考工典与中华工匠文化体系建构 邹其昌

Book of Diverse Crafts and the Construction of Chinese

Craftsman Cultural System

--The Second Part of a Serial Study of Chinese Craftsman Cultural System

DOI 编码：10.3969/J.ISSN.1674-4187.2016.04.004

文/邹其昌（同济大学 设计创意学院）

中华工匠文化体系，旨在从文化理论的视角也就是从工匠活动的主体方面（人的方面）对20世纪20年代以前的中华工匠进行系统研究，深入挖掘中华工匠的文化史意义和当代价值。以“工匠”为主题，以“工匠文化”为中心，以“工匠精神”为信仰，系统整理、构建和探索“工匠文化”世界，构建中华工匠文化体系。中华工匠文化体系既是一个逻辑范畴，也是一个历史范畴。中华工匠文化体系建构主要有三种典型的建构范式，我们称之为《考工记》范式、《营造法式》范式和《天工开物》范式。这三种范式各具特色，具有一定历史性或代表性。当然还有其他很多建构模式或范本，本文所讨论的《考工典》，就是一种极其重要的集大成式的中华工匠文化体系建构方式或范本，具有重大的研究价值。《考工典》共分为三部分：考工总部、宫室总部和器用总部。其中《考工总部》以劳动系统为主，而后两者（宫室总部和器用总部）以生活系统为主。这种划分方式背后隐藏着深刻的思想文化逻辑，即先政治，再社会，后生活的逻辑。事实上，在这个过程中《考工典》初步完成了它对中国传统工匠文化体系建构的历史任务。并且，对当代工匠文化体系的建构来说，《考工典》也提供了一个重要的具有当代价值的历史坐标或参照系统。

《考工典》与中华工匠文化体系建构

——中华工匠文化体系研究系列之二

关键词：工匠；工匠文化；工匠精神；中华工匠文化体系；《考工典》

Key words: craftsman; craftsman culture; craftsmanship; Chinese craftsman cultural system; Book of diverse crafts

Chinese craftsman cultural system, aiming at carrying on a systematic study of the Chinese craftsman before the 1920s from the perspective of cultural theory which is the subject(human) of craftsman’s activities, digs deeper into the significance of cultural history and contemporary value of the Chinese craftsman. The construction of Chinese craftsman cultural system takes the “craftsman” as the subject, the “craftsman culture” as the center and the “craftsmanship” as the belief, in order to systematically sort out and explore the world of “craftsman culture”. The Chinese craftsman cultural system not only belongs to logical category but historical category. There are three typical constructing paradigms about the system which are called as the paradigm of “ Book of Diverse Crafts”, “ Rules for Structural Carpentry” and “ Exploitation of the Works of the Nature”. All of the paradigms are distinctive. They have certain historic significance and representativeness. Of course there are many other constructing paradigms or models. “ Book of diverse crafts” , as discussed in this article, is a comprehensive expression of vitally important constructing paradigms or models of Chinese craftsman cultural system. It is of great research value. The book consists of three parts: Kao Gong Headquarter, Palace Headquarter and Utensils Headquarter. The “Kao Gong Headquarter” gives priority to the labor system while the latter two(Palace Headquarter and Utensils Headquarter) give priority to the living system.The profound ideological and cultural logic lies behind this division is the logic that politics are put on the first place then society is on the second place and finally the life. In fact,“Book of diverse crafts”, during this process, initially completes its historical task of the construction of Chinese craftsman cultural system, and also, it provides an important historical coordinate or reference system which is of contemporary value for the construction of craftsman cultural system.

中华工匠文化体系，旨在从文化理论的视角也就是从工匠活动的主体方面（人的方面）对20世纪20年代以前的中华工匠进行系统研究，深入挖掘中华工匠的文化史意义和当代价值。中华工匠文化体系

也就是指中华工匠文化的整体性特征及其世界性价值存在体，是整个中华文化体系的重要组成部分，也是中华文化体系重大特征性构成要素。那么这里就自然排除了中华工匠文化体系中负面价值，尽管“负

面价值”对认识事物本身具有其历史价值，但我们应该以“取其精华，去其糟粕”方式审视中华工匠文化体系，深入系统挖掘其当代实践价值，为当代中华文化伟大复兴，提升中国品质，实现中国梦服务。

作者简介：邹其昌，同济大学设计创意学院教授、博士生导师，研究方向：设计学基础理论、美学、经典诠释学、设计产业理论。