违反合作原则的20个
合作原则的违反的例子
合作原则的违反的例子【篇一：合作原则的违反的例子】范文一：180企业家天地#下旬刊/2009/3会话中合作原则的的违反许晴摘要:二十世纪六十年代末,美国哲学家paulgrice提出了交际双方为顺利交流所必须遵循的合作原则。
但在许多情况下,由于种种原因,交际双方会通过多种方式违反合作原则。
这时,听话人必须把握说话者的真正意图。
本文分析了大量会话中违反合作原则的例子,推导出说话人的隐含意义,指出了一些原因,并指明合作原则对正确使用和理解语言意义重大。
关键词:会话;合作原则;违反中图分类号:f123.16 文献标识码:a文章编号:cn43-1027/f(2009)3-180-02作者:湖南对外经济贸易职业学院;湖南,长沙,410008 manshand.)man:ouch!hey!yousaidyourdogdoesntbite.woman:hedoesnt,bu tthatsnotmydog.在这个对话中,女人没有提供足够的信息。
她应该早点说/这只狗不是我的0。
女人故意违反量的原则,也许是因为她不愿意与这个陌生人交流。
21a:wherehaveyoubeen?b:out.在这个对话中,b了解a想要知道他的确切的去处,但他提供的信息量比a预期的要少。
也许b的言外之意就是/我去哪里跟你无关。
031tom:areyougoingtovisitbetty?jim:yes.tom:wheredoesshelive?jim:somewhereinthesouthofthecity.在这个对话中,很明显,jim知道betty的住址,但他保留了一些信息。
也许他的意图就是/我不愿意告诉你她住在哪0。
41father:howdidyoudoyourhistoryexam?tom:oh,notatallwell,th eyaskedmethingsthathap-penedbeforeiwasborn.父亲需要的回答仅仅是/考得不好0,而tom给了过量的信息。
合作原则例子
一：违反数量准则1.A: When are you going to the airport?B: Sometime this morning.B的回答违反了数量原则，因为在他的回答中，他给A 提供的信息少于A 所希望他提供的信息。
如果B知道出发时间，A也知道B知道出发时间，B也知道A知道他知道自己的出发时间，那么B这样说就会产生会话含义，即“我不想告诉你什么时候去机场”。
2.Wife: When did you come back last night?Husband: Around midnight. The meeting was too long.妻子问丈夫回来的时间，而丈夫不但回答了回来的时间，还补充说会议开太久了，为自己午夜才回家找个合适的理由。
涨幅第二句话是过量信息，是妻子所不需要的，他这么说是为了避免妻子的责备和不必要的麻烦。
3.A: Where does Mr. Smith live?B: Somewhere in the town.B明白A想知道Smith先生的具体住址并想去拜访他,但他也知道Smith先生不愿意让A去他那里,所以只好违反数量准则给B以含糊的回答。
当然,B的回答并不排除另一种可能性,他自己也不知道Smith先生的具体住址,但他又不想违反质量准则而乱编一个地址给B,所以只好给予含糊的回答。
4.A: What do you think of Mark?B: His flat-mate is a wonderful cook.B对Mark没有好感,但又不好直说,更不想违反质量准则去说假话,所以故意违反了数量准则,没有给A以足够的信息,而A从B答非所问的回答中也可知道B 对Mark评价不高。
5.A: What are you reading?B: A book.从B违反数量准则的回答可以推知,他正在安心读书,不想别人打搅自己。
二：违反质量准则1.A: I might win the lottery.B: Yes, and pigs might fly.对话中B没有直接告诉A他不同意A的看法，而是说出猪可能会飞，这句明显违反质量准则的话，讥讽A的异想天开，让A得出结论他不可能赢得大奖。
违反合作原则的20个samples
违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。
合作原则 Cooperative Principle（一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity(1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。
Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange；(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.For example,1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in.Max: What? I am going to meet your kid?Earl: Well, one of them.Max:“One of them?” How many do you have?Earl: So far?Max: Oh, Earl, I love you.Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the No.1 Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’m thinking of.(From Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered“So far?” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere.2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your father?Max: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk.(From Bankruptcy Sisters) Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline asked if the man came into the cafe was Max’s father, Max answer “Yes”but add one more sentence “And my mother is piece of chalk.”which indicated the man was not Max ‘s father at all. Obviously, though this situation is typical message redundancy, it helps the listeners to understand the speaker’s real meaning and humor.3.柳小姐之夫：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我？柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊？你又没做错事。
违反合作原则的例子
违反合作原则的例子合作是指两个或多个个体为了达成共同的目标而共同努力、分工协作，互相支持的行为。
然而，在实际生活中，有些行为会违反合作原则，甚至会对合作关系产生负面影响。
下面我们将列举一些违反合作原则的例子。
1. 窃取他人创意：在创意产业中，窃取他人的创意是一种常见的违反合作原则的行为。
这种行为不仅会破坏合作关系，也会导致创意产业的发展受到影响。
2. 搭便车行为：搭便车行为指的是在合作中只享受合作的成果而不付出自己的努力。
这种行为不仅会破坏合作关系，也会降低合作的效率。
3. 恶意竞争：恶意竞争是指在合作中，出于个人利益的考虑，采取不正当手段去攫取更多的利益。
这种行为会导致合作关系破裂，同时也会对行业的健康发展造成不利影响。
4. 不守信用：在合作中，信用是非常重要的。
如果一个人不守信用，那么他的行为就会让其他人失去信任，从而影响合作关系的稳定性。
5. 不尊重他人：在合作中，尊重他人是非常重要的。
如果一个人不尊重他人，那么他的行为就会让合作关系变得紧张，从而影响合作的效率。
6. 不善于沟通：在合作中，沟通是非常重要的。
如果一个人不善于沟通，那么他的行为就会让合作关系变得困难，从而影响合作的效率。
7. 不合理的期望：在合作中，有些人会有不合理的期望，例如过高的收益要求、过分的控制欲等。
这种行为会导致合作关系的破裂。
8. 不分享信息：在合作中，分享信息是非常重要的。
如果一个人不愿意分享信息，那么他的行为就会让合作关系受到影响，从而影响合作的效率。
9. 拖延时间：在合作中，拖延时间是一种常见的行为。
这种行为会导致合作关系的破裂，同时也会降低合作的效率。
10. 不尊重合作伙伴的意见：在合作中，每个人都应该尊重他人的意见。
如果一个人不尊重合作伙伴的意见，那么他的行为就会让合作关系变得紧张，从而影响合作的效率。
合作原则的违反与非语言情报
合作原则的违反与非语言情报在人际交往中，合作是一种基本的原则，无论是在家庭、工作还是社会中，合作都是推动事情进展的重要因素。
在实际的合作过程中，有时会出现合作原则的违反，这往往会导致协作关系的破裂和失败。
除了言语沟通外，非语言情报也是人们在合作中表达意图的一种重要方式。
在内心无法诚实表达的时候，人们往往会通过非语言的方式来传达自己的观点和感受。
本文将探讨合作原则的违反与非语言情报之间的关系，并讨论如何通过观察和理解非语言情报来避免合作原则的违反。
我们来看一下合作原则的违反对合作关系的影响。
合作原则的违反可能表现为以下几种情况：不尊重他人意见、自私行为、刻意隐瞒信息、不履行承诺等。
这些行为会导致合作关系的不和谐，甚至可能破坏合作关系。
在团队合作中，如果有成员刻意隐瞒关键信息，可能会导致整个团队的合作受阻，无法达成既定目标。
如果一个人只顾自己的利益，而忽视了团队的利益，那么团队的合作氛围就会受到严重的影响。
合作原则的违反不仅会损害个人之间的关系，也会影响到整个团队或组织的合作效果。
在实际的合作过程中，人们并不总是能够坦诚地表达自己的意见和感受，这时非语言情报就显得尤为重要。
非语言情报包括肢体语言、眼神交流、面部表情、姿势等，它们能够传达出一个人内心真实的情感和态度。
通过观察和理解对方的非语言情报，我们可以更好地理解他们的内心想法和感受，从而更好地协调合作关系。
在团队合作中，如果有成员不愿意言辞直接地表达自己的意见，那么我们可以通过观察他们的肢体语言和面部表情来了解他们的真实感受，从而更好地进行沟通和协调。
又在商务谈判中，我们可以通过对方的眼神交流和姿势来感知他们的情绪和态度，从而更好地把握谈判的节奏和方向。
除了对他人的非语言情报进行观察和理解外，我们也需要注意自身的非语言情报。
我们应该尽量使自己的非语言情报与我们的言语表达保持一致，这样才能建立起真诚可信的合作关系。
如果我们双方在合作中曾经发生过矛盾，但在面对面交流时我们的眼神交流、表情和姿势仍然保持友善和和善，那么对方就会更容易相信我们的合作诚意，从而更愿意继续合作下去。
关于格赖斯合作原则的违反
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合作原则的违反与识别
什么是合作原则？
美国著名语言学家格赖斯（Grice）提出“合作
原则”理论，他认为合作原则包括四个准则：
什么是合作原则？
质真准则
适量准则 关联准则 方式准则
不要说自己认为 是不真实的话。 不要说缺乏足够 证据的话。
所说的话应包含交谈 目的所需要的信息 。
所说话语要与
避免晦涩和歧义 。 简炼、井井有条。
是真的吗？
很简单嘛，我们用竹竿把它捅下来的。”
合作原则的违反
例二：
A：我新来的邻居挺恶心的，每天深夜急促地按我的门铃。
B：你叫警察了吗？ A：没有。我当他是个疯子，继续弹我的钢琴。
A的回答提供了“多余”的信息，目的是在表示不跟“疯子”一般见识。
作品通过这个“多余”的信息暗示A自己才是个疯子，产生了幽默效果。
是假的。
如何识别合作原则的违反？
例三： A：听说小王和小陈工作都很不错， 是吗？ B：小陈的工作确实很出色！
小王的工作怎么样？
B违反了适量准则。
如何识别合作原则的违反？
例四： A：你昨天又和老婆干架啦？谁赢了？
B：她趴在地上。
A：被你打伤了？ B：她冲我吼：“从床底下滚出来，像 个爷们！”
B输得很惨，但拐
话题相关联 。
所说的话不应包含 超出需要的信息 。
合作原则的违反
表达者遵循上述四个准则，当然是一种理想状态：听读者不 用费心思理解，也不用担心落入言语陷阱。然而现实交际中，
表达者常常是违反其中的准则。
合作原则的违反
例一：
六十年代，我空军击落了一架侵入我国领空的美国 无人驾驶侦察机，引起世界的极大关注。 在一个外交场合，有记者问陈毅外长：“你们是怎 样打落美国先进飞机的？”陈外长哈哈大笑说：“这
从合作原则的违反剖析《傲慢与偏见》中的人物性格及人物关系
从合作原则的违反剖析《傲慢与偏见》中的人物性格及人物关系一、本文概述《傲慢与偏见》是简·奥斯汀的代表作之一，以其深刻的人物塑造和细腻的社会描绘而广受赞誉。
本文旨在通过剖析《傲慢与偏见》中人物对合作原则的违反情况，来解读人物性格及其之间的关系。
合作原则，作为语言学中的一个重要概念，主要指人们在日常交际中普遍遵循的一些基本原则，包括量准则、质准则、关系准则和方式准则。
然而，在《傲慢与偏见》中，人物们往往出于各种原因，有意无意地违反了这些原则，从而展现了他们独特的性格特点和复杂的人际关系。
本文将详细分析小说中几位主要人物如何违反合作原则，并探讨这些行为背后所反映的性格特征。
通过分析人物间的互动和对话，揭示他们之间的关系变化和发展。
通过这样的剖析，我们可以更深入地理解《傲慢与偏见》中的人物形象及其背后的社会文化内涵，从而更加欣赏这部文学经典。
二、合作原则及其在《傲慢与偏见》中的体现合作原则，作为一种交际理论，由语言哲学家格莱斯提出，是人们在日常对话和交流中普遍遵循的一种原则。
它要求参与者在对话中尽可能地提供真实、充足、关联和清晰的信息，以确保交流的顺利进行。
然而，在实际交往中，人们并不总是严格遵守这一原则，有时出于特定的动机和目的，会故意违反合作原则。
这种违反不仅不会阻碍交流，反而能揭示出说话者的真实意图和内心世界。
在简·奥斯汀的经典小说《傲慢与偏见》中，合作原则的违反被广泛地运用在人物对话和情节发展中，从而深刻地揭示了人物的性格特点和人物之间的关系。
例如，达西先生一开始对伊丽莎白的傲慢态度，使他在与伊丽莎白的对话中违反了合作原则。
他的话语既不充分也不关联，甚至有时显得含糊不清，这反映了他内心的傲慢和偏见。
然而，随着故事的发展，达西逐渐认识到自己的错误，开始真诚地向伊丽莎白解释和道歉，这表明他开始遵守合作原则，也预示着他与伊丽莎白关系的转变。
另一方面，伊丽莎白的言辞也充满了对合作原则的巧妙运用和违反。
违反合作原则的例子
违反合作原则的例子一、违反“量的准则”1.《老友记》Joey: You need anything. You can always come to Joey. I and Chandler live right across the hall and he is away a lot.Monica: Joey, stopping hitting on her. It’s her wedding day.Joey: What. Like there is a rule or something.Background: Rachel runs away from her wedding and finds Monica for a shelterAnalysis: The words of Joey violate the maxim of quantity. He gives more information than is required. The aim Joey says Chandler is away a lot is to imply Rachel she can find him at any time and nobody will disturb them.2.《老友记》Joey: I think we got a bookcase here.Chandler: It’s a beautiful thing.Joey: What’s that?Chandler: I would have to say that is an L-shaped bracket.Joey: Which goes where?Chandler: I have no idea.Background: Joey and Chandler help Ross to assemble the new bookshelf. After they finish the work, Joey finds a part redundant.Analysis: The answer of Chandler violates the maxim of quantity. He does not give a definite answer of Joey’s question. The less of information shows Chandler also has no idea of the redundant part.3.《破产姐妹》Cat Owner: Hi. Excuse me. Would it be okay if I put this flier next to your window?Caroline: Sure.Cat Owner: We lost our cat, Jinxy, like a week ago in this neighborhood. (She shows the picture) Have you seen her?Caroline: No. I haven’t seen a cay in a long time. I was just saying to her yesterday, “I haven’t seen a cat in a long time.”Max: Um, how come you didn’t have a collar on her? And, where’s her name tag? Even my mother had an I.D. tag on me. Well, it was a flea collar, but… Why did it so long to put the signs up?Cat Owner: Um, what’s happening?Background: Max and Caroline take a pet cat for a wild cat and set it free. However, the cat owner comes to their shop to find the cat.Analysis: The answer of Max and Caroline violates the maxim of quantity. They give quite more information to cover up their guilty conscience.4.《破产姐妹》Max: Earl, I have something new I want you to try.Earl: That’s the exact same sentence that got me hooked on cocaine in the 80s. Max: It’s my new cupcake flavor. Delicious dark chocolate the ladies can’t help but love. I am calling it “The Earl”.Analysis: The words of Max violate the maxim of quantity. She only tells Earl to try something new which does not give Earl enough information about what it is. Thus Earl ridicules himself about the reason of hooking on cocaine. Then Max names the dark chocolate cake after Earl which imply Earl’s skin color and his good popularity.5.《生活大爆炸》Lenard: What are you talking about?Sheldon: Einstein.Lenard: Yeah, I am going to need a little more.Sheldon: Albert Einstein.Background: Sheldon is researching the problem of grapheme. And he decides to do a large number of experiments. He tells Lenard about his idea of solving this problem.Analysis: The answer of Sheldon violates the maxim of quantity. Lenard hopes Sheldon to tell more information about his idea such as the theory of Einstein. However, two of Sheldon’s answers are both the name of Einstein. He gives quite little information and misunderstands the meaning of Lenard’s question which makes the dialogue quite humorous.二、违反“质的准则”1.《老友记》Monica: Ross, are you ok? Do you want me to stay?Ross: That’ll be good.Monica: Really?Ross: No! Go on! It’s Paul, the wine guy!Background:Monica has a data with Paul, but she really worries her brother Ross who was divorced lately. So she asks Paul whether he needs her company. Analysis:The words of Ross violate the maxim of quality. Actually, he hopes Monica to have a data with Paul. However, in order to play a joke with his sister, he says it will be good if Monica stay to accompany him.2.《老友记》Monica: How did you get through it?Paul: He may try accidently break something valuable of hers. Say her …Monica: Leg?Paul: That’s one way of doing it. Me, I went for thewatch.Analysis:The words of Monica violate the maxim of quality. Actually she knows it is impossible for Paul to break her leg. Her use of exaggeration makesthe dialogue more humorous.3.《老友记》Chandler: What is it? Dis she left you? Did she left for another woman that likes women?Ross: A little louder, Please. Because, I think there is a man on the 12th floor in coma who didn’t quite hear you.Background:Ross is hurt so he goes to the hospital with the company of Chandler and Joey. In the corridor, Chandler talks about Ross’s ex-wife loudly. Analysis: The words of Ross violate the maxim of quality. “A litter louder” is an irony. And the man in 12th is also fictitious. The aim of Ross is to complain about Joey’s behavior.4.《老友记》Rachel: Guess what?Ross: You got a job?Rachel: Are you kidding? I’m trained for nothing.Rachel: I was laughed out of 12 interviews today.Chandler: Yet you are surprisingly upbeat.Rachel: You would be too, if you found John and David boots on sale, 50% off. Chandler: How well you know me?Analysis: The words of Chandler violate the maxim of quality. Actually he has no interest in John and David boots. But, he does not want Rachel feels disappointed. So he uses an irony.5.《破产姐妹》Max: I want to go back there and see for myself.Receptionist: Family members only.Max: Well, I’m his daughter.Receptionist: Oh, really? It says here he’s 75 years old.Max: Well, he started late.Receptionist: And African American.Max: He started late with a honkey. I’m one of those combo babies. Here, you need proof? My last name is Black. See, Max Black. He is black. I am Black. It’d be dumb if we were n’t related.Background: Earl suffers a sudden heart attack and is set to the hospital. In order to know Earl’s health condition, Max wants to visit Earl.Analysis: All the words of Max violate the maxim of quality. The reason Max tells the lies is that she wants to prove herself is the daughter of Earl so that she can get the qualification to visit Earl.三、违反“关系准则”1.《老友记》Rachel: Come on, you guys. Is this really necessary? I can stop charging any time.Monica: You can’t live off your parents your whole life.Rachel: I know that. That’s why l was getting married.Analysis:The answer of Rachel violates the maxim of relation. The aim of Monica is to persuade Rachel to be dependent from her parents and find a job. However, Rachel only wants to get married and depend on her husband. The thought is entirely against the intention of Monica. Rachel’s answer actually has no relation with Monica’s words.2.《老友记》Joey: Ross, let me ask you one question. She got the future, the stereo, the good TV, what did you get?Ross: You guys.Analysis:The answer of Ross violates the maxim of relation. Joey asks Ross what householdgoods he has got when he divorced. However, Ross gives an irrelevant answer which shows us that he does not want to answer this question.3.《破产姐妹》Oleg：I have Valentine gift I want to give you.Sophie: Oh, hepatitis C?Oleg: Happy Valentine’s Day. (He lacks out a box of chocolates from his coat) Analysis: The words of Sophie violate the maxim of relation. Hepatitis C infects through blood and sex. So Sophie’s words imply that she has no interest in Oleg. And she does not want to accept Oleg’s gift or have a Valentine’s Day with him.4.《破产姐妹》Max: Hey, I am sleeping at Dick’s house tonight.Caroline: Dick’s house? You mean your boyfriend’s dumpster?Max: Yeah, so I need a, uh…Caroline: Tetanus shot? Higher standards?Max: No, a condom.Analysis:The words of Caroline violate the maxim of relation. Max will have a sleep at her boyfriend’s house. So she wants to ask Caroline for some contraceptive. However, Caroline forestalls Max’s words and asks Max whether she wants Tetanus shot which imply how dirty Dick’s house is. It is a show of humorous.5.《生活大爆炸》Penny: Sheldon, I am sorry about your ham burger okay? I just don’t want to be a waitress for the rest of my life.Sheldon: Cheese burger. I get cheese burger.Analysis: The words of Sheldon violate the maxim of relation. Penny only wants to emphasize that she does not want to be a waitress forever. So she tells Sheldon that she may be has no chance to sever him ham burger. However, Sheldon does not understand Penny’s key point. He only cares about the mistake between ham burger and cheese burger. His answer entirely has no relation with what Penny really want to express.四、违反“方式准则”1.《老友记》Rachel: Hello, Paul!Joey: Good morning, Paul!Chandler: Paul, is it?Background: It is the second time for these three people to meet Paul. Monica has already introduced Paul to them last time.Analysis:The reaction of Chandler violates the maxim of manner. He uses a rhetorical question instead of the brief words to greet Paul. It is impossible for Chandler to remember such a simple name: Paul. He is deliberate. So we can infer that Chandler does not appreciate Paul. He opposes Monica to fall in love with Paul.2.《老友记》Rachel: Isn’t this amazing? I’ve never made coffee before in my life. Chandler: That is amazing.Joey: Congratulations.Rachel: You know. I figure, if I can make coffee, there isn’t anything I can’t do. Chandler: I think it is if I can invade Poland, there isn’t anything I can’t do. Joey: Listen, while you are on a roll, if you feel like you got make like a Western omelet or something…(Joey and Chandler taste the coffee, grimace and pour it into a plant pot) Although actually I am really not that hungry…Background: It is the first time for Rachel to make coffee. Joey and Chandler are both happy with her progress.Analysis:The reaction of Joey violates the maxim of manner. The sentence “Actually I am really not that hungry”hints that the coffee made by Rachel is not delicious.3.《破产姐妹》Max: Welcome to the Williamsburg Dinner. My name’s Max.The customer: Uh, I have been out of town all summer, anything new?Max: Anything new? Let’s see. Well, Facebook went public, and Edward Snowden went private. Kim and Kanye had a baby, so now there’s anotherKardashian to not keep up with. Paula Deen id out, gay marriage is in, and a teacher in California is out for letting her student get in it. Justin Bieber got a hit and run, Chris Brown got a hit and run, Rihana got a hit and still did n’t run…Egypt went crazy, Amanda Bynes get crazier, and the NSA cheeks our phones like a crazy ex-girlfriend. Oh, and Texas hates women, Florida hates blacks, and everybody hates everything with the exception of Angelina Jolie, who is totally awesome.Analysis:The sentence “anything new”violates the maxim of manner. It is ambiguity. According to the customer, “anything new”means “Do you have some new dishes introduced?” However, “anything new” can also be understood as “Are there any fresh news?” Max deliberately misunderstands the customer’s meaning to show her humor.4.《生活大爆炸》Leonard: What do you mean he is getting deported?Sheldon: I believe it means that the U.S. government is going to expel him from the country. He could then either return to his native India, immigrate to another country that’s willing to accept him, or wander the high seas as a stateless pirate. Personally, I choose pirate.Analysis: The answer of Sheldon violates the maxim of manner. The purpose of Leonard is only to care about their friend Raj who is extremely worried to be expelled from the USA because of the failure of the experiment. Sheldon wants to show his intelligence, so he answers Leonard quite a lot of nonsense. His words are actually wordy.5.《生活大爆炸》Sheldon: What the hell do you mean “dead end”?Dennis: I mean, the whole landscape of false vacuums in string theory could be as large as ten to the five hundredth power. In addition, ooh, look, chocolate milk!Analysis:Dennis’s reaction of chocolate milk violates the maxim of manner. Dennis is a 15-year-old brilliant scientist. When he points out the problem of the string theory, he is attracted by the chocolate milk. So he does not have interest to continue the topic of string theory. His words are suddenly out of coherent that make other people at a loss.。
违背合作原则的日常话语分析
违背合作原则的日常话语分析08英教本一李雪80312001一、合作原则理论美国语言哲学家格莱斯提出的会话合作原则认为会话双方之所以能够进行交流是因为都遵守一些基本原则, 这些原则使双方在会话中互相配合, 以达到互相理解的目的,格莱斯称这些原则为合作原则。
合作原则包括四大原则及一些相关次准则。
它们分别是：（1）数量原则（Maxim Of Quantity）1.所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。
2.所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。
（2）质量原则 (Maxim of Quality)1.不要说自知虚假的话。
2.不要说证据不足的话。
（3）关系原则 (Maxim of Relation)：要有关联，要切合题旨。
(4) 方式原则(Maxim of Manner)：要明白清楚。
1.要通俗明白，避免晦涩。
2.要清楚明了，避免歧义。
3.要简明扼要，避免冗长。
4.要井井有条，避免杂乱。
在人们的交际过程中, 对话双方似乎在有意无意地遵循着某一原则, 以求有效地配合从而完成交际任务。
格莱斯在研究合作原则时注意到每当违反合作原则中的任意一项准则时, 就会产生会话含义。
如果在言语交际中, 说话人一方的话语在表面上违反了合作原则, 那么, 他有可能是故意这样做的, 听话人的一方就要根据当时的语境, 推断出说话人表面违反合作原则的隐含意义。
格莱斯把这种在言语交际中推导出来的隐含意义称作：会话含义。
(何自然, 1997)当然, 说话参与者的真实意图并不能每次都从言语表面获得, 说话者会经常故意使用隐性表述, 违反会话合作原则中的各个准则。
听话者必须根据语用原则及认知语境才能推理出潜在语意。
格莱斯也指出, 人们并不总是遵守这些准则, 违反合作原则和准则主要会产生两种情况: 一是发话者悄悄地、在受话者不为察觉的情况下违反准则,而受话者又认为发话者遵守合作原则, 结果使受话者误解或受骗。
二是发话者故意违反合作原则, 他相信受话者能够觉察出这一点; 受话者认为发话者虽然违反某一准则,但仍然是合作的。
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违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。
合作原则 Cooperative Principle（一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity(1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。
Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange；(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.For example,1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in.Max: What I am going to meet your kidEarl: Well, one of them.Max:“One of them” How many do you haveEarl: So farMax: Oh, Earl, I love you.Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’m thinking of.(From Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered “So far” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere.2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your fatherMax: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk.(From BankruptcySisters)Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline asked if the man came into the cafe was Max’s father, Max answer “Yes” but add one more sentence “And my mother is piece of chalk.” which indicated the man was not Max ‘s father at all. Obviously, though this situation is typical message redundancy, it helps the listeners to understand the speaker’s real meaning and humor.3.柳小姐之夫：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊你又没做错事。
如果我要真的打你的话，一定就是你做错事了。
从现在开始，你只许疼我一个人，要宠我，不能骗我，答应我的每一件事情都要做到，对我讲的每一句话都要真心，不许欺负我、骂我，要相信我。
别人欺负我，你要在第一时间出来帮我，我开心呢，你要陪着我开心；我不开心呢，你要哄我开心。
永远觉得我是最漂亮的，梦里面也要见到我，在你的心里只有我！就是这样喽！（出自电影《河东狮吼》）Analyze: In this conversation, had obeyed the maxim of quantity, the content of her answer was over the question requests. However, the extra message of her answer shows thetrue requirements of , also makes the audiences realize ’s personality.4. A tourist hailed a bus at a request stop and asked the conductor, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park”“5 pence,” said the conductor.The tourist didn’t get on the bus, but instead ran along behind it after it pulled away. As he met the bus again at the next stop, he panted, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park now”“10 pence,” said the conductor, “You’re running the wrong way.”Analyze: In this funny story, the tourist was a niggard, tried to save money by running after bus and shorting the distance to his destination. At first, he asked the fare to his destination and was told “5 pence”; but after he ran tired out and asked again, then was told the fare had risen and he ran the wrong direction of his destination. It’s ascribed to the first time, the conductor did not tell details to the tourist, brought a misunderstanding to the tourist and the readers: as the tourist ran more that he could saved more money.Hence, the hiatus of the conversation makes a misunderstanding, the conductor obeyed the maxim of quantity, deceived the stingy tourist by omitting necessary information advisedly.5. Liz: Jon, there’s something important I need to ask you. Something that I wouldn’t ask most guys who come in here.Jon: Wait, no! I think I know where this is going.Liz: You doJon: I do. Liz, I’ve wanted to ask you the same thing for a very long time.Liz: Are you sure that we’re talking about the same thingJon: Absolutely. Yeah, uh, I’ve never been more sure of anything in my entire life.Jon: Liz, I am ready to take a chance. I am ready for...Liz: Thank you.Jon: A dog! A dog! I’m ready for a dog.(from movie GarfieldⅠ)Analyze: In above conversation, Liz only said she had something to ask Jon but didn’t clear the details of it. And Jon was impatient to listen till the end, and then said he knew the content of that “something”. Until Liz held a dog needed to be adopted came out, Jon realized he had misunderstood. Apparently, Jon didn’t get enough information from Liz, so he misunderstood her and violated the maxim of quantity accidentally, which makes this talk dramatically.(二）质原则（Maxim of Quantity):(1)不要说自知虚假的话。
Do not say what you believe to be false(2)不要说证据不足的话。