Separation, structural determination and biological evaluation of the thymidylate synthase inhibitor
环境微生物词汇中英文对照
1 organelle 1 digestion 1 digestion sludge 1 holophyte
saprophytic saprophytic bacteria/fungi/nutrition saprozoites
— poisoning/toxicity typhoid pathological
— form pathology pathogen disinfectant disinfector protazoa night soil ferment
disinfection — chamber the structural formula limiting factors odour pollution odourlessness swamp swamping chlorophyl reed reed bed reed-swamp conglomerate chlorite chlorate chlorellin resistance resistance to coldness/compression/deformation/pesticide pathogen contamination pathogenic activity/microbes centrifugal centrifugalization filtration filtrate filter filterable embryo embryo root monolayer sterile sterile culture/mycelium sterility sterilization sterilizor procedure process recover （n. recovery) recovery of fertilizer recovery test microsome mammalia strain strain testing system inoculant inoculation bacteriophage metamorphosed
涂料专业术语中英文大全
涂料专业术语中英文对照AAccelerate 促进剂Accelerator硬化剂，接触剂Acetic acid 醋酸Acetone 丙酮Achromatic color 无彩色Acid stain 丙烯酸树脂Acrylic丙烯酸Acrylics acid resin 丙烯酸（类）树脂Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin ABS树脂，丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯树脂Active agent 活性剂Additive 添加剂Additive mixture 加色混合Adhesive 胶粘剂Adhesive solvent 胶（料）溶剂Adjacent color 类似色Advancing color 进出色Aerosol spraying 简易喷涂，气溶胶喷涂After image 残象Air drying 常温干燥Airless spraying 无气喷涂Alcohol stain 酒精着色剂Alert color警戒色Alkyd resin 醇酸树脂Alligatoring 漆膜龟裂Amount of spread 涂胶量Anticorrosive paint 防锈涂料Antifouling paint 防污涂料Antique finish 古式涂料Automatic spraying 自动喷涂BBaking finish 烤漆喷涂Base boat 底漆－－primer, undercoatingBlistering 小泡Blushing 白化Body varnish 磨光漆Brilliant 鲜艳的Brushing 刷涂Brushing mark/streak 刷痕Bubbling 气泡Button lac 精致虫胶CCafé咖啡色Carbamide resin adhesive 尿素树脂胶Catalyst 催化剂，触媒，接触剂Chalking 粉化Cherry 樱桃色Chipping 剥落Chromatic color 有彩色Chromaticity 色度Chromaticity coordinates 色度坐标Chromaticity diagram色度圆Clssing 补漆Clear coating 透明涂层Clear lacquer 透明喷漆Clear paint 透明涂料Coarse particle 粗粒Coating 涂料Cobwebbing 裂痕Cocos 可可色Cold water paint 水性涂料Color blindness 色盲Color conditioning 色彩调节Color harmony 色彩调和Color in oil 片种特（调色用）Color matching 调色Color number 色号（色之编号或代号）Color paint 有色涂料Color reaction 显色反应Color reproduction 色重现Color tolerance 色容许差Compatibility 相容性Complimentary color 补色Consistency 稠厚度Contractive color 收缩色Cold color 寒色，冷色Cooling agent 冷却剂Covering power 覆盖力Cracking 龟裂，裂纹Cresol resin adhesive 甲酚树脂胶Crimping 皱纹Cure 硬化Curing agent 固化剂Curing temperature 固化温度DDark 暗Deep 深Degumming 脱胶Dewaxed shellac 胶蜡虫胶Diluent 稀释剂，冲淡剂Dilution ratio 稀释比例Dingy 浊色Dipping 浸渍涂层Dipping treatment 变色Discoloring 变色Discord 不调和色Drier 干燥剂Dry rubbing 干磨Drying time 干燥时间Dulling 失光Dusting 粉化EEgg-shell 埴孔亚光，显孔亚光electrostatic spraying 静电涂装emulsion adhesive 乳化胶emulsion paint 乳化涂料enamel 色漆，磁漆end-coating 端面涂层end-gluing 端面胶合epoxy finish环氧效果epoxy resin glue环氧树脂胶ethyl cellulose lacquer乙基纤维素喷漆FFading退色Filler 腻子，埴料，填充剂Finish code 涂料编号Finishing 涂饰Flaking 剥落Flat paint 消光涂料Flatness 消光Flat lacquer 哑光漆Floor paint 地板涂料Foam glue 泡沫胶GGelatin 明胶，凝胶Glare 眩目Glue 胶粘剂，胶，胶料Glue and filler bond 动物胶及填料胶结Glue mixer 调胶机Glue spreader 涂胶机Gum 树胶，胶树HHardener 硬化剂Hide 皮胶High solid lacquer 高固体分漆Honey color 蜂蜜色IIlluminant color 光源色JJelly strength 胶质强度Joint strength 胶接强度LLac 虫胶Lac varnish 光漆Lacquer 漆Latex 乳胶Latex paint 合成树脂乳化型涂料Leveling agent 均化剂Liquid glue 液态胶Long oil varnish 长性清漆Love formaldehyde 低甲醛MMake up paint 调和漆Medium oil varnish 中油度清漆Melamine resin adhesive 三聚氯胺树脂胶，蜜胺树脂胶Melamine resin sheet 三聚氯胺树脂（片）Methyl alcohol 甲醇Multi-color 多彩漆NNatural clear lacquer 清漆N.C lacquer 硝化棉喷漆N.C lacquer enamel 硝色棉色漆N.C lacquer sealer硝化棉底涂料N.C lacquer surfacer 梢化棉中涂整面涂料Nitro-cellulose lacquer 硝化纤维漆，硝基榉Nitro-lacquer 硝基漆Nitrocellulose lacquer 硝化纤维（喷）漆Non toxix finishes无毒喷漆Novolac （线型）酚醛清漆OOff- color 变色的，退色的，不标准的颜色Oil paint 油性漆Oil putty 油性腻子Oil solvent 油溶剂Oil stain 油性着色剂Oil staining 油着色Oil stone 油石Oil varnish 油性清漆，上清漆Opacity 不透明度Opaque paint 不透明涂料PPaint 涂料，油漆Paint nozzle 涂料喷头Penetrant 渗透剂Phenol aldehyde resin 酚醛树脂胶Polishing varish 擦光（亮）清漆Poly Urethane Resin 聚氨酯（PU）Poly ester 聚酯Polyester resin lacquer 聚酯树脂涂料Polypropylene 聚丙烯Polystyrene聚苯乙烯Polyurethane 聚氨酯Polyvinyl acetate adhesive 聚醋酸乙烯（树脂）胶Polyvinyl adhesive 聚乙烯树脂胶Polyvinyl chloride resin 聚乙烯树脂涂层Pre-coating 预涂Procuring 预固化Preservative 防腐剂Primer 底漆（下涂涂料）Putty 腻子，油灰，灰泥Pyroxylin lacquer 硝基漆QQuick drying paint 速干漆RReady mixed paint 调和漆Refined shellac 精制虫胶Resin adhesive 树脂胶Reverse coater 反向涂料器Roller brush 滚筒刷SSample board 样板Sand blast 喷砂A氨基树脂——Amino Resin螯合助剂――Chelating agent配位助剂――Complexing agent鳄裂――AlligatoringB搬运干燥――Dry to han dle半光涂料――Satin finish剥落――Peeling保护助剂――Protecting agent保湿剂――Humectant保水助剂――Water-retention agent边缘润湿――Wet edge表干――Tack free表面调整助剂――Surface container表面改性剂――Surface modifier表面调整剂――Surface container表面活性剂――Surfactant表面活性助剂――Surface active agent表面流动――Surface flow表面张力――Surface tension界面张力――Interfacial tension丙烯酸乳液――Acrylic latex丙烯酸树脂――Acrylic resin玻璃化温度――Glass transition temperature 不挥发组分――Non-volatile固体含量――Percent Solids不可燃――Nonflammable不相容性――Incompatibility相容性――Compatibility不粘干燥――Dr y to tack freeC层间污损――Intercoat contamination层间粘合――Intercoat adhesion层间附着――Interlayer adhesion沉淀――Sedimentation成膜辅助剂――Film forming aid成膜助剂――Coalescing agent成膜工艺――Film forming process成膜物质――Binder成膜助剂――Coalescing agent斥水性――Hydrophobic斥水性助剂――Wate r repellent除味剂――Deodorant除油剂――Degreaser储存寿命――Shelf Life活化寿命――Pot life触变性――Thixotropy触变流动――Thixotropic flow behavior触变助剂――Thixotropic agent醇酸树脂――Alkyd resin磁漆――Enamel次催干剂――Secondary drier辅助催干剂――Auxiliary driers。
马齿苋中抗炎活性物质的提取、分离及结构鉴定
马齿苋中抗炎活性物质的提取、分离及结构鉴定张会敏1，邢岩2，仇润慷1，张丽梅2，倪贺3，赵雷1*（1.华南农业大学食品学院，广东广州 510642）（2.国珍健康科技（北京）有限公司，北京 100000)（3.华南师范大学生命科学学院，广东广州 510640）摘要：以活性物质示踪为导向，建立脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症模型对马齿苋中的抗炎物质进行跟踪，采用柱层析提取法、硅胶柱色谱分离法、制备液相色谱法及气相色谱-质谱联用技术对抗炎物质进行提取分离和结构鉴定。
结果表明，石油醚-乙醇、无水乙醇和纯水溶剂依次对马齿苋样品进行提取，三种粗提物将细胞中一氧化氮（Nitric Oxide，NO）的分泌量分别减少至33.13、25.83和20.53 μmol/L，其中石油醚相粗提物的抑制效果最强（P<0.05）。
对石油醚相进一步分离得到四个组分，Fr.1、Fr.2和Fr.3组分具有较强的抗炎效果，但Fr.1和Fr.2组分含有潜在的毒性成分，选择Fr.3组分继续分离。
Fr.3组分经硅胶柱分离得到三个组分，Fr.3.1组分表现出最强的抑制NO的分泌量效果（11.80 μmol/L）。
经制备液相色谱进一步纯化及气质分析，确定Fr.3.1组分的主要成分为硬脂酸（47.09%）、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯（13.21%）和其他成分。
该研究建立了一种从马齿苋中分离纯化出抗炎物质方法，为马齿苋的开发利用提供理论参考。
关键词：马齿苋；抗炎活性；提取分离；鉴定文章编号：1673-9078(2024)03-191-199 DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.3.0324Extraction, Separation and Structural Identification of Anti-inflammatory Active Substances from Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)ZHANG Huimin1, XING Y an2, QIU Runkang1, ZHAGN Limei2, NI He3, ZHAO Lei1*(1.College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China)(2.Guozhen Health Technology (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing 100000, China)(3.College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510640, China)Abstract: To track the anti-inflammatory substances in purslane, the lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophage inflammation model was established, which was guided by the tracer of active substances. The extraction, separation and structural identification of anti-inflammatory substances in purslane were performed by column chromatography (for extraction), silica gel column chromatography (for separation), and preparative high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (for analyses). The results showed that the three crude extracts obtained from purslane through sequential extractions with petroleum ether-ethanol, anhydrous ethanol and pure引文格式：张会敏,邢岩,仇润慷,等.马齿苋中抗炎活性物质的提取、分离及结构鉴定[J] .现代食品科技,2024,40(3):191-199.ZHANG Huimin, XING Yan, QIU Runkang, et al. Extraction, separation and structural identification of anti-inflammatory active substances from purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) [J] . Modern Food Science and Technology, 2024, 40(3): 191-199.收稿日期：2023-03-16基金项目：国家自然科学基金资助项目（31771980）；广东省自然科学基金（2023A1515012599）作者简介：张会敏（1996-），女，硕士研究生，研究方向：活性物质分离提取，E-mail：；共同第一作者：邢岩（1981-），女，博士，助理研究员，研究方向：抗氧化与抗衰老，E-mail：通讯作者：赵雷（1982-），男，博士，教授，研究方向：天然产物绿色修饰及热带水果加工，E-mail：191water solvents reduced the secretion of nitric oxide (NO) in the cells to 33.13, 25.83 and 20.53 μmol/L, respectively, with the crude petroleum ether extract exhibiting the strongest inhibitory effect (P<0.05). The petroleum ether phase was further separated into four fractions, with the Fr.1, Fr.2 and Fr.3 fractions had stronger anti-inflammatory effects, though the Fr.1 and Fr.2 fractions contained potential toxic components. Therefore, the Fr.3 fraction was selected for further separation. The Fr.3 fraction was separated through a silica gel column to obtain three fractions. The Fr.3.1 subfraction exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against the NO secretion (11.80 μmol/L). The Fr.3.1 subfraction was further purified by the preparative liquid chromatography and GC-MS analysis, and the main components of the Fr.3.1 subfraction were identified as stearic acid (47.09%), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (13.21%) and other components. This study established a method for separating and purifying anti-inflammatory substances from purslane, and provides a theoretical reference for the development and utilization of purslane.Key words: Portulaca oleracea L.; anti-inflammatory activity; extraction and isolation; identification炎症是机体受到外部刺激时做出的一种保护性生理反应，能够及时清除体内受损或死亡的细胞，帮助机体恢复内部平衡[1] 。
清华大学李艳梅有机化学绪论1Introduction
主讲教师：李艳梅 教授 清华大学化学系
E-mail: liym@ URL: /liym
Introduction 第一章 绪论
Organic Chemistry A (1) By Prof. Li Yan-Mei Tsinghua University
Content
Part I Organic compounds and organic chemistry ------ History
第一部分 有机化合物与有机化学 －－ 历史简介
Part II Fundamental Knowledge 第二部分 基础知识 ● Structure, reaction & Classification ● Formulas ● Nomenclature ● NMR, IR, UV & MS
有机化合物 ？
Starch（淀粉）
O
OH
H
* C R1 C N R2 N n*
Gasoline （汽油）
CmHn m value around 8
O OH
O O CH3
乙酰水杨酸（阿斯匹林）
O OH
OH
Salicylic acid
H3C C O C CH3 OO
O OH
O O CH3
Acetylsalicylic acid
Initiation of stereochemistry By J.A.Le Bel 1917 Lewis acid and Lewis base theory
1931
Milestone of structural theory By Lewis Huckel rules The Frontier-orbital theory The principle of conservation of orbital symmetery
建筑规范英语词汇表
Code for construction organization plan of building engineering: 建筑施工组织设计规范术语：施工组织设计：construction organization plan : 以施工项目为对象编制的、用以引导施工的技术、经济和管理的综合性文件。
施工组织总设计：general construction organization plan: 以若干单位工程组成的群体工程或特大型醒目为主要的对象编制的施工组织设计，对政风项目的施工过程起统筹规划、重点控制的作用。
单位工程施工组织设计：construction organization plan for unit project: 以单位（子单位）工程为主要对象的施工组织设计，对单位（子单位）工程的施工过程起指导和制约作用。
施工方案：construction scheme: 以部分（分项）工程或专项工程为主要对象编制的施工技术与组织方案、用以具体指导其实施过程。
施工组织设计的动态管理：dynamic management of construction organization plan: 在项目施工过程中，对施工组织设计的执行、检查和修改的适时管理活动。
施工部署：construction arrangement : 对项目实施过程做出的统筹规划和全面安排。
包括项目施工主要目标、施工顺序及空间组织、实施组织安排等。
项目管理机构组织：project management organization : 施工单位为完成施工项目建立的项目施工管理机构。
实施进度计划：construction schedule : 为实施项目设定的工期目标，对各项施工过程的施工顺序、起止时间和相互衔接关系所做的统筹策划和安排。
施工资源：construction resources 为完成施工项目所需要的人力、物资等生产要素。
分子印迹技术在中药研究中的应用
h t t p ://X B Y Z ．c b pt ．c n k i ．n e t 分子印迹技术在中药研究中的应用徐㊀硕,邝咏梅,吴学军,姜文清,金鹏飞∗(北京医院药学部,国家老年医学中心,药物临床风险与个体化应用评价北京市重点实验室,北京㊀１００７３０)摘要:目的㊀了解分子印迹技术在中药研究中的应用研究进展.方法㊀通过查阅相关文献和归纳总结,综述近年来分子印迹技术在中药研究领域的应用.结果㊀分子印迹技术在中药各类有效成分的提取分离纯化㊁获得多个结构类似物㊁中药有效成分的测定㊁手性物质拆分㊁中成药中非法添加化学药物的检测及活性成分筛选等方面均有应用.结论㊀分子印迹技术在中药研究应用中取得了一定进展,但存在一些问题,需要进一步深入探讨.关键词:分子印迹技术;中药;应用D O I :１０．３９６９/j．i s s n ．１００４Ｇ２４０７．２０１９．０３．０３０中图分类号:R ９１７㊀㊀㊀文献标志码:A㊀㊀㊀文章编号:１００４Ｇ２４０７(２０１９)０３Ｇ０４２２Ｇ０４A d v a n c e s o nm o l e c u l a r i m p r i n t i n g t e c h n o l o g y i n t h e a p pl i c a t i o no f t r a d i t i o n a l C h i Ｇn e s em e d i c i n eX US h u o ,K U A N G Y o n g m e i ,WU X u e j u n ,J I A N G W e n q i n g ,J I N P e n g f e i ∗(D e p a r t m e n t o fP h a r m a c e u t i c a l S c i e n c e ,B e i j i n g H o s pi Ｇt a l ,N a t i o n a l C e n t e r o fG e r o n t o l o g y ,B e i j i n g K e y L a b o r a t o r y o fD r u g C l i n i c a lR i s ka n dP e r s o n a l i z e d M e d i c a t i o nE v a l u a t i o n ,B e i j i n g １００７３０,C h i n a)A b s t r a c t :O b j e c t i v e T ok n o wa b o u t t h e a d v a n c e s o nm o l e c u l a r i m p r i n t i n g t e c h n o l o g y i n t h e a p pl i c a t i o no f t r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s em e d i Ｇc i n e r e s e a r c h ．M e t h o d s D o m e s t i ca n df o r e i g nr e s e a r c h e so n m o l e c u l a r i m p r i n t i n g t e c h n o l o g y i nt r a d i t i o n a lC h i n e s em e d i c i n ew e r e r e v i e w e da n da n a l y z e d ．R e s u l t s T h e r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e dt h a tm o l e c u l a r i m p r i n t i n g t e c h n o l o g y w a su s e d i nv a r i o u s t y p e so f e f f e c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s e x t r a c t i o n ,s e p a r a t i o n a n d p u r i f i c a t i o n ,a c q u i s i t i o no f an u m b e r o f s t r u c t u r a l a n a l o g u e s ,d e t e r m i n a t i o no f e f f e c t i v e c o m Ｇp o n e n t s i n t r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s em e d i c i n e ,c h i r a l d r u g s s e p a r a t i o n ,i l l e ga l a d u l t e r a t e d c h e m i c a l s ub s t a nc e s i nC h i n e s em ed i c i ne a n d a c Ｇt i v e c o m p o n e n t s s c r e e n i n g ．C o n c l u s i o n A l t h o u g hm u c h p r o g r e s s h a s b e e nm a d e i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s em e d i c i n e r e Ｇs e a r c h ,t h e r e a r e s t i l l s o m e p r o b l e m s f o r t h e f u r t h e r e x p l o r a t i o n ．K e y wo r d s :m o l e c u l a r i m p r i n t i n g t e c h n o l o g y ;t r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s em e d i c i n e ;a p p l i c a t i o n 基金项目:北京医院科技新星项目(编号:B J Ｇ２０１６Ｇ０３９)作者简介:徐硕,女,博士,主管药师∗通信作者:金鹏飞,男,博士,主任药师㊀㊀分子印迹技术(m o l e c u l a r l y i m p r i n t i n g t e c h n o l o g y ,M I T )是指将某一特定的目标分子(也称为模板分子㊁印迹分子或烙印分子)作为模板,制备对该分子具有特异选择性聚合物的过程,常被描述为制造识别分子钥匙的人工锁的技术.该技术具备特异识别性和构效预定性等优势,分子印迹聚合物的吸附性良好㊁选择性高,在目标药物的识别㊁富集㊁分离和检测中被广泛应用[１].本文综述了近年来分子印迹技术在中药研究方面的应用,以期为该技术在中药领域中的推广应用提供参考.１㊀概述１．１㊀分子印迹技术的基本原理㊀在聚合物单体溶液中,模板分子(印迹分子和目标分子)依靠交联剂的作用与功能单体进行聚合,得到模板分子Ｇ单体的聚合物,之后通过物理或化学方法洗去模板分子,即得到分子印迹聚合物,该聚合物印迹有模板分子空间结构和结合位点,对模板分子具有特异选择性[２].１．２㊀分子印迹聚合物的制备㊀制备过程分为３步:①主客体配合物的形成:通过官能团之间的共价㊁非共价或半共价作用,使得模板分子与功能单体形成配合物;②聚合反应的产生:通过加入交联剂和致孔剂使其产生反应;③将聚合物中的模板分子洗掉.按照上述方法制得的分子印迹聚合物有选择性,与模板分子大小㊁形状相匹配的立体孔穴可以在聚合物中留下.由于聚合方法和形式的不同,能够制得不同形态的聚合物.分子印迹技术按照模板分子和功能单体间的相互作用分为非共价法㊁共价法和半共价法.目前可采用本体聚合㊁悬浮聚合㊁乳液聚合㊁沉淀聚合以及表面印迹法等方式[２Ｇ４].２㊀分子印迹技术在中药研究领域的应用２．１㊀在中药有效成分提取分离纯化中的应用㊀中药的化学成分复杂,采用正相或反相硅胶㊁大孔吸附树脂和凝胶柱色谱等常用的柱色谱技术,或结合制备或半制备液相色谱等技术进行化学成分的提取㊁分离和纯化效率普遍较低.而采用分子印迹技术可以明显缩短实验周期,快速分离纯化得到目标化合物.２．１．１㊀用于黄酮类化合物的分离㊀黄酮类化合物具有抗炎㊁抗菌㊁抗肿瘤㊁抗氧化和预防心血管疾病等多种生物活性,药２２４西北药学杂志㊀２０１９年５月㊀第３４卷㊀第３期用开发价值很高[５Ｇ６].Y a n g W L等[７]制备柚皮苷印迹聚合物是利用柚皮苷作为模板分子,测试结果表明,该聚合物的最大平衡吸附量是６４．８０μm o l g－１,可以使柚皮苷很快吸附.把该印迹聚合物作为固相萃取吸附剂,有助于从橘红中提取并富集得到柚皮苷,经检测该化合物的质量分数为７２％.P aＧk a d eV等[８]制备了槲皮素印迹聚合物,用此聚合物制备固相萃取柱,从辣木的甲醇提取物中分离得到槲皮素与山柰酚２种黄酮苷元.姚杰等[９]采用高良姜素作为模板分子,制备对模板分子具备特异性吸附和识别能力的高良姜素分子印迹聚合物,成功应用于药材中活性成分高良姜素的分离纯化.潘浪胜等[１０]为分离花生壳中的黄酮类成分,利用木犀草素为模板分子,制备分子印迹聚合物,结合柱色谱技术,从花生壳体积分数为７０％的乙醇提取物中成功分离得到木犀草素,并经氢谱㊁碳谱和质谱等技术鉴定其结构.２．１．２㊀用于蒽醌类化合物的分离㊀王胜利等[１１]利用热引发聚合制备大黄酚分子印迹聚合物,大黄酚作为印迹分子,４Ｇ乙烯基吡啶作功能单体,聚合物对大黄酚的选择性能测试是通过固相萃取柱来进行.结果表明,该印迹聚合物对模板分子具备良好的选择性及识别能力,使得大黄酚和大黄素甲醚在固相萃取柱上分离良好,大黄酚被富集了２３倍.２．１．３㊀用于二萜类化合物的分离㊀乐康等[１２]将αＧ甲基丙烯酸作为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯作为交联剂,丹参酮ⅡA为模板分子,采用热聚合法制得对丹参酮ⅡA具备特异选择性吸附的分子印迹聚合物.该聚合物的识别性能检测依据平衡结合实验和固相萃取实验进行评价,结果显示,其对丹参酮ⅡA具备很好的识别性能,能达到从丹参酮提取液中分离得到该目标成分的目的.２．１．４㊀用于三萜类化合物的分离㊀倪付勇等[１３]将分子模板确定为去氢土莫酸,通过溶胶Ｇ凝胶法制得该化合物的分子印迹聚合物,并对其吸附性能进行研究.以此聚合物为填料,从桂枝茯苓胶囊提取物中进一步分离制得去氢土莫酸.经S c a t c h a r d分析,去氢土莫酸分子印迹聚合物最大表观结合位点数(Q m a x)是９．１０m g g－１.经H P L C法检测去氢土莫酸质量分数为９０．７６％.该方法能用于从桂枝茯苓胶囊提取物中靶向分离制备去氢土莫酸,减少提取过程中有机溶剂的使用.２．１．５㊀用于生物碱类化合物的分离㊀S u e d e eR等[１４]以奎宁作为模版分子合成印迹聚合物,将合成的分子印迹聚合物用于薄层色谱,结果表明,该聚合物可很好地识别奎宁分子对映体及与其结构相似的化合物.奎宁在稀硫酸溶液中能产生荧光,卢彦兵等[１５]利用荧光法对奎宁分子印迹聚合物(M I P)的吸附性能和识别能力进行探索,测试结果显示其离解常数为１．０８ˑ１０－３m o l L－１,表观最大吸附量为１３１．８μm o l g－１,为中药中奎宁的选择性富集及分析提供了新途径.L a i JP 等[１６]采用苦参碱作为模板制备分子印迹膜,从槐属植物苦参中分离得到苦参碱,测定了分子印迹膜对该成分的回收率(７１．４％),为药材中有效成分的大量提取奠定基础.２．１．６㊀用于鞣质类的分离㊀表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(E G C G)具有良好的抗氧化㊁抗肿瘤和降血脂等药理作用,该化合物可从中国绿茶中分离得到.雷启福等[１７]采用本体聚合法,对E G C G分子印迹聚合物进行合成,通过固相萃取来分离纯化茶叶提取物中的E G C G,进而分离得到高纯度的E G C G.钟世安等[１８]利用E G C G作为模板分子合成了分子印迹聚合物,将该聚合物制成分子印迹固相萃取柱,用于茶叶中有效成分的提取分离,具有高选择性和良好的稳定性.２．１．７㊀用于有机酸类化合物的分离㊀朱秀芳等[１９]采用氢化阿魏酸作为假模板分子,以４Ｇ乙烯基吡啶作为功能单体,在乙腈中对印迹聚合物进行制备,该聚合物对阿魏酸的识别能力良好.采用平衡吸附表征了聚合物对阿魏酸的吸附特性及分子识别性能,并采用紫外光谱滴定法和S c a c h a r d结合模型,研究了聚合物的印迹机理和识别机理.结果显示,该聚合物对阿魏酸的识别能力高于氢化阿魏酸,在体积分数为５０％的乙腈水溶液中仍能有效识别阿魏酸.将该聚合物应用于从川芎水提液中分离阿魏酸,分离结果良好,表明该聚合物有望成为直接从药材中分离得到阿魏酸的提取材料.２．１．８㊀用于其他类化合物的分离㊀F a i z a lC K M等[２０]通过相转换法制备维生素E印迹聚合物膜,实验选用的功能单体是甲基丙烯酸,交联剂是丙烯腈,结果表明,与非印迹膜相比,单位质量的膜对维生素E的吸附量是它的１０倍.Y i nX Y 等[２１]采用穿心莲内酯作为模板分子制备分子印迹聚合物,作为柱填料应用于固相萃取,与碳十八㊁三氧化二铝和空白聚合物相比,该聚合物对目标分子的吸附效果具有明显的优越性.向海艳等[２２]利用该成分作为模板分子,对白藜芦醇具有特异选择性的M I P进行合成.将静态平衡结合法和S c a t c h a r d分析法用于吸附性能评价的分析,结果显示,该印迹聚合物中形成２种不同的结合位点,能对白藜芦醇产生良好的吸附性能与选择性.在虎杖药材的提取分离中,采用白藜芦醇M I P并结合固相萃取技术,可以将大量白藜芦醇和少量与其结构相似的化合物白藜芦醇苷分离,这表明分子印迹分离法可应用于中药有效成分的分离纯化中.２．２㊀在分离得到多个结构类似物中的应用㊀在治疗某些疾病方面,可以充分运用中药复方多种药效成分的综合药理作用来达到治愈疾病的目的.近年来,药学科研工作者提出复方药物有效成分组学的概念,是指传统复方药物发挥疗效的全部活性成分总和.利用分子印迹技术的特异性分子识别特性,可以将其作为选择性分离材料,用于对药材中发挥特定药理作用的有效成分群进行提取分离.通过分析研究提取分离的化合物,可以为阐明中药复方的药效物质基础提供参考[２３].朱秀芳等[２４]利用橙皮苷为模板分子,结合M I T法,制备分子印迹聚合物,探讨该聚合物的吸附选择性能.结果显示,该聚合物能对橙皮苷及与其相似的黄酮苷类成分柚皮苷产生选择性吸附作用.Lóp e zM d e lM等[２５]将槲皮素作为模板分子,功能单体采用４Ｇ乙烯基吡啶合成分子印迹聚合物,结果显３２４西北药学杂志㊀２０１９年５月㊀第３４卷㊀第３期h t t p://X B Y Z．c b p t．c n k i．n e t示这种聚合物能够很好地识别黄酮类成分槲皮素及黄烷类成分儿茶素,但不能识别αＧ生育酚这种结构差异较大的化合物.２．３㊀在中药有效成分测定中的应用㊀信建豪等[２６]将盐酸小檗碱作为目标分子,以铁丝为磁芯,功能单体采用甲基丙烯酸,交联剂采用乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯,制备聚合成分子印迹搅拌棒.利用该搅拌棒对黄柏中的盐酸小檗碱进行提取分离,结合H P L C法测定,检出限为２．７m g L－１.曾绍梅等[２７]将樟柳碱作为模板分子,功能单体采用甲基丙烯酸,交联剂为三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯,致孔剂采用乙腈,利用沉淀聚合法,合成了对４种托烷类生物碱(樟柳碱㊁东莨菪碱㊁山莨菪碱和阿托品)具有类特异性识别能力的聚合物.以该分子印迹聚合物为固相萃取柱填料,采用分子印迹固相萃取Ｇ高效液相色谱法,富集并分离了藏药马尿泡中的４种托烷类生物碱成分.该方法检出限为０．２６~０．３９μg m L－１,可去除样品中的杂质干扰,提高马尿泡果实中４种托烷类生物碱的萃取效率.２．４㊀在手性物质拆分中的应用㊀手性药物在中药化学成分中常见,其对映异构体的药理作用和毒性反应往往差异巨大.D o n g X等[２８]在测定麻黄药材中的(－)Ｇ麻黄碱时,将(－)Ｇ麻黄碱作为模板分子,合成(－)Ｇ麻黄碱分子印迹聚合物,结果显示制备的聚合物能对(－)Ｇ麻黄碱产生很好的识别和亲和作用.O u J J等[２９]在利用H P L C法对延胡索中的DＧ四氢巴马丁和LＧ四氢巴马丁手性对映体进行分离的过程中,首先采用原位M I T,以LＧ四氢巴马丁作为模板分子,合成印迹聚合物整体柱,结果显示,模板分子的识别性能非常好,之后反复摸索色谱条件,使得２种对映体达到满意的分离度.２．５㊀在中成药中非法添加化学药物检测中的应用㊀黄红萍等[３０]建立了以分子印迹固相萃取Ｇ高效液相色谱法测定喘息灵中盐酸克仑特罗含量的方法.样品用乙醇超声提取,滤液蒸干,用体积分数为１％的盐酸溶解,加到处理过的盐酸克仑特罗分子印迹固相萃取小柱上,体积分数为２５％的乙腈水溶液淋洗,甲醇Ｇ乙酸(９ʒ１)洗脱,洗脱液蒸干,用体积分数为１％的盐酸定容.以０．０５m m o l L－１磷酸二氢钠Ｇ甲醇(６０ʒ４０)为流动相.盐酸克仑特罗线性范围为０．４~４０．０μg m L－１,分离效果良好.２．６㊀在活性成分筛选中的应用㊀中药中的化学成分十分复杂,在确定活性成分之后,可将其作为模板分子合成M I P,与模板分子构型相似的空穴和对应的作用位点就会留在M I P s 上,产生特异的吸附性能,与模板分子结构类似的成分也会留在M I P s中.中药藏锦鸡儿的乙酸乙酯提取物具有抑制表皮生长因子受体(E G F R)酪氨酸激酶的药理作用,槲皮素是一种天然的抗E G F R抑制剂.Z h uLL等[３１]采用槲皮素M I P s,分离藏锦鸡儿乙酸乙酯提取物中的化学成分.结果显示,洗脱液的抗E G F R活性最强,其次是乙酸乙酯提取物,而淋洗液的活性最弱.这表明在洗脱液中,与槲皮素结构相近的化合物被选择性吸附于固相萃取柱上,结合高分辨质谱对其进行结构鉴定,确定为白皮杉醇和紫铆查耳酮.活性测试结果表明２种成分均有抑制E G F R的药理作用,相比于槲皮素,两者具有更低的I C５０值.将(E)Ｇ白皮杉醇确定为模板分子,合成M I P,对紫铆查耳酮和槲皮素也具备特异的识别性能(这２种化合物均具有抗E G F R酪氨酸酶活性).R D３Ｇ４０７８是一种丙肝病毒N S３蛋白酶抑制剂,将其作为模板分子制备M I P s,结合柱色谱技术,从选择性吸附于柱子上的叶下珠(P h y l l a n t h u s u r i n a r i a)粗提物中分离得到５个化合物,活性测试结果显示均对丙肝病毒N S３蛋白酶有抑制作用[３２].３㊀结语目前分子印迹技术已成功应用于中药研究的部分领域.在中药有效成分的分离纯化㊁获得多个结构类似物㊁中药有效成分的测定㊁手性物质拆分㊁中成药中非法添加化学药物的检测和活性成分筛选等方面均有应用.M I P可进行中药活性成分的筛选研究.该技术尚存在一些需要进一步深入探索的问题,如分子印迹和识别过程的机制以及定量描述,在功能单体和交联剂的选择方面以及水相M I P等方面存在一定的局限性.对于小分子化合物,分子印迹聚合物的制备和识别相对容易,聚合物的制备方法较为复杂,且不易识别目标物质.对于新型材料的基础研究较多,但很少运用于实际研究中.印迹聚合物有制备简便㊁能重复应用等优点,且有机溶剂㊁酸㊁碱㊁热等因素不会对其分子识别能力产生影响,在中药研究领域的应用前景十分广阔.参考文献:[１]㊀黄晓丽,蒲家志,陈衬心,等．分子印迹技术在药学中的发展应用及前景[J]．安徽农业科学,２０１６,４４(３):３Ｇ６．[２]㊀Y i nX Y,S h a nLQ,H a nXL,e t a l．P r e p a r a t i o n a n d r e cＧo g n i t i o n p r o p e r t i e so fa n d r o g r a p h o l i d e m o l e c u l a r l y i mＧp r i n t e d p o l y m e rm i c r o s p h e r e s[J]．A d vM a t e rR e s,２０１１,１６０/１６２:７７７Ｇ７８２．[３]㊀M a s q uéN,M a r céR M,B o r r u l l F,e t a l．S y n t h e s i s a n d eＧv a l u a t i o no fa m o l e c u l a r l y i m p r i n t e d p o l y m e r f o rs e l e cＧt i v e o nＧl i n e s o l i dＧp h a s ee x t r a c t i o no f４Ｇn i t r o p h e n o l f r o me n v i r o n m e n t a lw a t e r[J]．A n a l C h e m,２０００,７２(１７):４１２２Ｇ４１２６．[４]㊀C a r oE,M a r céR M,B o r r u l lF,e t a l．A p p l i c a t i o no fm oＧl e c u l a r l y i m p r i n t e d p o l y m e r s t o s o l i dＧp h a s e e x t r a c t i o no fc o m p o u nd sf r o me n v i r o n m e n t a la n d b i o l o g i c a ls a m p l e s[J]．T r e n d sA n a l y tC h e m,２００６,２５(２):１４３Ｇ１５４．[５]㊀叶力夏提 达那别克,舒合拉 朱马别克,杜曼 那毕,等．H P L C法同时测定繁枝补血草中槲皮苷和槲皮素的含量[J]．西北药学杂志,２０１７,３２(５):５５１Ｇ５５４．[６]㊀张苗苗,张鑫,王云霞,等．U P L C法测定银杏叶茶中总黄酮醇苷的含量[J]．西北药学杂志,２０１７,３２(１):２８Ｇ３１．[７]㊀Y a n g W L,H u a n g S M,W uQZ,e t a l．P r o p e r t i e s e v a l uＧa t i o na n d s e p a r a t i o n a p p l i c a t i o n o f n a r i n g i nＧi m p r i n t e d４２４西北药学杂志㊀２０１９年５月㊀第３４卷㊀第３期h t t p://X B Y Z．c b p t．c n k i．n e tp o l y m e r s p r e p a r e d b y a c o v a l e n ti m p r i n t i n g m e t h o db a s e do nb o r o n a t e e s t e r[J]．J P o l y mR e s,２０１４,２１(４):１Ｇ７．[８]㊀P a k a d eV,C u k r o w s k A E,L i n d a h lS,e ta l．M o l e c u l a ri m p r i n t e d p o l y m e r f o r s o l i dＧp h a s ee x t r a c t i o no f f l a v o n o la g l y c o n e s f r o m M o r i n g a o l e i f e r a e x t r a c t s[J]．J S e p S c i,２０１３,３６(３):５４８Ｇ５５５．[９]㊀姚杰,乔华,吕俊杰,等．高良姜素分子印迹聚合物分子识别性研究[J]．中草药,２０１４,４５(１８):２６１４Ｇ２６１８．[１０]潘浪胜,曹红梅,高文姬,等．花生壳中黄酮类成分的识别分离与结构确定[J]．应用化工,２０１２,４１(２):２４０Ｇ２４１,２４５．[１１]王胜利,申利红,王建森,等．大黄酚分子印迹聚合物的合成及固相萃取应用[J]．中药材,２０１０,３３(１２):１９４６Ｇ１９４９．[１２]乐康,付廷明,郭立玮．丹参酮ⅡA分子印迹聚合物的制备及其丹参活性成分的分离[J]．华西药学杂志,２００９,２４(５):４４３Ｇ４４５．[１３]倪付勇,刘露,宋亚玲,等．分子印迹技术定向分离桂枝茯苓胶囊中活性成分去氢土莫酸[J]．中草药,２０１５,４６(６):８５３Ｇ８５６．[１４]S u e d e eR,S o n g k r a m C,P e t m o r e e k u lA,e t a l．T h i nＧl a y e rc h r o m a t o g r a p h y u s i n g s y n t h e t i c p o l y m e r s i m p r i n t e dw i t h q u i n i n e a s c h i r a l s t a t i o n a r yp h a s e[J]．P l a n a rC h r oＧm a t o g rM o dT L C,１９９８,１１(４):２７２Ｇ２７６．[１５]卢彦兵,梁志武,项伟中,等．奎宁分子印迹聚合物的合成与性能研究[J]．分析科学学报,２０００,１６(４):３１０Ｇ３１３．[１６]L a i JP,H eX W,J i a n g Y,e t a l．P r e p a r a t i v es e p a r a t i o na n dd e t e r m i n a t i o n o fm a t r i n e f r o mt h eC h i n e s em e d i c i n a lp l a n t S o p h o r a f l a v e s c e n s A i tb y m o l e c u l a r l y i m p r i n t e d s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n[J]．A n a lB i o a n a lC h e m,２００３,３７５(２):２６４Ｇ２６９．[１７]雷启福,钟世安,向海艳,等．儿茶素活性成分分子印迹聚合物的分子识别特性及固相萃取研究[J]．分析化学,２００５,３３(６):８５７Ｇ８６０．[１８]钟世安,贺国文,雷启福,等．儿茶素活性成分分子印迹聚合物的固相萃取研究[J]．分析试验室,２００７,２６(１０):１Ｇ４．[１９]朱秀芳,曹秋娥,汪国松,等．以氢化阿魏酸为假模板制备的印迹聚合物对阿魏酸的识别[J]．分析化学,２００６,３４(特刊):S１１８ＧS１２２．[２０]F a i z a lC K M,H o s h i n aY,K o b a y a s h iT．S c a f f o l d m e mＧb r a n e s f o r s e l ec t i v ead s o r p t i o no fαＧt o c o p he r o l b yp h a s ei n v e r s i o nc o v a l e n t l y i m p r i n t i n g t e c h n i q u e[J]．J M e mＧb r a n eSc i,２００８,３２２(２):５０３Ｇ５１１．[２１]Y i nX Y,L i uQS,J i a n g Y F,e t a l．D e v e l o p m e n t o f a nＧd r o g r a p h o l i de m o l e c u l a r l y i m p r i n t e d p o l y m e rf o rs o l i dp h a s e e x t r a c t i o n[J]．S p e c t r o c h i m A c t aP a r tA,２０１１,７９(１):１９１Ｇ１９６．[２２]向海艳,周春山,钟世安,等．白藜芦醇分子印迹聚合物合成及其对中药虎杖提取液活性成分的分离[J]．应用化学,２００５,２２(７):７３９Ｇ７４３．[２３]衣丽娜,尹小英,江一帆,等．分子印迹技术高效分离中药活性成分的应用[J]．国际药学研究杂志,２０１２,３９(４):３０７Ｇ３１０．[２４]朱秀芳,贺光艳,成会玲,等．橙皮苷印迹聚合物的识别性能及机理研究[J]．化学研究与应用,２００９,２１(１１):１５１６Ｇ１５２０．[２５]Lóp e zM d e lM,Pér e z M C,G a r cía M S,e ta l．P r e p a r aＧt i o n,e v a l u a t i o n a n d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f q u e r c e t i nＧm o l e c uＧl a r l y i m p r i n t e d p o l y m e r f o r p r e c o n c e n t r a t i o na n dc l e a nＧu p o f c a t e c h i n s[J]．A n a lC h i m A c t a,２０１２,７２１(８):６８Ｇ７８．[２６]信建豪,邢建华,江书庆,等．分子印迹搅拌棒提取ＧH P L C法测定黄柏中的盐酸小檗碱[J]．分析试验室,２０１４,３３(１２):１４３９Ｇ１４４２．[２７]曾绍梅,焦必宁,刘广洋,等．类特异性分子印迹固相萃取/高效液相色谱法分析马尿泡果实中４种托烷类生物碱[J]．分析测试学报,２０１６,３５(４):３７３Ｇ３７９．[２８]D o n g X,W a n g W,M aS,e ta l．M o l e c u l a r l y i m p r i n t e d s o l i d p h a s ee x t r a c t i o n o f(－)Ｇe p h e d r i n ef r o m C h i n e s eE p h e d r a[J]．JC h r o m a t o g r A,２００５,１０７０(１/２):１２５Ｇ１３０．[２９]O u J J,K o n g L,P a nCS,e t a l．D e t e r m i n a t i o no fD LＧt e tＧr a h y d r o p a l m a t i n e i n C o r y d a l i s y a n h u s u o b y LＧt e t r a h yＧd r o p a l m a t i ne i m p r i n t e dm o n o l i t h i c c o l u m n c o u p l i n g w i t hr e v e r s e dＧp h a s eh i g h p e r f o r m a n c e l i q u i dc h r o m a t o g r a p h y[J]．JC h r o m a t o g rA,２００６,１１１７(２):１６３Ｇ１６９．[３０]黄红萍,游勇基．分子印迹固相萃取Ｇ液相色谱法测定喘息灵胶囊中盐酸克仑特罗的含量[J]．药物分析杂志,２０１２,３２(２):２３３Ｇ２３６．[３１]Z h uLL,X uXJ．S e l e c t i v e s e p a r a t i o n o f a c t i v e i n h i b i t o r s o f e p i d e r m a l g r o w t h f a c t o r r e c e p t o r f r o m C a r a g a n aJ uＧb a t a b y m o l e c u l a r l y i m p r i n t e d s o l i dＧp h a s e e x t r a c t i o n[J]．JC h r o m a t o g rA,２００３,９９１(２):１５１Ｇ１５８．[３２]夏赞韶,贺福元,邓凯文,等．中药分子印迹技术对中医药理论的特殊影响[J]．中国中药杂志,２０１３,３８(８):１２６６Ｇ１２７０．(收稿日期:２０１８Ｇ０６Ｇ２２)５２４西北药学杂志㊀２０１９年５月㊀第３４卷㊀第３期h t t p://X B Y Z．c b p t．c n k i．n e t。
curtain词根词缀
curtain词根词缀Curtain is a common word that we use to describe a piece of fabric or material that is hung to block or obscure something. The word itself does not have a specific root or prefix, but its root can be traced back to the Latin word "cortina," which means a covering or curtain. Over time, this Latin root has been used to create a variety of words and phrases.One of the most common uses of the word curtain is in the phrase "drawing the curtain." This phrase refers to the act of pulling the curtain aside or opening it to reveal something. It can be used literally, such as when we draw the curtain in a theater to start a performance, or metaphorically, as when we reveal the truth behind a situation. In this context, the word curtain implies that something has been hidden or concealed, and drawing it back brings it to light.The term "curtain" is also used in the medical field to refer to a membrane or tissue that separates or partially covers a body part or organ. For example, the "tympanic membrane" is a thin layer of tissue that separates the outer ear canal from the middle ear cavity. Similarly, the "foreskin" in males is a thin layer of skin that partially covers the glans of the penis. In this medical context, the curtain is a natural or artificial barrier that serves to protect or separate specific body parts.Additionally, the word curtain can be used figuratively to describe various barriers or divisions in different contexts. For instance, a "curtain wall" is a non-structural outer wall attached to a building that creates an envelope, protecting the occupants from exteriorelements. In a political context, a "curtain of secrecy" may refer to a deliberate attempt to conceal information or actions from the public. The word curtain in these instances implies a separation or division that can be physical, metaphorical, or symbolic.In the field of literature and performing arts, the word curtain is used to describe the backdrop or drapes that are used to hide the set or actors before a performance begins. The act of raising or lowering the curtain marks the beginning or end of a performance. In this context, the word curtain represents the boundary between the stage and the audience, creating a sense of anticipation or closure.In conclusion, while the word "curtain" does not have a specific root or prefix, it is derived from the Latin word "cortina" and has various related terms and phrases. Common uses of the word include drawing the curtain to reveal something, the medical reference to membranes or tissues that separate or partially cover body parts, the metaphorical use for barriers or divisions, and its association with literature and performing arts. The versatile nature of the word curtain allows it to be used in different fields and contexts.。
DNV-OS-C201
OFFSHORE STANDARDD ET N ORSKE VERITASDNV-OS-C201STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF OFFSHOREUNITS (WSD METHOD)APRIL 2005Since issued in print (April 2005), this booklet has been amended, latest in April 2006.See the reference to “Amendments and Corrections” on the next page.Comments may be sent by e-mail to rules@For subscription orders or information about subscription terms, please use distribution@Comprehensive information about DNV services, research and publications can be found at http :// , or can be obtained from DNV,Veritasveien 1, NO-1322 Høvik, Norway; Tel +47 67 57 99 00, Fax +47 67 57 99 11.© Det Norske Veritas. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, without the prior written consent of Det Norske puter Typesetting (FM+SGML) by Det Norske Veritas.Printed in Norway.If any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of Det Norske Veritas, then Det Norske Veritas shall pay compensation to such person for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the fee charged for the service in question, provided that the maximum compen-sation shall never exceed USD 2 million.In this provision "Det Norske Veritas" shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of Det Norske Veritas.FOREWORDDET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) is an autonomous and independent foundation with the objectives of safeguarding life, prop-erty and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and consultancy services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out research in relation to these functions.DNV Offshore Codes consist of a three level hierarchy of documents:—Offshore Service Specifications. Provide principles and procedures of DNV classification, certification, verification and con-sultancy services.—Offshore Standards. Provide technical provisions and acceptance criteria for general use by the offshore industry as well asthe technical basis for DNV offshore services.—Recommended Practices. Provide proven technology and sound engineering practice as well as guidance for the higher levelOffshore Service Specifications and Offshore Standards.DNV Offshore Codes are offered within the following areas:A)Qualification, Quality and Safety Methodology B)Materials Technology C)Structures D)SystemsE)Special Facilities F)Pipelines and Risers G)Asset Operation H)Marine Operations J)Wind TurbinesAmendments and CorrectionsThis document is valid until superseded by a new revision. Minor amendments and corrections will be published in a separate document normally updated twice per year (April and October).For a complete listing of the changes, see the “Amendments and Corrections” document located at: /technologyservices/, “Offshore Rules & Standards”, “Viewing Area”.The electronic web-versions of the DNV Offshore Codes will be regularly updated to include these amendments and corrections.Amended April 2006,Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005 see note on front cover Changes – Page 3Changes April 2005—Sec.1. Unification of requirements, level of references, terms, definitions, lay-out, text, etc. with the LRFD stand-ards, i.e. general standard (DNV-OS-C101), the standards for various objects (DNV-OS-C102 to DNV-OS-C106), as well as the fabrication standard (DNV-OS-C401). —Sec.1 & Sec.2. Definition and application of design tem-perature and service temperature has been updated, and the terminology co-ordinated with the LRFD standards.—Sec.4. Overall conditions for fracture mechanics (FM) testing, and post weld heat treatment (PWHT) transferred here (from DNV-OS-C401). Requirements to FM adjusted to reflect results of more recent research work. —Sec.5. References to the more recent Recommended Prac-tices introduced e.g. DNV-RP-C201 (for Plates), updating references to CN 30.1.—Sec.3 D300. Specified tank pressures are harmonised with similar formulas in the LRFD standards, while simultane-ously attempted simplified and clarified.—Sec.11 to Sec.14. (Ref. to the various objects.) Formulas for sea pressure during transit are reorganised and clari-fied, improving readability.—Sec.12. Text covering redundancy and detailed design re-vised in line with DNV-OS-C104 (and the previous MOU-rules).—Sec.13. Text regarding the topics of tendon fracture me-chanics, composite tendons, and stability, as well as the CMC requirements are all updated, bringing the text in line with most recent revision of DNV-OS-C105.—Sec.14. Text updated in line with ongoing revision of DNV-OS-C106.D ET N ORSKE V ERITASOffshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005Amended April 2006, Page 4 – Changes see note on front coverD ET N ORSKE V ERITASAmended April 2006,Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005 see note on front cover Contents – Page 5CONTENTSSec. 1Introduction (9)A.General (9)A100Introduction (9)A200Objectives (9)A300Scope and application (9)A400Other than DNV codes (9)A500Classification (9)B.References (9)B100General (9)C.Definitions (10)C100Verbal forms (10)C200Terms (10)D.Abbreviations and Symbols (12)D100Abbreviations (12)D200Symbols (12)Sec. 2Design Principles (15)A.Introduction (15)A100General (15)A200Aim of the design (15)B.General Design Considerations (15)B100General (15)B200Overall design (15)B300Details design (15)C.Design Conditions (15)C100Basic conditions (15)D.Loading Conditions (16)D100General (16)D200Load (16)E.Design by the WSD Method (16)E100Permissible stress and usage factors (16)E200Basic usage factors (16)F.Design Assisted by Testing (16)F100General (16)F200Full-scale testing and observation of performance of existing structures (16)Sec. 3Loads and Load Effects (17)A.Introduction (17)A100General (17)B.Basis for Selection of Loads (17)B100General (17)C.Permanent Functional Loads (17)C100General (17)D.Variable Functional Loads (18)D100General (18)D200Variable functional loads on deck areas (18)D300Tank pressures (18)D400Lifeboat platforms (19)E.Environmental Loads (19)E100General (19)E200Environmental conditions for mobile units (19)E300Environmental conditionss for site specific units (19)E400Determination of hydrodynamic loads (19)E500Wave loads (19)E600Wave induced inertia forces (20)E700Current (20)E800Wind loads (20)E900Vortex induced oscillations (20)E1000Water level and tidal effects (20)E1100Marine growth (20)E1200Snow and ice accumulation............................................20E1300Direct ice load.. (20)E1400Earthquake (20)bination of Environmental Loads (21)F100General (21)G.Accidental Loads (21)G100General (21)H.Deformation Loads (21)H100General (21)H200Temperature loads (21)H300Settlements and subsidence of sea bed (21)I.Fatigue loads (22)I100General (22)J.Load Effect Analysis (22)J100General (22)J200Global motion analysis (22)J300Load effects in structures and soil or foundation (22)Sec. 4Structural Categorisation, Material Selection and Inspection Principles (23)A.General (23)A100 (23)B.Temperatures for Selection of Material (23)B100General (23)B200Floating units (23)B300Bottom fixed units (23)C.Structural Category (23)C100General (23)C200Selection of structural category (23)C300Inspection of welds (24)D.Structural Steel (24)D100General (24)D200Material designations (24)D300Selection of structural steel (25)D400Fracture mechanics (FM) testing (25)D500Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) (25)Sec. 5Structural Strength (26)A.General (26)A100General (26)A200Structural analysis (26)A300Ductility (26)A400Yield check (26)A500Buckling check (27)B.Flat Plated Structures and Stiffened Panels (27)B100Yield check (27)B200Buckling check (27)B300Capacity checks according to other codes (27)C.Shell Structures (27)C100General (27)D.Tubular Members, Tubular Joints and Conical Transitions.27 D100General (27)E.Non-Tubular Beams, Columns and Frames (28)E100General (28)Sec. 6Section Scantlings (29)A.General (29)A100Scope (29)B.Strength of Plating and Stiffeners (29)B100Scope (29)B200Minimum thickness (29)B300Bending of plating (29)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASOffshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005Amended April 2006, Page 6 – Contents see note on front coverB400Stiffeners (29)C.Bending and Shear in Girders (30)C100General (30)C200Minimum thickness (30)C300Bending and shear (30)C400Effective flange (30)C500Effective web (30)C600Strength requirements for simple girders (30)C700Complex girder systems (31)Sec. 7Fatigue (32)A.General (32)A100General (32)A200Design fatigue factors (32)A300Methods for fatigue analysis (32)A400Simplified fatigue analysis (33)A500Stochastic fatigue analysis (33)Sec. 8Accidental Conditions (34)A.General (34)A100General (34)B.Design Criteria (34)B100General (34)B200Collision (34)B300Dropped objects (34)B400Fires (34)B500Explosions (34)B600Unintended flooding (34)Sec. 9Weld Connections (36)A.General (36)A100Scope (36)B.Types of Welded Steel Joints (36)B100Butt joints (36)B200Tee or cross joints (36)B300Slot welds (37)B400Lap joint (37)C.Weld Size (37)C100General (37)C200Fillet welds (37)C300Partly penetration welds and fillet welds in crossconnections subject to high stresses (38)C400Connections of stiffeners to girders and bulkheads, etc..38 C500End connections of girders (39)C600Direct calculation of weld connections (39)Sec. 10Corrosion Control (40)A.General (40)A100Scope (40)B.Techniques for Corrosion Control Related to EnvironmentalZones (40)B100Atmospheric zone (40)B200Splash zone (40)B300Submerged zone (40)B400Internal zone (40)C.Cathodic Protection (41)C100General (41)C200Galvanic anode systems (41)C300Impressed current systems (42)D.Coating Systems (42)D100Specification of coating (42)Sec. 11Special Considerations for Column Stabilised Units (43)A.General (43)A100Assumptions and application (43)B.Structural Categorisation, Material Selection and InspectionPrinciples (43)B100General (43)B200Structural categorisation (43)B300Material selection (43)B400Inspection categories (44)C.Design and Loading Conditions (46)C100General (46)C200Permanent loads (46)C300Variable functional loads (46)C400Tank loads (46)C500Environmental loads, general (46)C600Sea pressures (47)C700Wind loads (47)C800Heavy components (47)C900Combination of loads (47)D.Structural Strength (47)D100General (47)D200Global capacity (47)D300Transit condition (47)D400Method of analysis (48)D500Air gap (48)E.Fatigue (48)E100General (48)E200Fatigue analysis (49)F.Accidental Conditions (49)F100General (49)F200Collision (49)F300Dropped objects (49)F400Fire (49)F500Explosion (49)F600Heeled condition (49)G.Redundancy (49)G100General (49)G200Brace arrangements (49)H.Structure in Way of a Fixed Mooring System (49)H100Structural strength (49)I.Structural Details (50)I100General (50)Sec. 12Special Considerations forSelf-Elevating Units (51)A.Introduction (51)A100Scope and application (51)B.Structural Categorisation, Material Selection and InspectionPrinciples (51)B100General (51)B200Structural categorisation (51)B300Material selection (51)B400Inspection categories (51)C.Design and Loading Conditions (51)C100General (51)C200Transit (52)C300Installation and retrieval (52)C400Operation and survival (52)D.Environmental Conditions (53)D100General (53)D200Wind (53)D300Waves (53)D400Current (53)D500Snow and ice (53)E.Method of Analysis (53)E100General (53)E200Global structural models (54)E300Local structural models (54)E400Fatigue analysis (55)F.Design Loads (55)F100General (55)F200Permanent loads (55)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASAmended April 2006,Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005 see note on front cover Contents – Page 7F300Variable functional loads (55)F400Tank loads (55)F500Environmental loads, general (55)F600Wind loads (55)F700Waves (56)F800Current (56)F900Wave and current (56)F1000Sea pressures during transit (57)F1100Heavy components during transit (57)F1200Combination of loads (57)G.Structural Strength (57)G100General (57)G200Global capacity (57)G300Footing strength (57)G400Leg strength (58)G500Jackhouse support strength (58)G600Hull strength (58)H.Fatigue Strength (58)H100General (58)H200Fatigue analysis (58)I.Accidental Conditions (58)I100General (58)I200Collisions (58)I300Dropped objects (58)I400Fires (58)I500Explosions (58)I600Unintended flooding (58)J.Miscellaneous requirements (59)J100General (59)J200Pre-load capasity (59)J300Overturning stability (59)J400Air gap (59)Sec. 13Special Considerations forTension Leg Platforms (TLP) (61)A.General (61)A100Scope and application (61)A200Description of tendon system (61)B.Structural Categorisation, Material Selection and InspectionPrinciples (62)B100General (62)B200Structural categorisation (62)B300Material selection (63)B400Design temperatures (63)B500Inspection categories (63)C.Design Principles (63)C100General (63)C200Design conditions (64)C300Fabrication (64)C400Hull and Deck Mating (64)C500Sea transportation (64)C600Installation (64)C700Decommissioning (64)C800Design principles, tendons (64)D.Design Loads (65)D100General (65)D200Load categories (65)E.Global Performance (65)E100General (65)E200Frequency domain analysis (66)E300High frequency analyses (66)E400Wave frequency analyses (66)E500Low frequency analyses (66)E600Time domain analyses (66)E700Model testing (67)E800Load effects in the tendons (67)F.Structural Strength (67)F100General (67)F200Hull (68)F300Structural analysis (68)F400Structural design.............................................................68F500Deck.. (68)F600Extreme tendon tensions (69)F700Structural design of tendons (69)F800Foundations (69)G.Fatigue (69)G100General (69)G200Hull and deck (69)G300Tendons (69)G400Foundation (70)H.Accidental Condition (70)H100Hull (70)H200Hull and deck (71)H300Tendons (71)H400Foundations (71)Sec. 14Special Considerations for Deep DraughtFloaters (DDF) (72)A.General (72)A100Introduction (72)A200Scope and application (72)B.Non-Operational Phases (72)B100General (72)B200Fabrication (72)B300Mating (72)B400Sea transportation (72)B500Installation (72)B600Decommissioning (73)C.Structural Categorisation, Selection of Material andExtent of Inspection (73)C100General (73)C200Material selection (73)C300Design temperatures (73)C400Inspection categories (73)C500Guidance to minimum requirements (73)D.Design Loads (74)D100Permanent loads (74)D200Variable functional loads (74)D300Environmental loads (74)D400Determination of loads (74)D500Hydrodynamic loads (74)E.Deformation Loads (74)E100General (74)F.Accidental Loads (75)F100General (75)G.Fatigue Loads (75)G100General (75)bination of Loads (75)H100General (75)I.Load Effect Analysis in Operational Phase (75)I100General (75)I200Global bending effects (75)J.Load Effect Analysis in Non-Operational Phases (75)J100General (75)J200Transportation (76)J300Launching (76)J400Upending (76)J500Deck mating (76)J600Riser installations (76)K.Structural Strength (76)K100Operation phase for hull (76)K200Non-operational phases for hull (76)K300Operation phase for deck or topside (77)K400Non-operational phases for deck or topside (77)L.Fatigue (77)L100General (77)L200Operation phase for hull (77)L300Non-operational phases for hull (77)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASOffshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005Amended April 2006, Page 8 – Contents see note on front coverL400Splash zone (77)L500Operation phase for deck or topside (78)L600Non-operational phases for deck or topside (78)M.Accidental Condition (78)M100General (78)M200Fire (78)M300Explosion (78)M400Collision (78)M500Dropped objects (78)M600Unintended flooding (78)M700Abnormal wave events (78)App. A Cross Sectional Types (80)A.Cross Sectional Types (80)A100General (80)A200Cross section requirements for plastic analysis (80)A300Cross section requirements whenelastic global analysis is used (80)App. B Methods and Models for Design of Column-Stabilised Units (82)A.Methods and Models (82)A100General (82)A200World wide operation (82)A300Benign waters or restricted areas (82)App. C Permanently Installed Units (83)A.Introduction (83)A100Application (83)B.Inspection and Maintenance (83)B100Facilities for inspection on location................................83C.Fatigue. (83)C100Design fatigue factors (83)C200Splash zone for floating units (83)App. D Certification of Tendon System (84)A.General (84)A100Introduction (84)B.Equipment categorization (84)B100General (84)C.Fabrication Record (84)C100General (84)D.Documentation Deliverables for Certification ofEquipment (85)D100General (85)E.Tendon Systems and Components (85)E100General (85)E200Tendon pipe (85)E300Bottom tendon interface (BTI) (86)E400Flex bearings (86)E500Foundations (86)E600Top tendon interface (TTI) (86)E700Intermediate tendon connectors (ITC) (86)E800Tendon tension monitoring system (TTMS) (86)E900Tendon porch (87)E1000Tendon corrosion protection system (87)E1100Load management program (LMP) (87)F.Categorisation of Tendon Components (87)F100General (87)G.Tendon Fabrication (88)G100General (88)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASAmended April 2006,Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005 see note on front cover Sec.1 – Page 9SECTION 1INTRODUCTIONA. GeneralA 100Introduction101 This offshore standard provides principles, technical re-quirements and guidance for the structural design of offshore structures, based on the Working Stress Design (WSD) meth-od.102 This standard has been written for general world-wide application. Statutory regulations may include requirements in excess of the provisions by this standard depending on size, type, location and intended service of the offshore unit or in-stallation.103 The standard is organised with general sections contain-ing common requirements and sections containing specific re-quirement for different type of offshore units. In case of deviating requirements between general sections and the ob-ject specific sections, requirements of the object specific sec-tions shall apply.A 200Objectives201 The objectives of this standard are to:—provide an internationally acceptable level of safety by de-fining minimum requirements for structures and structural components (in combination with referred standards, rec-ommended practices, guidelines, etc.)—serve as a contractual reference document between suppli-ers and purchasers—serve as a guideline for designers, suppliers, purchasers and regulators—specify procedures and requirements for offshore struc-tures subject to DNV certification and classification.A 300Scope and application301 This standard is applicable to the following types of off-shore structures:—column-stabilised units—self-elevating units—tension leg platforms—deep draught floaters.302 For utilisation of other materials, the general design principles given in this standard may be used together with rel-evant standards, codes or specifications covering the require-ments to materials design and fabrication.303 The standard is applicable to structural design of com-plete units including substructures, topside structures and ves-sel hulls.304 This standard gives requirements for the following: —design principles—structural categorisation—material selection and inspection principles—loads and load effect analyses—design of steel structures and connections—special considerations for different types of units. Requirements for foundation design are given in DNV-OS-C101.A 400Other than DNV codes401 Other recognised codes or standards may be applied pro-vided it is shown that the codes and standards, and their appli-cation, meet or exceed the level of safety of the actual DNV standard.402 In case of conflict between requirements of this standard and a reference document other than DNV documents, the re-quirements of this standard shall prevail.403 Where reference is made to codes other than DNV doc-uments, the latest revision of the documents shall be applied, unless otherwise specified.404 When code checks are performed according to other than DNV codes, the usage factors as given in the respective code shall be used.A 500Classification501 Classification principles, procedures and applicable class notations related to classification services of offshore units are specified in the DNV Offshore Service Specifications given in Table A1.502 Documentation requirements for classification are given by DNV-RP-A202.B. ReferencesB 100General101 The DNV documents in Table B1 are referred to in the present standards and contain acceptable methods for fulfilling the requirements in this standard.102 The latest valid revision of the DNV reference docu-ments in Table B2 applies. See also current DNV List of Pub-lications.103 The documents listed in Table B2 are referred in the present standard. The documents include acceptable methods for fulfilling the requirements in the present standard and may be used as a source of supplementary information. Only the referenced parts of the documents apply for fulfilment of the present standard.Table A1 DNV Offshore Service SpecificationsReference TitleDNV-OSS-101Rules for Classification of Offshore Drilling andSupport UnitsDNV-OSS-102Rules for Classification of Floating Productionand Storage UnitsDNV-OSS-103Rules for Classification of LNG/LPG FloatingProduction and Storage Units or Installations DNV-OSS-121Classification Based on Performance CriteriaDetermined by Risk Assessment MethodologyRules for Planning and Execution of MarineOperationsTable B1 DNV Reference DocumentsReference TitleDNV-OS-A101Safety Principles andArrangementDNV-OS-B101Metallic MaterialsDNV-OS-C101Design of Offshore Steel Struc-tures, General (LRFD method) DNV-OS-C301Stability and Watertight Integrity DNV-OS-C401Fabrication and Testing ofOffshore StructuresD ET N ORSKE V ERITASOffshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005Amended April 2006, Page 10 – Sec.1see note on front coverC. DefinitionsC 100Verbal forms101 Shall: Indicates a mandatory requirement to be followed for fulfilment or compliance with the present standard. Devia-tions are not permitted unless formally and rigorously justified, and accepted by all relevant contracting parties.102 Should: Indicates a recommendation that a certain course of action is preferred or particularly suitable. Alterna-tive courses of action are allowable under the standard where agreed between contracting parties but shall be justified and documented.103 May: Indicates a permission, or an option, which is per-mitted as part of conformance with the standard.C 200Terms201 Accidental condition: When the unit is subjected to ac-cidental loads such as collision, dropped objects, fire explo-sion, etc.202 Accidental loads: Loads which may occur as a result of accident or exceptional events, e.g. collisions, explosions, dropped objects.203 Atmospheric zone: The external surfaces of the unit above the splash zone.204 Cathodic protection: A technique to prevent corrosion of a steel surface by making the surface to be the cathode of an electrochemical cell.205 Characteristic load: The reference value of a load to be used in the determination of load effects. The characteristic load is normally based upon a defined fractile in the upper end of the distribution function for load.206 Characteristic strength: The reference value of structur-al strength to be used in the determination of the design strength. The characteristic strength is normally based upon a 5% fractile in the lower end of the distribution function for re-sistance.207 Characteristic value: The representative value associat-ed with a prescribed probability of not being unfavourably ex-ceeded during the applicable reference period.208 Classic spar: Shell type hull structure.209 Classification Note: The Classification Notes cover proven technology and solutions which is found to represent good practice by DNV, and which represent one alternative for satisfying the requirements given in the DNV Rules or other codes and standards cited by DNV. The Classification Notes will in the same manner be applicable for fulfilling the require-ments in the DNV Offshore Standards.210 Coating: Metallic, inorganic or organic material applied to steel surfaces for prevention of corrosion.211 Column-stabilised unit: A floating unit that can be relo-cated. A column-stabilised unit normally consists of a deck structure with a number of widely spaced, large diameter, sup-porting columns that are attached to submerged pontoons. 212 Corrosion allowance: Extra wall thickness added during design to compensate for any anticipated reduction in thick-ness during the operation.213 Damaged condition: The unit condition after accidental damage.214 Deep draught floater (DDF): A floating unit categorised with a relative large draught. The large draught is mainly intro-duced to obtain reduced wave excitation in heave and suffi-ciently high eigenperiod in heave such that resonant responses in heave can be omitted or minimised.215 Design brief: An agreed document presenting owner's technical basis, requirements and references for the unit design and fabrication.216 Design temperature: The design temperature for a unit is the reference temperature for assessing areas where the unit can be transported, installed and operated. The design temper-ature is to be lower or equal to the lowest mean daily tempera-ture in air for the relevant areas. For seasonal restricted operations the lowest mean daily temperature in air for the sea-son may be applied.217 Driving voltage: The difference between closed circuit anode potential and the protection potential.218 Dry transit: A transit where the unit is transported on a heavy lift unit from one geographical location to another. 219 Dynamic upending: A process where seawater is filled or flooded into the bottom section of a horizontally floating DDF hull and creating a trim condition and subsequent water filling of hull or moonpool and dynamic upending to bring the hull in vertical position.220 Environmental loads: Loads directly and indirectly due to environmental phenomena. Environmental loads are not a necessary consequence of the structures existence, use and treatments. All external loads which are responses to environ-mental phenomena are to be regarded as environmental loads, e.g. support reactions, mooring forces, and inertia forces. 221 Expected loads and response history: Expected load and response history for a specified time period, taking into ac-count the number of load cycles and the resulting load levels and response for each cycle.222 Expected value: The most probable value of a load dur-ing a specified time period.223 Fail to safe: A failure shall not lead to new failure, which may lead to total loss of the structure.DNV-OS-D101Marine Machinery Systems andEquipmentDNV-OS-E301Position MooringDNV-OS-F201Dynamic RisersDNV-RP-C103Column Stabilised UnitsDNV-RP-C201Buckling Strength of PlatedStructuresDNV-RP-C202Buckling Strength of Shells DNV-RP-C203Fatigue Strength Analysis ofOffshore Steel Structures Classification Note 30.1Buckling Strength Analysis ofBars and Frames, and SphericalShellsClassification Note 30.4 FoundationsClassification Note 30.5 Environmental Conditions andEnvironmental Loads Classification Note 31.5Strength Analysis of MainStructures of Self-elevating Units Table B2 Other referencesReference TitleAISC-ASD Manual of Steel Construction ASDAPI RP 2A – WSD with supplement 1Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms – Working Stress DesignAPI RP 2T Planning, Designing and Constructing TensionLeg PlatformsBS 7910Guide on methods for assessing the acceptability offlaws in fusion welded structuresNACE TPC Publication No. 3. The role of bacteria in corrosionof oil field equipmentSNAME 5-5A Site Specific Assessment of Mobile Jack-Up UnitsD ET N ORSKE V ERITAS。