Duality symmetry of the p-form effective action and super trace of the twisted de Rham comp
Preprint submitted to Elsevier Science
1 February 2008
The classical action for this system is then given by S=
M
e−2φ F ∧ ⋆F ,
F = dAp .
(1)
Here ⋆ is the Hodge operator, ⋆2 = (−1)p(m−p) . Later we shall also use a normalized Hodge operator ˜ ⋆. Interactions of this type appear in many physical applications. Among them are various reductions from higher dimensions, extended supergravities [9], and bosonic M theory [23]. Instead of the dilaton, also a tachyon coupling may appear [24]. We consider the case when the field Ap is quantized while the dilaton φ and the metric are kept as a classical background. The complete information about quantum properties of the system is contained in an effective action Wp (φ), which is a non-local functional of background fields. All quantum mean values of physical observables and their correlators can be derived by variation of the effective action with respect to φ and the background metric. The main aim of this paper is to study the symmetry properties of Wp (φ) under the duality transformation p → m− p− 2, φ → −φ . (2)
We shall demonstrate that the difference Wp (φ) − Wm−p−2 (−φ) is described by the supertrace of the twisted de Rham complex and calculate the supertrace in any dimension m. We are motivated by higher dimensional supergravity theories where (2) is a part of the S -duality transformation. Probably the first calculation of this type was performed when m = 2 and p = 0 by Schwarz and Tseytlin [32] who used the methods of an earlier paper [31]. A similar problem appears in two-dimensional dilaton gravity [20] where some symmetry properties of the effective action for a scalar field coupled to the dilaton were found in [21] by direct calculations. Also for m = 2, an exact expression for a class of fermionic determinants was obtained [25] using the supertrace of the Dirac complex. A more systematic approach has been suggested in [34] where the duality symmetry has been studied in dimension 2 for a “non-abelian” (matrix-valued) dilaton field and for the dilaton–Maxwell theory in dimension 4. As a historical side-remark we note that the twisted de Rham complex has been also used in supersymmetric quantum mechanics [1,36] and in Morse theory [36]. Here is a brief outline to this paper. Section 2 contains some basic definitions. In Section 3, we study the variation of the effective action with respect to the dilaton. In particular, we demonstrate that a variation of two effective actions in the models related by the duality transformation (2) is essentially defined by 2
2
The twisted de Rham complex, heat trace, and zeta function
Let (M, g ) be a compact Riemannian manifold without boundary. Let φ be an auxiliary smooth function on M which we use to twist the exterior derivative operator d by setting: dφ := e−φ deφ on C ∞ (ΛM ) .
Let δφ,g and ∆φ,g be the associated twisted coderivative and twisted Laplacian: δφ,g := eφ δg e−φ and ∆φ,g := (dφ + δφ,g )2 = dφ δφ,g + δφ,g dφ .
p ∞ p ∞ p+1 Since d2 M ) and φ = 0, we have an elliptic complex dφ : C (Λ M ) → C (Λ we use the Z grading of this complex to decompose:
c V.
b Department
Fock Institute of Physics, St.Petersburg University, Russia Physics Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada
a Max
arXiv:hep-th/0209125v2 30 Sep 2002
Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Inselstrasse 22-26, 04103 Leipzig, Germany of Mathematics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
Email addresses: gilkey@ (P. Gilkey), klaus.kirsten@mis.mpg.de (K. Kirsten), vassil@itp.uni-leipzig.de (D. Vassilevich), zelnikov@phys.ualberta.ca (A. Zelnikov).
1
Introduction
Let M be a smooth compact Riemannian manifold of dimension m. Let Ap be a p-form field with the field strength F = dAp . Let φ be a scalar field (dilaton).
a specific combination of localized heat trace coefficients (Theorem 3.1) which we identify with the supertrace. An explicit expression for the supertrace of the twisted de Rham complex is given by Theorem 4.2; the proof of this result uses the associated functorial properties and techniques of invariance theory. In Section 5, we generalize these results to the category of manifolds with boundary. In Section 6 we give some concluding remarks and calculate the difference of two dual effective actions for M = Rm .
Duality symmetry of the p-form effective action and super trace of the twisted de Rham complex
材料科学与工程专业英语词汇
材料科学与工程专业英语词汇1. 物理化学物理化学是研究物质结构、性质、变化规律及其机理的基础科学，是材料科学与工程的重要理论基础之一。
物理化学主要包括以下几个方面：热力学：研究物质状态和过程中能量转换和守恒的规律。
动力学：研究物质变化过程中速率和机理的规律。
电化学：研究电流和物质变化之间的相互作用和关系。
光化学：研究光和物质变化之间的相互作用和关系。
表面化学：研究物质表面或界面处发生的现象和规律。
结构化学：研究物质分子或晶体结构及其与性质之间的关系。
统计力学：用统计方法处理大量微观粒子行为，从而解释宏观物理现象。
中文英文物理化学physical chemistry热力学thermodynamics动力学kinetics电化学electrochemistry光化学photochemistry表面化学surface chemistry结构化学structural chemistry统计力学statistical mechanics状态方程equation of state熵entropy自由能free energy化学势chemical potential相平衡phase equilibrium化学平衡chemical equilibrium反应速率reaction rate反应级数reaction order反应机理reaction mechanism活化能activation energy催化剂catalyst电池battery电极electrode电解质electrolyte电位potential电流密度current density法拉第定律Faraday's law腐蚀corrosion中文英文光敏材料photosensitive material光致变色photochromism光致发光photoluminescence光催化photocatalysis表面张力surface tension润湿wetting吸附adsorption膜membrane分子轨道理论molecular orbital theory晶体结构crystal structure点阵lattice空间群space group对称元素symmetry element对称操作symmetry operationX射线衍射X-ray diffraction2. 量子与统计力学量子与统计力学是物理学的两个重要分支，是材料科学与工程的重要理论基础之一。
《英语语言学概论》题与答案(2)
ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affixA. The cows escaped.B. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morpheme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of EnglishA. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardrobe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In t he phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonymsA. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographsA. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.C. fast adj. / fast v.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonymsA. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntC. young—oldD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He has been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrowcan be read as______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversation violates themaxim of ______.X: When is Susan’s f arewell partyY: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in thesense relation ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymyA. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ ofsentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____.missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationsB. expressivesmissivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange viola tes the maxim of ______.X: Who was that you were with last night？Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks？A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are g radable_ because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds ina particular language are called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.7. A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words, . –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes.10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asintonation.nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.16. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakersto talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separationin time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached tocreate amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they are known as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory in semantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A word’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture”in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student”belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the categoryof the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring orcollocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( F ) 14. Language system is genetically transmitted.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution,and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules thatarrange linguistic elements in a particular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a realsituation of communication or simply in context.( F ) , suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.。
专业英语英汉互译
1．aspheric polishing machine 非球面抛光机2．burning glass 火石玻璃3．chromatic dispersion 色散4．double frequency 倍频5．electrographic image tube 电子显像管6．In modern physics, light is considered to be a kind of matter with wave-particle duality, namely it has the characteristics of both the waves and the corpuscles. Under certain circumstance, one group of characteristics is more apparent than the other. Except for the cases to study the interaction between light and substance when the corpuscular characteristic of the light must be taken into account, light can generally be considered as electromagnetic waves, which are called light waves.b5E2RGbCAP现代物理学认为,光是一种具有波粒二象性地物质,即光既具有波动性,又具有粒子性.在一定地条件下,某一种性质显得更为突出.一般来说,除了研究光和物质作用地情况下,必须考虑光地粒子性之外,可以把光看做电磁波,即称为光波.p1EanqFDPw7．In fact, any optical systems can not image ideally. There are always some remnant aberrations in an optical system. We shall measure the aberrations by the amount bywhich rays miss the paraxial image point. Now the question for us is what types of aberrations we should choose as the quality of the optical system. In general, there aretwo types of aberrations. The first type of aberrations are suitable for the measurement of an optical instrument which is already produced. The second type of aberrations are suitable for the design stage.DXDiTa9E3d事实上,任何一个实际地光学系统都不能理想成像.在光学系统中总是有残余像差.我们应该通过测量实际像与近轴理想像之间地差异,给出定量地像差.由于一个光学系统不可能理想成像,因此就存在一个光学系统质量优劣地评价问题.成像质量评价地方法分为两大类.第一类用在光学系统实际制造完成以后对其进行实际测量.第二类用于在光学系统还没有制造出来,即在设计阶段通过计算就能评定系统地质量.RTCrpUDGiT8．The immense semiconductor integrated circuit manufacturing industry is powered by optics, optical systems, and optical materials. A modern electronic integrated circuit is a complex three-dimensional structure of althernating patterned layers of conductors, dielectric, and semiconductor films. This structure is fabricated on an ultrahigh-purity water substrate of a semiconducting material such as silicon or gallium arsenide. The speed anddensity of the devices is, to a large degree, governed by the size of the individual circuit elements. As a general rule, the smaller the elements are, the faster is the device and the more functions or operations it can perform per chip.5PCzVD7HxA光学、光学系统及光学材料使庞大地半导体集成电路制造工业加强了力量.现代地电子集成电路是由不同图形地导体、介质及半导体膜层构成复杂地三维结构.此结构是在极纯净地诸如硅或砷化镓半导体衬底下支制成地.器件地速度和密度在很大程度上取决于个别电路元件地尺寸.一般来说,个别地元件越小,器件地速度就越快,每块片子能完成地功能越多.jLBHrnAILg1．半导体激光器semiconductor laser2．枕形畸变cushion distortion/ pillow-shaped distortion/ pincushionxHAQX74J0X3．光束孔径角 beam angle/ beam aperture angleLDAYtRyKfE4．齐明双胶合透镜 aplanatic doublet5．电荷耦合器件 Charge Couple Device6．光电集成电路 opto-electronic integrated circuit (OEIC> Zzz6ZB2Ltk7．人们在研究光地各种传播现象地基础上设计和制造了适应于各种目地地各类光学仪器,例如,利用显微镜帮助我们观察细小地物体,利用望远镜观察远距离地物体等.所有地光学仪器都是应用不同形状和材质<玻璃、晶体等）地光学零件——如反射镜、透镜和棱镜组合而成.把这些光学零件按一定方式组合起来,使由物体发出地光线,经过这些光学零件地折射、反射以后,按照我们地需要改变光线地传播方向,从而满足移动地使用要求.这样地光学零件地组合称为“光学系统”.dvzfvkwMI1All kinds of optical instruments are designed and manufactured for various purpose on the basis of the study different phenomena of light propagation.For example, microscope are devoloped to help us observe tiny objects, and telescope are used to observe objects that are far away. All these optical instruments are composed of optical elements of different shapes and different materials (glasses and crystals, etc.>such as mirrors, lenses, and prisms. The elements are combined in a certain way to change the directions of rays from the object by refractions and reflections in order to meet requirements of a specific application. Such a combination of optical elements is called optical system.rqyn14ZNXI几何光学基本定律几何光学把光看作是具有方向地几何线——“光线”,从而进行光地传播问题地研究.因此,我们必须首先找出这些光线地传播规律.自然界中光地传播现象虽然说是千变万化,但是,如果用几何光学地观点来看,实际上可以归纳为以下两种情况.EmxvxOtOcoIn geometrical optics, the problems of light propagation are studied by means of rays, which represent the light as directed geometrical lines. For this purpose, the laws governing the propagation of rays must be established first. Although there are various phenomena of light propagation in the nature, however, from the viewpoint of geometrical optics, they can be classified into the following two circumstances.SixE2yXPq51.光线在均匀介质中地传播规律——直线传播定律：光线在透明均匀介质中地传播.2.光线在两种均匀介质分界面上地传播规律——反射定律和折射定律.1.The law of rays propagating in a homogeneous and transparent medium —the law of rectilinear propagation: rays propagate along straight lines in a homogeneous and transparent medium. 6ewMyirQFL2.The laws for rays propagating at the interface of two homogeneous media —the law of reflection and the law of refraction.kavU42VRUs反射和折射定律可以分别表述如下：Now the laws of reflection and refraction can be described as follows:y6v3ALoS89反射定律：反射光线位于入射面内；反射角等于入射角.The law of reflection: the reflected ray lies in the plane of incidence. M2ub6vSTnP折射定律：折射光线位于入射面内；入射角和折射角正弦之比,对两种一定地介质来说,是一个和入射角无关地常数.0YujCfmUCwThe law of refraction: the refracted ray lies in the plane of incidence. For a certain pair of media, the ratio between the sine of the angle of incidence and that of the angle of refraction in a constant regardless of the value of the incident angle.eUts8ZQVRd至于光在不均匀介质中地传播规律,可以把不均匀介质看作是由无限多地均匀介质组合而成地.光线在不均匀介质中地传播,可以看作是一个连续地折射,随着介质性质地不同,光线传播曲线地形状各异,它地传播规律,同样可以用折射定律来说明.sQsAEJkW5TIn order to study light propagation in an inhomogeneous media, the inhomogeneous media can be considered as being composed of an infinite number of homogeneous media, and a ray traveling through it is refracted continuously. Media with different character can generate different curved raypaths, but they all are explained by the law of refraction.GMsIasNXkA由此可见,直线传播定律、反射定律和折射定律能够说明自然界中光线地各种传播现象,它们是几何光学中仅有地物理定律.因此成为几何光学基本定律.几何光学地全部内容,就是在这三个定律地基础上用数学方法研究光地传播问题.TIrRGchYzgIt is clear that the laws of rectilinear propagation, reflection and refraction can be used to explain various phenomena of ray propagation in the nature. They are the important laws of physics in geometrical optics。
应用物理专业英语English Vocabulary
Chapter 8adjacent 邻近的barrier 障碍物compensation 补偿板double slit 双缝electromagnetic 电磁的grating diffraction 光栅衍射illumination 照明，照亮，阐明intensity 强度missing order 缺级monochromatic 单色的，单频的opaque 不透明的prediction 预言prevail 优胜，主导scatter 散射speck 斑点spherical 球的，球形的substitute 替代subtend 对应于（张角）transparency 透明，透明度Chapter 9analyzer 检偏器antenna 天线arbitrary 任意的，专断的circular polarized light 圆偏振光crossed polaroids 正交偏振片eliminate 排除，消除，除去elliptical 椭圆的，省略的incident 入射的molecule 分子oscillatory 摆动的orientation 取向partially polarized 部分偏振光polaroid sheet 偏振片polarizer 起偏器preferential 优先的propagation 声波symmetry 对称性transverse 横向的，横断的unpolarized light 自然光Chapter 10 anode 阳极cathode ray 阴极射线conversion factor 变换量current-varying solenoid 载流线圈curvature 曲度cyclotron 螺旋加速器cylindrical 圆柱体differential 微分的discharge tube 放电管electric field intensity 电场强度electromotive force 电动势electric motor 电动机electromagnetic 电磁铁electrostatic 静电的field lines 场力线flux 通量ferromagnetic 铁磁性galvanometer 电流计impurity 杂质integration 积分loop 环Lorentz Force 洛伦兹力magnetic monopole 磁单极magnetron 磁控管magnetic induction磁感应强度oscillator 震荡器permanent magnet 永磁铁polarity 极性repel 排斥resistivity 电阻率spiral 螺旋的test charge 试验电荷trace 轨迹uniform electric field 匀强电场Chapter 11accidentally 偶然地antiparallel 反平行bubble chamber 气泡室compass needle 罗盘针current-varying solenoid 载流线圈deflect 偏转eddy current 涡电流electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electric current 电流episode 插曲gyroscope 回转仪induced EMF 感应电动势induced current 感应电流insulation 绝缘intuitive 直观的laminate 分成薄片monopole 单极neutron star 中子星permanent magnet 永磁铁prestige 威信positron正电子rate of change 时间变化率repel 排斥rudimentary 基础的，初步的seismograph 地震仪sinusoidal 正弦的summarize 总结symmetric 对称的tenacity 韧性transformer 变压器vicinity 临近，周围voltmeter 伏特计vortex 漩涡Chapter 12annihilation 湮没angular momentum 角动量classical 经典的classical physics 经典物理学contraction 收缩，缩减deceive 欺骗delay-controlled exponential 缓发中子控制指数disappear 不见，失踪exponential 指数的General Theory of Relativity 广义相对论inertial reference frame 惯性参考系intrinsic 固有的，内在的，本质的meter stick 米尺microscopic 微观的Newtonian 牛顿的，牛顿学说的paradox 自相矛盾者platform 平台，站台postulate 假设relativistic physics 相对论性物理学satellite 卫星simultaneity 同时性spectrum 光谱special Relativity 狭义相对论subtle 稀薄的，精巧的time dilation时间膨胀transformation 转换vacuum 真空，真空状态Chapter 13amplitude 振幅barrier penetration 势垒穿透binding energy 结合能boundary 边界classical mechanics 经典力学confine 限制cosmic rays 宇宙射线de Broglie wavederivative 派生的，导出的decay 放射性衰变dimensional 空间的，维的discrete 不连续的distribution 分布double slit 双缝duality 双重性，二象性electron cloud 电子云energy level splitting 能及分裂entangle 纠缠，卷入excited energy level 激发能级exponentially 以指数级的形式地external force 外力fission 裂变ground state 基态half-life 半衰期harmonic 谐波insulator 绝缘体infinite potential well 无限深势阱integration 积分interference pattern 干涉图样judicious 明智的kinetic 动力学的，运动的leak through 漏过macroscopic 宏观的molecular 分子的muon 介子neutron 中子nucleus 原子核nuclear fission 核子分裂out of phase 反相peak 峰phase shift 相移photon 光子piezoelectric 压电的potential barrier 势垒potential well 势阱probability 概率，几率proportional 成比例的probability density 几率密度proton 质子quantum mechanics 量子力学quantization 量子化quantum 定量，量子quantum equivalence 量子当量quantum physics 量子物理学quantum state 量子态tabletop 桌面transition 跃进，迁移trapped electron 俘获电子tunneling effect 隧道效应wave function 波函数wave-particle duality波粒二象性Chapter 14absorption 吸收acronym 字首缩略词amplification 放大aperture 孔径bumper 缓冲器，减震器carve 雕刻coherent 相干的，一致的convergence 会聚性covalent bonds 共价键density gradient 密度梯度depletion 耗散层，耗尽donor 施主，给予体energy gap 禁带energy band 能带fluorescent 荧光的helium 氦hologram 全息inelastic 无弹性的kinematic 运动学的majority 多数metastable 亚稳态的metallic 金属（性）的minority 少数mono-chromatic 单色的optical pump 光泵pentavalency 五价population inversion 粒子数反转propagation 传播rectification 整流resistivity 抵抗力，电阻率semiconductor 半导体spiraling 螺旋式spontaneous 自发的stimulate 受刺激tetravalene 四价threshold 阈值triode 三极管valance electron 价电子Chapter 15antiquark 反夸克baryon 重子boson 波色子chain reaction 链式反应deuterium 氘flavor 味fusion 聚变hadron 强子ionization 电离lepton 轻子nuclear fission 原子核裂变neutron 中子penetrate 穿透proton 质子radioactive decay 放射性衰变radioisotope 放射性同位素。
多囊卵巢综合征诊断标准和诊疗指南介绍_崔琳琳
·标准与指南·多囊卵巢综合征（polycystic ovarian syndrome，PCOS）是一种常见的妇科内分泌疾病。
1935年Stein和Leventhal首次对7位卵巢多囊性增大的病例进行了描述，其症状包括月经稀发或闭经、慢性无排卵性不孕、多毛、肥胖等。
在之后的几十年里，对该病的认识逐渐加深，对其临床特征的报道也日趋增加。
但其临床异质性使得PCOS的病因难以明确，而临床表现的多样性也给其诊断造成了困难。
目前为止，国际上先后提出了3个诊断共识即美国国立卫生研究院（National Institutes ofHealth，NIH）提出的NIH标准、欧洲生殖和胚胎医学会（European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology，ESHRE）与美国生殖医学会（American Society for Reproductive M edicine，ASRM）提出的鹿特丹标准和美国雄激素学会（Androgen Excess Society，AES）提出的AES标准。
不过，哪一项标准更适于临床应用还存在争议。
NIH标准1990年4月，在NIH的资助下，专家组第一次对PCOS的诊断做出定义[1]。
NIH标准提出PCOS诊断需满足以下条件：①稀发排卵或无排卵。
②高雄激素的临床和（或）生化表现。
③排除可引起排卵障碍或高雄激素的其他已知疾病如高泌乳素多囊卵巢综合征诊断标准和诊疗指南介绍崔琳琳陈子江△【摘要】多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是育龄期女性常见的妇科内分泌疾病。
由于其临床表现的多样性和高度异质性以及与正常人群表现的重叠，PCOS的诊断一直存在较大争议。
自1935年首次发现这一疾病以来，国际上先后出现了3个诊断共识，分别是美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）提出的NIH标准；欧洲生殖和胚胎医学会（ESHRE）与美国生殖医学会（ASRM）提出的Rotterdam标准以及美国雄激素学会（AES）提出的AES标准。
2011年大连外国语大学英语专业语言学真题试卷_真题-无答案
2011年大连外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分152,考试时间90分钟)1. 判断题1. The clear /l/ and the dark // are in free variation.A. TrueB. False2. Anaphor is used in a broad sense to include only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other.A. TrueB. False3. Language is not an isolated phenomenon; it is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.A. TrueB. False4. A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.A. TrueB. False5. Two words, or two expressions, which have the same **ponents, will be synonymous to each other.A. TrueB. False6. To tell whether a sound is a vowel or not, we should judge its manners of articulation and the places of articulation.A. TrueB. False7. A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.A. TrueB. False8. Gender contrast in English language can only be observed in a small number of nouns, and, they are mainly of the natural gender type.A. TrueB. False9. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of simultaneous distinctive features.A. TrueB. False10. WORD refers to **mon factor underlying a set of forms, a unit of vocabulary, a lexical item ora lexeme.A. TrueB. False11. Neurocognition is one of the major subjects of research in the area of psycholinguistics.A. TrueB. False12. A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.A. TrueB. False13. Some polymorphemic words **pounds.A. TrueB. False14. English sounds[1]and[r]are liquids.A. TrueB. False15. Chomsky"s T. G. grammar has been considered by many people as an insurrection against Bloomfieldian linguistics and behaviorist psychology.A. TrueB. False16. If someone actually says "Sximtrapmytaah" , she/he has made an utterance.A. TrueB. False17. Presuppostion is a logical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the first necessarily follows from the truth of the second, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second.A. TrueB. False18. A corpus is a collection of linguistic data, **piled as written texts or as recorded speech.A. TrueB. False19. Duality means that language has the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level consists of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.A. TrueB. False20. New information is generally located in the THEME. Of course, high pitch and key also reveals where the new information is.A. TrueB. False2. 填空题1. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word with the hint of the initial letter.(**plete word forms on your answer sheet).(10 points)The p______function of language is primarily to maintain the social status of people.2. Chomsky"s I______Hypothesis believes that children are born with what he calls a language acquisition device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.3. S______ relation is the relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.4. Grammatical words are also known as f______words.5. Prepositional 1______is the study of the truth conditions for propositions.6. Pairs of words which show the reversal of a relationship between the two are categorized as c______ antonymy.7. Developmental errors are errors within the target language itself, such as o______.8. Optimal r______is said to reduce all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, to a single principle.9. Words such as prince and princess are cases that show English g______contrast.10. When constituent items are subordinate to the Head, they form e______ constructions.3. 单项选择题1. The ______ nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.A. recursiveB. creativeC. arbitraryD. culturally transmissible2. ______ manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.A. RootsB. StemsC. Derivational affixesD. Inflectional affixes3. Retire is a______.A. compound wordB. free morpheme with a prefix re-C. morpheme wordD. bound morpheme with a prefix re-4. The phenomenon that Americans and British people pronounce some words differently can be interpreted in terms of______.A. phonetic similarityB. free variationC. complementary distributionD. allomorphs5. The following terms all refer to changes in sound leading to changes in form EXCEPT______.A. metathesisB. assimilationC. additionD. narrowing6. The constraints on words in a paradigmatic relation, different from those in a syntagmatic relation, are ______only.A. semanticB. lexicalC. syntacticD. sequential7. The following segmentation of the sentence "The student//likes/the new linguistic professor" truthfully reveals the______nature of sentence structure.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. horizontalD. parallel8. The word fan is formed by the way of______.A. acronymyB. clippingC. back-formationD. blending9. ______refers to the abstract properties of an entity; while______ refers to the concrete entities having these properties.A. Reference, denotationB. Connotation, denotationC. Sense, connotationD. Denotation, connotation10. The following sounds share one feature EXCEPT______.A. [n]B. [η]C. [m]D. [p]11. That the use of language involves a network of systems of choices is the opinion of______.A. HallidayB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. Firth12. Of the following______does NOT belong to the three sub-types of antonymy.A. gradable antonymyB. converse antonymyC. complementary antonymyD. complete antonymy13. ______is not included in Firth"s famous Context of Situation theory.A. The non-verbal action of the participantsB. The properties of the phonematic unitsC. The relevant objectsD. The effects of the verbal action14. The phrase backwash effect is often used in______.A. systemic functional grammarB. error analysisC. testingD. sociolinguistics15. We can often find the phrase immediate constituents in ______.A. transformational generative grammarB. systemic functional grammarC. traditional grammarD. structural grammar16. The following ideas about language are wrong EXCEPT______.A. Language evolves within specific historical, social and cultural contextB. Language has a form-sound correspondenceC. Language is a means of communicationD. Language is not related to any of the individuals who use it17. Because______ can distinguish one phoneme from another, it is a distinctive feature for English obstruents.A. voicingB. nasalizationC. placeD. aspiration18. Syntactic deep structure was developed to______.A. explain relations between the sentences with the same meaningB. explain a single sentence with more than one meaningC. explain relations between the sentences with different meaningD. both A and B19. In general, linguistic change in______of a language is more noticeable than that in other systems of the grammar.A. the sound systemB. the vocabularyC. the syntaxD. the sound system and the vocabulary20. Although English has borrowed most heavily from French, other languages have also made contributions. For example, tea, typhoon, and silk are from______, and seminar, noodle andpoodle are from______.A. China; GermanB. Hindi; GermanC. China; HindiD. Turkish; China21. ______does NOT belong to semantic changes.A. BroadeningB. BorrowingC. Folk etymologyD. Class shift22. The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, while the meaning of an utterance is ______.A. context-independentB. concrete and context-dependentC. the sum total of **ponentsD. never remains stable23. Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation ofA. [k]and[g]B. [k]and[n]C. [g]and[h]D. [h]and[k]24. ______represents the deep structure Q Mary pres be pleased SOME REASON.A. For some reason Mary is pleased.B. Mary is pleased for some reason.C. Why is Mary pleased?D. Why Mary is pleased?25. Pair______belongs to the category of gradable antonyms.A. over/underB. weak/strongC. open/shutD. sell/buy26. Promises and offers are characteristic of the group of______ of illocutionary acts.A. representativesB. declarativesC. commissivesD. expressives27. Speakers of particular social groups, such as teenagers, criminals, soldiers, or pop-groups, have their "in-group" language called ______.A. tabooB. jargonC. pidginD. dialect28. ______ refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is formed by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.A. Analogical creationB. AcronymC. AbbreviationD. Back-formation29. The process of word formation by shifting the word class to change the meaning of a word is called ______.A. broadeningB. meaning shiftC. conversionD. narrowing30. The characteristics of conversational implicature are the following EXCEPT______.A. CalculabilityB. Non-detachabilityC. Non-conventionalityD. Non-relevancy31. ______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocalcords.A. StressesB. LiaisonsC. IntonationsD. Tones32. The following factors contribute to the formation of new pronunciation EXCEPT______.A. loss of soundB. additionC. assimilationD. gliding33. The sense relation which holds the pair of words guest—host is ______.A. homonymyB. complementary antonymyC. hyponymyD. converse antonymy34. A curriculum does NOT provide ______.A. a specification of what takes place in the classroomB. detailed specification of aims, objectives in learningC. implementation of a programD. general statements about the rationale about language35. ______can be regarded as one of the intralingual errors(developmental errors).A. Because it was raining, so we took a taxi home.B. Though it was late, but we went on working.C. He goed to school earlier that day.D. He teach chemistry in a middle school.36. The sense relation which holds the pair of words beef—meat is ______.A. synonymyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. converse antonymy37. In plain English BECOME(x,(~ALIVE(x)))means______.A. x becomes xB. x does not become xC. x becomes not aliveD. x becomes alive not38. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is ______.A. BoasB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Nida39. Chomsky follows______._ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.A. relationalismB. behaviorismC. empiricismD. formalism40. In Halliday"s view, ______processes are those in which something is done.A. materialB. relationalC. verbalD. mental4. 简答题1. Use your knowledge of semantics to explain what makes the following humorous.(10 points)a. Question: How do you stop an elephant from charging? Answer:Take away his credit card.b. "巴乔在前有追兵、后有堵截的情况下带球冲入禁区。
Wave-particleduality
1. Wave Particle Dualitya. Write the relationship for the kinetic energy and momentum for particle moving at speeds much slower than the speed of light.b. Find the wavelength of an electron in an x -ray machine having a kinetic energy 10 keV.c. Write the relationship for the kinetic energy and momentum for a particle moving at speeds which are on the order of the speed of light.d. Write the relationship for the kinetic energy and momentum for a photon.e . The maximum energy of an x -ray photon produced by a 10 keV electron is 10 keV. Find the wavelength of such an x -ray photon.2. Schroedinger’s EquationA completely free beam of electrons is moving in the +x direction with a kinetic energy of 10 keV. a. Write the Schroedinger equation for a particle moving in the x direction. b. Show that the wave function in a. is a solution to the Schroedinger equation.3. Schroedinger’s EquationAn electron is confined to move freely in a one dimensional box of length L =1.0 nm having infinite potential walls.a. Write the space part wave function for the ground state, and draw it in the upper left provided axes.b. Write the space part probability density and draw it in the lower left provided axes.c. Draw the wave function and probability density for the same situation but for the case where the height of the potential walls is finite.d. Which state, a. or c., has the lower energy. Explain in one sentence.4. In momentum space (k -space) the separation of states is given by Δk x =Δk y =Δk z =π/L .a. Find the number of states in a volume V =L 3 with momentum less than k and kinetic energy less than E .b. Find the Fermi energy for neutrons in a neutron star having 5×1057neutrons with radius 10 km.c. Find the total zero-point kinetic energy of the neutrons at temperature T =0 K.ψx ψxP x P x1. R elativityA s tar i s e mitting l ight i n t he p ositive x d irection. T he w avelength o f t he l ight i s 400 n m.a. (5 p t) W hat i s t he p eriod Δt i n n s o f o ne o scillation o f l ight i n t he s tar’s f ixed reference f rame.Assuming t he w ave t urns o n a t t=0b. (5 p t) H ow f ar d oes i t g o i n t =100 n s i n t he s tar’s f ixed f rame?c. (5 p t) W rite t he 4-‐vector f or t he s pace-‐time p osition a fter a t ime 100 n s.d. (5 p t) O btain t he s pace-‐time i nvariant i nterval t hat t he l ight t ravels i n 100 n s. Suppose t he s tar m oves a way f rom t he e arth i n t he p ositive x d irection w ith a v elocity 0.8c.e. (5 p t) W hat i s t he p eriod Δ′t i n n s o f o ne o scillation o f l ight i n t he e arth’s m oving r eference f rame?f. (5 p t) H ow f ar d oes t he l ight t ravel a fter o ne o scillation a s s een b y t he e arth.f. (5 p t) W rite t he 4-‐vector f or t he s pace-‐time p osition a fter a t ime ′t corresponding t o one o scillation a s s een f rom t he e arth’s r eference f rame.g. (5 p t) O btain t he s pace-‐time i nvariant i nterval i n t he e arth’s f rame t hat t he l ight travels i n 100 n s2.) B ohr m odel.According t o t he B ohr m odel o f t he h ydrogen a tom, a n e lectron i n t he g round s tateorbits a t a r adius o f a bout 0.5 A o. S uppose t he e lectron i s r eplaced b y a m uon( mµc2=105 MeV) t o f orm a m uonic a tom.a. (10 p t) W hat i s t he r adius o f o rbit f or t he m uonic a tom i n i ts g round s tate?b. (10 p t) W hat a re t he e nergies o f t he g round a nd f irst a nd f irst e xcited s tates?c. (10 p t) W hat i s t he w avelength c orresponding t o t he t ransition b etween t he f irst exciteds tate a nd t he g round s tate?3.)Schroedinger e quation.A s imple h armonic o scillator (SHO) h as a m ass m a nd s pring c onstant K. T he p otential e nergy is 1/2Kx2.a. (10 p t) W rite t he S chroedinger e quation f or t he s pace p art o f t he S HO.b. (10 p t) T he w ave f unction f or t he g round s tate h as t he f orm Ae bx2. B y d irects ubstitution s how t his i s a s olution, a nd t hereby f inding t he c onstant b i n t erms o f m a nd Kc. (10 p t) W rite t he p robability d istribution f or t he g round s tate, a nd c arefullyg raph i t.d. (10 p t) W rite a n i ntegral w hichwould b e u sed t o o btain t he n ormalizing c onstantA.You d o n ot n eed t o s olve t his i ntegral)4.)Schroedinger E q. i n 3 d imensions.Consider a t hree d imensional c ubic p otential w ell w ith r igid (infinite) w alls, h avingsides o f d imension L x = L y = L z = L=0.1 n m.a. (5 p t) W rite t he S chroedinger e quation f or a p article w ithin t he w ell.b. (5 p t) W rite t he q uantum c onditions o n k x , k y a nd k z.c. (5 p t) O btain t he q uantum c ondition o n t he w ave n umber k2.d. (5 p t) O btain t he q uantum c ondition o n t he a llowed e nergies E.e. (5 p t) W rite t he g round s tate s olution Ψ(x,y,z)to t he S chroedingere quationf or a p article w ithin t he w ell.f. (5 p t) W rite t he p robability d ensity f or a p article w ithin t he w ell i n t he g roundstate.g. (5 p t) O btain t he n umerical r esult o n t he a llowed e nergies E i n u nits o f e V.h. (5 p t) O btain t he n umber o f e lectrons w hich c an b e a ccommodated a t e ach o ft he l owest 3 e nergy l evels. T ake i nto a ccount t hat d ifferent c ombinations o fq uantum n umbers c an h ave t he s ame e nergy, a nd t hat t wo e lectrons,c orresponding t o s pin u p a nd d own c an f it i ntoe ach c ombination of s patialq uantum n umbers.2006 Exam. 21. A b aby s eal i n t he p acific o cean h as a b ody t emperature o f 310 K. I f t he m ean temperature o f t he w ater i s 287 K a t w hat r ate w ill t he s eal l ose e nergy b y r adiating p hotons? (σ=5.7×10−8 W⋅m-2⋅K-4)2. W ave p article d uality.Compare t he w avelength a nd f requency o f a p hoton a nd e lectron, e ach w ith k ineticenergy 10 K eV.3. B ohr m odel.a. U se t he B ohr m odel o f t he a tom t o e stimate t he e nergy l evels o f p ositronium, i n w hich a n electron o rbits a p ositron.b. T he i onization e nergy (binding e nergy) o f a n e lectron i n h ydrogen i s 13.6 e V.What i s t he i onization e nergy o f p ositronium?4. P article i n a b ox.Approximate a n a tomic n ucleus a s a n i nfinite c ubical b ox o f s ide L=2 f m, w here1 f m = 10-‐15 m, i n w hich t he n ucleons m ove f reely.a. O btain a n e xpression f or t he w avelength o f t he g round, o r l owest l ying e nergy s tate.b. W hat i s t he k inetic e nergy o f a n eutron i n t he g round s tate o f t his a tom. T he r estenergy o f a n eutron i s m c2=939 M eV.5. S imple h armonic o scillator.A n a pproximate r epresentation o f t he i nteraction b etween t wo a toms i n a d iatomicm olecule i s a s pring l ike f orce F=-Kx w ith o scillator f requency ω=. T ake t he f orcec onstant t o b e 8×103 e V/nm2 = 1000 N/m, a nd t he m ass of e ach a tom a round t o b e5×10−27kg(mc2=4.69 G eV). T he w ave f unction f or t he g round s tate o f a s imple h armonic o scillatori s ψ0(x)=mωπ⎛⎝⎜⎞⎠⎟1/4e−mω2x2.a. W hat i s t he e nergy o f t he g round s tate?b. F ind t he w ave f unction i n m omentum s pace b y p erforming a F ourier t ransformation.6. D ensity o f s tates a nd F ermi e nergy.a. F ind t he a verage e nergy o f a n e lectron i n a w hite d warf s tar o f r adius 10,000 k mcontaining 2×1057 n ucleons, h alf o f w hich a re p rotons. T he d ensity o f s tates d istribution i sdNdE=E1/2.b. F rom t he r esults i n p art a, c omment o n w hether i t i s a pproporiate t o u se n on-‐relativistickinematics.Other p roblems f rom p revious e xams:1. A f ree e lectron h as k inetic e nergy 1000 e V. I t m oves i n t he x-y p lane i n a d irection w hichmakes a n a ngle 30 d eg. r elative t o t he x a xis.a. F ind i ts m omentum p, w avelength λ a nd w ave n umber k.b. W rite t he w ave f unction Ψ(x,y,z,t) i n s ymbols (not n umerical v alues) i n C artesiancoordinates.c. W rite t he p robability d ensity P(x,y,z).d. W hat c an y ou s ay a bout t he u ncertainty i n t he e lectron’s p osition.Approximate a n ucleus c onsisting o f f ree n ucleons i n a s pherical r igid w all p otential w ith radius R=4 f m. F or t he i sotope 17O:a. W hat a re t he q uantum n umbers o f e ach o f t he n eutrons a nd p rotons?b. W hat a re t he e nergies o f e ach o f t he n eutrons a nd p rotons i n t he i sotope 17O?2. a. W rite t he w ave f unction f or a f ree p article m oving i n 3-‐dimensional C artesiancoordinates.b. T he r elativistic v ersion o f t he S chroedinger e quation i s c alled t he K lein-‐Gordon e quation.Using E2=p2c2+m2c4, c onstruct t he K lein-‐Gordon e quation b y e xpressing t he e nergy a nd momentum i n t erms o f d ifferential o perators.c. S how t hat t he w ave f unction i n p art a. i s a s olution t o t he K lein-‐Gordon w ave f unction t hatwas c onstructed i n p art c.3.) C onsider a n e lectron w hich m oves f reely i n a 2 d imensional i nfinite s quare w ell o f s ide a . a. W rite t he S chroedinger e quation f or t his c ase. b. W hat a re t he a llowed v alues o fk x and k yc. W hat a re t he a llowed e nergy l evels?d. I f a =10Angstroms, w hat i s t he l owest e nergy.e. W rite t he w ave f unction f or t his s tate.4.) T he t hree p rimary t erms w hich d etermine t he b inding e nergy o f a n ucleusare v olume , s urface a nd C oulomb , E V , E S , E C e nergies.a. W hat i s t he R a nd Z d ependence o f e ach, w here R i s t he n uclear r adius a nd Z t he a tomic number.Also i ndicate t he s ign o f e ach. i E V ∝ii E S ∝iii E C ∝b. W hat i s t he A a nd Z d ependence o f e ach, w here A i s t he n umber o f n ucleons. A lso i ndicate the s ign o f e ach. i E V /A ∝ii E S /A ∝iii E C /A ∝c. D raw t he m agnitude o f e ach a s a f unction o f A , a s w ell a s t he s um o f e ach. B e s ure t o c learly fill i n t he e nergy s cale i n t he v ertical a xis a nd t he n umber o f n ucleons i n the h orizontal a xis a t t he p osition o f t he t ic m arks.5.) I n t he b lank s paces p rovided i n t he t able, f ill i n t he p roperties o f t he p article s hown, a s w ell a s t he energy s cales a nd q uark m akeup w here a ppropriate.6.Draw a g raph f or t he s hape o f t he n ucleon-‐nucleon a ttractive p otential e nergy, i ndicating the a pproximate r ange a nd d epth.particl e Charge Rest m ass energy Units o f energy QuarkFlavor c ontent p +1 .93 GeV uud nπ−.139 π+ e 0.511 ν γ W 89 g7. a . 92238U c aptures a n eutron, f ollowed b y a symmetric f ission i nto 2 u nbound n eutrons a nd3892Sr a nd 54140Xe . O btain t he d ifference i n t he b inding e nergy b etween t he i nitial 92238U and t he f inal 3892Sr a nd 54140Xe n uclides, a nd t herefore t he e nergy r eleased.b . C alculate t he k inetic e nergyd ue t o t he e lectrostatic r epulsion b etween t he 3892Sr a nd 54140Xe w hen t hey a re s till t ouching, a nd s how t hat i t i s t he s ame o rder a s y our a nswerin p art a . a bove. (note:r =r 0A 1/3with r 0≈1.2fm.)8.Fill i n t he t able b elow:9. a . T he m ajor s ource o f e nergy p roduction i n t he s un i s t he p roton-‐proton c ycle. Trace t he s teps o f t he p -p c ycle a s w e d iscussed i n c lass.b . I f t he f inal r esult i s t he f usion o f 4 p rotons i nto 4He ,c alculate t he t otal e nergy r eleased in t he c ycle.10. D raw a F eynman d iagram f or e ach o f t he f ollowing p rocesses, a nd i dentify t he e xchanged quantum:a. e - +µ+♑e - +µ+via t he e lectromagnetic i nteraction. b. e - +µ+♑e + +µ- v ia t he w eak i nteraction.c. u +u →s +s v ia t he s trong i nteraction.6. F rom t he i nformation o n s pin, b aryon n umber a nd s trangeness g iven i n t he t ablebelow, f ill i n t he q uark f lavor c ontent a nd d ecay i nteraction o f e ach o f t he f ollowing h adrons.Decay interact we。
The Design Features of Language
For example compound word : redcoat,greenhouse,undertake. truck+ lette trucklette ungelivable 不给力
(2) Language speakers can form indefinitely long sentences.
(2) morphological motivation The meanings of many compounds and derived words are the sum total of the morphemes combined. Photocopy Airmail; Reading-lamp; Miniskirt; Hopeless
Conclusion
Arbitrariness – There is no direct connection between the signal and its meaning. Displacement – The ability to talk about things that are not physically present.
Language is not entirely arbitrary; some words are motivated, i.e., there seems to be some logical association between sounds and meaning. (1) onomatopoeic motivation (2) morphological motivation (3) semantic motivation (4) etymological motivation
For example,
第三章逻辑代数基础作业题(参考答案)
第三章逻辑代数基础（Basis of Logic Algebra）1．知识要点逻辑代数（Logic Algebra）的公理、定理及其在逻辑代数化简时的作用；逻辑函数的表达形式及相互转换；最小项（Minterm）和最大项（Maxterm）的基本概念和性质；利用卡诺图（Karnaugh Maps）化简逻辑函数的方法。
重点：1．逻辑代数的公理（Axioms）、定理（Theorems），正负逻辑（Positive Logic, Negative Logic）的概念与对偶关系（Duality Theorems）、反演关系（Complement Theorems）、香农展开定理，及其在逻辑代数化简时的作用；2．逻辑函数的表达形式：积之和与和之积标准型、真值表（Truth Table）、卡诺图（Karnaugh Maps）、最小逻辑表达式之间的关系及相互转换；3．最小项（Minterm）和最大项（Maxterm）的基本概念和性质；4．利用卡诺图化简逻辑函数的方法。
难点：利用卡诺图对逻辑函数进行化简与运算的方法（1）正逻辑（Positive Logic）、负逻辑（Negative Logic）的概念以及两者之间的关系。
数字电路中用电压的高低表示逻辑值1和0，将代数中低电压（一般为参考地0V）附近的信号称为低电平，将代数中高电压（一般为电源电压）附近的信号称为高电平。
以高电平表示1，低电平表示0，实现的逻辑关系称为正逻辑（Positive Logic），相反，以高电平表示0，低电平表示1，实现的逻辑关系称为负逻辑（Negative Logic），两者之间的逻辑关系为对偶关系。
（2）逻辑函数的标准表达式积之和标准形式（又称为标准和、最小项和式）：每个与项都是最小项的与或表达式。
和之积标准形式（又称为标准积、最大项积式）：每个或项都是最大项的或与表达式。
逻辑函数的表达形式具有多样性，但标准形式是唯一的，它们和真值表之间有严格的对应关系。
外周血应激性血糖升高比值联合前白蛋白对AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的预测价值
[9]ZHOU D,YAN M Q,CHENG Q,et al.Prevalence and prognosis ofleft ventricular diastolic dysfunction in community hypertensionpatients[J].BMC Cardiovascular Disorders,2022,22(1):265. [10]JENAB Y,HEDAYAT B,KARIMI A,et al.Effects of opium use onone-year major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE)in thepatients with ST-segment elevation MI undergoing primary PCI:apropensity score matched-machine learning based study[J].BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies,2023,23(1):16. 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[18]BACKHAUS S J,KOWALLICK J T,STIERMAIER T,et al.Culpritvessel-related myocardial mechanics and prognostic implicationsfollowing acute myocardial infarction[J].Clinical Research inCardiology,2020,109(3):339-349.[19]TOVAR FORERO M N,ZANCHIN T,MASDJEDI K,et al.Incidenceand predictors of outcomes after a first definite coronary stentthrombosis[J].EuroIntervention,2020,16(4):e344-e350. [20]韦荣文,王惠香,黄慧琨.心脏超声对高血压左室肥厚伴左心力衰竭的临床诊断价值[J].影像研究与医学应用,2021,5(20):62-63.(收稿日期:2023-03-12)(本文编辑郭怀印)外周血应激性血糖升高比值联合前白蛋白对AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的预测价值米黑热古丽㊃艾尼瓦尔,李超摘要目的:探讨外周血应激性血糖升高比值(SHR)㊁前白蛋白(PA)对急性心肌梗死(AMI)并发急性左心衰竭(ALHF)病人预后不良的预测价值㊂方法:选取2019年5月 2021年4月北京儿童医院新疆医院收治的317例AMI病人作为研究对象,根据有无并发急性左心衰竭将其分为急性左心衰竭组(113例)和非急性左心衰竭组(204例)㊂采集病人外周血样,检测入院即刻血糖水平㊁空腹糖化血红蛋白水平和PA水平,计算SHR㊂跟踪随访急性左心衰竭组病人治疗后12个月内的生存情况,根据病人有无发生心源性死亡将其分为预后不良组和预后良好组,分析AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的影响因素,另绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析外周血SHR和PA对AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的预测价值㊂结果:急性左心衰竭组外周血SHR高于非急性左心衰竭组(P<0.05),外周血PA水平低于非急性左心衰竭组(P<0.05);急性左心衰竭组病人随访12个月内预后不良发生率为35.40%,预后不良组年龄㊁SHR高于预后良好组(P<0.05),外周血PA水平㊁左室射血分数及再灌注㊁β受体阻断剂㊁他汀类药物治疗占比均低于预后良好组(P<0.05)㊂Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄㊁外周血SHR高及左室射血分数㊁外周血PA水平低均是AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的危险因素(P<0.05),再灌注㊁β受体阻断剂㊁他汀类药物治疗是AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的保护因素(P<0.05);外周血SHR㊁PA水平单项及二者联合预测AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的敏感度分别为75.00%㊁67.50%㊁92.50%,特异度分别为89.04%㊁93.15%㊁86.30%,曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.752,0.798,0.913,二者联合预测的敏感度和AUC均高于单项预测(P<0.05)㊂结论:AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人外周血SHR明显升高,PA水平明显降低,二者均与病人预后不良有关,对预后具有预测价值,但联合预测更有助于临床评估病人预后情况㊂关键词急性心肌梗死;急性左心衰竭;应激性血糖升高比值;前白蛋白;预后d o i:10.12102/j.i s s n.1672-1349.2024.06.025作者单位北京儿童医院新疆医院/新疆维吾尔自治区儿童医院(乌鲁木齐830054),E-mail:****************引用信息米黑热古丽㊃艾尼瓦尔,李超.外周血应激性血糖升高比值联合前白蛋白对AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的预测价值[J].中西医结合心脑血管病杂志,2024,22(6):1094-1098.急性心力衰竭是急性心肌梗死(AMI)的严重并发症,其中以急性左心衰竭(ALHF)最为常见,不仅增加AMI病人治疗难度和费用,也明显增加了病人的病死率[1]㊂调查显示,AMI合并急性左心衰竭病人1年㊁5年病死率分别高达37%㊁62%[2]㊂因此,探讨早期预测AMI合并急性左心衰竭病人预后的指标以指导临床干预,对改善病人预后具有重要意义㊂既往研究报道,在机体遭受AMI㊁急性左心衰竭等严重疾病时会出现应激性高血糖,血糖适度升高可维持梗死心肌能量供给,减轻损伤,但过度升高会激活氧化应激和免疫应答,加重微循环障碍和心肌损伤,单一检测血糖或糖化血红蛋白容易忽略基础血糖水平对应激性血糖改变的影响[3]㊂应激性血糖升高比值(SHR)是近年来提出的评估应激性血糖水平相对变化的新参数,且国内外研究均发现SHR与AMI病人并发严重心力衰竭㊁心源性休克和死亡率相关[4-5]㊂前白蛋白(PA)是肝脏在机体严重感染㊁创伤㊁AMI等急性期合成的蛋白,可反映机体损伤程度和营养状况,Wang等[6]研究表明,较低的PA与冠心病严重程度和心脏不良事件发生有关㊂本研究观察AMI合并急性左心衰竭病人SHR和PA 变化,探讨SHR和PA对AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的预测价值㊂1资料与方法1.1一般资料选取2019年5月 2021年4月我院收治的317例AMI病人作为研究对象㊂纳入标准:符合AMI诊断标准[7],发病到入院治疗不超过24h;年龄18~80岁;签署知情同意书者㊂排除标准:严重肝㊁肾㊁肺等功能不全者;近1个月有严重创伤㊁感染或手术史;既往有急性左心衰竭史;合并心肌炎㊁肥厚型心肌病㊁瓣膜病㊁主动脉夹层等;先天性心脏病病人;恶性肿瘤病人;合并白血病㊁血友病等血液系统疾病;妊娠期或哺乳期女性病人;神经器质性病变及精神疾病病人㊂急性左心衰竭诊断标准:1)既往有心脏病史或心力衰竭史;2)突发呼吸困难㊁端坐呼吸㊁发绀㊁咳粉红泡沫痰;3)听诊两肺湿啰音(或伴哮鸣音)㊁心率快㊁闻及奔马律,胸部X 线示肺淤血㊁肺水肿;4)心脏生物学标志物血浆B型钠尿肽㊁N末端脑钠肽前体㊁肌钙蛋白等明显升高[8]㊂根据AMI病人有无并发急性左心衰竭将其分为两组,急性左心衰竭组113例,其中,男60例,女53例;年龄53~77(66.93ʃ6.27)岁;体质指数(BMI)20~29(24.89ʃ2.56)kg/m2㊂非急性左心衰竭组204例,其中,男106例,女98例;年龄51~76(66.47ʃ6.59)岁;BMI20~ 29(25.02ʃ2.74)kg/m2㊂两组性别㊁年龄㊁BMI比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)㊂本研究经医院伦理委员会批准(伦理批号:201903-002)㊂1.2方法1.2.1SHR检测于病人入院后即刻采集肘静脉血,应用全自动生化分析仪测定入院即刻血糖水平,另于入院后次日清晨采集病人空腹静脉血样,应用全自动糖化血红蛋白分析仪检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平,应用全自动生化分析仪检测血清PA水平㊂计算SHR,SHR=入院即刻血糖水平/(1.59ˑHbA1c-2.59)㊂1.2.2资料收集及随访收集病人的性别㊁年龄㊁BMI㊁心率㊁血压㊁既往病史(心肌梗死㊁慢性心力衰竭)㊁合并疾病(糖尿病㊁高血压㊁高脂血症)㊁实验室检查情况(外周血SHR㊁外周血PA㊁血红蛋白㊁血肌酐㊁血钠㊁血钾㊁N末端脑钠肽前体㊁肌酸激酶同工酶)㊁心肌梗死类型㊁左室射血分数㊁Killip心功能分级㊁治疗情况[再灌注治疗(溶栓或PCI)㊁血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)/血管紧张素Ⅱ拮抗剂(ARB)㊁β受体阻断剂㊁他汀类药物㊁利尿剂㊁抗血小板药物]等㊂对急性左心衰竭组病人进行跟踪随访,病人出院后1㊁3㊁6㊁12个月来院复诊,同时每月电话随访病人预后情况㊂根据随访12个月内病人有无发生心源性死亡将其分为预后不良组和预后良好组㊂1.3观察指标比较急性左心衰竭组和非急性左心衰竭组外周血SHR及PA水平;统计急性左心衰竭组预后情况,比较预后良好组和预后不良组临床资料;分析AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的影响因素,并分析外周血SHR及PA水平对AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的预测价值㊂1.4统计学处理采用SPSS26.0软件进行统计分析㊂对定量资料均行正态性检验,符合正态分布以均数ʃ标准差(xʃs)表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;偏态分布以中位数及四分位数[M(P25,P75)]表示,采用Mann-Whitney U检验㊂定性资料以例数或百分率表示,采用χ2检验,若任一理论频数>1且<5时需对检验进行校正;采用Logistic回归分析探讨AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的影响因素,记录比值比(OR)和95%置信区间(95%CI);采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析外周血SHR及PA水平对AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的预测价值,记录截断值㊁敏感度㊁特异度㊁曲线下面积(AUC)和95%CI㊂以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义㊂2结果2.1急性左心衰竭组和非急性左心衰竭组外周血SHR及PA水平比较急性左心衰竭组外周血SHR高于非急性左心衰竭组(P<0.05),外周血PA水平低于非急性左心衰竭组(P<0.05)㊂详见表1㊂表1急性左心衰竭组和非急性左心衰竭组外周血SHR及PA水平比较[M(P25,P75)]组别例数SHR PA(g/L)急性左心衰竭组113 1.19(0.87,1.43)0.19(0.15,0.21)非急性左心衰竭组204 1.03(0.75,1.33)0.23(0.18,0.30) U值907.500618.000P0.001<0.0012.2预后良好组和预后不良组临床资料比较113例急性左心衰竭病人随访12个月内有40例发生心源性死亡,预后不良发生率为35.40%(40/113)㊂预后不良组年龄㊁SHR高于预后良好组(P<0.05),外周血PA水平㊁左室射血分数及再灌注㊁β受体阻断剂㊁他汀类药物治疗占比均低于预后良好组(P<0.05)㊂详见表2㊂表2预后良好组和预后不良组临床资料比较项目预后不良组(n=40)预后良好组(n=73)统计值P 男性[例(%)]19(47.50)41(56.16)χ2=0.7790.377年龄(岁)70.06ʃ5.2865.21ʃ6.44t=4.070<0.001 BMI(kg/m2)24.77ʃ2.4624.96ʃ2.28t=-0.4120.681心率(次/min)91.84ʃ20.6786.57ʃ18.29t=1.3980.165收缩压(mmHg)135.36ʃ28.13128.44ʃ27.52t=1.2680.207舒张压(mmHg)76.54ʃ15.3875.94ʃ16.22t=0.1910.849既往病史[例(%)]心肌梗死13(32.50)20(27.40)χ2=0.3250.568慢性心力衰竭17(42.50)24(32.88)χ2=1.0350.309合并疾病[例(%)]糖尿病16(40.00)31(42.47)χ2=0.0650.799高血压29(72.50)48(65.75)χ2=0.5420.462高脂血症[例(%)]5(12.50)10(13.70)χ2=0.0120.912 SHR 1.45(1.28,1.66) 1.08(0.84,1.27)U=723.000<0.001 PA(g/L)0.14(0.12,0.18)0.20(0.18,0.22)U=590.000<0.001血红蛋白(g/L)118.94ʃ11.53123.61ʃ13.89t=-1.8110.073血肌酐(μmol/L)103.15(70.28,128.74)95.88(64.57,120.13)U=1304.5000.344血钠(mmol/L)137.11ʃ5.48137.79ʃ5.86t=-0.6030.548血钾(mmol/L) 4.13ʃ0.75 4.05ʃ0.66t=0.5870.558 N末端脑钠肽前体(ng/L)6071(2935,16829)4512(2406,10764)U=1127.5000.219肌酸激酶同工酶(U/L)236.57ʃ38.62224.13ʃ35.39t=1.7300.086 ST段抬高型心肌梗死[例(%)]14(35.00)28(38.36)χ2=0.1250.724左室射血分数(%)44.21ʃ12.8948.76ʃ10.24t=-2.0570.042 Killip心功能分级[例(%)] Ⅱ级13(32.50)38(52.05)Ⅲ级17(42.50)22(30.14)U=3.9900.134Ⅳ级10(25.00)13(17.81)治疗情况[例(%)]再灌注14(35.00)49(67.12)χ2=10.8090.001 ACEI/ARB10(25.00)28(38.36)χ2=2.0650.151β受体阻断剂26(65.00)61(83.56)χ2=5.0260.025他汀类药物28(70.00)69(94.52)χ2=12.783<0.001利尿剂32(80.00)60(82.19)χ2=0.0820.775抗血小板药物37(92.50)70(95.89)χ2=0.5910.4422.3AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良影响因素分析将AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后情况作为因变量(预后良好=0,预后不良=1),将上述预后良好组和预后不良组临床资料比较P<0.10的项目作为自变量[年龄(实测值)㊁外周血SHR(实测值)㊁PA水平(实测值)㊁血红蛋白水平(实测值)㊁肌酸激酶同工酶(实测值)㊁左室射血分数(实测值)㊁再灌注(有=0,无=1)㊁β受体阻断剂(有=0,无=1)㊁他汀类药物治疗(有=0,无=1)],进行Logistic回归分析,结果显示,年龄大㊁外周血SHR高及左室射血分数㊁外周血PA水平降低均是AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的危险因素(P <0.05),再灌注㊁β受体阻断剂㊁他汀类药物治疗是AMI 并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的保护因素(P <0.05)㊂详见表3㊂表3 AMI 并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的影响因素分析变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2值P OR 值95%CI 年龄0.6530.2089.8560.002 1.921[1.278,2.888]左室射血分数0.8950.3168.0220.005 2.447[1.317,4.546]外周血SHR 1.0770.29113.698<0.001 2.936[1.660,5.194]外周血PA 水平 1.1640.32412.907<0.001 3.203[1.697,6.044]再灌注-0.6290.2178.4020.0040.533[0.348,0.816]β受体阻断剂治疗-0.3720.158 5.5430.0180.689[0.506,0.939]他汀类药物治疗-0.5260.1947.3510.0060.591[0.404,0.864]常数项-7.0241.44723.555<0.0012.4 外周血SHR 及PA 水平对AMI 并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的预测价值外周血SHR ㊁PA 水平联合预测AMI 并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的敏感度均高于单项指标预测(χ2=4.501,P =0.034;χ2=7.813,P =0.005);AUC 均高于单项指标预测(Z =2.727,P =0.006;Z =2.050,P =0.040);特异度与单项指标预测对比差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05)㊂详见表4㊁图1㊂表4 外周血SHR 及PA 水平对AMI 并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的预测价值项目截断值敏感度(%)特异度(%)AUC 95%CI SHR 1.34 75.0089.040.752[0.662,0.829]PA 0.16g/L67.5093.150.798[0.712,0.868]二者联合92.5086.300.913[0.845,0.958]图1 外周血SHR 、PA 单项及联合预测AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的ROC 曲线3 讨 论急性左心衰竭是AMI 的并发症之一,具有较高的致残率㊁致死率㊂随着医疗水平的发展,临床在治疗AMI 并发急性左心衰竭病人效果方面也取得了很大进步,但仍有较高的再住院率和病死率[9]㊂本研究通过对AMI 并发急性左心衰竭病人进行随访,发现治疗后12个月预后不良发生率高达35.40%,由此可见预测AMI 并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良风险对指导临床早期个体化㊁循证治疗具有重要意义㊂SHR 反映应激状态下血糖变化情况,机体在应激状态下会产生儿茶酚胺㊁肾上腺素㊁胰高血糖素等,导致胰岛素抵抗和糖异生,进而使血糖迅速升高[10]㊂有研究报道,血糖升高能够反映疾病严重程度和应激程度,血糖升高越显著,提示疾病越严重,应激反应越剧烈[11]㊂本研究发现,急性左心衰竭组外周血SHR 高于非急性左心衰竭组,说明AMI 并发急性左心衰竭病人SHR 高于未并发急性左心衰竭病人,可能由于AMI 病人在并发急性左心衰竭后应激反应进一步加剧,导致血糖显著升高,SHR 较高㊂应激状态下血糖升高虽对机体具有一定的保护作用,但血糖过度升高会上调富含线粒体相关内质网膜蛋白表达,破坏钙离子平衡,激活心肌细胞内质网应激㊁线粒体氧化应激,促进心肌细胞死亡[12];Thakur 等[13]研究发现,在高血糖状态下,心肌细胞暴露24h 后心肌标志物肌钙蛋白及CXC 趋化因子㊁热休克蛋白㊁Toll 样受体等炎症相关介质上调,心肌细胞受损,心脏收缩功能也发生障碍㊂以上研究均提示应激状态下高血糖可能会对AMI 并发急性左心衰竭病人预后造成影响㊂故本研究进一步比较AMI 并发急性左心衰竭病人中不同预后病人SHR ,发现预后不良组SHR 高于预后良好组,且经Logistic 回归分析证实SHR 较高是病人预后不良的危险因素㊂吴伏鹏等[14]研究也发现,急性心力衰竭病人中SHR高水平组死亡率高于低水平组,SHR水平升高是此类病人死亡的独立危险因素㊂PA是一种急性期负性蛋白,半衰期短,相比清蛋白更能准确评估机体营养状态和炎症状态,且能在一定程度上反映损伤程度㊂既往研究发现,在AMI病人中PA水平随心功能分级升高而降低,且并发心力衰竭病人PA水平低于未并发病人[15]㊂本研究也发现急性左心衰竭组外周血PA水平低于非急性左心衰竭组,与上述研究报道一致,提示PA水平降低可能与AMI病人病情程度有关㊂本研究还发现AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人中预后不良组PA水平低于预后良好组,且经Logistic回归分析证实PA水平较低是病人预后不良的危险因素㊂炎症反应在AMI和急性左心衰竭发病机制中起重要作用,急性期病情加重,炎症反应剧烈,使PA合成受抑制,水平降低,同时AMI并发急性左心衰竭处于应激状态,能量代谢增加,且病情严重㊁病程长,机体消耗巨大,常导致营养不良,PA水平降低,而营养不良又会使机体免疫力下降,加重感染,恶化心功能,导致预后不良[16]㊂Akashi等[17]研究也发现,急性心力衰竭病人入院时PA水平较低与较高的死亡率相关,能够有效预测病人全因性死亡㊂本研究进一步绘制ROC曲线分析外周血SHR㊁PA水平单项及联合预测AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的价值,发现联合预测的敏感度和AUC均高于单项预测,特异度与单项预测相近,提示外周血SHR㊁PA水平联合检测更有助于临床评估AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的风险,以便早期对此类病人进行危险分层,给予个体化干预以改善预后㊂此外,本研究还发现年龄大㊁左室射血分数低均也是AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的危险因素,再灌注㊁β受体阻断剂㊁他汀类药物治疗是预后不良的保护因素,与既往研究报道[18-19]一致㊂综上所述,AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人SHR升高,PA水平降低,均是AMI并发急性左心衰竭病人预后不良的危险因素,且对预后不良具有预测价值,二者联合预测应用价值更高㊂但本研究尚有不足:如单中心研究样本选取相对较为局限㊁样本量较小;对病人发生应激性血糖改变机制尚未完全清楚,需进一步深入探讨;未具体分析SHR对伴或不伴糖尿病病人预后的影响㊂参考文献:[1]KAMON D,SUGAWARA Y,SOEDA T,et 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