伯南克宏观经济学ch14
课程资料:《宏观经济学》第14章

变动将导致DAS曲线的移动。
通货膨胀率,
动态总供给, DASt
收入,产出,Y
图14-1 动态总供给曲线
——动态总需求曲线(DAD)
由方程一、二、四和五,变换可得:
Yt
Yt
1 Y
t
* t
1
1 Y
t
产出水平与通胀率之间短期的相关关系。自
然产出水平、通胀目标和需求冲击的变动将引起
Yt Yt
rt
t
* t
符合古典二分法和货币 中性原理的结论。
央行的目标通胀率只影 响通胀率、预期通胀率 和名义利率,不影响实 际产出和实际利率。
Et t 1
* t
it
* t
2.短期均衡 ——动态总供给曲线:表示通货膨胀率与产出水
平之间的关系(DAS)
将方程四代入方程三,可得:
t t 1 Yt Yt t
Yt
Yt +1
2. 动态AS曲 线向右移动
DASt
DASt 1
A B
DADt
DADt +1
Yt
Yt 1
收入,产出,Y
4. 导致了产 出的增长
图14-3 自然产出水平的增加
通货膨胀率,
2.引起 通货膨 t
胀上升 t1
t1
Yall
B
DASt DASt 1
C DASt 1
A
1.逆向供
给冲击使
DAS曲线向
给冲击随时间推移所产生的效用。 在货币政策规则的参数选定时,央行面对通
胀可变性和产出可变性之间的权衡。
动态AD-AS模型一般假设央行为了应对通胀1
个百分点的上升会使名义利率的提高超过一个百 分点。
宏观课件 第十四章新古典宏观经济学

14.1 卢卡斯供应方程
卢卡斯供应方程
Yi h(Pi P e ) Yi*
Pe Pˆ b(Pi Pˆ)
Yi h(Pi [Pˆ b(Pi Pˆ]} Yi* 即:
Yi h(1 b)(Pi Pˆ) Yi*
14.1 卢卡斯供应方程
卢卡斯供应方程
20世纪80年代以来,凯恩斯理论受到来自新古典主义宏观经济学的批 判。 新古典宏观经济学的领袖人物是芝加哥大学的罗伯特.卢卡斯和明尼
苏达大学的托马斯·萨金特。在他们1981年出版的著作《理性预期和计
量经济实践》一书中包括了许多他们对新古典宏观经济学的根本性贡
献。其他代表人物还有明尼苏达大学的爱德华·普雷斯科特。
14.1 卢卡斯供应方程
卢卡斯供应方程
厂商在决定产品时如何 获得有关其他商品价格变 动的信息?
——用对P的期望值Pe来 代替未来的真实价格。 ——如何确定未来的价 格期望值?
Yi h(Pi P) Yi*
Yi h(Pi P e ) Yi*
14.1 卢卡斯供应方程
卢卡斯供应方程
确定未来的价格期望值
极端情况:厂商非常无知,把自己观 察到的价格变动作为所有其他商品价格 变动,并且变动幅度相等,这样Pi等于 Pe 。
事实不会如此,因为如果这样,经济 波动就不会产生。GDP就不会背离潜在 GDP。
事实上,人们会对价格进行预测。
Yi h(Pi P) Yi* Yi h(Pi P e ) Yi* Pe Pˆ b(Pi Pˆ)
Pi=P P’’i
如果整个经济的潜在产出量是Y*,那么 第i个厂商的最佳产出量就是Y*/N,记作Y*i。 再假定该厂商的产品价格为Pi,一旦我们把 一个微观厂商的供给从整个供给的。
西方经济学宏观第五版西方经济学14

经国济世
产出增加
产出减少பைடு நூலகம்
y
IS曲线的水平移动
西方经济学·宏观·第14章 17
影响IS曲线移动的因素
1、投资需求的变动:同样的利率水平上投资增加,IS曲线 会向右移动,移动的量△y=k △i。反之左移。 2、储蓄的变动:人们储蓄意愿增加,意味着消费减少,投资 需求不变的情况下,IS曲线会向左移动,移动的量 △y=k △S。反之右移。 3、(在考虑三部门经济的情况下)政府购买支出的变动:G 变动相当于投资支出的作用,政府购买支出增加,IS曲线右 移量△y=k △G。 4、税收的变动:增加税收会使得消费或投资减少,IS曲线
资本边际效率曲线
资本边际效率MEC曲线:不同数量的资本供给,其不同的边际效率所形 成的曲线。经过个体的加总,整个社会的资本边际效率线是一条连续的 曲线。MEC向右下方倾斜。
i=投资量
r=利率
r%
投资越多,资本的边际效率 越低。
即利率越低,投资越多 利率越高,投资量越小。
经国济世
MEC
i 资本边际效率曲线
主要介绍说明产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡的IS-LM模 型。这一模型是英国学者希克斯根据凯恩斯的《通论》发展 出来的,被认为是宏观经济学最核心的理论。I 指投资,S 指储蓄,L 指货币需求,M 指货币供给。
切入点:上一章我们假定投资为常数,本章认为投资是变 量。要研究国民收入决定,必须研究投资本身是怎么决定的。 投资是利率的函数,利率又是货币供求关系确定的,从而引 入货币市场。
美国的詹姆斯·托宾( Jamas Tobin 19182002),凯恩斯主义经济学家。
q是企业的市场价值与其重置成本之比: q=企业股票的市场价值/新建造企业的成本。
第14章 宏观经济学流派与政策目标

第14章宏观经济学流派与政策目标第14章宏观经济学流派与政策目标14.1知识要点1.货币主义的“单一规则”现代货币主义者不仅反对凯恩斯主义的财政政策,而且也反对凯恩斯主义的由中央银行根据经济情况“相机抉择”的货币政策(用随时调整贴现率、买卖政府债券的办法来调节货币供应量)。
弗里德曼认为,货币当局只需实行“单一规则”的货币政策,把控制货币供应量作为唯一的政策工具,由政府公开宣布把货币供应量的年增长率长期固定在同预计的经济增长率基本一致的水平。
这样就可以避免经济的波动和通货膨胀。
2.供应学派“税收楔子”拉弗认为劳动力供求关系决定了就业机会的多少。
而劳动力供求关系受到劳动力的市场报酬和劳动力要素成本的制约。
即市场报酬越高,劳动力供给量就越大,而劳动力要素成本即雇佣工人的成本费用越低,雇主对劳动力需求量就越大。
拉弗指出,政府课征的税收,就如同一个“楔子”,直接影响着劳动力供求。
在没课税以前,雇主雇佣劳动力的成本与工人的实际工资相等。
但是,政府征税,尤其是征收高税率的工资税,就等于在劳动力供求之间加一个“楔子”,会减少就业机会,因为税收是缴纳给政府的,当提高税率时,不仅减少了劳动者的实际收入(即劳动力市场报酬会有实际下降),而且肯定增加雇佣劳动力的实际成本,这种雇佣成本高于支付给工人的实际工资的分离状况,就是拉弗等供给学派称为的税收的“楔子。
3.供应学派“拉弗曲线”在原点O处税率为零时,将没有税收收入;随着税率增加,税收收入达到最高额ON;当税率为100%时,没有人愚蠢到还要去工作,所以也没有税收收入,因此曲线是两头向下的倒U型。
拉弗曲线说明,当税率超过图中E点时,挫伤积极性的影响将大于收入影响。
所以尽管税率被提高了,但税收收入却开始下降。
图中的阴影部分被称为税率禁区,当税率进入禁区后,税率与税收收入呈反比关系,要恢复经济增长势头,扩大税基,就必须降低税率。
只有通过降低税率才可以鱼与熊掌兼而得之——收入和国民产量都将增加。
巴罗宏观经济学:现代观点第14章

编辑课件ppt
11
Budget Constraints and Budget Deficits
The Budget Deficit
real government saving = − (Bgt − Bgt−1)/P
编辑课件ppt
12
Budget Constraints and Budget Deficits
The Budget Deficit
− (Bgt− Bgt−1)/P = Tt − 【Gt+ Vt+ rt−1·Bgt−1/P】
real government saving = real taxes− real government
expenditure
编辑课件ppt
13
Budget Constraints and Budget Deficits
Chapter14
Public Debt
编辑课件ppt
1
The History of U.S. and U.K. Public Debt
The nominal quantity of interestbearing debt and the ratio of this debt to nominal GDP
total bond holdings= Bt + Bgt total bond holdings=
private bonds+ government bonds
Bt = 0 still holds in the aggregate.
total bond holdings of all households= Bgt
When nominal money, Mt, and the price level, Pt, do not change over time, the government’s budget constraint becomes.
巴罗宏观经济学:现代观点第14章

2019 4361.43
2019 5508.93
2019 7765.70
2019 10542.00
2000 13674.00
2019年6月末中央财政国债总余额为52385.86亿元,控制 在年末55185.85亿元国债余额限额以内 (2019年上半年国 债管理报告)
财政部部长助理张通9日表示,2009年财政政策较大幅度增 加中央财政赤字,并相应增加国债发行规模,中央财政国债 余额限额为62708.35亿元。 (2009年04月09日 16:02 来源:中国新闻网 )
Macroeconomics Chapter 14
11
Budget Constraints and Budget Deficits
The Budget Deficit
real government saving = − (Bgt − Bgt−1)/P
Macroeconomics Chapter 14
total bond holdings= Bt + Bgt total bond holdings=
private bonds+ government bonds
Bt = 0 still holds in the aggregate.
total bond holdings of all households= Bgt
expenditure
Macroeconomics Chapter 14
13
Budget Constraints and Budget Deficits
The Budget Deficit
the government’s revenue exceeds its expenditure, and the government has a budget surplus.
国际经济学CH14

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 14-2
Chapter Organization
The Money Supply and the Exchange Rate in the
Short Run Money, the Price Level, and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run Inflation and Exchange Rate Dynamics Summary
• It analyzes the long-term effects of monetary changes
on output prices and expected future exchange rates.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 14-4
• An economy’s money supply is controlled by its
central bank.
– The central bank:
– Directly regulates the amount of currency in existence – Indirectly controls the amount of checking deposits issued by private banks
Interest rate, R Real money supply 2
R2
R1 R3
1 3
Aggregate real money demand, L(R,Y)
北大微观经济学(英文版)ch14Consumer’sSurplus精品PPT课件

2020/10/11
中级微观经济学
Monetary Measures of Gains-toTrade
How can such gains-to-trade be measured?
Three such measures are: • Consumer’s Surplus • Equivalent Variation (等价变换), and • Compensating Variation (补偿变换).
Only in one special circumstance do these three measures coincide.
2020/10/11
中级微观经济学
Reservation Price
Maximum willingness to pay for an additional unit of a good
$ Equivalent Utility Gains
The dollar equivalent net utility gain for the 1st gallon is $(r1 - pG)
and is $(r2 - pG) for the 2nd gallon,
and so on, so the dollar value of the gain-to-trade is $(r1 - pG) + $(r2 - pG) + … for as long as rn - pG > 0.
2020/10/11
u(2, m-2r3) = u(2, m-3r3) 中级微观经济学
$ Equivale, if she already has n-1 gallons of gasoline then rn denotes the most she will pay for an nth gallon. • rn is the dollar equivalent of the marginal utility of the nth gallon.
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Principles of Money Supply Determination
• The money supply under fractional reserve banking
– Each unit of monetary base allows 1/res of money to be created – The monetary base is called high-powered money because each unit of the base that is issued leads to the creation of more money
• Open-market purchase: increase monetary base • Open-market sale: decrease monetary base
– Discount window lending
• Lending reserves to banks so they can meet depositors’ demands or reserve requirements • A discount loan increases the monetary base • The interest rate on such borrowing is called the discount rate
Principles of Money Supply Determination
• The money supply with both public holdings of currency and fractional reserve banking
– The money supply consists of currency held by the public and deposits, so
Chapter 14
Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve System
© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
Chapter Outline
• • • • Principles of Money Supply Determination Monetary policy and its effectiveness Monetary Control The Conduct of Monetary Policy: Rules Versus Discretion
• When bank reserves are equal to deposits, the system is called 100% reserve banking • When the reserve-deposit ratio is less than 100%, the system is called fractional reserve banking
Figure 14.6 Interest rate targeting
Monetary Control
• Intermediate targets
– Targeting money supply works well if the main shocks to the economy are to the IS curve – Targeting interest rate works well if the main shocks to the economy are to the LM curve (example)
Monetary Control
• Means of controlling the money supply
– ReHale Waihona Puke erve requirements
• The Fed sets the minimum fraction of each type of deposit that a bank must hold as reserves • An increase in reserve requirements forces banks to hold more reserves, thus reducing the money multiplier
M = CU + DEP
(14.4)
– The monetary base is held as currency by the public and as reserves by banks, so
BASE CU RES
(14.5)
Principles of Money Supply Determination
Principles of Money Supply Determination
• The money supply under fractional reserve banking
– When all the banks catch on to this idea, they will all make loans as the economy undergoes a multiple expansion of loans and deposits
• The money multiplier is greater than 1 for res less than 1 (that is, with fractional reserve banking) • If cu 0, the multiplier is 1/res, as when all money is held as deposits • The multiplier decreases when either cu or res rises
• The money supply with both public holdings of currency and fractional reserve banking
– Taking the ratio of these two equations gives M/BASE (CU + DEP)/(CU + RES) (14.6) – This can be written as M/BASE [(CU/DEP) + 1]/[(CU/DEP) + RES/DEP)] (14.7) – The currency-deposit ratio (CU/DEP, or cu) is determined by the public – The reserve-deposit ratio (RES/DEP, or res) is determined by banks
Monetary Control
• Means of controlling the money supply
– The monetary base equals banks’ reserves plus currency held by the nonbank public – Open-market operations
• Let M money supply, BASE monetary base, DEP bank deposits, RES bank reserves, res banks’ desired reservedeposit ratio (RES/DEP)
– So an economy with fractional reserve banking and no currency held by the public has money supply equal to the monetary base divided by the reserve-deposit ratio
Principles of Money Supply Determination
• The money supply under fractional reserve banking
– The money supply in this economy is equal to the total amount of bank deposits – The relationship between the monetary base and the money supply: M DEP = BASE/res (no currency held by public )
Principles of Money Supply Determination
• The money supply under fractional reserve banking
– As an economy becomes more sophisticated financially, banks develop – People may want to hold their money in bank deposits – The currency that banks hold is called bank reserves
Principles of Money Supply Determination
• The money supply with both public holdings of currency and fractional reserve banking
– Rewrite Eq. (14.7) as M [(cu + 1)/(cu + res)]BASE (14.8) – The term (cu + 1)/(cu + res) is the money multiplier
Principles of Money Supply Determination
• Three groups affect the money supply