2015江苏高考英语阅读理解D句子成分分析
高考英语语法句子成分分析
高考英语语法句子成分分析句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。
一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。
句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。
句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。
1）主语：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。
如：Students study. (学生学习。
)We are friends.(我们是朋友)这两句话中单词students是个名词，we是代词，它们在句中做主语。
2）谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。
如：Students study. (学生学习。
)We are friends. (我们是朋友)这两句话中单词study和are都是动词，study叫做实意动词，are叫做be动词，它们在句中作谓语。
3）宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。
放在及物动词或者介词之后。
如：They are teachers. ( 他们是老师。
)I play with him. (我和他一起玩。
)这两句话中单词teachers是名词，单词him是带词，它们在句中作宾语。
4）定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。
形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。
如：This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳.)He is a tall boy.（他是个高个子男孩。
）这两句话中单词red和tall都是形容词，它们作定语。
５）状语是用来说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。
常由副词担任。
修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。
如：The students study hard. (这些学生学习努力。
)I often write to him. (我常给他写信。
2015江苏高考英语阅读理解B句子成分分析
In the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants 定语. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.Electronic devices contain valuable metals 定语such as gold and silver. A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods 定语represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste, the concentration (含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher in So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed, 主句the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries, in practically uncontrolled ways 定语which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.主语Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times more, than the material 定语contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the mines that produced those metals, thefactories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) it came in. Many wastes 定语produced in the producing process are harmful as well.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in 宾语that “the production, distribution, and use of products — as well as management of the resulting waste — all result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start —独立成分for instance, buying reusable products and recycling.In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility 主语is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive (动机) for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging 定语they use to sell their products, would they reduce the packaging in the first place?Governments’ incentive 定语to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money. Why, 独立成分they ask, should cities or townsbe responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫) that encased your television定语?From the governments’ point of view, 主语a primary goal of laws 定语requiring extended producer responsibility is 表语to transfer both the costs and the physicalresponsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.58. By mentioning the Swiss study, the author intends to tell us that _________ .A. the weight of e-goods is rather smallB. E-waste deserves to be made good use ofC. natural minerals contain more precious metalsD. the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste59. The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended _________ .A. from producers to governmentsB. from governments to producersC. from individuals to distributorsD. from distributors to governments60. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. The increase in e-waste.B. The creation of e-waste.C. The seriousness of e-waste.D. The management of e-waste.。
2015年高考英语句子成分及句子结构
句子成分一、句子成分句子成分：组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。
即：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和同位语。
主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。
表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语的组成部分。
1、主语：是表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语和从句等充当。
例如：Mr. Cheng is an English teacher.程先生是英语教师He teaches English in No. 5 Middle School. 他在五中教英语。
To be a good teacher is not easy. 要当一位好老师并不容易。
The accused was sentenced to death．被指控者被判处死刑。
Her beloved died in the war. 她敬爱的人死于战场。
What he said is reasonable. 他说的话有道理。
2、谓语：是说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。
谓语（谓语部分里的主要词）用动词。
谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两个方面必须保持一致。
例如：We love China. 我热爱中国。
Mr. Cheng hopes to be a good teacher.程先生希望当一位好教师。
3、表语：是说明主语是什么或者怎么样。
由名词、代词、数词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词、短语或从句等充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。
例如：My father is a teacher. 我父亲是教师。
His work is to teach English . 他的工作是教英语。
Are you ready? 你准备好了吗？That’s what I should do. 这是我应该做的。
4、宾语：是表示动作行为的对象。
由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词或相当于名词的词、短语或从句等充当宾语，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。
2015江苏高考英语阅读理解C句子成分分析
Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely 主语that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work主语.Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved定语. For example, people volunteer to express personal values 定语related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships宾语. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract定语.People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation 状语from an internal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g., “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”).When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to thispossibility when they make volunteer activities a must宾补.Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies 定语in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors 定语that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering 定语they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given 状语to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree 定语to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people 定语for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree 定语to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospitalis an important part of who I am.”Consistent with the researcher s’ expectations, they found a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer定语. These results, once again, lead to concrete advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.... Items like T-shirts 定语that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.61. People volunteer mainly out of ______.A. academic requirementsB. social expectationsC. financial rewardsD. internal needs62. What can we learn from the Florida study?A. Follow-up studies should last for one year.B.V olunteers should get mentally prepared.C. Strategy training is a must in research.D. V olunteers are provided with concrete advice.63. What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?A. Individual differences in role identity.B. Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.C. Role identity as a volunteer.D. Practical advice fromresearchers.64. What is the best title of the passage?A. How to Get People to V olunteerB. How to Study V olunteer BehaviorsC. How to Keep Volunteers’ InterestD. How to Organize V olunteer Activities。
英语句子成分图
英语句子成分图在英语语法中，一个句子通常由多个成分组成，这些成分构成了句子的结构。
其中，主要的句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语等。
这些成分在句子中的位置和作用各不相同，下面我们来详细了解一下。
1、主语主语是句子的第一成分，通常位于谓语之前。
主语表示句子所描述的行为或状态的主体。
例如，“The cat is sleeping”（猫正在睡觉）中的“The cat”就是主语。
2、谓语谓语是句子的核心成分，通常位于主语之后。
谓语描述主语所做的行为或状态。
例如，“The cat is sleeping”中的“is sleeping”就是谓语。
3、宾语宾语是句子中的第二主要成分，通常位于谓语之后。
宾语表示谓语所描述的行为或状态的对象。
例如，“The cat eats the mouse”（猫吃老鼠）中的“the mouse”就是宾语。
4、定语定语是句子中的修饰成分，通常位于被修饰的名词之前。
定语用来描述名词的性质、特征或属性。
例如，“The red car”（红色的车）中的“red”就是定语。
5、状语状语是句子中的修饰成分，通常位于谓语之前或之后。
状语用来描述行为或状态的时间、地点、方式、原因等。
例如，“The cat jumps over the sleeping mouse”（猫跳过正在睡觉的老鼠）中的“over the sleeping mouse”就是状语。
以上是英语句子中的主要成分，它们在句子中的位置和作用各不相同。
理解这些成分的构成和作用对于理解英语句子的结构和含义非常重要。
通过分析句子的成分，我们还可以更好地理解英语语法和写作技巧。
1、主语 (subject)主语是句子要说明的人或物，是句子的主体。
一般放在句首。
名词，代词，数词，动名词，动词不定式，主语从句都可以作主语。
例如：Lili is a good student. （莉莉是一个好学生。
）The cat is on the mat. （猫在垫子上。
江苏高考英语阅读理解d句子成分分析说课讲解
Not so long ago, most people didn’t know 宾语who Shelly Ann Francis Pryce was going to become. She was just an average high school athlete. There was every indication 同位语that she was just another American teenager without much of a future. However, one person wants to change this. Stephen Francis observed then eighteen-year-old Shelly Ann at a track meet and was convinced 宾语that he had seen the beginning of true greatness. Her time were not exactly impressive, but even so, he seemed there was something 定语trying to get out, something 定语the other coaches had overlooked when they had assessed her and found her lacking. He decided to offer Shelly Ann a place in his very strict training seasons. Their cooperation quickly produced results, and a few years later at J amaica’s Olympic trials in early 2008, Shelly Ann, 定语who at that time only ranked number 70 in the world, beat Jamaica’s unchallenged queen of the sprint(短跑).“Where did she come from?” asked an astonished sprinting world, before concluding that she must be one of those one-hit wonders 定语that spring up from time to time, 状语only to disappear again without signs. But Shelly Ann was to prove that she was anything but a one-hit wonder. At the Beijing Olympics she swept away any doubts 定语about herability to perform consistently by becoming the first Jamaican woman 定语ever to win the 100 meters Olympic gold. She did it again one year on at the World Championship in Briton, 状语becoming world champion with a time of 10.73--- the fourth record ever.Shelly-Ann is a little woman with a big smile. She has a mental toughness 定语that did not come about by chance. Her journey定语to becoming the fastest woman on earth has been anything but smooth and effortless. She grew up in one of Jamaica’s toughest inner-city communities 定语known as Waterhouse, 定语where she lived in a one-room apartment, 状语sleeping four in a bed with her mother and two brothers. Waterhouse, 同位语one of the poorest communities in Jamaica, is a really violent and overpopulated place. Several of Shelly-Ann's friends and family were caught up in the killings; one of her cousins was shot dead only a few streets away from where she lived. Sometimes her family didn’t have enough to eat. She ran at the school championships 状语barefooted because she couldn’t afford shoes. Her mother Maxime,同位语one of a family of fourteen, had been an athlete herself as a young girl but, 状语like so many other girls in Waterhouse, had to stop after she had her first baby. 主语Maxime’s earlyentry into the adult world with its responsibilities gave her the determination 定语to ensure that her kids would not end up in Waterhouse's roundabout of poverty. One of the first things 定语Maxime used to do with Shelly-Ann was表语taking her to the track, and she was ready to sacrifice everything.It didn't take long for Shelly-Ann 主语to realize that sports could be her way out of Waterhouse. On a summer evening in Beijing in 2008, all those long, 主语hard hours of work and commitment finally bore fruit. The barefoot kid定语who just a few years previously had been living in poverty, 状语surrounded by criminals and violence, had written a new chapter in the history of sports.But Shelly-Ann’s victory was far greater than that. The night 定语she won Olympic gold in Beijing, 主语the routine murders in Waterhouse and the drug wars in the neighbouring streets stopped. 主语The dark cloud above one of the world’s toughest criminal neighbourhoods simply disappeared for a few days. “ I have so much fire burning for my country,”Shelly said. She plans to start a foundation for homeless children and wants to build a community centre in Waterhouse. She hopes to inspire the Jamaicans to lay down their weapons. She intendsto fight to make it a woman’s as well as a man’s world.As Muhammad Ali puts it, “ Champions aren't made in gyms. Champions are made from something 定语they have deep inside them. A desire, a dream, a vision.” One of the things 定语Shelly-Ann can be proud of is her understanding of this truth.65. W hy did Stephen Francis decide to coach Shelly-Ann?A. He had a strong desire to free her family from trouble.B. He sensed a great potential in her despite her weaknesses.C. She had big problems maintaining her performance.D. She suffered a lot of defeats at the previous track meets.66. W hat did the sprinting world think of Shelly-Ann before the 2008 Olympic Games?A. She would become a promising star.B. She badly needed to set higher goals.C. Her sprinting career would not last long.D. Her talent for sprinting was known to all.67. W hat made Maxime decide to train her daughter on thetrack?A. Her success and lessons in her career.B. Her interest in Shelly-Ann’s quick profit.C. Her wish to get Shelly-Ann out of poverty.D. Her early entrance into the sprinting world.68. W hat can we infer from Shelly-Ann's statement underlined in Paragraph 5?A. She was highly rewarded for her efforts.B. She was eager to do more for her country.C. She became an athletic star in her country.D. She was the envy of the whole community.69. B y mentioning Muhammad Ali’s words, the author intends to tell us that _________________________________ .A. players should be highly inspired by coachesB. great athletes need to concentrate on patienceC. hard work is necessary in one’s achievementsD. motivation allows great athletes to be on the top70. W hat is the best title for the passage?A. The Making of a Great AthleteB. The Dream for ChampionshipC. The Key to High PerformanceD. The Power of Full Responsibility。
解析2015江苏卷英语阅读理解题型及应试技巧
解析2015江苏卷英语阅读理解题型及应试技巧作者：吴涛来源：《中学课程辅导高考版·学生版》2015年第12期阅读，作为获取信息的主要手段，越来越受到人们的重视。
阅读理解在高考试卷中占30分，如果加上完形填空题20分，再加上任务型阅读10分，那就是60分，占了总分的一半。
国家课程标准中《英语课程标准》指出，高中英语教学应该着重培养学生以下几方面的能力：在人际交往中得体地使用英语的能力；用英语获取和处理信息的能力；用英语分析问题和解决问题的能力以及批判性思维能力。
由此可见培养学生英语阅读理解能力的必要性和重要性。
怎样提高阅读效率，如何进行成功的英语阅读，一直是师生们悉心关注的问题。
阅读理解是一个过程，在这一过程中，通过对文章的句法与语义的线索的研究，读者就能够了解作者的意思。
通过与作者相比较，读者可以很容易地印证他自己的知识与观点，他可以从作者那里获得新的信息和理念。
由于读者自己的知识、观点和情感与作者的知识、观点和情感相互作用，读者也许会产生新的见解，从而超越作者。
高考英语阅读理解题的考查主要从两个方面测试考生的理解能力：（1）主观理解，即通过阅读短文，对文中主旨、主题、中心思想和作者意图、态度及语篇逻辑关系等深层意义上的理解，并据此进行推理和判断。
（2）客观理解，即对所给材料中具体事实和细节的理解。
具体地说高考英语阅读理解题型往往从以下几方面进行设计：1. 细节理解题：细节理解题的考查每年高考中都有一定比例，一般难度较低，属于浅层理解题，得分率较高。
2015年江苏卷中考查该题型的共有7题，它们是57，59， 61，63，66，67和69。
应试技巧：此类题型的解题方法是：抓住提问的关键词，仔细阅读文章中的相关内容，一般在文章中直接找到或稍加归纳就可以找到正确答案。
细节理解题询问的是作者说了什么，其答案在文中已明确被表述过。
因此，能在文中直接找到相关的细节。
有些阅读材料如新闻报道、故事、应用文体等在阅读时逐字逐句去理解，可先快速略读领会文章大意，再看题目，然后根据题目要求再扫读文章，获取相关信息。
2015江苏高考英语阅读理解D句子成分分析
精心整理Freedom and ResponsibilityFreedom’s challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic. We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.live alone in the desert状语. The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted. A man was free if he was self-controlled. 主语To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom. They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair. Each one felt responsible for the welfare ofAthens, 状语not because it was forced on him from the outside, but because the city was his pride and his safety. 主语The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men 定语who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.workjoyherwho paidtothem; and 状语with this as the primary object, 主语ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing. Athens was more and more looked on 主补as a cooperative business 定语possessed of great wealth 定语in which all citizens had a right to share.Athens reached the point when t he freedom she really wanted主语 was freedom from responsibility. There could be only one result. 状语If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good,they would cease to be free. Responsibility is the price 定语every man must pay for freedom. It isnevernot the it.sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action ,only sure that it will do so sometime.65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. Countries where their people need help.B. Powerful states with higher civilization.C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.D. Governments ruled with absolute power.66. People believing in freedom are those who________.Paragraph 5 mean?A. Athens would continue to be free.B. Athens would cease to have freedom.C. Freedom would come from responsibility.D. Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence.69. Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?A. The author is hopeful about freedom.B. The author is cautious about self-government.。
高中英语高考英语句子成分句法分析词类剖析.
★ We
study English. ★ He is asleep. ★ You may go now.
（二）练习
主 谓语
说出下列划线部分单词或词组在句子 中各充当什么成分
宾语 定语
1. I don't like the picture on the wall. 2. My brother hasn't done his homework.
主语 谓语 定语
3. It is a great pleasure to talk with you .
选择 疑问句 以or连接提问的两个部分，以供选择。 他不喜欢足球，是吗？ Is he a student or a worker? 他是学生还是工人？
（三）祈使句：用来表示命令或请求，说话的对象是第二人称you,
但常常被省略 。常用动词原形开头。否定祈使句在句首加don’t
Eg. Sit down, please!
主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
He found the old man dead.
（二）并列句：用并列连词把两个或两个以上的 简单句连接起来的句子。并列连词有and,but,or 等。 Eg. He is a student and I am a teacher.
He likes football, but I like basketball.
（三）复合句：一个句子里又包含一个或多个句子 充当成分的句子。大句子叫主句，充当成分、附属 于大句子的句子叫从句。
江苏高中高考英语阅读理解D句子成分分析.docx
精心整理Freedom and ResponsibilityFreedom’s challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic. We arefacing today a strange new world and we are all wondering whatwe are going to do with it.Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before thatthere was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendidempires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were bothtyrannies,one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses状语 .In Greece, in Athens ( 雅典 ), a little city in a little country, there were no helpless masses. And Athenians willingly obeyed thewritten laws which they themselves passed定语 , and the unwritten, which must be obeyed if free men live together定语 . They must show each other间接宾语 kindness and pity and the many qualities直接宾语 without which life would be very painful unless one chose tolive alone in the desert状语 . The Athenians never thought that aman was free if he could do what he wanted. A man was free if hewas self-controlled.主语 To make yourself obey what you approvedwas freedom. They were saved from looking at their lives as theirown private affair. Each one felt responsible for the welfare of精心整理Athens,状语 not because it was forced on him from the outside,but because the city was his pride and his safety. 主语 The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty forall men定语 who could control themselves and would takeresponsibility for the state.But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers. Itcannot be discovered once for all. If people do not prize it, andwork for it,it will go. Constant watch is its price.Athens changed. It was a change定语 that took place without being noticed thoughit was of the extreme importance, 同位语 a spiritual change which affected the whole state . It had been the Ath enian ’s pride and joy to give to their city.That they could get material benefits fromher 主语 never entered their minds. There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work 定语 . Now instead of men giving to the state, the state was to give to them. What the people wanted was a government定语 which would provide a comfortable life forthem; and状语 with this as the primary object,主语 ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing. Athens was more and more looked on主补 as a cooperative business定语 possessed of great wealth定语 in which all citizens had a right to share.精心整理Athens reached the point when t he freedom she really wanted主语 was freedom from responsibility.There could be only one result.状语 If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the commongood, they would cease to be free. Responsibility is the price定语 every man must pay for freedom . It is to be had on no other terms. Athens,the Athens of Ancient Greece, refused responsibility;she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.But, “the excellent becomes the permanent”, Aristotle said. Athens lost freedom forever, but freedom was not lost forever forthe world. A great American, James Madison, referred to:“The capacity ( 能力 ) of mankind for self-government. ” No doubt he had not an idea同位语 that he was speaking Greek . Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind, but once man has a great and goodidea, it is never completely lost. The Digital Age cannot destroyit.Somehow in this or that man’s thought状语 such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action状语 . One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action ,onlysure that it will do so sometime.65.What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. Countries where their people need help.B. Powerful states with higher civilization.C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.D. Governments ruled with absolute power.66. People believing in freedom are those who________.A. regard their life as their own businessB. seek gains as their primary objectC. behave within the laws and value systemsD. treat others with kindness and pity67.What change in attitude took place in Athens?A.The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.B.The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.C.The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.D.The Athenians looked on the government as a business.68.What does the sentence“There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean?A. Athens would continue to be free.B. Athens would cease to have freedom.C. Freedom would come from responsibility.D. Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence.69.Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?A.The author is hopeful about freedom.B.The author is cautious about self-government.C.The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.D. The author is proud of man ’s capacity.70.What is the author’s understanding of freedom?A.Freedom can be more popular in the digital age.B.Freedom may come to an end in the digital age.C.Freedom should have priority over responsibility.D.Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.。
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Freedom and Responsibility Freedom’s challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic. We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses状语.In Greece, in Athens (雅典), a little city in a little country, there were no helpless masses. And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed定语, and the unwritten, which must be obeyed if free men live together定语. They must show each other间接宾语kindness and pity and the many qualities直接宾语without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert状语. The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted. A man was free if he was self-controlled. 主语To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom. They weresaved from looking at their lives as their own private affair. Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens, 状语not because it was forced on him from the outside, but because the city was his pride and his safety. 主语The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men 定语who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers. It cannot be discovered once for all. If people do not prize it, and work for it, it will go. Constant watch is its price. Athens changed. It was a change 定语that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance, 同位语a spiritual change which affected the whole state. It had been the Athenian’s pride and joy to give to their city. That they could get material benefits from her 主语never entered their minds. There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work定语.Now instead of men giving to the state, the state was to give to them. What thepeople wanted was a government 定语which would provide a comfortable life for them; and 状语with this as the primary object, 主语ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing. Athens was more and more looked on 主补as a cooperative business 定语possessed of great wealth 定语in which all citizens had a right to share.Athens reached the point when t he freedom she really wanted主语was freedom from responsibility. There could be only one result. 状语If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good,they would cease to be free. Responsibility is the price 定语every man must pay for freedom. It is to be had on no other terms. Athens, the Athens of Ancient Greece, refused responsibility; she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.But, “the excellent becomes the permanent”, Aristotle said. Athens lost freedom forever, but freedom was not lost forever for the world. A great American, James Madison, referred to:“The capacity(能力) of mankind for self-government.” No doubt he had not an idea 同位语that he was speaking Greek. Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind, but once man has a great and good idea, it is never completely lost. The Digital Age cannot destroy it. Somehow in this or that man’s thought状语such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action状语. One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action ,only sure that it will do so sometime.65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. Countries where their people need help.B. Powerful states with higher civilization.C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.D. Governments ruled with absolute power.66. People believing in freedom are those who________.A. regard their life as their own businessB. seek gains as their primary objectC. behave within the laws and value systemsD. treat others with kindness and pity67. What change in attitude took place in Athens?A. The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.B. The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.C. The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.D. The Athenians looked on the government as a business.68.What does the sentence “There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean?A. Athens would continue to be free.B. Athens would cease to have freedom.C. Freedom would come from responsibility.D. Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence.69. Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?A. The author is hopeful about freedom.B. The author is cautious about self-government.C. The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.D. The author is proud of man’s capacity.70. What is the author’s understanding of freedom?A. Freedom can be more popular in the digital age.B. Freedom may come to an end in the digital age.C. Freedom should have priority over responsibility.D. Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.。