语言学知识点

Development Of Language And Translation ABSTRACTION:With the development of our society, and the meeting up to different kind of languages, the words which we used in our daily life are developing.Trough the changes of words, we can also find the movement of our life. Thus language is a way for us to handle the trajectory of our life. In this essay, we analyze the different kinds of reasons of these development and changes of translation because of the development of language.KEY WORDS: Language; Development; Translation; English; New words. INTRODUCTION: In civilization, people use words to give others ideas.We can express our feelings through language. Indeed, linguistics is a kind of science. As our social system's change, it changes; As our our ages change, it changes. The most basic thing in linguistics is words,with the rapid development of this world, many old words become useless, we can see them in less and less passages even in our oral talking, on the other hand, more and more words are invented.So these words enriched our language treasure house.And from here, we can get the rule: The only way that languages exist is being developing,the only way it can get developed is to be changeable. In today's world,Englishseems to make the biggest impact on people from all over the world. And the number of people who use Chinese is the biggest,so our translating from Chinese to English or on the contrary,we should keep pace with the modern society, only by this way, we can make our translation better and better.Part 1:Language contactLanguage contact occurs when two or more languages interact. The study of language contact is called contact linguistics.Many languages have likely been common throughout much of human history, and today most people in the world are multilingual. In tribal hunter-gatherer societies, multilingualism was common, as tribes must communicate with neighboring peoples . In present-day areas such as Sub-Saharan Africa, where there are many kinds of language over short distances, it is usual for anyone who has dealings outside their own town or village to know two or more languages.When speakers of different languages interact closely, it is typical for their languages to influence each other. Languages normally develop by gradually accumulating dialectal differences until two dialects cease to be mutually intelligible, somewhat analogous to the speciesbarrier in biology. Language contact can occur at language borders , between adstratum languages, or as the result of migration, with an intrusive language acting as either a superstratum or a substratum. Language contact occurs in a variety of phenomena, including language convergence, borrowing, and relexification. The most common products are pidgins, creoles, code-switching, and mixed languages. Other hybrid languages, such as English, do not strictly fit into any of these categories.Part 2: Changes because of Current political.Great important incident will lead to the appearance of new words. During World War II,Nazi, gestapo,fascist, nuclear armament,two superpowers, etc appeared.During Cold war period,we can get words such like: the cold war, nucler threats. In 1815,Napoleon's army suffered defeat in waterloo,Belgium.After that,we get the phrase:meet one's Waterloo.It means we suffered great attack.So today we can say:"If you don't take my advice，you will meet your Waterloo."The circumstances happened also in China. In 1940s and 1950 we had a slogan: Down with the US imperialism. We used the words for example: the People's Communes the Great Leap,the Three Red Banners.After1980s,we can see words like reform.operning up,the four modernizations. And now we have Three Representing, One Country, Two Systems, globalization,etc. And the most important thing right now is Peaceful Development and establish a "Harmonious Society". This kind of words are very political,and they also have the features of this time. They reflected the changes of current political.Sometimes, with the end of the incident, these words disappeared. Well, of course, with the coming of the new age, new words are flooding to us.Part 3: Changes because of economic evolutionOur society is developing now,the economic model never stops changing.New phenomenon happens all the time, so we change our words to express them. For example, we used to call peasant in stead of farmer. We used to call the factories like mill. but now we have factory, plant, works,and manufactory.And our economy's development is so fast, so we even have heavy industry, light industry, insurance industry, service industry;We can dived economy into market economy, planned economy ,individual economy, collective economy, state economy; Fields of economicstock market, stock company, corporation, multinational corporation, etc. Nowadays, "WTO" is becoming strongerand stronger,and it plays a more important role in today's society,the abbreviation of "WTO" is used in more often in passages and oral talking. After the reform and opening-up in China, there are many changes happened in chinese, too. There are many new words appeared. Such like: enterprises in three forms of ventures, special economic zon, hi-teeh development zone, thegreat development of western China, system of overall leadership bv the factory director), management bv obiectives during term of service, full-load work method. We believe that the more we developed, the more new words we will get.Part 4: Changes because of the culture and lifeCulture is reflection of our proceed of human's society,on the other hand, our life also reflects our culture. And the changes in our life and culture can also meet the changes of our language.China is developing very fast right now,more and more eyes are staring on this nation.People from all over the world began to learn Chinese and get used to the Chinese life. By this way, our culture is output to other countries, including religious culture, tea culture, food culture，clothing culture，etc. Then we can see confucianism, taoism, tea party, tea time, silk, china, Chinese food, chopsticks, chopsuey, qipao,etc.With the change of culture,our life must be keep the trace with it, it is very prominent in modern city. In China,more and more young people celebrate the festivals such like : Christmas Day, Fool's Day and Valentine's Day. When they meet each other, they will give a hug; When they leave, they will give kisses. And in abroad, foreigners began to say putonghua, singing jingju, practice kongfu, and make jiaozi, they will eat chow mian, and play majong. And more and more beautiful girls begin to put on qipao. The world seems to be beautiful.Part 5 :Changes because of modern science and technologey.During 20th century, science developed a lot. And now in 21st century, we got knowledge and imformation "big bomb" By this way we've got radar, laser, atom bomb, nuclear weapons, space shuttle, missile, submarine, plane, microphone, recorder, copying machine, motor, engine, telegram, telephone, computer, network, Internet, E-mail, clone, nanometer, IT, hacker, blog, Vista. Facing with this new words, translators sometimes have to put the original words on the paper.。