海上风电场海水养殖一体化

Perceived Concerns and AdvocatedOrganisational Structures of OwnershipSupporting ‘Offshore Wind Farm—Mariculture Integration’表示关注和主张组织结构的企业支持“离岸风场—海水养殖一体化”Gesche Krause, Robert Maurice Griffin and Bela Hieronymus Buck 1Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Bremen1莱布尼兹热带海洋生态中心(ZMT),不莱梅2Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island2环境与自然资源经济学院，罗德岛大学3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Science (AWI), Bremerhaven3阿尔弗雷德韦格纳极地和海洋科学研究所(AWI),不来梅港4Institute for Marine Resources (IMARE), Bremerhaven4海洋资源研究所(IMARE),不来梅港5University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven5不莱梅应用科学技术大学，不来梅港1,3,4,5Germany1,2,4,5 德国2USA2 美国1. Introduction1.引言In Germany a major political incentive exists currently to install large offshore wind farms (Tiedemann, 2003; BMU/Stiftung Offshore Windenergie, 2007). The promotion of wind power especially in offshore regions is mainly driven by the policy to reduce dependence on conventional fossil energy resources as well as the need to reduce the environmentally harmful CO2 loads.在德国建设海上的风场寻在强大的政策刺激(Tiedemann, 2003; BMU/Stiftung Offshore Windenergie, 2007).促进近海风电巨大发展的主要动力是减少常规化石能源的依赖和减轻环境二氧化碳的符合。

Offshore wind farms are defined here as a group of wind turbines in the same confined area used for production of electric power in the open ocean. Moving off the coast to the offshore, wind turbines are less obtrusive than turbines on land, as their apparent size and noise is mitigated by distance.近海风场被定义为在公海一有限区域内一组用于电力生产的风力发电机组。

由于是离岸布置，风电机组相比陆上压迫感更低，距离的原因使得外观尺寸和噪音都有缓和。

Since water has less surface roughness than land (especially in deeper waters), the average wind speed is usually considerably higher over the open water. At present 47 project applications for wind farms in the Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) of the German North Sea and in the Baltic Sea are in the planning process (BSH, 2008) with a total number of wind turbines per farm ranging between 80 and 500 (Buck et al., 2008).由于水（尤其是深海）相比陆地表面粗糙度更低，平均风速通常高于公共水面。

目前47%的项目在北海经济特区（EEZ）而在计划中的位于波罗的海（BSH，2008），每个厂的风机规模在80到500台之间(Buck et al., 2008)。

The strong expansion of offshore wind farms in the marine environment of the North Sea increases the stress on sea areas that have formerly been used for other purposes, such as for fishery or shipping activities, or that are still seemingly free of human activity (Krause et al., 2003; Wirtz et al., 2003).离岸机组在北海环境中的巨大扩张增加了海域负担，这些海域原来用于诸如渔场，航运或者似乎仍未被人类活动沾染（Krause et al., 2003; Wirtz et al., 2003）。

Hence, the emerging offshore wind industry is quickly becoming a large stakeholder in the offshore arena (Gierloff-Emden, 2002; Dahlke, 2002; Tiedemann, 2003). This has lead to conflicts of interest among the different user groups and has encouraged research on the prospects of integrating maritime activities under a combined management scheme as newcomers such as wind farms make for additional claims exclude other uses, such as wild-harvest fisheries.因此，新兴的离岸风电产业迅速成为离岸区域一巨大的利益相关者（Gierloff-Emden, 2002; Dahlke, 2002; Tiedemann, 2003）。

这将导致不同组织之间利益的冲突，也将会促使在联合管理方案下集成海洋活动前景的研究，比如风电场对野生渔业额外补偿。

In this context, integrating marine aquaculture with designated wind farm areas might provide chances to combine two industries in the frame of a multiple-use concept(Buck et al., 2009). The term marine aquaculture, or mariculture, refers to aquatic organisms cultivated in brackish or marine environments. Offshore aquaculture indicates a culture operation in a frequently hostile open ocean environment exposed to all kinds of sea states as well as being placed far off the coast.由此而论，特定的风场集成海水养殖将提供联合两产业的多用途概念框架（Buck et al., 2009）。

海水养殖这个术语，或称为海洋生物养殖指含盐的水生生物或者海洋生态。

离岸水产指针对在各种海况和离岸位置的公海进行作业的文明。

Nowadays the increasing limitation of favourable coastal sites for the development of modern aquaculture which is evident in various countries such as Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, as well as others, has spurned this move offshore (Buck & Krause, 2011). This spatial limitation is mainly caused by the high degree of protected nearshore areas and by the fact that regulatory frameworks that assign specific areas for aquaculture operations are diverse and still emerging (Krause et al., 2003).目前特别明显的在诸如德国，荷兰，比利时等等优良的沿海场所越来越限制现代水产业的发展(Buck & Krause, 2011)。

这种空间限制主要源于近岸高度保护以及实际规划的水产作业常规区域变化多样和形成。

Thus, little room for the expansion of modern coastal aquaculture systems in nearshore waters remain. In contrast, the number of competing users within offshore regions is relatively low, hence favouring the offshore environment for further commercial development, such as offshore wind farming and open ocean aquaculture. Spatial regulations offshore are scarce so far and clean water can be expected (Krause et al., 2003; Buck et al., 2009).因此，在近海水域小型现代水产扩张将会持续。