Lecture 2 The country and the people.doc学生版
江苏省2024年普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语仿真模拟卷02
江苏省2024年普通高中学业水平合格考试英语仿真模拟试卷02第一部分：英语知识运用(共两节，满分40分)第一节单项填空（共10小题；每小题1分,满分10分）第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分,满分30分）阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
urged阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Aat3am or written on paper,looking sad and regretful that we’ve put them there.Our words laugh at us before and after they leave our bodies.I messaged a writing mentor(导师)when I found myself running in circles.With only a small window of time to myself each afternoon,I found it hard to write.If only I had more time,I could finish my book.If only people would leave me alone,I could become an accomplished writer.It was everyone else’s fault.Small—my mentor told me to start small but keep going.“Do what you can,when you can.Let that be enough during the busy seasons.”In her eyes,she was once me.She was once crazy with tasks that kept her hands pushing,pulling, grabbing and moving endlessly.She recognized herself in the way I talked with starry eyes about my dreamy writing goals and plans.Essays,articles and short stories flowered in my rich mind.In a few wise words,she gave me the freedom to write in small periods of time she called“the cracks of the day”.She argued that I should run after publishing with the same desire as ever.But in her patient voice,I heard a gentle reminder of stopping running so hard and instead slowing to a sustainable pace.So I write.I submit.I live,and I dream.31．What can we infer about the author from the first paragraph?A．She has a strong desire to write.B．She has serious heart problems.C．She is forced to write constantly.D．She is unable to focus on writing.32．What does the underlined word“tortured”in paragraph2probably mean?A．Threatened.B．Troubled.C．Inspired.D．Impressed.33．What problem did the author have in writing?A．She suffered from a serious lack of time.B．Her writing was far from satisfying.C．She had no idea what to write.D．She has no one to rely on.34．Which of the following can sum up the writing mentor’s suggestion to the author?A．All roads lead to Rome.B．Strike while the iron is hot.C．No pains,no gains.D．Constant drops wear away a stone.BA Guide to Botany:Online Botanical Painting SessionOur Guide to Botany class is back online!Join us for this unique lecture and Botanical Painting session(课)!This lecture and all our classes are now“pay what you can”.We suggest a donation of£8but if you are having a tough time with money,even£5is still amazing,or please feel free to consider this one on the house.Drawing from both the rich history of female Botanical Art,as well as the inspiring stories of women botanical explorers,this class will be a great opportunity to immerse(沉浸)yourself in the work of artists such as Maria Sybilla Merian,Marianne North,Rachel Ruysch and others!The session will include a short lecture during which you will be able to make quick sketches(素描)if you choose from your own collections of plants,leaves and flowers,and then students will be guided through some basic watercolour techniques and exercises.Materials:You will need a variety of plants,flowers,leaves or dried flowers to work from!You don’t need too many,just enough to make an interesting arrangement,but if you’re really caught short,just one or two houseplants will be fine.WatercoloursA variety of brushes,from mop-headed to thin detail brushesWatercolour paperDate and Time:Friday,22January202113:30—15:30Thursday,25February202114:30—16:30Location:Online event35．What can you learn from the class?A．How to plant flowers.B．Basic watercolour techniques.C．Basic knowledge of garden design.D．How to make artworks with dried leaves. 36．What should students take to the class?A．A donation certificate.B．A variety of drawing tools.C．A collection of female statues.D．A history book of Botanical Art. 37．What can be learned about the class?A．It is delivered online.B．It costs£8per class.C．It is held weekly on weekends.D．It is aimed particularly at botanists.CB．How colors influence human behavior and emotion.C．What colors have specific meanings and symbolism.D．How people in ancient times were affected by colors.39．What is paragraph3centered on about color psychology?A．Its application.B．Its development.C．Its origin.D．Its definition.40．What does the underlined word“startle”in the last paragraph mean?A．Inspire.B．Panic.C．Shock.D．Threaten.41．Which can be the best title of the text?A．Does your favourite color influence your mood?B．Does it make sense to read people through color?C．Color psychology—a must-see guide before decoratingD．Color psychology—a practical but never simple subjectDNot long ago,people could only buy organic food in small shops.Today it is common in most major supermarkets.The reason for the increase is that more and more people are demanding food grown without chemicals.Since the1990s,organic farm production has gone up continuously.This pattern is expected to continue around the globe.Australia leads the world in land used as for organic agriculture.It has four times as all of Asia.However,most of the land is not very fertile,and it only produces a modest amount of food.Argentina is a distant second,followed by Brazil,the United States and China.In Africa,only a very small amount of land is registered for organic farming.That does not mean Africa relies on chemicals.In fact,many farmers do not use chemicals because they cannot afford them.Yet there are no programmes for these farmers to prove they do not use chemicals.Without these programmes their food can never be approved organic.India has had the most dramatic recent increase in organic farming.Like many other countries,India sees continual growth in organic food sales around the world.This,of course,leads to growth in profits.Sales of organic food were more than doubled from2000to2005.Like India,many countries are trying to increase commercial organic farming to get a share of the sales.This has led to criticism.Some people believe that organic farming should not just be about making money.They think the goal is to help the environment.Others say organic farming will not continue if it is not profitable. They say that people should be able to make money while providing healthy food for mankind.42．What is the passage mainly about?A．Organic food has become much more common.B．Organic farming is growing around the world.C．People do not want to eat food with chemicals in it.D．Countries all want to make money from organic farming.43．Why do people want to increase organic farming?A．More and more people demand chemicals to grow food.B．Organic food is good for Earth and the human beings.C．There are fewer chemicals available to the human beings.D．Profits from organic farming help make approval programmes.44．From the passage,it can be said that__________.A．India uses the least land to organic farming.B．Brazil uses less land to organic farming than China.C．the US is the fourth largest organic farming country.D．China and India have the same amount of organic farmland.45．It can be inferred from the passage that__________.A．people who eat food with chemicals have shorter lifespan.B．India will soon become the largest country of growing organic food.C．more countries will farm organically as the environment gets worse.D．there will be fewer organic farms if the demand for organic food goes down.第三部分：阅读表达理解(共5题每小题2分，满分10分)阅读下列短文和问题，根据短文内容和每小题所给的具体要求，完成对该问题作答。
托福听力tpo50 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo50 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an ancient history class.FEMALE PROFESSOR: OK, last time we were discussing trade and commerce during the Bronze Age … And I said a little over 3,000 years ago there was quite a lively trade among the countries along the Mediterranean Sea—people were making objects out of bronze, and they were using bronze tools to make other goods, and they developed trade networks to trade these goods with other countries around the Mediterranean … One of the things they traded was glass …And recently there was an archeological excavation in Egypt—on the Nile River, around where it enters the Mediterranean Sea—where they discovered an ancient glass factory. Robert?MALE STUDENT: I thought our textbook said that the Egyptians imported their glass from other countries.FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, until now that's what the evidence seemed to suggest. I mean, we had some evidence that suggested that the Egyptians were making glass objects, uh, but not glass.MALE STUDENT: OK, am-am I missing something? They're making glass, but they're not making glass.FEMALE PROFESSOR: I said they were making glass objects, right? You see, it was previously thought that they weren't actually making the raw glass itself, that they were importing unfinished glass from Mesopotamia—um, which today is a region consisting of Iraq, and parts of Syria, Turkey, and Iran—and simply reworking it. Most archeologists believed that the glass factories were in Mesopotamia because that's where the oldest known glass remains come from. You see, there were two stages of glassmaking: the primary production stage, where they made disks of raw glass… Uh, an- and then there was the secondary stage, where they melted the raw glass, the glass disks, and created decorative objects or whatever.And from this new Egyptian site we've learned that the primary production stage had several steps. First, they took quartz—a colorless, transparent mineral—and crushed it. Then they took that crushed quartz and mixed it with plant ash; uh, “plant ash” is just what it soundslike—the ash that's left after you've burned plant material. They slowly heated this mixture, at a relatively low temperature, in small vessels, um containers, like jars, made out of clay. Uh, and that yielded a kind of glassy material…They took this glassy material and ground it up into a powder, and then they used metallic dye to color it… After that, they poured the colored powder out into disk-shaped molds and heated it up to very high temperatures, so that it melted. After it cooled, they'd break the molds, and inside…there were the glass disks. These disks were shipped off to other sites within Egypt and places around the Mediterranean. Then, in the secondary phase, the disks were reheated and shaped into decorative objects. Susan?FEMALE STUDENT: So what kind of objects were people making back then? FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, the most common objects we’ve found—mostly in Egypt and Mesopotamia—uh, the most common objects were beads; one thing Egyptians were very, very good at was imitating precious stones; they created some beads that looked so much like emeralds and pearls that it was very difficult to distinguish them from the real thing. Uh, and-and also beautiful vessels, uh, with narrow necks; they were probably really valuable, so they wouldn't have been used to hold cooking oil or common food items; they were most likely used for expensive liquids like perfume. Now the glass made at this factory was mostly red; to get this red color, they used copper; in a sophisticated process. Of course, any kind of glass was very valuable, so these red bottles would only have been owned by wealthy people. In fact, because it was so difficult to make, and sort of mysterious and complicated, it was probably a product produced for the royal family, and they probably used glass to show their power. Also, beautiful, expensive objects make great gifts if you're looking to establish or strengthen political alliances…and it's quite possible that ancient Egyptians were actually exporting glass, not just making it or importing it. The trade with Mesopotamia was probably a friendly, mutual trade…because, uh, Mesopotamian glass was usually white or yellow, so Mesopotamians might have said something like, “We'll give you two white disks for two red disks.” There’s no proof ofthat, uh—at least not yet…题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A. New information about glass production and use in ancient EgyptB. Whether Egyptians or Mesopotamians were the first to invent glassC. Differences between Egyptian glass and other kinds of glassD. Reasons why ancient Egyptians imported glass from other countries2.What is the importance of the archaeological evidence recently found in Egypt?A. It supports the theory that ancient Egyptians imported glass from Mesopotamia.B. It proves that ancient Egyptians made glass objects prior to the Bronze Age.C. It provides the first evidence that glassmaking in the Bronze Age required two different stages.D. It shows that ancient Egyptians were producing raw glass.3.The professor describes a process for making glass disks. Summarize the process by putting the steps in the correct order. [Click on a sentence. Then drag it to the space where it belongs. The last one is done for you.]A.Glass-like material is ground up and dyed blue or red.B.Powdered material is heated at very high temperatures.C.Crushed quartz and plant ash are heated at low temperatures.D.Containers are broken to remove glass disks.4.Based on the lecture, what are two kinds of glass objects that were valued in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia? [Click on 2 answers.]A. BeadsB. Cooking utensilsC. ContainersD. Windows5.According to the professor, what are two reasons why ancient Egyptians exported glass? [Click on 2 answers.]A. To build relationships with foreign leadersB. To hold cooking oil that was sold in other countriesC. To get bronze tools from other countriesD. To acquire colors of glass not made in Egypt6.Why does the professor say this:Robert: Ok. Am……Am I missing something? They are making glass but they are not making glass?Professor: I said they were making glass objects, right?A. To emphasize that glass objects were only made in ancient EgyptB. To find out what the student does not understandC. To indicate that there was no contradiction in her previous statementD. To correct what she said in her previous statement答案A D CABD AC AD C译文旁白：请听一个古代历史课上的讲座片段。
COMAC航空科技英语等级考试B样题
COMAC航空科技英语等级考试B样题COMAC航空科技英语等级考试B1（技术类）样题Test Time：120 minutes部门_______________ 姓名____________ ⼯号____________Part I Listening （30%）Section 1 Conversation and Lecture（10%）Directions: In this section, you will hear a long conversation and a lecture. At the end of the conversation or the lecture, you will hear five questions. The conversation, the lecture and the questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices.Conversation1. A) They get you directly to holiday destination.B) Their tickets can be bought on the internet.C) They offer excellent services to customers.D) They’re much cheaper than famous airlines.2. A) They have sprung up recently and become successful.B) They change prices on the basis of customers’ demand.C) They always offer travelers the extremely cheap flight.D) They do much advertising but few people ever watch it.3. A) By travelling before public holidays.B) By buying tickets a day in advance.C) By booking at the very last minute.D) By flying at peak time like Fridays.4. A) They try every possible means to reduce expenses.B) They charge different prices depending on demand.C) They don’t serve any food on any of their flights.D) They have increased the speed of their aero planes.5. A) They only offer cheap tickets online.B) They fail to offer satisfactory service.C) They spend little time on the ground.D) They fly to and from smaller airports.Lecture6. A) The 845m2 wing area is large enough to park 70 cars.B) The plane has the potential to carry 550 passengers.C) The tail is about as long as the Great Sphinx in Egypt.D) The two deck fuselage is as high as a 7-storey building.7. A) It is as economical to run as a common jet.B) It burns more fuel than other jumbo jets.C) It can fly an amazing 15,000 km non-stop.D) It can carry more fuel than other planes.8. A) Toulouse in France.B) England and Wales.C) All over the Europe.D) Spain and Germany.9. A) It is remarkably expensive.B) It is impressively efficient.C) It is a nation-wide project.D) It is extremely complicated.10.A) The expenses.B) The designing.C) The electronics.D) The cooperation.Section 2 Compound Dictation （10%）Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage TWICE. You have its script in the following, but with eleven blanks in it. You are required to fill in the first eight blanks with the exact words you have just heard. For last three blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Remember, there will be a pause for the last three blanks.Laurence Barron, President of Airbus China, defended the A380 superjumbo jet as its safety performance has been called into question.“The Qantas A380 suffered an (1) ______________ engine failure, a fairly rare event, which also damaged the aircraft itself. The aircraft performed as expected and (2) ______________ safely, so no, there is nothing wrong with the A380. It’s a (3)______________ aircraft.”Barron also says the engine issue will not (4) ______________ next summer’s scheduled delivery of the A380 to China Southern Airlines, the only (5) ______________ carrier to purchase the plane.Meanwhile, Barron explains that the lack of orders for its A350 aircraft, which is under development, from Chinese carriers is due to the country’s (6) ______________ planning structure.“The Chinese government, as you are well aware, works on a 5-year-plan basis, and they are about to (7) ______________ the 12th 5-year-plan which runs from 2011 to 2015. The A350 deliveries that we can offer are now in the what will become the 13th 5-year-plan period.”Eric Chen, Airbus China‘s Vice President, adds that the Chinese carriers’ timid (8) _____________ to the A350 is due to its competing product, Boeing’s 787.“Several years ago, Chinese airlines ordered more than 60 Boeing 787’s and for various reasons, airlines lack this kind of courage and determination to be a launching customer for a new program again. In other words, we are buying the bill for our rivals’ dilemma and consequences.”(9) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“I don’t really understand the world ‘challenge’. Our industry is challenging. There are lots of challenges but this is not a challenge, this is a competitor. (10) __________________________________________________________________________ Beverly Wyse, Vice President of Boeing’s 737 program, says Boeing is open to work with C919’s manufacturer.“I think (11) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________”Four Chinese airlines and two aircraft leasing companies have signed agreements to purchase 100 C919’s as launching costumers.Section 3 Listening and translating （10%）Directions: In this section you are going to hear five short passages. You will hear them ONLY ONCE. In each of these passages some of the sentences are already printed. You are required to translate the missing parts into Chinese. After each of the passages there will be a pause lasting one and a half minutes. The pause is intended for you to do the translation.1)The ARJ21-700 jetliner, China’s first self-designed aircraft, will undertake itsmaiden flight before the end of the year. COMAC chairman, Zhang Qingwei says this first homegrown regional jet has aroused great interest from aviation companies at home and abroad.”I just came back from the United States and Canada. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.”2)Nine top tier US manufacturing companies won competitive contracts to buildand supply the aviation system for China‘s new aircraft program, the C919.Airport infrastructure needs are filling opportunities in the US companies as well.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3)The Deputy Chief of the China’s Civic Aviation Administration, Xia Xinghua,says more cooperation is crucial for the Chinese side. “Firstly, we need to strengthen our cooperation on sustainable security development, expanding the relationship in a pragmatic way.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________”4)The Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood said that the review would becomprehensive covering design, manufacturing and assembly of the Dreamliner.Michael Huerta of the Federal Aviation Administration said emphasis would be put on electrical systems and how these and the plane’s sophisticated mechanical systems interact._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.5)Though the tricycle arrangement may be most popular today, that was not alwaysthe case. The tail wheel undercarriage dominated aircraft design for the first four decades of flight and is still widely used on many small piston-engine planes.What makes this form of landing gear most attractive is its simplicity. Another potential advantage results from the fact that_____________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Part II Reading Comprehension（30%）Section 1 Skimming and Scanning (10%)Directions: In this section there are 10 incomplete statements. Based on the following passage, please complete the statements with the information given in the passage.Commercial aviation is an essential component of the global economy. The cost of aviation fuel is directly determined by the prevailing world price of oil, and it accounts for a major proportion of airplane operating costs. Several airline companies now add a fuel surcharge to the ticket cost of a commercial flight to compensate for the recent rapid rise in fuel costs. World oil prices are expected to remain high for several years. The prospect of sustained high aviation fuel prices could propel airline companies to seek alternative aviation fuels. Seeking alternative fuel could become paramount（最⾼的）for the airlineindustry should the peak-oil phenomenon actually occur.Breakthroughs and ResearchIt may become possible for super-cooled liquid hydrogen（氢）to eventually be used as an alternative fuel for some types of commercial airline service. Other alternative fuels may include high-density energy-storage technologies that result from breakthroughs in research in the areas of nanotechnology(纳⽶技术) and in high-temperature superconductivity(超导性). High-temperature superconductivity holds great promise for use in high-density energy-storage technology. Advances in nanotechnology could enable superconductive materials to eventually be manufactured at a cost that could justify their application in airliner propulsion. Electrical Storage and PropulsionEnergy stored in a superconductive storage technology could power electric motors that drive the identical propulsion fans that are found at the front-end of modern, “high-bypass” turbo-fan aircraft engines. Such fans provide up to 90% of the propulsive thrust of the turbo-fan engine. Each electrically powered propulsion fan may be driven by multiple (induction) lightweight electric motors during take-off. Some electric motors would “cut-out”under reduced power demand at cruising altitude so that the remaining motors will operate at higher efficiency (electric motors have poor part-load efficiency). Coanda fans may propel subsonic commercial aircraft that use high-density electrical storage technology. Such units were originally developed by physicist Henri Coanda and can operate at comparable efficiency and at comparable flight speeds as turbine-driven propulsion fans. Electrically powered aircraft that use either turbine propulsion fans or Coanda fans could be flown in thinner air at higher altitude (up to 65,000-feet) to reduce energy consumption (less drag on aircraft) on extended flights.The cooler air found at such altitudes could assist in keeping the superconductive energy storage systems functioning properly.Superconductive energy storage systems used in future commercial aircraft would likely be cooled by liquid nitrogen(氮). Both systems would need to be frequently recharged, which would likely be both energy-intensive as well as time consuming.It may be possible to design the energy storage systems along with their cooling systems to be removed and replaced during shorts layovers—such technology could help reduce the turn-around time of the aircraft. The introduction of superconductive energy storage systems in commercial aircraft in the long-term future would require that future airport terminals be equipped with power generation technology at or near the premises.Power GenerationThe number of electrically powered and hydrogen powered road and railway vehicles would likely increase during a post peak-oil period. Commuter aircraft that operate short-haul service could be powered by ethanol(⼄醇) or by hydrogen while future supersonic aircraft could use liquid hydrogen as fuel. The commercial aviation industry of the future (post peak oil) could likely require vast amounts of electric power to recharge superconductive energy storage systems, recharge liquid nitrogen cooling systems as well as to generate, compress and supercool large amounts of hydrogen.Modern commercial aircraft are energy intensive during take-off. Airports that serve metropolitan areas presently process continual processions of large long-distance aircraft during peak periods. Such aircraft could require between 300-Mw-hr and 1000-Mw-hr of power to undertake trans-oceanic flights at subsonic speed. The power requirements of a future electrically based commercial aviation industry could likely overwhelm the power generation industry of most developed nations. Major international airports may eventually need to generate electric power on-site to meet the energy needs of future fleets of electrically powered and hydrogen-fueled commercial aircraft. Airport power stations may be nuclear; use hydrogen fusion or be based on some other unconventional power generation technology that is still subject to research.Energy StorageThe ability to store large amounts of energy at or near major airports could gain importance during a post peak-oil period. Electric power could be purchased from the grid during their off-peak periods and put into short-term storage. Airport power stations that encounter off-peak periods could replenish(装满) airport energy storage systems that may include superconductive storage, flow batteries, hydraulic storage in hydroelectric dams in nearby mountains (coastal airports) or off-site pneumatic storage (subterranean salt domes that were emptied). Air that is exhausted from pneumatic storage systems may be sufficiently cold to assist in “replenishing” liquid nitrogen super-cooling systems.Power Regulation (Airports)Power stations that provide energy for air transportation use may have to be excluded from the regulatory framework. Most of the electrically powered airliners that will be recharged would be “foreign”owned, that is, the owners would be domiciled in adifferent jurisdiction(司法权) to where the aircraft would be recharged. The idea of regulators in one jurisdiction looking after the interests of parties who live, do business and pay taxes in another jurisdiction is quite ludicrous. Power stations that supply a future airline industry with electric power would need to be regulatory-free despite the “foreign”airline owners being “captive”customers. It would be possible for power to be supplied to a single airport by several small providers who compete against each other. Power providers and airline companies could negotiate deals, perhaps even on a daily basis. ConclusionFuture scientific breakthroughs are likely to occur in both nanotechnology and in superconductivity. High-density energy storage technologies could be the likely result and appear in the distant future. Electrically powered commercial aircraft that fly at subsonic speeds could appear in the future irrespective of whether or not peak-oil actually occurs. Alternative liquid fuels that are cost-competitive to fossil oil are also likely to appear and find applications in aviation. Large ground-effect aircraft （地效飞⾏器）that fly above water and that carry either passengers or freight between coastal cities are also likely appear in the future.1.The prospect of sustained high aviation fuel prices could propel airline companiesto seek _______________________.2.Breakthroughs in nanotechnology could enable _______________________ to beavailable in their application in airliner propulsion.3.Coanda fans were first developed by _______________________ .4._______________________ could be used to cool superconductive energystorage system used in future commercial aircraft.5._______________________, which operates short-haul service, could be poweredby ethanol(⼄醇) or by hydrogen.6.Future airport power stations may be_______________________; use hydrogenfusion or be based on some other unconventional power generation technology. 7.During a post peak-oil period, the ability to_______________________ at or nearmajor airports could gain importance.8.Power stations that provide energy for air transportation use are likely to be_______________________ from the regulatory framework.9.Electrically powered commercial aircraft that fly at _______________________speeds could appear in the future.10.Aircrafts flying above water and carrying either passengers or freight betweencoastal cities are called _______________________.Section 2 Reading Comprehension (10%)Directions: The following passage is followed by some questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the best answer from the four choices.Living standards have soared during the twentieth century, and economists expect them to continue rising in the decades ahead. Does that mean that we humans can look forward to increasing Happiness?Not necessarily, warns Richard A. Easterlin, an economist at the University of Southern California, in his new book, Growth Triumphant: The Twenty-first Century in Historical Perspective. Easterlin concedes that richer people are more likely to report themselves as being happy than poorer people are. But steady improvements in the American economy have not been accompanied by steady increases in people’s self-assessments of their own Happiness.The explanation for this paradox(悖论) may be that people become less satisfied over time with a given level of income. In Easterlin’s word: “As incomes rise, the aspiration level does too, and the effect of this increase in aspirations is to vitiate (破坏) the expected growth in Happiness due to higher income.”Money can buy Happiness, Easterlin seems to be saying, but only if one’s amounts get bigger and other people aren’t getting more. His analysis helps to explain sociologist Lee Rainwater’s finding that Americans’perception of the income “necessary to get along” rose between 1950 and 1986 in the same proportion as actual per capita income. We feel rich if we have more than our neighbors, poor if we have less, and feeling relatively well-off is equated with being happy.Easterlin’s findings, challenge psychologist Abraham Maslow’s “hierarchy(等级) of wants” as a reliable guide to future human motivation. Maslow suggested that as people’s basic material wants are satisfied they seek to achieve nonmaterial or spiritual goals. But Easterlin’s evidence points to the persistence of materialism.“Despite a general level of affluence never before realized in the history of the world.” Easterlin observes, “Material concerns in the wealthiest nations today are as pressing as ever and the pursuit of material need as intense.” The evidence suggests there is no evolution toward higher order goals. Rather, each step upward on the ladder of economic development merely stimulates new economic desires that lead the chase ever onward.Needs are limited, but not greeds. Science has developed no cure for envy, so our wealth boosts our Happiness only briefly while shrinking that of our neighbors. Thus the outlook for the future is gloomy in Easterlin’s view. “The triumph of economic growth is not a triumph of humanity over material wants; rather, it is the triumph of material wants over humanity.”1.What does Easterlin warn in his new book?A)Humans can look forward to increasing happiness with soaring livingstandards.B)Humans might not be able to enjoy increasing happiness with soaring livingstandards.C)Richer people tend to report themselves as being happy more than poorerpeople do.D)Richer people tend to report themselves as being happy less than poorerpeople do.2.Which of the following statements may account for the paradox(悖论) mentionedin paragraph 3?A)People become less satisfied though the income rises over time.B)A general level of affluence never before realized in the history of the world.C)Though the American economy improved steadily, there isn’t a steadyincrease in people’s self-assessments of their own happiness.D)As incomes rise, there will be an increase in the aspiration level, which willhamper the expected growth in Happiness due to higher income.3.Whose finding is against the theory of “Hierarchy of wants”?A)Easterlin’s B) Maslow’s C) Rainwater’s D) Lee’s4.According to Easterlin, the outlook of the future of happiness is ________.A)bright B) sad C) unclear D) thrilling5.From the quotation in the end of the passage (paragraph 7), we can infer that___________?A)The triumph of economic growth results in more humanity.B)The triumph of economic growth results in more material wants.C)Humanity contributes more to the triumph of economic growth.D)Material wants contributes more to the triumph of economic growth.Section 3 Short Answer Questions (10%)Directions: Read the following passage and then answer the questions. The answer should not be more than 25 words.The maximum allowable weight for an aircraft is determined by design considerations. However, the maximum operational weight may be less than the maximum allowable weight due to such considerations as high-density altitude or high-drag field conditions caused by wet grass or water on the runway. The maximum operational weight may also be limited by the departure or arrival airport’s runway length.One important preflight consideration is the distribution of the load in the aircraft. Loading the aircraft so the gross weight is less than the maximum allowable is not enough. This weight must be distributed to keep the center of gravity (CG) within the limits specified in the POH or AFM.If the CG is too far forward, a heavy passenger can be moved to one of the rear seats or baggage can be shifted to a rear compartment. If the CG is too far aft, passenger weight or baggage can be shifted forward. The fuel load should be balanced laterally: the pilot should pay special attention to the POH or AFM regarding the operation of the fuel system, in order to keep the aircraft balanced in flight. Weight and balance of a helicopter is far more critical than for an airplane. With some helicopters, they may be properly loaded for takeoff, but near the end of a long flight when the fuel tanks are almost empty, the CG may have shifted enough for the helicopter to be out of balance laterally or longitudinally. Before making any long flight, the CG with the fuel available for landing must be checked to ensure it will be within the allowable range.Changes of fixed equipment may have a major effect upon the weight of the aircraft. The replacement of older, heavy electronic equipment with newer, lightertypes results in a weight reduction, which will probably cause the CG to shift and must be computed and annotated in the weight and balance record.Repairs and alteration are the major sources of weight changes. The A&P mechanic must compute the CG and record the new empty weight and EWCG in the aircraft weight and balance record.The A&P mechanic or repairman conducting an annual or condition inspection must ensure the weight and balance data in the aircraft records is current and accurate. It is the responsibility of the pilot in command to use the most current weight and balance data when operating the aircraft.Questions:1.What conditions might cause the operational weight of a plane to be less than themaximum allowable weight?2.What should be done if the CG is too far aft in an aircraft?3.Why is the weight and balance for a helicopter far more critical than for anairplane?4.According to the passage, what might lead to weight changes and cause the CG toshift in an aircraft?5.Who are responsible for recording and using the most current and accurate data ofthe weight and balance?Part III Translation (15%)Section 1 English-Chinese Translation (10%)Direction: In this section there are two passages in English. Please read these passages and translate the underlined parts into Chinese.Passage 1The airplane propeller consists of two or more blades and a central hub to which the blades are attached. 1) Each blade of an airplane propeller is essentially a rotating wing. As a result of their construction, the propeller blades are like airfoils and produce forces that create the thrust to pull, or push, the airplane through the air.The power needed to rotate the propeller blades is furnished by the engine. The engine rotates the airfoils of the blades through the air at high speeds, and the propeller transforms the rotary power of the engine into forward thrust.2) An airplane moving through the air creates a drag force opposing its forward motion. Consequently, if an airplane is to fly, there must be a force applied to it that is equal to the drag, but acting forward. This force is called “thrust.”Passage 2Aircraft flight control systems are classified as primary and secondary. 3) The primary control systems consist of those that are required to safely control an airplane during flight. Secondary control systems improve the performance characteristics of the airplane, or relieve the pilot of excessive control forces. Those included in the primary control systems are the ailerons, elevator (or stabilator), and rudder. Examples of secondary control systems are wing flaps and trim systems.Airplane control systems are carefully designed to provide a natural feel, and at the same time, allow adequate responsiveness to control inputs. 4) At low airspeeds, the controls usually feel soft and sluggish, and the airplane responds slowly to controlapplications. At high speeds, the controls feel firm and the response is more rapid.Movement of any of the three primary flight control surfaces changes the airflow and pressure distribution over and around the airfoil. These changes affect the lift and drag produced by the airfoil/control surface combination, and allow a pilot to control the airplane about its three axes of rotation.Design features limit the amount of deflection of flight control surfaces. For example, control-stop mechanisms may be incorporated into the flight controls, or movement of the control column and/or rudder pedals may be limited. The purpose of these design limits is to prevent the pilot from inadvertently overcontrolling and overstressing the aircraft during normal maneuvers.5) A properly designed airplane should be stable and easily controlled during maneuvering. Control surface inputs cause movement about the three axes of rotation. The types of stability an airplane exhibits also relate to the three axes of rotation. Section 2 Chinese-English Translation (5%)Direction: In this section there are five sentences in Chinese. Please translate them into English.1.太阳能动⼒飞机的平均飞⾏时速为70公⾥，暂时不会对商⽤飞机构成威胁。
托福听力tpo46 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo46lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (19)原文 (19)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:I'd like to continue our discussion of animal behavior and start off today's class by focusing on a concept we haven't yet touched upon—swarm intelligence.Swarm intelligence is a collective behavior that emerges from a group of animals,like a colony of termites,a school of fish,or a flock of birds.Let's first consider the principles behind swarm intelligence,and we'll use the ant as our model.Now,an ant on its own is not that smart.When you have a group of ants,however, there you have efficiency in action.You see,there's no leader running an ant colony. Each individual,each individual ant operates by instinctively following a simple set of rules when foraging for food.Rule number1:Deposit a chemical marker…called a pheromone.And rule2:Follow the strongest pheromone path.The strongest pheromone path is advantageous to ants seeking food.So,for example,when ants leave the nest,they deposit a pheromone trail along the route they take.If they find food,they return to the nest on the same path and the pheromone trail gets stronger—it's doubled in strength.Because an ant that took a shorter path returns first,its pheromone trail is stronger,and other ants will follow it, according to rule2.And as more ants travel that path,the pheromone trail gets even stronger.So,what's happening here?Each ant follows two very basic rules,and each ant acts on information it finds in its immediate local environment.And it's important to note: Even though none of the individual ants is aware of the bigger plan,they collectively choose the shortest path between the nest and a food source because it's the most reinforced path.By the way,a-a few of you have asked me about the relevance of what we're studying to everyday life.And swarm intelligence offers several good examples of how concepts in biology can be applied to other fields.Well,businesses have been able to use this approach of following simple rules when designing complex systems,for instance,in telephone networks.When a call is placed from one city to another,it has to connect through a number of nodes along the way.At each point,a decision has to be made:Which direction does the call go from here?Well,a computer program was developed to answer this question based on rules that are similar to the ones that ants use to find food.Remember,individual ants deposit pheromones,and they follow the path that is most reinforced.Now,in the phone network,a computer monitors the connection speed of each path, and identifies the paths that are currently the fastest—the least crowded parts of the network.And this information,converted into a numeric code,is deposited at the network nodes.This reinforces the paths that are least crowded at the moment. The rule the telephone network follows is to always select the path that is most reinforced.So,similar to the ant's behavior,at each intermediate node,the call follows the path that is most reinforced.This leads to an outcome which is beneficial to the network as a whole,and calls get through faster.But getting back to animal behavior,another example of swarm intelligence is the way flocks of birds are able to fly together so cohesively.How do they coordinate their movements and know where they're supposed to be?Well,it basically boils down to three rules that each bird seems to follow.Rule1:Stay close to nearby birds.Rule2:Avoid collision with nearby birds.And rule3:Move in the average speed and direction of nearby birds.Oh,and by the way,if you're wondering how this approach can be of practical use for humans:The movie industry had been trying to create computer-generated flocks of birds in movie scenes.The question was how to do it easily on a large scale?A researcher used these threerules in a computer graphics program,and it worked!There have also been attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people using this bird flocking model of swarm intelligence.However,I'm not surprised that more research is needed.The three rules I mentioned might be great for bird simulations,but they don't take into account the complexity and unpredictability of human behavior.So,if you want to create crowds of people in a realistic way,that computer model might be too limited.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Various methods that ants use to locate foodB.A collective behavior common to humans and animalsC.A type of animal behavior and its application by humansD.Strategies that flocks of birds use to stay in formation2.According to the professor,what behavior plays an important role in the way ants obtain food?A.Ants usually take a different path when they return to their nest.B.Ants leave chemical trails when they are outside the nest.C.Small groups of ants search in different locations.D.Ants leave pieces of food along the path as markers.3.What are two principles of swarm intelligence based on the ant example?[Click on2answers.]A.Individuals are aware of the group goal.B.Individuals act on information in their local environment.C.Individuals follow a leader's guidance.D.Individuals instinctively follow a set of rules.4.According to the professor,what path is followed by both telephone calls on a network and ants seeking food?A.The path with the least amount of activityB.The most crowded pathC.The path that is most reinforcedD.The path that has intermediate stopping points5.Why does the professor mention movies?A.To identify movie scenes with computer-simulated flocks of birdsB.To identify a good source of information about swarm intelligenceC.To emphasize how difficult it still is to simulate bird flightD.To explain that some special effects in movies are based on swarm intelligence6.What is the professor's attitude about attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people?A.She believes that the rules of birds'flocking behavior do not apply to group behavior in humans.B.She thinks that crowd scenes could be improved by using the behavior of ant colonies as a model.C.She is surprised by how realistic the computer-generated crowds are.D.She is impressed that computer graphics can create such a wide range of emotions.答案C B BD C D A译文下面听一段生物学讲座的片段。
高中英语(新人教版)选择性必修四同步习题：UNIT 5 Part 3(同步习题)【含答案及解析】
Part 3Using Language, Assessing Your Progress & VideoTime基础过关练Ⅰ.单词拼写1.Why not turn your(衣领) up against the wind?2.Make sure you enclose(随函附上) all the relevant(合格证书).3.In many towns (停车) is allowed only on one side of the street.4.I have some trouble reading the letter because his h is very bad.5.The (磁盘) has no viruses—I've scanned it already.6.It is one of the rare places in the world where the(沙漠)meets the sea.7.The school will give(优先) to science, maths and modern languages.8.With no solid evidence, he refused to acknowledge stealing the lady's p.9.(运河) have been built to take water to the desert,which is a significant project.10.The Security(委员会) will decide what measures will be taken to restore peace.11.Don't make friends with such a(狡猾的人). Such a friendship is false.Ⅱ.选词填空1.I suggest that you the most urgent matters and let the rest wait.2.He always the resources I need are available whenever I need them.3.the difficulties, Wang Kun and Wang Wei were determined to begin their journey.nce and many young people are the post of the manager assistant.5.In these years, we have learned to cooperate, to care and share, and to .Ⅲ.单句语法填空1.Some employees resigned because the (employ) was too unreasonable.2.He (acquire)a reputation as this country's most celebrated solo violinist so far.3.This dish puts the (fry) pork on a bed of roasted vegetables.4.As we can see, this (sew)machine is driven by an electric motor.5.She purchased a (knit) sweater and sent it to her sister as a birthday gift.6.(wool) clothes often shrink when they are washed.7.Learner drivers must (supervise) by adults who are at least 21 years old.8.How do you think of your (proficient) in written and spoken English?9.The old man wants to build cage for birds which he bought last month.10.They are truly convinced that the government can lead them out of the (finance)crisis.11.(be) I you, I would bring some appropriate gifts with me, such as souvenirs from my own country.12.(dedicate) to his career, he earned the colleagues' respect.Ⅳ.翻译句子1.我曾经做过环保志愿者,这帮助我获得了很多相关经验。
上海市普陀区2023-2024学年九年级上学期期中考试英语试题
上海市普陀区2023-2024学年九年级上学期期中考试英语试题一、听对话给图片排序A．B．C．D． E. F.二、听短对话选答案6．A．By bus.B．By car.C．On foot.D．By bike.7．A．At 5:00 p. m.B．At 6:00 p. m.C．At 9:00 p. m.D．At 9:30 p. m.8．A．In the cinema.B．In the library.C．At the supermarket.D．At the post office.9．A．Because she wants to play with her neighbour.B．Because her neighbour makes too much noise.C．Because her new house is big and nice.D．Because she wants to learn music.10．A．The lecture was famous.B．The girl enjoyed the lecture very much.C．The lecture was boring.D．Most of the people liked the lecture.三、听短文判断Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false（判断下列句子是否符合你听到的短文内容，符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示）11．A young man and an old man were waiting for a bus at a station.12．The old man told the young man that there was money in his bag.13．The young man woke the old man up when the bus came.14．The old man must be sad when he knew the young man had taken away his bag.15．According to the story, we learned that the young man was tricked by the old man.四、听录音补全句子Listen to the passage and complete the following sentences（根据你听到的短文，完成下列句子。
英语二级考试真题及答案2024
英语二级考试真题及答案2024一、听力理解（共20分）1. What is the woman going to do this evening?A. Go to a concertB. Attend a lectureC. Visit her parentsD. Study for a test答案：D2. How much did the man pay for the coat?A. $120B. $150C. $180D. $210答案：B3. What time does the train leave?A. At 6:00 a.m.B. At 7:30 a.m.C. At 8:45 a.m.D. At 9:15 a.m.答案：C...（此处省略其他听力题目）二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1The article discusses the benefits of regular exercise. It mentions that exercise can improve mood, increase energy levels, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.4. What is the main purpose of the article?A. To advertise a new gymB. To encourage people to exerciseC. To compare different types of exerciseD. To report on a recent study答案：B5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of exercise?A. Improved moodB. Increased energyC. Better sleepD. Enhanced creativity答案：D...（此处省略其他阅读理解题目）三、词汇与语法（共20分）6. The weather turned out to be very fine, so we decided to have a picnic ________.A. on timeB. in timeC. at a timeD. all the time答案：A7. She is ________ to pass the driving test because she has practiced a lot.A. likelyB. alikeC. alikeD. unlikely答案：A...（此处省略其他词汇与语法题目）四、写作（共30分）8. Write an essay on the topic "The Role of Technology in Education". You should write at least 120 words. Use your own experiences and examples to support your points.（此处省略写作题目的范文）结束语：以上是2024年英语二级考试真题及答案。
九年级英语学术讲座理解练习题50题
九年级英语学术讲座理解练习题50题1. The main idea of the lecture on environmental protection is that we should _____.A.reduce wastee more plasticC.pollute moreD.ignore the environment答案：A。
解析：讲座主旨是环境保护，减少浪费符合环境保护的主题。
选项B 使用更多塑料会加重环境问题；选项C 污染更多与环境保护背道而驰；选项D 忽视环境显然错误。
2. The lecture about history mainly focuses on _____.A.forgetting the pastB.learning from the pastC.repeating mistakesD.ignoring history答案：B。
解析：历史讲座通常强调从过去中学习。
选项A 忘记过去与讲座主题不符；选项 C 重复错误不是主要焦点；选项 D 忽视历史错误。
3. In the lecture on science, the speaker emphasizes the importance of _____.A.avoiding experimentsB.guessing resultsC.doing researchD.ignoring science答案：C。
解析：科学讲座一般强调做研究的重要性。
选项 A 避免实验错误；选项 B 猜测结果不科学；选项 D 忽视科学与主题相悖。
4. The lecture on literature is centered around _____.A.reading lessB.understanding literatureC.ignoring booksD.forgetting authors答案：B。
解析：文学讲座以理解文学为中心。
托福听力tpo56 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo56 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture1原文NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.MALE PROFESSOR: OK, at the end of our last class I started to talk a little bit about a dominant movement in United States painting in the late 1940s and the 1950s. And I said that the artists involved shared a spirit of revolt against tradition and a belief in spontaneous freedom of expression. This significant art movement is known as Abstract Expressionism.Now, Abstract Expressionism is kind of hard to define, but it-it’s basically an attemptby the artist to convey meaning or feeling in an abstract way. So, the artists didn’t worry about whether they were painting familiar subject matter, like the kinds of things you’d see in the world around you. They’d paint...well, abstract things, on, ah, a huge canvas—which itself was a break from traditional technique. And it was common among artists to apply the paint to the canvas very rapidly and with great force. So let’s look at the work of the most famous American Abstract Expressionist, Jackson Pollock.There was nothing in Jackson Pollock’s training as an artist that suggested he would come to be seen as some sort of artistic revolutionary. In the 1930s he studied drawing and painting at the Art Students League, a popular art school in New York City. What he did later—in the 1940s—was a startling innovation. Jackson Pollock used a technique, the so called “pour and drip” technique, for which he is best known. He didn’t use the traditional easel—he laid his wall-size canvas flat on the floor, so he could move around it and work it from all sides. Then he poured and dripped his paint onto the canvas without touching it with a brush—just poured and dripped.Now, the physical movements involved in Pollock’s painting technique have led people to call it “action painting,” which almost suggests that the process of creating the painting, physically, was at least as important as the end product itself. In fact, people used to watch him work in his studio, dripping and pouring paint and other materials onto his canvases. This could make you think of Pollock’s work as being kind of like, wild or chaotic, or random. But the truth is that Pollock was in complete control of his materials and his paintings.Pollock’s pour and drip works were quite revolutionary, and at first they shocked the art world. Pollock used massive canvases. They seem more like portable murals than anything else. A good example of his technique is the painting “Autumn Rhythm,” which Pollock painted in 1950.“Autumn Rhythm,” at first glance looks like basically, just a whole lot of squiggly lines;rather bizarre, just like a bunch of pointless drips and swirls. But if you look closely, you see why it’s so admired.Beneath all the apparent chaos there’s really a very definite structure of lines, rhythms, and sensations that makes the whole piece work. Sheer randomness would not be nearly as visually appealing as this painting is. You need some structure, even if it’s not readily apparent.I’ve read some articles by other scholars who’ve, in their discussion of Pollock, um, some of them like to point out that he painted his canvases while looking down at them, since they were on the ground, as I said, but when we go to a museum, they’re up on a wall. They think this is significant because it makes our perspective different. But I mean...well, think of photography. We’ve all seen photos of the sky, the ground...meaning that the photographer was shooting from different angles. Does that mean that we should put a photo of the sky, on the ceiling? Of course not. It wouldn’t matter if you’re looking at it on a wall or in a photo album on your lap. And I think it’s the same with Pollock. It doesn’t matter from which angle we view his paintings. It’s OK that he painted on the floor and we look at it on the wall.But in spite of his work being shocking and even misunderstood at first, Pollock’s work became so influential in the development of Abstract Expressionism, that the artistic community started to shift its attention from Paris, which had been the center of the art world, to New York, where Pollock lived and worked. So Pollock’s breakthrough work helped move the focus of contemporary art, and that’s one of the measures of his greatness, really.题目1.Why does the professor discuss Jackson Pollock?A. To point out a common misconception about Abstract ExpressionismB. To help students understand the nature of Abstract ExpressionismC. To compare Pollock’s technique to that of other Abstract Expressionist paintersD. To defend Pollock and the Abstract Expressionists from criticism2.What point does the professor make about Jackson Pollock’s training as an artist?A. It motivated him to rebel against art he claimed was boring.B. It contrasted with the type of art he later created.C. It taught him how to paint using unconventional methods.D. It was very different from the type of training most artists receive.3.What were two features of Jackson Pollock’s painting technique?[Click on 2 answers.]A. He used walls as a painting surface.B. He painted the canvas while it was on the floor.C. He applied paint by pouring or dripping it.D. He allowed visitors at his studio to help with the painting.4.What is the professor’s attitude toward the term “action painting”?A. He thinks it correctly describes Pollack’s painting technique.B. He considers it less appropriate for Pollock than for other Abstract Expressionists.C. He believes that it represents the sense of movement displayed in Pollock’s paintings.D. He is pleased that contemporary critics rarely use the term.5.What feature of Autumn Rhythm does the professor imply is representative of Pollock’s works?A. It symbolizes the passage of time.B. It reveals a lack of control over emotions.C. It combines structure and the appearance of chaos.D. It combines tradition and innovation.6.Why does the professor discuss photography?A. To emphasize how different it is from paintingB. To make a point about its increasing popularity in New York’s art worldC. To show the extent of Pollock’s influenceD. To support his argument about the way people look at Pollock’s paintings答案B B BC A C D译文旁白：在艺术史课上听一部分讲座。
托福听力tpo60 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo60 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (12)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.As you know, artists today can choose from an enormous selection of media, including water colors, acrylic paints, not to mention special pains formulated for almost any surface you might wanna paint on. But even so, oil paints are still the medium of choice among most professional artists and hobbyists. So why is that? well, for one thing, oil paints extremely versatile, suitable for many different painting styles, different subjects, and different sizes of work. Another advantage is thatthey're easy to use. Even for beginners, they can be manipulated. You can apply oil paint to a canvas. And then because they don't dry right away, they can be scraped off and paint it over.So you don't have to waste expensive material every time you make a change. Unlike acrylic paint, which really can't be moved once it's applied, acrylic paints dry very quickly. So in general, when using them, it's more difficult to make changes. And with watercolors, you can't really paint over a mistake, because it really diminishes the freshness of the colors. So oil paint is the medium of choice for many painters. Nowadays, anyway, in terms of art history, oil paints actually pretty young in Europe before the invention, rather, the development of oil paint, painters mostly used Tempera. Tempera was made with egg yolk. Believe it or not, the yoke acted as a binder. A binder enables the color pigment to stick to your canvas, and no temporal wasn't always yellow. If that's what you're thinking. Artists made their own paint by mixing egg yolk with a color pigment like powdered iron ore copper. But it dried very fast, which left little room for error or change.You really had to get it right the first time. Then in the early 15th century, a Flemish painter named Jan of Van Eyck started experimenting up after that emperor in one of the Nikes paintings cracked while drawing in the sun. He decided to try to make a paint that would avoid this fate. So he tried. And oil mixture, actually other painters before him had tried using oils as a binder. So while the Nikes credited with inventing oil paint, it's not entirely true. In Greece and Italy, olive oil had been used to prepare pigment mixtures, but the paint took a really long time to dry, just the opposite of tempera. But van Eyck had a secret recipe for his oil paint. He used linseed oil. Not only did this paint dry without cracking, van dyke also discovered that it could be applied in very thin layers. This technique gave the colors of depth that was previously unknown. And just as important, the linseed oil actually increased the brilliance of the color. So as a result, pigment oil mixtures became very popular among artists. Some tried to improve the paint by developing their own recipes, like uh, by using walnut oil, for instance, or by cooking their oil mixtures. But a greatmany began using some sort of oil as their binder.Now with all this experimentation with mixtures, well, it took a long time for artists to get comfortable with using these new oil paints to get a true feeling for how to apply them to the best effect. The early painters in oil like that Ike laid the paint down in thin layers with brush strokes that were so delicate that they're practically invisible. And it really wasn't until the end of the 16th century and in the 17th century that the full potential of oil paint was realized, for example, that's when artists finally began to combine delicately painted areas with thick brush strokes. So you could actually see the marks of the brush combining the rough and the smooth gives oil paintings great textural depth. Of course, the public who are used to smooth surfaces actually complained that these paintings looked unfinished. And some of that attitude carried over until later centuries, like, well, you're probably familiar with the work of the painter Vincent Van Gogh. Van gogh's famous nowadays for his thick, swirling brush strokes. But amazingly enough, his work was not appreciated back in the 19th century, and he sold just one painting during his lifetime. Of course, the French impressionists, who were his contemporaries, attained more popular acclaim, but they used a different technique. They applied oil paint and thick dabbs to depict the effects of light on the landscape.题目1.What does the professor mainly discuss?A. The relationship between painting techniques and types of paint that are usedB. Reasons for the changes in the popularity of oil paint since the seventeenth centuryC. The historical development and use of oil paintD. The main differences between oil paint and tempera2.What reasons does the professor give for the popularity of oil paint among modern artists?[Click on 2 answers.]A. It can be used for a number of painting styles.B. It allows artists to make changes.C. It does not fade easily.D. It can be made easily even by amateur painters.3.What property do tempera and acrylic paint have in common?A. They do not stick well to the canvas.B. They tend to crack as they dry.C. They tend to make colors look dull.D. They dry very quickly.4.What are two points the professor makes about the painter Jan van Eyck?[Click on 2 answers.]A. He did not invent the use of oil as a binder.B. He improved his own oil mixtures by heating them.C. He invented tempera.D. He applied oil paint to a canvas in thin layers.5.Why does the professor talk about combining delicate brushstrokes with thickbrushstrokes?A. To explain the popularity of van Eyck's paintingsB. To describe a difference between linseed oil and olive oil as a binderC. To indicate that artists became more experienced in the use of oil paintD. To point out a similarity between the painters van Eyck and van Gogh6.Why does the professor mention Vincent van Gogh?A. To emphasize that paintings made with thick brushstrokes were unpopular in the pastB. To show that artists did not know how to use oil paints correctly until the nineteenth centuryC. To describe the origin of a painting technique used by the French ImpressionistsD. To support his statement about when painters first began to use thick brushstrokes答案C ABD AD C A译文请听艺术史课上的部分内容。
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Part 2 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Lecture 2 The Country and the People
s and Positions
1. Britain is officially called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). England The Great Britain Two Big Islands The British Isles Ireland Scotland Wales Northern Ireland The UK
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a center of textile Liverpool the 2nd largest seaport Cambridge Cambridge University
1.2 Scotland � Strong Scottish identity � 30% of the whole land � 1/10 of the total population � Edinburgh
11. Inland Water � The largest river is the Severn River. � The second largest and most important river is the Thames River.
� The Clyde River—Glasgow 12. People A population of about 60,587,300 (estimated in 2006) � Britain’s population is overwhelmingly urban, with about 90% living in urban areas and 10% living in rural areas. � It is true that people of English origin make up the majority of the nation, but there are also the Scottish people, the Irish people, the Welsh people, and some other minority groups. � The English people refer to the descendents of the English-speaking Anglo-Saxons, including
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9. Several factors influence the weather:
10. Geographic Features 10.1 Geographical position of Britain: � Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 10.2 Leaving Ireland on one side, the island of Britain can be divided roughly into two parts: the Highland Zone in the north and west ant the Lowland Zone in the south and southeast.
6. Government system: Constitutional Monarchy � a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a written (i.e., codified), unwritten (i.e., uncodified) or blended constitution 7. Nationality: Briton (n.) British (adj.) 8. Climate and Weather:
� Gaelic � Anglo-Scottish Conflict: Braveheart
Wallace Monument � 1707, unification with England � Bagpipes, kilts, whisky
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1.3 Wales
� 9% of the whole land � 5% of the total population � Cardiff � Welsh � Prince of Wales 1.4 Northern Ireland
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1.1 England � The largest, most populous and wealthiest division of the UK.
London situated on the Thames River • The commercial center: the West End：Oxford street • The political center: the City of Westminster (Westminster Abbey, No. 10, Downing street, Buckingham Palace)
4. National Day: Queen’s Birthday which has been changed into the second Saturday in July.
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Байду номын сангаас许静
5. The national anthem: God Save the King/Queen
God save our gracious Queen, Long live our noble Queen, God save the Queen: Send her victorious, Happy and glorious, Long to reign over us. God save the Queen. O Lord, our God, arise, Scatter her enemies, And make them fall. Confound their politics, Frustrate their knavish tricks, On Thee our hopes we fix, God save us all. Thy choicest gifts in store, On her be pleased to pour; Long may she reign: May she defend our laws, And ever give us cause To sing with heart and voice God save the Queen
7. Over centuries, many refugees suffering from political and religious persecution have found a home in England.
� Also known as Ulster � 6% of the whole land � 3% of the total population � Belfast � Irish, another Gaelic dialect � Northern Ireland problem: Protestant majority in the population generally support political union with Great Britain, while many of the Roman Catholic minority look for union with the Republic of Ireland. 2. National capital: London 3. Union Flag: Union Jack
Birmingham: in the northwest of London the 2nd largest city in Britain and the center of British Industrial Revolution
Modern Bull Ring Shopping Center Manchester
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the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. The Scottish people, the Irish people, the Welsh people are Celts. 13. Religion: majority of the British people believe Christianity 14.The Origins of the British People 1. The first known settlers of Britain: the Iberians. About 3000BC, the New Stone Age 2. The Celts About 700BC, bringing in an Iron Age civilization 3. The Romans 3.1 55BC, Julius Caesar The earliest written records of Britain’s inhabitants come from the Romans. 3.2 43 AD—510AD, the real Roman Invasion Claudius Hadrian 4. In the mid-5 th century, the Anglo-Saxons � Jutes, Saxons, and Angles—Germanic/Teutonic tribes � The time of Heptarchy � King Alfred � Edward the Confessor