Is There Life After Patent Expiration_Chinese

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华为中英文保密协议

华为中英文保密协议

甲方(以下简称“甲方”)与乙方(以下简称“乙方”)本着平等互利、诚实信用的原则,就甲方与乙方之间的保密事项达成如下协议:一、保密内容1. 本协议所指的保密信息是指甲方在合作过程中所掌握的、涉及商业秘密、技术秘密、经营秘密等一切非公开的信息。

2. 保密信息包括但不限于以下内容:(1)甲方的技术方案、技术图纸、技术资料、软件代码、专利申请、商业秘密等;(2)甲方的经营状况、财务状况、客户信息、合作伙伴信息等;(3)甲乙双方在合作过程中所涉及的、未公开的商业计划、合作方案、合作协议等;(4)其他甲乙双方约定需要保密的信息。

二、保密义务1. 乙方在合作期间及合作结束后,应严格遵守本协议,对保密信息负有保密义务。

2. 乙方不得以任何形式泄露、披露、复制、传播、使用或允许他人使用保密信息。

3. 乙方应采取一切必要措施,防止保密信息被泄露或被他人获取。

4. 乙方在离职、转岗或终止合作关系后,仍应继续履行保密义务,不得违反本协议。

三、保密期限1. 本协议的保密期限为自签订之日起至保密信息公开或保密期限届满之日止。

2. 即使保密期限届满,乙方仍应遵守本协议的保密义务,不得泄露、披露、复制、传播、使用或允许他人使用保密信息。

四、违约责任1. 乙方违反本协议,泄露、披露、复制、传播、使用或允许他人使用保密信息的,应承担以下违约责任:(1)赔偿甲方因此遭受的损失;(2)支付甲方因维权而产生的合理费用;(3)承担其他违约责任。

2. 若乙方违反本协议,泄露、披露、复制、传播、使用或允许他人使用保密信息,给甲方造成严重损害的,甲方有权解除本协议,并追究乙方的法律责任。

五、争议解决1. 乙方向甲方提供保密信息的行为,应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法规的规定。

2. 因本协议引起的或与本协议有关的任何争议,应首先通过友好协商解决。

3. 若协商不成,任何一方均可向甲方所在地人民法院提起诉讼。

六、其他1. 本协议自甲乙双方签字(或盖章)之日起生效。

高一英语第二学期学分认考试

高一英语第二学期学分认考试

于对市爱美阳光实验学校高一英语试题第I卷〔共85分〕第一听力〔共20小题,每题1分,总分值20分〕做题时,先将答案划在试卷上。

录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节〔共5小题;每题1分,总分值5分〕听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最正确选项,并标在试卷的相位置。

听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来答复有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. What does the woman want to be?A. A doctor.B. A teacher.C. A nurse.2. What will the woman do?A. Have a trip abroad.B. Phone her family.C. Go back home.3. How did Margaret go to Chicago?A. By air.B. By train.C. By ship.4. What can we learn from the conversation?A. The man did not study.B. The woman did not study.C. The woman is a bit nervous.5. In which direction is the woman going?A. To the north.B. To the south.C. In the direction of the bus stop.第二节〔共15小题;每题1分,总分值20分〕听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最正确选项,并标在试卷的相位置。

听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每题5秒钟;听完后各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料,答复第6~7题。

专利的英文合同范本

专利的英文合同范本

专利的英文合同范本Contract Title: Patent Licensing AgreementPreamble:This Patent Licensing Agreement (hereinafter referred to as the "Agreement") is made and entered into on this [Insert Date], and between [Insert Licensor's Name], a pany organized and existing under the laws of [Insert Country of Licensor], with its principal place of business located at [Insert Licensor's Address] (hereinafter referred to as the "Licensor"), and [Insert Licensee's Name], a pany organized and existing under the laws of [Insert Country of Licensee], with its principal place of business located at [Insert Licensee's Address] (hereinafter referred to as the "Licensee").Article 1: Definitions1.1 "Patent(s)" refers to the patent(s) and any associated patent applications, including any continuations, divisions, or continuations-in-part, issued or pending in any country, covering the Invention as defined below.1.2 "Invention" refers to the invention(s) disclosed in the Patent(s) and any improvements, modifications, or derivatives thereof.1.3 "Licensed Products" refers to any products or processes that utilize the Invention in whole or in part, as specified in Article 4 of this Agreement.1.4 "Territory" refers to the geographic area within which the Licensee is granted the right to use the Patent(s) under this Agreement.1.5 "Royalties" refers to the payments due to the Licensor the Licensee for the use of the Patent(s) and the Licensed Products as specified in Article 7 of this Agreement.1.6 "Effective Date" refers to the date on which this Agreement is executed both Parties.Article 2: Grant of License2.1 Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, the Licensor here grants to the Licensee a non-exclusive, non-transferable, and revocable license touse, make, have made, sell, offer for sale, import, and distribute the Licensed Products within the Territory.2.2 The Licensee acknowledges that the rights granted under this Agreement do not include the right to sublicense the Patent(s) to any third party.Article 3: Term and Termination3.1 This Agreement shall mence on the Effective Date and shall continue in effect for a period of [Insert Term], unless terminated earlier in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.3.2 Either Party may terminate this Agreement upon [Insert Notice Period] written notice to the other Party if the other Party breaches any material term or condition of this Agreement and fls to cure such breach within [Insert Cure Period] after receipt of written notice specifying the breach.3.3 Upon termination or expiration of this Agreement, all rights and licenses granted hereunder shall terminate, and the Licensee shall cease all use of the Patent(s) and the Licensed Products.Article 4: Field of Use4.1 The Licensee is granted the right to use the Patent(s) and the Licensed Products solely for [Insert Specific Field of Use], and not for any other purpose.Article 5: Payment of Royalties5.1 The Licensee shall pay to the Licensor a royalty fee (Royalties) for each sale of the Licensed Products within the Territory, calculated as follows: [Insert Royalty Structure].5.2 Royalties shall be pd [Insert Payment Frequency], and the Licensee shall provide the Licensor with a detled report of sales and the corresponding Royalties due.Article 6: Intellectual Property Rights6.1 The Licensor retns all ownership rights, , and interest in and to the Patent(s) and the Invention. The Licensee shall not take any action that would infringe upon or dilute the Licensor's rights in the Patent(s) or the Invention.6.2 The Licensee shall not challenge the validity of the Patent(s) or the Invention.Article 7: Confidentiality7.1 The Licensee agrees to keep confidential and not to disclose to any third party any Confidential Information (as defined below) obtned from the Licensor in connection with this Agreement.7.2 "Confidential Information" refers to any technical, business, financial, or other information that is designated as confidential or that should reasonably be considered confidential due to its nature or the circumstances of its disclosure.Article 8: Miscellaneous8.1 This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the Parties and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings, whether written or oral, relating to the subject matter hereof.8.2 This Agreement may be amended or modified only a written instrument executed both Parties.8.3 This Agreement shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of [Insert Jurisdiction], without regard to its conflict of laws principles.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have executed this Patent Licensing Agreement as of the Effective Date first above written.[Insert Licensor's Name]By: [Insert Name of Authorized Representative]Title: [Insert Title of Authorized Representative][Insert Licensee's Name]By: [Insert Name of Authorized Representative]Title: [Insert Title of Authorized Representative]Noun Definitions:Patent(s): Legal documents granting exclusive rights to an inventor for a specified period.Invention: A novel and non-obvious idea or discovery that can be protected a patent.Licensed Products: Products or processes that incorporate the patented invention.Territory: The geographical area where the licensee is allowed to operate.Royalties: Payments made the licensee to the licensor for the use of the patented invention.Effective Date: The date when the contract bees operational.Confidential Information: Information that is not publicly known and is marked as confidential the disclosing party.。

法律翻译Lesson22

法律翻译Lesson22

2022/8/28
法律英语
11
一、法律语言的用词特点
(二)在规定的学术会议或者技术会议上首次发表的;
(2) where it was first made public at a prescribed academic or technological meeting;
(三)他人未经申请人同意而泄露其内容的。
2022/8/28
法律英语
19
二、法律语言句法特点
5)无论何人,凡先前曾以国会议员,或合众国 官员,或任何州议会议员,或任何州行政或司法官 员的身份宣誓维护合众国宪法,以后颠覆或反叛合 众国,或给予合众国敌人帮助或支援,概不得担任 国会参议员或众议员或总统和副总统选举人,或担 任合众国或任何州属下的任何文职或军职官员。
2022/8/28
法律英语
6
一、法律语言的用词特点
4 精确用语与模糊用语
1)精确用语:如年满18周岁 2)模糊用语: 如情节严重;数额巨大等
E.g p12 You are summoned to appear and answer this action in the Court named above by filing an Answer along with the required answer fee...... Discussion(译文):
2022/8/28
法律英语
23
3 制裁:指对违反法律规范将导致的法律后果的规定。
如损害赔偿, 经济制裁, 行政处罚,判处刑罚等。
这三个部分不一定都明确规定在一个法律条文中,有的 条文未叙述假定部分,有的把假定与处理结合在一起, 特别是刑事法律规范往往把假定与处理结合在一起,从 表面上看它只有处理与制裁两个要素构成。有的未直接 规定制裁。

高中英语牛津上海版高中二年级第—学期六选四解题技巧专项讲解及练习(有答案)

高中英语牛津上海版高中二年级第—学期六选四解题技巧专项讲解及练习(有答案)

⾼中英语⽜津上海版⾼中⼆年级第—学期六选四解题技巧专项讲解及练习(有答案)六选四解题技巧⼀、考点分析六选四是⾼考新题型,由原来的任务型阅读改⾰⽽来,分值8分,语法难度较任务型阅读有所降低,但理解难度提⾼。

考察⽅式:给出⼀篇缺少四个句⼦的短⽂和6个选项。

要求考⽣根据⽂章内容,选出正确的句⼦填⼊相应空⽩处。

有两个多余选项。

每个选项2分。

考纲解读:主要考察学⽣对⽂章的整体内容和结构以及上下⽂逻辑意义的理解和掌握。

选材特点:短⽂长度⼀般为300词左右,题材为记叙⽂、说明⽂和议论⽂为主。

设空类型:1.主旨句:标题类、主题句类;2.过渡性句⼦:⽂章结构;3.细节注释性句⼦:上下⽂逻辑意义。

解题步骤:1.通读全⽂,尤其是⽂章的开始部分,明确⽂章的基本话题和主要内容。

2.阅读选项,根据选项中句⼦的句意或者句⼦后⾯的标点符号来判断该句在⽂章中的可能位置。

3.仔细阅读空前空后,寻找并划出关键词。

根据关键词,联系选项,基本确定需要填⼊句⼦的内容。

⼀旦确定⼀个选项,就将其做上记号,避免造成⼲扰。

依次完成四个空。

(先易后难)4.通读填⼊句⼦后的⽂章,再次确认⽂章内容、语⾔、结构上是否符合逻辑。

⼝诀:逻辑关系前后句,词汇重合上下⽂;内容全归所在段,语意通顺且连贯。

⼆、专题详解答题技巧:(⼀)注意关键词:⼀名(名词)袋(代词)⿏(数词)很特殊,连(连词)蹦(动词)带跳很彪(标点/标题)悍。

除此之外,还有形容词。

1.词汇复现:复现是指在⽂章不同位置对同⼀个概念进⾏重复描述。

包括原词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现、派⽣词复现等。

例1:同词复现……The scientists say that the human life has change d greatly.Our bodies have not been able to deal with these changes in lifestyle and this had led to new kinds of sicknesses. So they are called “diseases of civilization”.Many cancers and diseases of the blood system are examples of such diseases.A.Stone Age people lived a simple life.B.But today,we enjoy eating a lot of these.C. In that case,they would live much healthier.D.Ancient people have not lots of physical exercise.E. These new sicknesses were not known in ancient times.F.People today probably don’t want to live like our ancestors.例2:反义词复现……On the other hand,the advantages of going overseas may include day-to-day opportunities to learn a new culture,meet new friends with whom you can use and practice the language,and chances to see different parts of the world.______Thosedisadvantages include expense,time away from one’s school,family,…A.The following are its advantages.B.However, there may be a number of disadvantages.C.Consider a distance education.D.Most of us are adapted to studying at school.例3:派⽣词复现Don’t fear people.______. The reason most people don’t take risks,or live on the edge is the fear of what others might think of them.If you want to live the life you truly deserve,you must give up the need to be likes by everybody.A.Focus on your own talents and strengths.B.Never let others’ opinions guide your choices.C.Stay fearless in everything you will have to do.2.同范畴词同范畴词是指跟此词汇相关或同⼀领域的词汇在⽂章中共同出现,达到语义衔接的⽬的。

国际专利许可合同(附英文)3篇

国际专利许可合同(附英文)3篇

国际专利许可合同(附英文)3篇篇1International Patent Licensing AgreementIntroductionA patent is a legal protection granted to inventors for their inventions, allowing them to exclude others from making, using, selling, and importing their patented technology. In the case of international patent licensing agreements, the patent holder grants permission to another party in a different country to use, manufacture, or sell the patented technology in exchange for royalties or other financial benefits. These agreements play a crucial role in expanding the reach of patented technologies across borders and promoting innovation on a global scale.Key Components of an International Patent Licensing Agreement1. Parties Involved: The agreement should clearly identify the parties involved, including the patent holder (licensor) and the party receiving the license (licensee). It should also specify their contact information and legal status.2. Description of the Patent: The agreement should provide a detailed description of the patented technology, including any related trademarks or copyrights. This ensures that both parties have a clear understanding of the scope and limitations of the license.3. Territory: The agreement should specify the geographic territories where the licensee is allowed to use, manufacture, or sell the patented technology. This helps prevent disputes over territorial rights and ensures compliance with international patent laws.4. Duration of the License: The agreement should outline the duration of the license, including the start date and end date. It may also include provisions for renewing or terminating the license before the expiration date.5. Royalties and Payment Terms: The agreement should clearly state the financial terms of the license, including the royalty rates, payment schedule, and any upfront fees or minimum guarantees. It should also specify the currency of payment and the method of calculating royalties.6. Confidentiality and Non-Disclosure: The agreement should include provisions for protecting the confidentiality of the patented technology and any proprietary informationexchanged between the parties. This helps prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of sensitive information.7. Compliance with Laws and Regulations: The agreement should ensure that both parties comply with all relevant international and local laws, regulations, and standards governing patent licensing. This includes intellectual property laws, export controls, and competition laws.Benefits of International Patent Licensing Agreements1. Market Expansion: International patent licensing agreements allow patent holders to expand their market reach by tapping into new geographic territories and reaching new customers. This helps increase revenue and grow their business on a global scale.2. Technology Transfer: These agreements facilitate the transfer of technology between countries, helping to disseminate innovative ideas and solutions to address global challenges. This promotes cross-border collaboration and fosters economic development.3. Risk Sharing: By entering into licensing agreements, patent holders can share the risks and costs of developing and commercializing their patented technology with the licensee.This reduces the financial burden on the patent holder and increases the likelihood of successful market entry.4. Competitive Advantage: International patent licensing agreements can give both parties a competitive advantage by leveraging each other's strengths and resources. This can lead to synergies in research and development, production, marketing, and distribution, leading to mutual benefit.ConclusionIn conclusion, international patent licensing agreements are essential for promoting innovation, fostering collaboration, and expanding market opportunities on a global scale. By carefully drafting and negotiating these agreements, patent holders can maximize the value of their intellectual property while mitigating risks and ensuring compliance with international laws. These agreements not only benefit the parties involved but also contribute to technological advancement and economic growth worldwide.篇2International Patent Licensing AgreementIntroductionAn international patent licensing agreement is a legal contract between a patent holder and a licensee. This agreement allows the licensee to use, manufacture, and sell the patented technology in a specific geographic area and for a certain period of time.PurposeThe primary purpose of an international patent licensing agreement is to provide the licensee with the legal right to utilize the technology covered by the patents owned by the licensor. This allows the licensee to benefit from the innovative technology without having to incur the costs and risks associated with research and development.Key Provisions1. Grant of License: The agreement should clearly define the scope of the license granted to the licensee, including the specific patents covered, the territory in which the licensee is permitted to operate, and the duration of the license.2. Royalties: The agreement should outline the payment terms, including the amount and frequency of royalty payments. Royalties are generally calculated as a percentage of thelicensee's gross sales of products incorporating the licensed technology.3. Confidentiality: Both parties should agree to keep confidential any proprietary information disclosed during the course of the agreement. This helps protect the intellectual property rights of the licensor.4. Termination: The agreement should specify the conditions under which either party may terminate the agreement, such as non-payment of royalties or breach of contract.5. Dispute Resolution: The agreement should outline the procedures for resolving disputes between the parties, such as through arbitration or mediation.BenefitsFor the licensor, an international patent licensing agreement provides a source of revenue without the need to invest in manufacturing, marketing, and distribution. It also allows the licensor to expand the reach of their technology into new markets. For the licensee, the agreement provides access to cutting-edge technology without the need to invest in research and development.ConclusionAn international patent licensing agreement is a valuable tool for both patent holders and licensees looking to capitalize on innovative technology. By carefully outlining the rights and obligations of each party, these agreements help protect intellectual property rights and promote collaboration in the global marketplace.篇3International Patent Licensing AgreementA patent licensing agreement is a legal contract between a patent owner and a licensee that gives the licensee the right to use, sell, or manufacture products that are covered by the patent. In an international context, patent licensing agreements can be particularly complex due to the various legal and regulatory frameworks that exist in different countries. This article will explore the key considerations that parties should keep in mind when entering into an international patent licensing agreement.Key Terms of an International Patent Licensing AgreementWhen drafting an international patent licensing agreement, parties need to pay close attention to the following key terms:1. Territory: The agreement should specify the geographic scope of the license, including the territories in which the patentwill be valid. Parties should consider whether the license will be exclusive or non-exclusive in specific territories.2. Term: The term of the license should be clearly defined, including the start and end dates. Parties should also specify whether the license will be renewable and under what conditions.3. Royalties: The agreement should outline the royalty payments that the licensee will make to the licensor, including the amount, frequency, and method of payment.4. Intellectual Property Rights: Parties should clearly define the scope of the license, including any restrictions on the licensee's use of the patent and any additional intellectual property rights that are included in the agreement.5. Dispute Resolution: The agreement should include provisions for resolving disputes between the parties, including a choice of law and jurisdiction clause in case of legal proceedings.6. Termination: The agreement should outline the circumstances under which either party can terminate the license, including any notice requirements and consequences of termination.Compliance with International Laws and RegulationsWhen entering into an international patent licensing agreement, parties need to ensure that the agreement complies with relevant international laws and regulations. This includes:1. Intellectual Property Laws: Parties should ensure that the patent is valid and enforceable in the territories where the licensee will operate. They should also consider any local laws that may affect the licensing of the patent.2. Antitrust Laws: Parties should be aware of antitrust laws that may apply to patent licensing agreements, particularly in cases where the agreement may have anti-competitive effects.3. Export Control Laws: If the patented technology is subject to export control regulations, parties should ensure that the agreement complies with these laws to avoid any legal consequences.4. Tax Laws: Parties should consider the tax implications of the licensing agreement, including any withholding tax that may apply to royalty payments made to foreign entities.Enforcement of International Patent Licensing AgreementsEnforcing an international patent licensing agreement can be challenging due to the different legal systems and languagesinvolved. Parties should consider the following strategies to ensure the enforceability of the agreement:1. Choice of Law: Parties should include a choice of law clause in the agreement to specify the governing law of the contract. This can help clarify the rights and obligations of the parties in case of disputes.2. Jurisdiction: Parties should agree on a jurisdiction clause that specifies where any legal disputes arising from the agreement will be resolved. This can help parties avoid costly and time-consuming litigation in multiple jurisdictions.3. Language: Parties should ensure that the agreement is drafted in a language that all parties can understand. Translations may be necessary to ensure that the terms of the agreement are clear and unambiguous.ConclusionInternational patent licensing agreements can provide a valuable opportunity for patent owners to expand their business globally and for licensees to access new technologies and markets. However, parties need to carefully consider the key terms of the agreement, comply with international laws and regulations, and ensure the enforceability of the agreement tomaximize the benefits of the licensing relationship. By following best practices and seeking legal advice when necessary, parties can successfully navigate the complexities of international patent licensing agreements and achieve their business objectives.。

【2022年】湖北省十堰市大学英语6级大学英语六级模拟考试(含答案)

【2022年】湖北省十堰市大学英语6级大学英语六级模拟考试(含答案)

【2022年】湖北省十堰市大学英语6级大学英语六级模拟考试(含答案) 学校:________ 班级:________ 姓名:________ 考号:________一、1.Writing(10题)1. Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Looking Back and Looking Forward. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given bellow.1. 有些人喜欢向后看,有些人喜欢向前看。

2. 向后看能得到经验教训,向前看能得到启示和信心。

3. 如何处理好二者的关系?Looking Back and Looking Forward2. For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic "Value Time, Value Life". You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below.1. 生命有限,时间宝贵,珍视时间就是珍视生命。

2. 如何珍视时间?如何珍视生命?3. 遗憾的是,有些年轻人把时间和青春花在……4. 我认为,我们应该……3. 假设你是李明一名应届毕业生,在报纸上看到一则招聘广告,你想要到登广告的公司供职,请给该公司写一封求职信,内容应简要介绍自己的情况以及自己的经历等。

4. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essayentitled Should We Pursue Master's Degree? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1. 有人认为考研是大学毕业生最好的出路2. 也有人持不同意见3. 我的看法Should We Pursue Master's Degree?5. Directions: For this part, you are allowed30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Precious Water. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:1. 举例说明水对人类的重要性2. 举例说明我国所面临的水资源问题3. 为了生存和发展人们要……6. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled College Graduates Work as Village Officials. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:1. 一些大学毕业生选择毕业后当“村官”,请就此现象发表自己的看法。

山东大学继续教育期末考试--英语

山东大学继续教育期末考试--英语

一、翻译题(10分)1、骄必败。

正确答案Pride goes before a fall2、无论你将从事哪一门自然科学的研究,对基本化学知识的了解都是十分必要的。

(discipline,pursue)正确答案Regardless of the discipline of natural science you wish to pursue,the basic knowledge about chemistry is necessary3、At times,the crews could work only three hours a day because their activities interfered with the running of the subway.正确答案有时,施工队一天只能工作三个小时,因为他们的工作影响地铁的运行4、Man's knowledge about himself and nature has grown into a variety of sciences.正确答案人类关于自身和自然界的知识,已经发展成了各种门类的科学5、他专门从事进出口贸易。

正确答案He specializes in foreign trade二、英译汉(4分)6、Through my association with Americans during the past six years I hadgradually adopted some of their ways.正确答案在过去六年与美国人的接触中,我已渐渐接受了他们一些行为方式7、At times,the crews could work only three hours a day because their activities interfered withthe running of the subway.正确答案有时,施工队一天只能工作三个小时,因为他们的工作影响地铁的运行三、写作题(30分)8、要求在30分钟内,根据下面所给的题目和中文提纲用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。

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“专利过期后企业如何生存?”在线访谈艾美仕视角在线访谈艾美仕专家: Alan Sheppard会谈笔录:大家好,欢迎来到艾美仕理念先导访谈。

我是Andrew Crothers,这位是来自艾美仕市场研究公司的Alan Sheppard。

Alan在研发领域、非专利药和非处方药行业有超过35年的工作经验。

Alan目前带领开展了艾美仕市场研究公司全球非专利药理念先导业务。

他专门研究医疗行业中非专利药的作用。

今天我们将讨论在产品的专利过期后,医药公司可以采取哪种商业模式来保证市场份额。

最重要的问题是,专利过期后企业如何生存?你好,Alan。

你好,Andrew。

感谢您参加我们的访谈。

当前,医药产品的专利过期后,这些企业就面临着所谓的“专利到期悬崖”。

当市场开放后,其他的厂家会参与价格竞争,这种情况可能导致原专利产品的销售额下降80%。

在价格更低的牌子涌入市场时,原研制公司可以采取哪些措施来保证品牌忠诚度?必须进行商业模式的大幅调整吗?是的。

预计在未来5年内(2009-2014),主要发达市场中预期销售额超过1420亿美元的产品将面临着非专利药的竞争。

许多客户开始应用新的商业模式,尤其在面向新兴市场时,以便保证其产品的品牌忠诚度。

我明白了。

所以说把新兴市场作为目标市场是很有意义的战略了?新兴市场的发展潜力无疑超过历史上的成熟市场,品牌非专利药的市场价值已达170亿美元。

这些市场的消费人口众多,随着它们的日益繁荣,这些市场对医疗的需求也日益增加,疾病的发生和诊断急剧攀升。

在印度、越南、泰国和韩国等国家,品牌非专利药推动了这种增长趋势,这也是医药公司在这些国家的市场中所面临的挑战。

所以我认为提前占领这些市场的一席之地是非常重要的。

有些经济体没有专利保护,或者原研制公司没能进入这类市场,或者品牌被本土企业售出。

现在,定价可是进入这些新兴市场的障碍之一。

这些企业在价格方面有竞争力吗?在大多数新兴市场中,如印度、菲律宾和印度尼西亚,药品的自费部分很高,药剂师和医生倾向于使用低价的品牌非专利药或INN非专利药。

另一方面,在医保报销的市场,如韩国和台湾,企业可以销售的药品的价格是固定的。

在这些市场中,原研制公司很难证明药物疗效的差别,并且不得不在品牌认知度和创新性方面进行竞争。

我明白了。

归根到底都是价格的竞争。

原研制公司为什么不能降低专利药物的价格以应对非专利药带来的挑战呢?一个主要原因是主要市场中专利过期的时间各不相同,并且一个国家的价格调整会影响到另外一个国家。

而且,尽管商标弱化,还有可以保证商标忠诚度的措施,可以保持40%的原销售额。

因此,销售额可能下降,但在某些情况下可以保证利润率。

在这些市场,医药公司可以为无能力购买品牌药物的病人提供药品获得的项目。

若满足该项目的要求,病人可以实实在在地免费得到药物。

非专利药市场的威胁性有多大?为了向大家解释危机的严重性,我们举个例子吧。

20强企业的43%销售额将在未来4年内面临专利到期悬崖。

大量的产品由于非专利药的入侵而面临危机。

原研制企业可以选择参与或防守,以便在非专利药涌入时优化他们的市场地位。

这是个很有趣的说法,“参与或防守”。

猜想这意味着这些企业可以参与产品的竞争,按照“不能打败他们就加入他们”的方法,或者采用不同的营销手段来保护原研制品牌。

您可以详细地解释应对非专利药时“参与或防守”的措施吗?对于大型的医药公司来说,参与或防守是一个关键的决策点。

主要市场中的“专利到期悬崖”意味着,在专利过期药物上所损失的销售额不能被推出的新药所弥补。

此外,失去专利保护的产品是可带来高利润率的成熟产品,这些利润可用于资助正在进行的研究,然而这一情况使得问题更加严重。

我明白问题的严重性了。

很少有化学实体能够通过研发和商业化过程,我们的客户必须承担日益增长的研发费用、加重的监管障碍和增加的安全问题,在很多市场还面临着证明药品价值的挑战,该价值包括了明确的成本效益数据和疗效以及安全性。

此外,超过10亿销售额的数字越来越少,因为新产品推动的增长主要在生物制药。

生物制药公司?您能解释一下这些公司是如何投入市场的吗?这些创新药物将用于满足少数病人的临床要求。

由于它们依赖于高昂的价格,因此限制了它们成为一线药物的可能。

在某些治疗领域会出现较高的增长,在这些领域中许多临床需求未被满足,疾病的治疗费用很高,但创新科技可以带来新治疗措施。

您能给一个这些治疗领域的例子吗?在肿瘤学、糖尿病、多发性硬化症和HIV等领域中,预计到2014年,随着新药进入市场,年增长率会超过10%。

病人的人数会更多,资金会从其他领域回流,在这些领域中出现了很多低价的非专利药。

正如我们所述,这些研究推动了研发企业寻求新兴商业模式,同时也提高了对新兴市场、品牌非专利药和生物仿制药的关注。

我明白了。

这点非常有趣。

回到您刚才提及的话题,企业可以选择参与或防守,您可以先解释一下防守战略是如何作用的吗?提到“参与”策略,医药公司可以通过在新兴市场寻找本地合作伙伴来占有一席之地,增加非专利药的品种,以补偿品牌弱化带来的损失。

是的。

其次,他们可以选择加入生物仿制药市场,尤其是适用于生物技术领域的公司。

最后,他们可以在公司内建立低非专利药品的新型扩展的产品组合。

例如,辉瑞和葛兰素史克分别发展了新兴市场战略,与当地的印度公司Aurobindo和Dr Reddy’s进行合作。

他们的印度合作伙伴同意给他们提供一系列低价的非专利药,将这些药物投入到印度该产品还未被引入的市场。

该战略似乎非常有效,那么更多原研制企业可以效仿这个措施吗?然而,在当前的全球竞争市场中,这种“参与”策略的可行性正在逐步下降。

将会需要很多具有价格优势的产品,但是价格优势很难超越现有的竞争者。

该产品组合一般需要有不同的客户群,例如药剂师而不是医生,这种情况需要掌握适当销售技巧、知识和流程的销售人员方面的新资源,从而将产品销售给不同的客户。

我明白了。

接下来让我们谈谈您刚才提及的另一个战略-防守战略。

请您详细阐述一下这个战略的内涵。

“长青树策略”是采用新的配方和交付系统通过建立区别点来延长品牌的生命周期。

这种方法可能是聪明地改换产品包装,或者是从片剂改为胶囊,减缓药物释放的途径,通过这样可以使品牌从市场竞争中区别开来。

战略性的定价和持续的促销投入可以提高原研制企业的知名度,该战略增加品牌忠诚度,推动在市场上的占有率。

由于原研制企业已经在医疗销售方面投注了大量的精力,我可以想象他们在这方面具有很大优势。

这个市场对他们来说并不陌生,虽然企业在新兴市场的运作可能导致不同的结果。

例如,新兴市场的病人不那么见多识广,因此传统上还是医生推动市场需嗯。

您提出了一个重要问题,不同的市场,不同的反应。

到现在我们已经对这个问题有了大体的了解。

在讨论亚太地区的品牌非专利药时,我们需要着眼于该地区的两个主要市场,中国和印度。

这些快速成长的市场如何应对非专利药的“参与或防守”矩阵呢?这个问题非常有意义。

中国尤为突出地出现了各种复杂的问题。

到目前为止,该市场为医药行业提供了最大的发展机会。

事实上,我们知道到2011年它将成为第三大医药市场——可见中国市场的发展多么迅速。

到2015年,印度也将从80亿美元增长到200亿美元,与其他市场相比具有巨大的发展潜力。

因此,西方的创新企业对这些市场有极大的兴趣。

在这些国家品牌非专利药会起到怎样的作用?西方国家面临的主要挑战是成本控制,在产品失去专利保护后非专利药物提供了削减药价的工具。

在中国等所谓的新兴市场中,进行医疗体制改革的同时,所有病人接触到各种药物也会带来诸多问题。

因此,非专利药为金标准治疗提供了机会,越来越多的病人能承担这些药价。

品牌非专利药保证了产品来自于著名的企业,也保证了在慢性病的治疗过程中可以从同一制药公司购买同一种药品。

考虑到未来市场的发展潜力,中国将是个非常有利可图的市场。

中国市场虽然存在挑战,但是市场的规模意味着任何投入都会产生一定的回报。

的确,现有的医疗改革似乎是向国际制药公司开放了市场。

但为了获得成效,这些公司必定要增加资金投入。

在进入市场后,这些企业该如何才能保持自己的占有率呢?下一步将是建立专业的医疗营销计划和渠道,将医生、药剂师和患者关怀团体联系起来,这些举措同时进行便可建立品牌知名度。

如果没有品牌非专利药,人们对药品日益增长的需求将因为价格因素而无法得到满足。

企业提供预算来调节价格,并寻求创新药物实现先前未能满足的需求。

您认为在未来几年内中国为国际企业提供了最好的回报吗?嗯。

我们客户的商业战略中无疑把中国确定为优先市场。

不仅因为增长速度,中国实施医疗改革时产生的绝对价值也是重要原因。

由于数百万病人将接触到以前从未用过的药物,大多数收益都将来自于这类新业务。

所以价格也将成为一个决定性因素。

嗯。

对品牌非专利药的需求,关键因素就是人们的价格承受能力。

在治疗疾病时,购买者,无论是药剂师、政府、医生或最终用户,都将倾向于选择最有价值的药品,品牌非专利药可以兼顾这些要求——提供了品质可靠价格优惠的产品。

Alan Sheppard,感谢您参与我们的访谈,并对有关品牌非专利药的复杂问题进行了具有启发性的讲解。

联系我们!若您有任何关于“艾美仕视角在线访谈”的问题或评价,请电邮联系:info.sg@。

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