Translation
Definition of Translation

内容题材
文学翻译 literary translation 实用翻译/非文学翻译
pragmatic translation /Non-Literary translation
处理方式
全译 摘译 节译 缩译 编译
Definition of Translation
WEEK 2
Definition of Translation
把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一张言语表达出 来的活动。 ----《中国大百科全书. 语言文字卷》 翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具, 它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文 化进步,它的任务时要把原作中包含的现实世界 的逻辑映像或艺术映像,完好无损地从一种语言 译注到另一种语言中去。 ---- 张今
Definition of Translation
A translation is taken to be any target language utterance with is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. ---- Gideon Toury
Definition of Translation
Translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. ----Peter Newmark Translation is an art that involves the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. ---- Malcolm Cowley
翻译的定义、分类和标准

Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。
2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言,跨文化的交际活动。
Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。
Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译);Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译);Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢,贫穷也罢,丈夫和妻子携手一生,情深意长。
翻译的形式和类型

翻译的形式和类型(同声传译篇)翻译包括口译(interpretation) 和笔译(translation) ,是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动,并且决不能脱离原文内涵而进行硬译、死译,必须要做到译文的忠实、通顺。
翻译要做到“ 译成之文,适如其所译” ,并要尽可能地达到“ 信、达、雅” 的境界。
除了人可以从事翻译活动外,人还可操纵机器从事翻译活动。
不过目前看来,机器翻译还不尽人意。
口译的形式和类型:交替传译(consecutive interpreting) 、咬耳朵(whispering) 和同声传译(simultaneous interpreting) 。
同声传译(simultaneous interpreting ),又称同步翻译、同声翻译、会议翻译,简称同传;交替传译(consecutive interpreting ),又称连续翻译,简称交传。
同声传译同传,顾名思义,即基本同步地实现对讲话者发言的口译,多用于国际会议、专业研讨会等场合。
同传的形式:译员通过专用的传译设备提供即时口头翻译,即译员通过话筒讲话,听众通过耳机接收,这种翻译形式可同时有几种语言,如联合国大会就有六种语言的同声传译。
鉴于同传有一定的技巧性要求,专门的培训和大量的练习都不可或缺。
同声传译最早始于1919 年的巴黎和会。
在巴黎和会上开始借助英、法两种语言的翻译进行谈判,其中一部分谈判采用了同声传译,这也意味着同声传译作为一种专业开始形成。
后来,二战后的纽伦堡军事审判法庭(1945-1946 ),同声传译第一次得到相当大规模的采用来审判纳粹战犯,效果不错。
于是在1946 年的联合国会议上开始正式采用同传,结果使会议的时间缩短了一大半,经费也相应的减少了许多。
中国是在1952 年在北京召开的亚洲地区和平会议上首次使用,时至今日也不过是40 年的发展历程。
同声传译时间效率高,有利于听众对发言全文的理解。
Translation

词类转换
动词---名词 例1: 原文: 他得出这一结论是深思熟虑的结果。
译文: His arrival at this conclusion was
the result of much deliberate thought. 动词---介词 例1 : 原文: 他支持这个建议,但我反对。
译文: He is for the suggestion, but I am against it.
2 It may be advisable to wait till they come back.
3 It is diligence that makes for deficiency.
确立谓语:
汉语的谓语具有开放性,除了动词之外,名 词、形容词等词类都可以直接充当谓语, 而且可以横排式连用多个动词,而英语的 谓语通常只能由某个动词或系表结构担任, 其他动词往往以非谓语动词的形式出现。
例2: 原文:同学们的精彩表演给校领导留下良好的印象。
译文: The school leaders were __favorably impressed_by the excellent performance of the
students.
词的增补:
1 语法需要:由于汉英两种语言的差异,汉译英时往往需要 补充汉语里省去的词语或没有的词类,以使译文符合英语 语法的要求。增词译法在汉译英中实际上是添加原文为了 语言简洁省去的成分,增补的词多为冠词、代词或名词、 连词和介词等。
译文: A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people _in__ good mood.
翻译方法总结

翻译方法总结标准化文件发布号:(9312-EUATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII一.直译法(Literal translation)直译法不是一字对一字的翻译,而是按照字面翻译,不做太多的引申和注释。
直译法一般可以保留原文的文化特色。
(1)General Motors and Chrysler were working feverishly to bring out their subcompacts. But the head of the Ford Motor Company had stuck hishead in the sand.通用汽车公司和莱克斯勒公司正全力以赴推出他们的超小汽车,而福特公司的老板却把头埋在沙里。
(2)—A traitor to our glorious cause—The pot’s calling the kettle black好啊,你出卖了我们的光荣事业得了,你这话岂不是盆叫嚷罐黑二.意译法(Free translation)牺牲原文的某些文化特色,结合上下文进行意译,以保持原文内容的完整性(1)She was driving into such a corner that she was obliged to give up all projects with Cupid had any share她被逼的走投无路了,不得不放弃一切和恋爱婚姻有关的打算(2)but it is as dark as Egypt outdoors .We might go tomorrow if there is a moon只是外面漆黑黑的。
明个要是有月亮,明个去也成三.借用法(Borrowing method)用异语文化代替源语文化。
这种方法针对文化共性,在源出语和目的语存在内容和形式相似时,或者形式不尽相同但表达意义非常接近时使用(1)Why, I have got gooseflesh this minute, just thinking about it.这会儿,我一想到这点二就浑身起鸡皮疙瘩(2)The American ambassador may have a card up his sleeve美国大使也许胸有成竹四.分译法(Spitting method)—根据行文要求,讲一句译为几句。
translation用法

translation用法
在英语中,“translation”是一个名词,表示“翻译”或“译文”。
它可以用作主语、宾语或其他句子成分。
例如:
The translation of the book was very accurate.(这本书的译文非常准确。
)
The original text was translated into several languages.(原文被翻译成了几种语言。
)
I need someone who can translate English to Chinese.(我需要一个能够把英语翻译成中文的人。
)
除了作为名词,“translation”也可以用作动词,表示“翻译”或“转化”的行为。
例如:
The text was translated into French.(这段文字被翻译成了法语。
)
The scientist translated the formula into English.(科学家把这个公式翻译成了英文。
)
The translator translated the speech from English to Spanish.(翻译员将这篇演讲从英文翻译成西班牙文。
)。
第2课 翻译的基本概念

1. definition of translation
1. The Oxford English Dictionary: “to turn from one language into another” “翻译是从一种语言转换成另一种语言” 2. Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic, crosscultural and cross-social communication. 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。 3. Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original… 翻译指的是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地说, 它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一 种艺术。
钱钟书“化境”说:
文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。把作品从 一国文字转变成另一国文字,既能不因语言习 惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保 留原有的风味,那就算得入于“化”
许渊冲“优势竞赛论”:
翻译要能扬长避 短,要挥译文语言优 势,忠实于原文内容, 通顺的译文形式可以 当做文学翻译的标准
香港学者蔡思德:信达贴 刘重德:信达切
严复“信达雅”:
“译事三难:信达雅。求其信,已大难矣!顾 信矣,不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚焉。”
翻译导论 英文简介

方言→标准语
Between different languages
对翻译操作过程的想象描述
“我喜欢把原作想象成一块方方正正的冰。翻译 的过程就是这块冰溶化的过程。待到变成了液体 状态时,每个分子都变换了位置,没有一个分子 与其他的分子再保留着原来的关系。它们开始了 在第二种语言里形成作品的过程。分子有逃逸掉 的,新的分子涌了进来填补空缺,但是这种成形 和修补的轨迹完全是隐性的。在第二语言里确立 起来的译品是一块新的方方正正的冰块,它虽与 原来冰块不同,然而外表看上去却是一模一样 的。” (Margaret Sayers Peden)
从原语和目的语的角度来看,翻译可分为 本族语译为外语,外语译为本族语两大类, 即译入或译出(translation into or out of one’s mother tongue)
从翻译的手段来看,可分为口译、笔译和 机器翻译。 从翻译的内容来看,可分为文学翻译、政 治翻译、科技翻译和应用文翻译等。
Between different signs
Red traffic light = STOP “=” means “equal” Body Language → verbal language Sign language → verbal language
Within the same language
Introduction: What is Translation?
In their elegant but often overlooked preface to the King James Bible, the translators asserted: “Translation it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel; that putteth aside the curtain, that we removeth the cover of the well, that we may come by the water.”
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Good English: Captain Comet and the purple planet.…………“Ah, that prickly purple planet was so scary that I was frightened, we were nearly all dead!”Spanner stuttered and patted his chest. “Welcome to year 2145, Spanner!” Captain yelled. “2145? What did you say? I remember it should be 2049.”Spanner said, using his just two fingers to scratch his head and feeling rather confused. Captain steered Saturn spaceship, and said slowly: “ When I saw you, the Earth was ruined. I discovered you unintentionally by using electromagnetic pulse device. At that time you were already dead. I came to save you with the speed of 3000KM per hour. Fortunately this Saturn spaceship is made of nanometer materials, which not only has elasticity,but also has hardness 500 times the steel, so the spaceship isn‟t damaged or I would die! Do you know? You body has already been destroyed at that time, so I transferred your soul into the body of robot. You are reborn and called …ET‟(异体人)now.”“What‟s the meaning of transferring soul? Are you a kidnapper?” Spanner asked, astonished. “I‟d rather keep silent than answer your questions. You just need to know that I am not a kidnapper.”Captain said secretly,“Okay, now we have arrived at space station called …Prometheus‟, and i t‟s time to get off the …Cloud Atlas‟(云图号).”“That‟s okay!” Spanner felt relieved, “You mentioned …Cloud Atlas‟recently, what‟s that?” “Cloud Atlas is the name of this Saturn spaceship. This spaceship is powered by dark matter. We are going to seek a map named …Cloud Atlas‟(云图) on a smartplanet(智能星球). The map will tell us who are our ancestors and which smartplanet they settle down. And our spaceship is named after this action.”Captain stuttered, “The prickly monster we met is actually one of the smartplanets, and there is a great chance that the map is on that planet. But this action is quite dangerous, because black hole is their home!” “I see.”Spanner suddenly realized.After coming into the space station, captain took slideway(滑道)F00098 with Spanner at first. Captain said to his partner proudly:“It was me who designed and built the space station and the Saturn spaceship. There are approximately one billion people in the spaceship, and roughly 75 percent people are ETs. By the way, I comefrom the X smartplanet in the Skywolf system(天狼系).” After a few minutes, they reached a strange, see-through thing which was just like a sphere. “What‟s this?” Spanner asked. “This is a bee check machine. It can check your cells, virus, and bacteria and so on. In the universe, there are also millions of creatures all called Zhizi (智子). And “bee” is a checker that is smaller than erythrocytes, and information will all be sent to check machines. Dear Spanner, experience it right now. And we will do it every 7 days.” Yelled the captain. Spanner came into the sphere with stiff, jerky legs, smelled odor like cologne perfume, and soon, his lost sense.When Spanner woke up, he was already in the space shuttle, and he saw Captain was lying on the floor as well! “Wake up, Captain, what‟s eating you? Why are we all in the space shuttle now?” Captain said weakly: “That‟s a anesthetic and people will lose sense as soon as they smell/smelled it, so that it‟s easy for machines to check your bodies and give operations to you by using compressed air knives. After operations, there are machines sending you to the spaceship. But Spanner was still confused, “Where is air? Do you make it by yourself?” But Captain didn‟t answer his questions but said: “Let‟s go!” He pressed a button, and the bright light overwhelmed darkness in a hurry. Then he pressed another blue button, and the Saturn space shuttle set a secret journey in the universe.On the whole way, Spanner asked Captain a lot of questions. “Where does this space shuttle get energy to work? On the moon?” “Nonsense. Absolutely wrong! Wherever can get this energy—dark energy, this energy is very lot and very environmentally-friendly in the universe.” “Yes, very clever and useful. And where do the light come from?” Spanner asked. “I think you are out of fashion.” Captain guffawed and answered, “Do you know sucking paint? This is also quite environmentally-friendly. Use to light, depend on absorbing solar energy, recently I pressed a button and let spaceship to be bright, don‟t I?” “Where is our food come from?” “We eat molecular food instead of normal food!Of course! Always asks a plenty of questions, you‟re really a thorough drug!!”Captain said furiously. “OhOhOh!” Spanner yelled very excitedly. Look ed through the windows, Spanner saw lots of meteorites, planets, stellar, Spanner had never been so close observation ofthe planet, so his face was filled with excitement. The most beautiful things are twelve constellations, Aquarius, Leo, Scorpio,Capricorn, and so on, a panoramic view. Spanner‟s chin nearly fall off, occasionally he stared at asteroids, occasionally he counted the brilliant rings of planets. Universe is such a strange place!Spend 120 minutes or so, they reached the black hole. The space shuttle was absorbed by it absolutely.For a long time, Spanner and Captain woke up. Spanner asked with curiosity: “The speed of this space shuttle is very high, isn‟t it?” “Yes, its MAX speed is about 1.5 light years an hour, if it‟s according to the traffic rules in your country, I don‟t know they result in how many fines I‟ve got now!” Captain laughed.“Where are we? ” Spanner confused. “There is the center of the black hole, there are many smartplanets in it, look out! Their gravity is big enough to destroy our spaceship. Let‟s search! W here is “Cloud Atlas” . Captain pressed a big yellow button: Suddenly, the display showed "Cloud Atlas" location: Under the surface of the F smartplanet in the 5000M at the hands of the Flying dragon-like monster from the myths in Greece, equals in central F smartplanet. Captain blew the engine in the spaceship, and said to Spanner: “Okay, we will arrive there by ZC-car(坠车), and take the map.” Said and he led spanner to sat in the ZC-car, with the help of the Saturn spaceship's catapult elastic to launch to F smartplanet. 10 seconds later, the Saturn spaceship was squeezed into pieces by a neutron star, the pieces of spaceship were all sucked by a smartplanet which was larger than the Sun finally. “How scary it is!” Spanner gasped, “ other people are all dead, how lucky of us!” Spanne r was still a lingering fear. “The strength of universe‟s own is powerful and secret.”Captain shrugged helplessly and said. When they communicated , a huge shake cut off their communication. “Arriving central F smartplanet now?” Spanner asked Captain without any patience. “Just re ach the surface of this smartplanet, we still need to wait about 120 minutes patiently in the ZC-car, please settle down, okay?”Arriving central F smartplanet, Captain said to Spanner: “Smartplanets are quite strange! The temperature in central planet is -180 degrees, we should put a plenty ofHS cosmetic(护霜)on our skin to keep warm. HS cosmetic was one of the warmth agents what made from CO2, after putting, people can bear -247 degrees temperature at most. AWESOME!! After getting off the ZC-car, Captain took out a small strange machine just like a real spider, and waited it to guide them that found fire dragon. “What‟s this?” Spanner asked amazed. “How unknowledgeable of you! This is a small smart machine called “Thermal Imager”(热成像仪), it can know where exist fire dragon, as we all know, the fire dragon in myths in Greece is touchable but you can‟t see it by using your own eyes, because the fire dragon is made of special materials in the universe. A few minutes later, the machine found fire dragon and its location. Captain wore Skyfall-eye(天幕眼), this is the only way to see the fire dragon. “There! There!” Captain gasped. He took advantage of the Fire Dragon did not pay attention to him, putted something large like rope on its neck. This was so-called CS-babel(通天罩), one high-technology thing, if people use it, they can communicate with each other by using the hearts. Captain wore it as well, they started to interact with each other. Just 1 minute, Captain took off it and regretted: “We mu st use force to take the map, because the fire dragon doesn‟t want us to take the “Cloud Atlas”. After saying for a moment, he used his Molecular-Eliminate Gun(分子消除枪) to shoot this pot-bellied monster, all of a sudden, the fire dragon disappered, a paper falled down from the air to the ground slowly. “Cloud Atlas ! Cloud Atlas !” Captain yelled. “But it already be imagi nary when it be shooted by Molecular-Eliminate Gun!” “Nonsense! ” Captain said angrily, “Cloud Atlas is included in holograms (全息图片), it can only see, and it‟s untouchable.” Cloud Atlas said: “There are a hologram and a statue not far away. And that‟s your ancestor.” Captain and Spanner walked toward that idol. Ancestor‟s name was Rachel. “Although our mission is end up with our sweat and effort, I still don‟t want to go back home. What about you?” “Me too! I‟m keen to explore Rachel‟s ancestor. I‟m fond of this fantastic journey in the universe.” “So, let‟s go, shall we?” Captain and Spanner found Rachel‟s transport: A giant flying machine like “U” figure, and it was more high-technology than Saturn spaceship. “Let‟s go! Bye Bye, ancestor. Bye Bye, F smartplanet.”…………The end。