小．甲图象切线斜率为正，乙图象切线斜率为负，则加速度方向相反，故B 错误；0～t 0时间内甲车的位移比乙车的小，则甲车的平均速度小于乙车的平均速度，故C 正确；0～t 1时间内，甲车的位移比乙车的大，则在t 1时刻甲、乙两车没有相遇，之后甲车的速度比乙车的大，则甲车将一直在乙车前方，故D 错误．【6】答案 B【7】答案 A解析 由x －t 图象可知，4 s 末到达位置为－1 m ，总位移为大小为2 m ，由v －t 图象可知，物体前2 s 内沿正方向运动，2～4 s 沿负方向运动，方向改变，4 s 内总位移为零；由a －t 图象可知：物体在第1 s 内向正方向做匀加速运动，第2 s 内向正方向做匀减速运动，2 s 末速度减为0，然后在2～3 s 向负方向做匀加速运动，在3～4 s 向负方向做匀减速直线运动，4 s 末速度为零，并回到出发点，总位移为零，其v －t 图象如图甲所示；F －t 转化成a －t 图象，如图乙所示．第 十 二 讲由图象可知：物体在第1 s 内做匀加速运动，第2 s 内做匀减速运动，2 s 末速度减为0，前2 s 内的位移为x ＝2×12×0.5×12 m ＝0.5 m ，后2 s 内位移x ′＝x ＝0.5 m ，总位移为1 m ，综上可知，A 正确．【8】答案 D解析 由v －t 图象可知，演员在1.0 s 时的加速度大小a ＝3－01.5－0.5m/s 2＝3 m/s 2，故A 错误；v －t 图象与t 轴所围的面积表示位移，则可知，总长度x ＝12×3×3 m ＝4.5 m ，故B 错误；两图结合可知，静止时，传感器示数为800 N ，除去杆的重力200 N ，演员的重力就是600 N ，在演员加速下滑阶段，处于失重状态，杆受到的拉力最小，由牛顿第二定律得：mg －F 1＝ma ，解得：F 1＝420 N ，加上杆的重力200 N ，可知杆受的拉力为620 N ，故C 错误；由题意可知演员从滑杆上端下滑到杆底端的过程中，初、末速度相同，故ΔE k ＝0，则减小的重力势能等于损失的机械能，即ΔE ＝mgh ＝600×4.5 J ＝2 700 J ，故D 正确．【9】答案 BD解析 取初速度方向为正，则上滑时的加速度a 1＝－mg sin θ＋μmg cos θm＝－(g sin θ＋μg cos θ)，下滑时的加速度a 2＝mg sin θ－μmg cos θm ＝g sin θ－μg cos θ.知|a 1|>a 2.根据位移公式x ＝12at 2，由于下滑与上滑过程位移大小相等，则知下滑的时间t 2大于上滑的时间t 1.由于机械能有损失，返回到出发点时速度小于出发时的初速度，速度－时间图线的斜率表示加速度，故A 错误，B 正确．上滑时重力做负功，下滑时重力做正功，故C 错误．由动能定理可知，上滑时E k ＝E k0－mgx sin θ－F f x ；下滑时：E k ＝mgx sin θ－F f x ，且回到出发点时的动能小于初始状态的动能，故D 正确．第 十 二 讲【10】答案 (1)0.5 (2)60 N (3)7.5 m解析 (1)由题图可知，物体向上匀减速时加速度大小为：a 2＝10－51－0.5 m /s 2＝10 m/s 2此过程有：mg sin θ＋μmg cos θ＝ma 2 代入数据解得：μ＝0.5(2)由题图可知，物体向上匀加速时加速度大小为：a 1＝100.5m /s 2＝20 m/s 2 此过程有：F －mg sin θ－μmg cos θ＝ma 1 代入数据解得：F ＝60 N(3)设物体向上做匀减速运动的时间为t 1，则t 1＝1010 s ＝1 s ，则整个过程中物体向上滑行的时间t ＝0.5 s ＋1 s ＝1.5 s ， 结合题图乙可知，物体沿斜面向上滑行的最大距离为： s ＝12×10×1.5 m ＝7.5 m.。
上海高考英语阅读训练加强版
Reading Comprehension（1）Questions 1-11The work of the railroad pioneers in America became the basis for a great surge of railroad building halfway through the nineteenth century that linked the nation together as never before. Railroads eventua lly became the nation’s number one transportation system, and remained so until the construction of the interstate highway system halfway through the twentieth century. They were of crucial importance in stimulating economic expansion, but their influence reached beyond the economy and was pervasive in American society at large.By 1804, English as well as American inventors had experimented with steam engines for moving land vehicles. In 1920, John Stevens ran a locomotive and cars around in a circular track on his New Jersey estate, which the public saw as an amusing toy. And in 1825, after opening a short length of track, the Stockton to Darlington Railroad in England became the first line to carry general traffic. American businesspeople, especially those in the Atlantic coastal region who looked for better communication with the West, quickly became interested in the English experiment. The first company in America to begin actual operations was the Baltimore and Ohio, which opened a thirteen- mile length of track in 1830. It used a team of horses to pull a train of passenger carriages and freight wagons along the track. Steam locomotive power didn’t come into regular service until two years later.However, for the first decade or more, there was not yet a true railroad system. Even the longest of the lines was relatively short in the 1830’s, and most of them served simply to connect water routes to each other, not to link one railroad to another. Even when two lines did connect, the tracks often differed in width, so cars from one line couldn’t fit onto tracks of the next line. Schedules were unreliable and wrecks were frequent. Significantly, however, some important developments during the 1830’s and 1840’s included the introduction of he avier iron rails, more flexible and powerful locomotives, and passenger cars were redesigned to become more stable, comfortable, and larger. By the end of 1830 only 23 miles of track had been laid in the country. But by 1936, more than 1,000 miles of track had been laid in eleven States, and within the decade, almost 3,000 miles had been constructed. By that early age, the United States had already surpassed Great Britain in railroad construction, and particularly from the mid-1860’s, the late nineteenth c entury belonged to the railroads.1 The word “stimulating” in line 5 is closest in meaning to(a)helping(b)changing(c)promoting(d)influencing2The word “their” in line 6 refers to(a)railroad pioneers(b)railroads(c)the interstate highway system(d)American society3Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?(a)The United States regarded Great Britain as a competitor in developingthe most efficient railroad system(b)Steam locomotive power was first used in 1832(c)American businessmen saw railroads as a threat to establishedbusinesses(d)Steam locomotives replaced horses because of the distances across thecountry4 The author concludes that for the first decade or more, there was not yet atruerailroad system because(a)passenger cars were not stable, comfortable or large(b)locomotives were not powerful enough(c)schedules were unreliable and wrecks were frequent(d)lines were relatively short and not usually linked5 The word “schedules” in line 23 is closest in meaning to:(a) safety procedures(b) employees(c) timetables(d) railroad tracks6 Which of the following is NOT true about the 1830’s and 1840’s (line 24)(a)passenger cars became larger(b)schedules were reliable(c)locomotives became more powerful(d)tracks were heavier7 The word “stable” in line 26 is closest in meaning to(a) fixed(b)supportive(c)reliable(d)sound8 By what time had almost 3,000 miles of track been laid?(a)1830(b)1836(c)1840(d)mid-1860s9 The word “surpassed” in line 29 is closest in meaning to(a) exceeded(b)beaten(c)overtaken(d)equaled10 Where in the passage does the author outline the main conclusions about theimportance of railroads in America?(a)Lines 3-7(b)Lines 14-18(c)Lines 19-21(d) Lines 29-3111 Why does the author include details about Great Britain in the passage?(a) To compare developments in both the United States and Great Britain(b) To illustrate the competitiveness between the two countries(c) To show where Americans got their ideas and technology from(d)To provide a more complete historical contextQuestions 12-19The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually and the first woman to win this prize was Baroness Bertha Felicie Sophie von Suttner in 1905. In fact, her work inspired the creation of the Prize. The first American woman to win this prize was Jane Addams, in 1931. However, Addams is best known as the founder of Hull House. Jane Addams was born in 1860, into a wealthy family. She was one of a small number of women in her generation to graduate from college. Her commitment to improving the lives of those around her led her to work for social reform and world peace. In the 1880s Jane Addams travelled to Europe. While she was in London, she visited a ‘settlement house’ called Toynbee Hall. Inspired by Toynbee Hall, Addams and her friend, Ellen Gates Starr, opened Hull House in a neighborhood of slums in Chiacago in 1899. Hull House provided a day care center for children of working mothers, a community kitchen, and visiting nurses. Addams and her staff gave classes in English literacy, art, and other subjects. Hull House also became a meeting place for clubs and labor unions. Most of the people who worked with Addams in Hull House were well educated, middle-class women. Hull House gave them an opportunity to use their education and it provided a training ground for careers in social work.Before World War I, Addams was probably the most beloved woman in America. In a newspaper poll that asked, “Who among our contemporaries are of the most valueto the community?”, Jane Addams was rated sec ond, after Thomas Edison. When she opposed America’s involvement in World War I, however, newspaper editors called her a traitor and a fool, but she never changed her mind. Jane Addams was a strong champion of several other causes. Until 1920, American women could not vote. Addams joined in the movement for women’s suffrage and was a vice president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. She was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and was president of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. . Her reputation was gradually restored during the last years of her life. She died of cancer in 1935.12With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(a)The first award of the Nobel Peace Prize to an American woman(b)A woman’s work for social reform and world peace(c)The early development of Social Work in America(d)Contributions of educated women to American society13 Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?(a)the work of Baroness Bertha Felicie Sophie von Suttner was an inspirationto Jane Addams(b)Jane Addams is most famous for her opening of Hull House(c)those who lived near Hull House had very poor literacy skills(d)Jane addams considered herself as a citizen of the world rather thanof one particular country14 The word “commitment” in line 6 is closest in meaning to(a) involvement(b) obligation(c) dedication(d) enthusiasm15 Jane Addams was inspired to open Hull House because:(a) it gave educated women an opportunity to use their education anddevelopcareers in social work(b)she traveled to Europe in the 1880s(c)she visited Toynbee Hall(d)she wa s invited by a ‘settlement house’ in Chicago16The word “their” in line 15 refers to(a) children of working mothers(b) middle-class women(c) visiting nurses(b)labor union members17The word “contemporaries” in line 18 is closest in meaning to(a)people of the same time(b)famous people still alive(c)elected officials(d)people old enough to vote18 According to the passage, Jane Addams’ reputation was damaged when she(a) allowed Hull House to become a meeting place for clubs and labor unions(c)joined in the movement for women’s suffrage(c) became a founding member of the NAACP(d) opposed America’s involvement in World War I19Where in the passage does the author mention the services provided by Hull House?(a)lines 5-10(b)lines 10-15(c)lines 15-20(d)lines 20-25Questions 20-29The medieval artists didn’t know about perspective; they didn’t want to make their people look like real, individual people in a real, individual scene. They wanted to show the truth, the eternal quality of their religious stories. So these artists didn’t need to know about perspective.In the European Renaissance period, artists wanted to show the importance of theindividual person and his or her possessions and surroundings. A flat medieval style couldn’t show this level of reality and the artists needed a new technique. It was the Italian artist Brunelleschi who discovered the technique of perspective drawing. At first the artists of the Renaissance only had single-point perspective. Later they realized that they could have two-pointed perspective and still later multi-point perspective.With two-point perspective they could turn an object (like a building) at an angle to the picture and draw two sides of it. The technique of perspective which seems so natural to us now is an invented technique, a part of the “grammar of painting”. Like all bits of grammar there are exceptions about perspective. For example, only vertical and horizontal surfaces seem to meet on eye level. Sloping roof tops don’t meet on eye level.For 500 years, artists in Europe made use of perspective drawing in their pictures. Nevertheless, there are a range of priorities that artists in displaying individual styles. Crivelli wanted to show depth in his picture and he used a simplesingle-point perspective. Cezanne always talked about space and volume. Van Gogh, like some of the other painters of the Impressionist period, was interested in Japanese prints. And Japanese artists until this century were always very strong designers of “flat” pictures. Picasso certainly made pictures which have volume and depth. However, he wanted to keep our eyes on the surface and to remind us that his paintings are paintings and not illusions.It is technically easy to give an illusion of depth. However, a strong two dimensional design is just as important as a feeling of depth, and perhaps more important.20 The passage mainly discusses(a) the difference between medieval and Renaissance art(b) how the technique of perspective influenced the modern art(c) the discovery of the technique of perspective(d) the contribution of Renaissance artists21 The word “eternal” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)timeless(b)infinite(c)frequent(d)constant22 According to the passage, which is the main concern for medieval artists?(a)the individual person and his/her possessions and surroundings(b)real people, real scenes(c)eternal timeless truth of the earth(d)themes of religious stories23 The discovery of perspective was the result of(a)Renaissance artists’ to prove that the medieval artists could showlevelof reality(b) the need to turn an object at an angle and draw more than oneside ofit(c) the subject being shifted from religious stories to individualperson andsurroundings.(d) natural evolution of human senses24 The word “it” in line 12 refers to(a) the picture(b)perspective(c)angle(d)the object25 The word “Grammar ” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(a)construction(b)grammatical rules(c)rules and regulations(d)tones and volume26 The author’s purpose to give the example in line14-15 is to(a)explain how perspective work in painting(b)support two-pointed perspective(c)illustrate that there are exceptions about perspective(d)point out that the technique of perspective though seems so natural isaninvented technique27 The following artists’ priorit ies in style shift away from perspective except(a) Crivelli(b) Cezanne(c) Japanese artists(d) Brunelleschi28 The word ”Illusion” in line 25 is closest in meaning to(a)deception(b)photograph(c)decoration(d) illustration29 It can be inferred from the passage that Renaissance artists(a)embraced the medieval style of eternal truth(b)needed to develop a new approach towards painting to show a new levelof reality(c)were inspired by vertical and horizontal surfaces in inventing thetechnique of perspective(d)saw two dimensional design more important than a feeling of depth Questions 30-39There are two main hypotheses when it comes to explaining the emergence of modern humans. The ‘Out of Africa’ theory holds that homo sapiens burst onto the scene as a new species around 150,000 to 200,000 years ago in Africa and subsequently replaced archaic humans such as the Neandertals. The other model, known as multi-regional evolution or regional continuity, posits far more ancient and diverseroots for our kind. Proponents of this view believe that homo sapiens arose in Africa some 2 million years ago and evolved as a single species spread across the Old World, with populations in different regions linked through genetic and cultural exchange. Of these two models, Out of Africa, which was originally developed based on fossil evidence, and supported by much genetic research, has been favored by the majority of evolution scholars. The vast majority of these genetic studies have focused on DNA from living populations, and although some small progress has been made in recovering DNA from Neandertal that appears to support multi-regionalism, the chance of recovering nuclear DNA from early human fossils is quite slim at present. Fossils thus remain very much a part of the human origins debate.Another means of gathering theoretical evidence is through bones. Examinations of early modern human skulls from Central Europe and Australia dated to between 20,000 and 30,000 years old have suggested that both groups apparently exhibit traits seen in their Middle Eastern and African predecessors. But the early modern specimens from Central Europe also display Neandertal traits, and the early modern Australians showed affinities to archaic Homo from Indonesia. Meanwhile, the debate among paleoanthropologists continues , as supporters of the two hypotheses challenge the evidence and conclusions of each other.30The passage primarily discusses which of the following(a)Evidence that supports the “Out of Africa” theory(b)Two hypotheses and some evidence on the human origins debate(c)The difficulties in obtaining agreement among theorists on the humanorigins debate(d)That fossils remain very much a part of the human origins debate31The word “emergence” in line 1 is c losest in meaning to(a)complexity(b)development(c)appearance(d)decline32The word “proponents” in line 6 is closet in meaning to(a)experts(b)advocates(c)inspectors(d)historians33All of the following are true except(a)three methods of gathering evidence are mentioned in the passage(b)the multi-regional model goes back further in history.(c)the Out of Africa model has had more support from scholars(d)DNA studies offer one of the best ways in future to provide clearevidence.34The word “slim” in line 14 is closest in meaning to(a)small(b)narrow(c)thin(d)difficult35Which of the following is not true(a)the vast majority of genetic studies have focused on living populations(b)early modern human skulls all support the same conclusions(c)both hypotheses focus on Africa as a location for the new species.(d)early modern Australian skulls have similarities to those fromIndonesia.36In line 18, the word “their ” refers to which of the following(a)Middle Easterners and Africans(b)skulls(c)central Europeans and Australians(d)traits37Which of the following is NOT true about the two hypotheses(a)Both hypotheses regard Neandertals to be the predecessors of modernhumans(b)Genetic studies have supported both hypotheses(c)Both hypotheses cite Africa as an originating location.(d)One hypothesis dates the emergence of homo sapiens much earlier thanthe other.38It can be inferred from the passage that(a)there is likely to be an end to the debate in the near future(b)the debate will interest historians to take part in(c)the debate is likely to be less important in future(d)there is little likelihood that the debate will die down39According to the passage, the multi-regional evolution model posits far more diverse roots for our kind because(a)Evidence from examinations of early modern human skulls has come froma number of different parts of the world.(b)DNA from Neandertal appears to support multi-regionalism(c)Populations in different regions were linked through genetic andcultural exchange(d)This has been supported by fossil evidenceQuestions 40-50Although management principles have been implemented since ancient times, most management scholars trace the beginning of modern management thought back to the early 1900s, beginning with the pioneering work of Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). Taylor was the first person to study work scientifically. He is most famous for introducing techniques of time and motion study, differential piece rate systems, and for systematically specializing the work of operating employees and managers. Along with other pioneers such as Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Taylor set the stage, labeling his philosophy and methods “scientific management’. At that time, his philosophy, which was concerned with productivity, but which was often misinterpreted as promoting worker interests at the expense of management, was in marked contrast to the prevailing industrial norms of worker exploitation.The time and motion study concepts were popularized by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. The Gilbreths had 12 children. By analyzing his children’s dishwashing and bedmaking chores, this pioneer efficiency expert, Frank Gilbreth, hit on principles whereby workers could eliminate waste motion. He was memorialized by two of his children in their 1949 book called “Cheaper by the Dozen”.The Gilbreth methods included using stop watches to time worker movements and special tools (cameras and special clocks) to monitor and study worker performance, and also involved identification of “therbligs” (Gilbreth spelled backwards) –basic motions used in production jobs. Many of these motions and accompanying times have been used to determine how long it should take a skilled worker to perform a given job. In this way an industrial engineer can get a handle on the approximate time it should take to produce a product or provide a service. However, use of work analysis in this way is unlikely to lead to useful results unless all five work dimensions are considered: physical, psychological, social, cultural, and power.40.What is the passage primarily about?(a)The limitations of pioneering studies in understanding humanbehavior(b)How time and motion studies were first developed(c)The first applications of a scientific approach to understandinghuman behavior(d)The beginnings of modern management theory41. The word “ which” in line 9 refers to(a) scientific management(b) philosophy(c) productivity(d) time and motion study42. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that(a) workers welcomed the application of scientific management(b) Talor’s philosophy is different from the industr ial norms(c) by the early 1900s science had reached a stage where it couldbeapplied to the workplace(d)workers were no longer exploited after the introduction ofscientific management.43. The word “prevailing” in line 10 is clos est in meaning to(a)predominant(b)broadly accepted(c)prevalent(d)common44. According to the passage, Frank Gilbreth discovered how workers couldeliminate waste motion by(a)using special tools such as cameras and clocks(b)using stop watches(c)applying scientific management principles(d)watching his children do their chores45. The basic motions used in production jobs were given which one offollowing names by Frank Gilbreth?(a) dimensions(b)gilreths(c) therbligs(d) monitors46.According to the passage, the time it takes a skilled worker to performthemotion of a given job can be measured by using:(a)stop watches(b)all 5 work dimensions(c)special tools(d)therbligs47. The wor d “motions” in line 20 is closest in meaning to(a)stop watches(b)habits(c)actions(d)special tools48. Where in the passage does the author comment that the principles ofscientificmanagement were often misunderstood?(a)Lines 1-5(b)Lines 6-10(c)Lines 11-15(d)Lines 16-2049. The word “ dimensions” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a) sizes(a)extents(b)aspects(c)standards50. All of the following are true except(a)scientific management was concerned with productivity.(b)the beginnings of modern management thought commenced in the 19thcentury.(c)Frank Gilbreth’s fame was enhanced by two of his children writing abook.analyzing work to increase productivity is not likely to be useful unless all of the dimensions are considered.Test 1– Answer Key1.c2.b3.b4.d5.c6.b7.d8.c9.a 10.a11.d 12.b 13.b 14.c 15.c 16.b 17.a 18.d 19.b 20.b21.a 22.d 23.c 24.d 25.c 26.c 27.d 28.a 29.b 30.b31.c 32.b 33.d 34.a 35.b 36.c 37.a 38.d 39.c 40.d41.b 42.b 43.a 44.d 45.c 46.d 47.c 48.b 49.c 50.b。
牛津上海版高三第4讲 阅读拓展训练
授课日期时间主题阅读及词汇句型拓展训练学习目标1、介绍两种常见的阅读理解解题技巧并通过相对应的练习，巩固解题技巧；2、通过阅读积累词汇和句型。
教学内容1、上次课后巩固作业复习；2、互动探索The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, pain-free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true; more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain.As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably（不可避免的） brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment (承担的义务）, self-improvement.Ask a bachelor (单身汉）, why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or three-day vacation.I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild.Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy;标出好词好句we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.阅读理解之主旨题和推论题解题技巧点拨【知识梳理1】主旨题1. 问题形式：What’s the main idea of the passage?What does the passage mainly discuss?The topic of Paragraph … is ….Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?A good/suitable title for this passage would be …2. 技巧点拨：寻找主题句，确定文章主题在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。
牛津上海版高一 第12讲 阅读拓展训练
词汇、词组拓展
uncover 揭露，发现 date back 追溯 unambiguous 清楚的，明白的
analysis 分析 canyon 峡谷 postdate 填迟…的日期
【知识梳理5】长难句分析
长句：一般是指包含多个定语从句，状语从句或插入语、 并列句等附加成分，且各成分之间相互连接的句子
Q: What can scientists estimate about the Mars from the discovery? A: Science can estimate the size, the volume, and the history of the lake and so on.
years ago the Red planet hosted life.
导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背 景交待一个事实的起因。
主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这 一部分命题往往最多，因此，阅读时，同学 们要把这部分作为重点。
The lake, which dates back some 3.4 billion years, appears to have covered as much as 80 square miles and was up to 1,500 feet deep, said the team from the University of Colorado. "This is the first unambiguous evidence of shorelines on the surface of Mars," said Boulder's research associate, Gaetano Di Achille, in a study published in the latest edition of Geophysical Research Letters. "The identification of the shorelines and accompanying geological evidence allows us to calculate the size and volume of the lake, which appears to have formed about 3.4 billion years ago." Analysis of the images has shown the water carved out the canyon in which it was found, which then opened out into a valley depositing sediment which formed a delta."Finding shorelines is a holy grail of sorts to us," said assistant professor Brian Hynek, adding it showed the lake existed at a time when Mars was thought to have been cold and dry. Scientists believe the oldest surfaces on Mars formed during the wet and warm era known as the Noachan epoch, about 4.1 billion to 3.7 billion years ago, that featured a bombardment of large meteors and extensive flooding.The newly discovered lake is believed to date from the Hesperian era and postdates the end of the warm and wet period on Mars by 300 million years, according to the study.
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1. All of the following statements are true about Thomas Jefferson except that____________.
A. he wrote the American Declaration ofIndependence.
B. he always kept a good reputation and was a good model for modern statement to follow
C. he made a great contribution to the establishment of the University of Virginia.
D. he suffered many tragedies in his personal life.
2. Why did the writer day that Jefferson was not perfect?
节和事实出现的先后顺序是一致的。
2. 找细节：阅读文章内容，寻找与题干相符合的具体细节。要注意的是，对作者使用的同义词或与之相 关的词语和句子千万不能忽略。
3. 巧答题：根据前两步所得到的信息回答问题。阅读问题所给的四个选项，检查文中的细节与哪一项相 符。当题干中有诸如“NOT”或“except”时，同学们一定要特别小心，力求在文章中找到相关 的有力证据。
A. Because he had suffered a lot on his life.
B. Because the nation was still unstable when he took office.
C. Because he had children with his slave secretly.
【知识梳理 2】
——答题方法三部曲 读这类文章要特别注意做好事实细节题。对于细节试题，同学们要先从题干中找到关键性词语，然后采用 略读或跳读，快速在文章中寻找相关细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，细心比较所给选项与文 中细节的区别，在准确理解了细节的前提下，最终确定最佳答案。具体解题步骤如下： 1. 读题干：阅读题干，发现关键词和起主导作用的内容。一般情识梳理 1】
——题型说明 英语阅读理解中人物故事是一个主要类型，它主要涉及某人的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、个性特
征、成长和奋斗历程等。特点是以时间的先后或事件的发展为主线，脉络清楚，可读性较强。因此，阅读这 类文章的英语阅读理解技巧是应该抓住时间线索来获取有关信息，即主人翁在某个时间做过什么，然后通过 分析推理、综合归纳的方法进行解题。
③As is true of all great leaders. Jefferson was not a perfect man. Like all human beings, he had a number of individual flaws and weaknesses. Recent DNA testing has established the strong possibility that he may have secretly fathered children through a slave named Sally Hemings.
【例题精讲】 Thomas Jefferson
①Thomas Jefferson is known as the 3rd President of the United States and author of the American
Declaration of Independence. Less Known are his other lifetime achievements, including Virginia State Governor, American Vice-President, Secretary of State, foreign ambassador, architect, inventor, philosopher and founder of the University of Virginia.
授课日期 主题 学习目标
时间
A / B / C / D / E / F段
阅读拓展训练之人物故事 1. 在主题阅读中学会人物相关的单词、短语及句型表达； 2. 灵活迁移阅读信息到相关的写作表达中去。
教学内容
1、 上次课后巩固作业复习； 2、 互动探索
Who is your idol? Why do you like him/her? Give us at least two reasons.
D. Because his talents distracted him from his work.
【巩固练习】 （基础题）
A Ma Yun: Person of the Year 2013 For nine years in Ma Yun’s youth, he got up early every morning and rode his bike to the Hangzhou Hotel, where he worked for free as a tour guide in order to practice English with foreign guests. After twice failing china’s national university entrance exam he was eventually admitted to Hangzhou Teacher’s Institute, where he graduated in 1988. He worked as an English teacher at a local university making $12 a month but in 1994 he started a translation business that took him to the US, where he was introduced to the Internet. After a failed attempt to start an online Chinese version of the Yellow Pages, Ma Yun went to work for the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, where one day he was assigned to take an American visitor on a tour of the Great Wall. The visitor was Jerry Yang, co-founder of Yahoo. The meeting would turn out to be transformative for both men. Early in 1999. Ma Yun gathered 17 friends and founded Alibaba in his apartment in Hangzhou, giving lectures that revealed his ambition, his vision and his fighting spirit. Alibaba’s sales now exceed those of eBay and Amazon combined and make up about 2 percent of China’s gross domestic product. Seventy percent of all Chinese package deliveries come from Alibaba sales. Roughly 80 percent of Chinese e-commerce transactions are conducted through Alibaba ’s sites. And this is probably just the beginning, considering more than half of China is still offline. With 600m people using the Internet, China will soon overtake the US as the world’s biggest e-commerce market. Ma Yun stepped down as Alibaba’s chief executive at the age of 48. He is now setting his eyes on a new goal: shaking up Chinese finance. This has sent shockwaves through the state-dominated financial sector and shows that his ambitions extend well beyond online retail. He also wants to devote himself to tackling some of China’s biggest problems—in particular its environment. His choice reflects a profound shift in Chinese society—one that is being facilitated by the rise of