Writing argumentation
雅思写作大作文Argumentation题型讲解
雅思写作大作文Argumentation题型讲解雅思写作大作文Argumentation题型讲解Argumentation题型是雅思大作文命中率特别高的题型，所以分享给大家关于雅思大作文大作文Argumentation题型的详细讲解，主要是关于Discuss both views and give your own opinion，(To what extent) do you agree or disagree两种提问方式的讲解，具体内容一起来看正文。
Discuss both views and give your own opinionSome people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. (C6-4) ❶ Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations…. This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace with it.(背景描述+过渡，表明变化是无处不在的')❷Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial. … (分析第一种观点的弊端)❸However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevit able is not the same as assuming that ‘change is always for the better.’… (反驳第二种观点)❹ In conclusion, I would say that change can be stimulating and energizing for individuals when they pursue it themselves, but that all change, including that which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have good outcomes. (得出自己的结论：变化确实能带来好处，但是并不是所有变化都一定会带来好的结果)本文实际上指出了题目当中的两种观点都有局限之处，从而引出自己的看法。
How_to_write_an_argumentation如何写英语议论文汇总
Disadvantages
- Addiction to the Internet, especially online games will exert adverse influence over people’s life, work and study.
- It is harmful to our health to spend too much time surfing online.
- Pornographic websites will lead te or off Campus
To live on campus - more opportunities to expose oneself to
例1: Why should the climate be warmer in the Southern Hemisphere? One reason may be that most of the Earth’s land mass is in the Northern Hemisphere, while our oceans are mostly in the southern half of the world. Water does not absorb sunlight in the same way land does. Also, industrial pollution is much heavier in the Northern Hemisphere, where it may be acting as a sunlight blocker.
高级英语写作2argumentation
Inductive Argumentation
归纳论证
从个别事例中推导出一般结论的推理过程。
特点
基于观察、经验和证据，逐步推导结论。
例子
通过观察一组数据，发现某种趋势，从而得 出结论。
Interpretation
解释论证
对某个观点、文本或事件进行深入分析和解释，以证 明其合理性的推理过程。
特点
需要深入挖掘信息，理解背景和语境，提供全面解释。
I will seek opportunities to write and receive feedback on argumentative essays, focusing on areas where I need the most improvement.
01
introduction
Theme Introduction
Theme
Argumentation in Advanced English Writing
Description
This course focuses on the art of persuasive writing, including the structure, logic, and language of argumentation.
要点二
Key Concepts
Important concepts such as the use of logical fallacies and the development of counterarguments were thoroughly explained and discussed.
Building Argumentation Structure
ArgumentWriting范文（2）
In conclusion, I am somewhat persuaded by this author's line of reasoning. The argument would be strengthened if the author were to consider and rule out other significant factors that might have caused the increase in visits to the local art museum.4. In response to a coincidence between calling revenues and delays in manufacturing, the report recommends replacing the manager of the purchasing department. The grounds for this action are twofold. First, the delays are traced to poor planning in purchasing metals. Second, the purchasing manager's lack of knowledge of the properties of metals is thought to be the cause of the poor planning. It is further recommended that the position of the purchasing manager be filled by a scientist from the research division and that the current purchasing manager be reassigned to the sales department. In support of this latter recommendation, the report states that the current purchasing manager's background in general business, psychology, and sociology equip him for this new assignment. The recommendations advanced in the report are questionable for two reasons.To begin with, the report fails to establish a causal connection between the falling revenues of the company and the delays in manufacturing. The mere fact that falling revenues coincide with delays in manufacturing is insufficient to conclude that the delays caused the decline in revenue. Without compelling evidence to support the causal connection between these two events, the report's recommendations are not worthy of consideration.Second, a central assumption of the report is that knowledge of the properties of metals is necessary for planning in purchasing metals. No evidence is stated in the report to support this crucial assumption. Moreover, it is not obvious that such knowledge would be required to perform this task. Since planning is essentially a logistical function, it is doubtful that in-depth knowledge of the properties of metals would be helpful in accomplishing this task.In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the recommendation that the manager of the purchasing department be replaced, the author would have to demonstrate that the falling revenues were a result of the delays in manufacturing. Additionally, the author would have to show that knowledge of the properties of metals is a prerequisite for planning in purchasing metals.5. A newspaper publisher is recommending that the price of its paper, The Mercury, be reduced below the price of a competing newspaper, The Bugle. This recommendation responds to a severe decline in circulation of The Mercury during the 5-year period following the introduction of The Bugle. The publisher's line of reasoning is that lowering the price of The Mercury will increase its readership, thereby increasing profits because a wider readership attracts more advertisers. This line of reasoning is problematic in two critical respects.While it is clear that increased circulation would make the paper more attractive to potential advertisers, it is not obvious that lowering the subscription price is the most effective way to gain new readers. The publisher assumes that price is the only factor that caused the decline in readership. But no evidence is given to support this claim. Moreover, given that The Mercury was the established local paper, it is unlikely that such a mass exodus of its readers would be explained by subscription price alone.There are many other factors that might account for a decline in The Mercury's popularity. For instance, readers might be displeased with the extent and accuracy of its news reporting, or the balance of local to other news coverage. Moreover, it is possible The Mercury has recently changed editors, giving the paper a locally unpopular political perspective. Or perhaps readers are unhappy with the paper's format, the timeliness of its feature articles, its comics or advice columns, the extent and accuracy of its local event calendar, or its rate of errors.In conclusion, this argument is weak because it depends on an oversimplified assumption about the causal connection between the price of the paper and its popularity. To strengthen the argument, the author must identify and explore relevant factors beyond cost before concluding that lowering subscription prices will increase circulation and, thereby, increase advertising revenues.6. In this argument corporations are urged to consider the city of Helios when seeking a new location or new business opportunities. To support this recommendation, the author points out that Helios is the industrial center of the region, providing most of the region's manufacturing jobs and enjoying a lower-than-average unemployment rate. Moreover, it is argued, efforts are currently underway to expand the economic base o' the city by attracting companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies. This argument is problematic for two reasons.To begin with, it is questionable whether the available labor pool in Helios couldsupport all types of corporations. Given that Helios has attracted mainly industrial and manufacturing companies in the past, it is unlikely that the local pool of prospective employees would be suitable for corporations of other types. For example, the needs of research and development companies would not be met by a labor force trained in manufacturing skills. For this reason, it's unlikely that Helios will be successful in its attempt to attract companies that focus or research and development of innovative technologies.Another problem with the available work force is its size. Due to the lower than average unemployment rate in Helios, corporations that require large numbers of workers would not find Helios attractive. The fact that few persons are out of work suggests that new corporations will have to either attract new workers to Helios or Day the existing workers higher wages in order to lure them away from their current jobs. Neither of these alternatives seems enticing to companies seeking to relocate.In conclusion, the author has not succeeded in providing compelling reasons for selecting Helios as the site for a company wishing to relocate. In fact, the reasons offered function better as reasons for not relocating to Helios. Nor has the author provided compelling reasons for companies seeking new business opportunities to choose Helios。
writing argumentation I--Introduction (ss version)
2-3 Evidence
• Hard evidence (rational appeals)
– Facts, examples, authoritative opinions etc.
• Soft evidence (emotional appeals)
– Moral considerations, common-sense observations, personal opinions, social values etc.
• E.g. read paragraphs 6-10, find examples of hard and soft evidence in ―In Praise of the F Word‖ on page 397-399.
请勿转发
2-4 Opposing Claims
• Why acknowledging opposing claims?
• Professional athletes do not deserve their inflated salaries, nor does their behavior merit so much media attention. • The career of a professional athlete is usually quite short. • Nurses assigned to intensive-care units should be given shorter shifts and higher pay because the work is usually demanding and stressful. • On average, women dream more than men, and children dream more than adults. • The best approach to taken when you feel the urge to exercise is to lie down quickly in a darkened room until the feeling goes away. • More women should get involved in local politics and support the growing number of female candidates for public office. • The first person to die of radiation poisoning was a co-discoverer of radium, Marie Curie.
基础英语写作writingtasks（argumentation）范文
基础英语写作writingtasks（argumentation）范文第一篇：基础英语写作writing tasks (argumentation)范文Homework2.Choose one from the following pairs of thesis statements.Choose only one position(a or b)to write about.Do not discuss both sides of the topic.Remember to use order of importance to organize your reasons.1a.Physical education courses should be required in college.b.Physical education courses should not be required in college.2a.Young people should continue to live with their parents after they finish their education.b.Young people should move away from home after they finish their education.3a.Women can successfully mix motherhood and careers.b.Women should not work if they have young children.The writing procedure:Brainstorm for reasons to support your thesis statement.Write down as many reasons as you can think of.Then from your brainstorming list to support each thesis statement.Write each of these reasons as a topic sentence.Write down topic sentence 1.Brainstorm for specific details that will support it.You may do so by changing the topic sentence into a question.The answers to these questions will help you to develop your paragraph to support the topic sentence.Follow this step for all the body paragraphs.Remember to use sufficient specific details such as facts and examples to support each topic sentence.注：选择一种观点，完成一篇议论文即可。
英语实用写作argumentation范文
Sound Argumentation1.归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备展开攻击。
2.攻击逻辑错误。
3.concession。
Case 1:The argument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned.By making a comparison of the city of, the city Wuhan with the higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the city of Beijing, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing Wuhan’s speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical.However, the citizens of Wuhan are failing to consider other possible alternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit. Such alternatives may include the fact that there are fewer reliable car traveling the roads in Beijing, or that the age bracket of those in Wuhan may be more conductive to driving safely. It is possible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafe drivers in Beijing than there are in Wuhan. In addition,the citizens have failed to consider the geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas. Perhaps Wuhan’s highway is in an area of more dangerous curves, sharp turns, or has many intersections or merging points where accidents are more likely to occur. It appears reasonable, therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce the speed in the entire area. Beijing may be in an area of easier driving conditions where accidents are less likely to occur regardless of the speed limit.Overall, the reasoning behind decreasing Wuhan’s speed limit back to its original seems logical as presented above since the citizens are acting in their own best interests and want to protect their safety. However, before any final decisions are made about the reduction in speed limit, the citizens and officials of Wuhan should evaluate all possible alternatives and causes for the increased number of accidents over the six-month period as compared to Beijing.Sample 2This loan applicant claims that a jazz club in X city would be a protfitable venture. To support this claim the applicant points out that X city has no other jazz clubs. He also cites various other evidence that jazz is popular among X residents. Careful examination of this supporting evidence, however, reveals that it lends little credible support to the applicant’s claim.First of all, if the demand for a live jazz club in X city were as great as the applicant claims, it seems that X would already have one or more such clubs. The fact that the closest jazz club is 65 miles away suggests a lack of interest among X residents in a local jazz club. Since the applicant has not adequately responded to this concern, his claim that the proposed club would be profitable is untenable.The popularity of X’s annual jazz festival and its nightly jazz radio show might appear to lend support to the applicant’s claim. However, it is entirely possible that the vast majority of festival attendees are out –of-town visitors. Moreover, the author provides no evidence that radio listeners would be interested in going out to hear live jazz. For that matter, the radio program might actually pose competition for the YY club, especially considering that the program airs during the evening.Nor does the mere fact that several well-know jazz musicians live in X city lend significant support to the applicant’s claim. It is entirely possible that these musicians perform elsewhere, perhaps at the club located 65 miles away. This would go a long way toward explaining why X does not currently have a jazz club, and it would weaken the applicants assertion that the YY club would be profitable.Finally, the nationwide study showing that the average jazz fan spends $ 1, 000 each year on jazz entertainment would lend support to the applicant’s claim only if X residents typify jazz fans nationwide. However, the applicant provides no credible evidence that this is the case.In conclusion, the loan applicant’s argument is not persuasive.To bloster it he must provide clearer evidence that X residents would patronize the YY club on a regular basis. Such evidence might include the following: statistics showing that a significant number of X residents attend the jazz festival each year: a survey showing that fans of X’s jaxx radio program would go out to hear live jazz if they had the chance: and assurances from well-known local jazz musicians that they would play at the YY if given the opportunity.。
英语Argumentation写作
Background information
Provide any necessary background information to set the stage for your argument This can include relevant definitions, historical context, or current events related to your topic
Statement of Argument
Call to action
Knowledge of limitations
Conclusion section
03
The argumentative method of argumentation writing
Causal argument is a type of argument that involves establishing a cause and effect relationship between the claim and the evidence It involves identifying the cause that leads to the desired effect, and then providing evidence to support that cause and effect relationship
When using example demonstration, it is critical to ensure that the examples chosen are relevant, accurate, and convincing The conclusions drawn from the examples should be logical and support the overall argument
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A
①
Introduction: Issue; Background information; Definition of terms. Claim: Thesis statement. Body: Reasons and evidence; Emotional appeals; Refutation (反驳). Conclusion: Restatement of claim; Final appeal; Urge to take action.
② ③
④
The issue – a controversy, a problem, or an idea about which people disagree and hold different points of view. The claim – the point of view the writer tries to prove about the issue, usually the writer’s view on the issue.
The support – ideas and information intended to convince readers that the claim is sound or believable. The three common types of support are reasons, evidence and emotional appeal.
What it involves
1.Presenting a point of view 2. Explaining, clarifying, and illustrating the point of view Argumentation 1. Assuming controversy 2. Presenting a point of view 3. Explaining, clarifying, and illustrating the point of view 4. Supplying proof for the point of view 5. Refuting opposing viewpoints Exposition
From the easiest for the reader to accept or comprehend to the most difficult
Inductive reasoning Is the more common way. When you use induction, you start with facts and proceed from facts to a general conclusion. In other words, you move from specific examples to a general statement.
What it aims at
Getting readers to understand the point of view
1. Convincing readers that the point of view is sound 2. Encouraging readers to accept the point of view, and/or 3. Encouraging readers to take action
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
In the opening paragraph give a welldefined theme, or clearly state your point of view of the issue.
It is imperative that the paper should have a debatable point something can be viewed from more than one angle and is therefore open to dispute.
1. Avoid mere statement of facts
Chinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operations. Acupuncture anesthesia should replace conventional anesthesia in all operations. Certain electronic equipment have been used in road control. Electronic equipment should be applied in all road control.
Valid evidence is that which is clearly and directly connected with the point to be proved.
From the least important to the most important From the most familiar to the least familiar
OR
The purpose is to win readers to your side. By showing respect for the merit in their position, you are decreasing readers’ resistance to your own position. Besides, it also proves that you understand that no arguable position is absolutely right.
While an exposition makes known something and explains it to make the reader understand, an argumentation makes the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.
Major premises: Big city can be dangerous. Major premises: New York is one of the big cities. Conclusion: New York can be dangerous. Major premises: All human beings make mistakes. Major premises: X is a human being. Conclusion: Therefore, X makes mistakes.
topic + your position/stand
◦ Although many young people would agree that those who are old enough to vote, fight, and die for their country are old enough to drive responsibly, the drinking age should remain twenty-one because of the dangers of alcoholrelated accidents and the lack of alcohol education programs.
Examination – Harmful or Useful? A My Views on Examinations E Which Weighs More – School Brand or Major? Why I Came to College E A Should Class Attendance Be Required? E Laid-off Workers Have to Face Reality Internet – the Indispensable of Our Life E Should Euthanasia (安乐死) Be Legalized? A
To convince. Make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.
Provide sufficient evidence ① Examples concrete, illustrative, representative ② Facts readily accepted, be based on personal observation ③ Statistics avoid presenting a long list of figures ④ Authorities those who are experienced and knowledgeable in certain fields
2. Avoid statements of personal preference
Ba Jin is my favorite author. Ba Jin is the greatest Chinese writer of the 20th century.