12-9-1句子成份

4) 定语从句（attributive clause) ---可以修饰 主语，宾语及表语 e.g ---- A man who sells books in a shop is called a bookseller. ---- The man who I saw is called Smith. 5) 状语从句（adverbial clause)--- 一般修饰谓 语且放在谓语前面的为状语；修饰谓语且放在 谓语后面的为补语。 状语形式有： 不定式（to do); 短语； 从句； 分词结构。包括： 时间，地点，原因，目的， 方式等。 e.g ---- The house stood where three roads met.
1）主语----是句子主体，是全句述说的对象，常 用名词或相当于名词的词担任，一般置于句首。
e.g---- The sun is shining in our faces. ---- I respect his privacy. ---- Dee is an English teacher.
2)谓语或谓语动词– 是说明主语的动作或状态 的，常用动词担任，置于主语之后。
4）补语和表语--- 补语是用来补充主 语和宾语的意义的，一般都着重说 明主语或宾语的特征，常由名词或 形容词担任。表语就是位于连系动 词之后的主语补语。
e.g ---- Hill was declared the winner of the fight.(主语补语） ---- I consider the book expensive. (宾语补语） ---- John Stuart Mill was an early feminist. (表 语）
5) 介词短语(prepositional phrase) ---- 功用很 多，常做状语。 e.g ---- The car is waiting at the gate. 6) 不定式短语(infinitive phrase) ---- 相当于不 定式。 e.g---- To eat three times a day is healthy. 7) 动名词短语（gerundial phrase) ---- 相当于 动名词。 e.g ---- Watching TV is a pleasure. 8) 分词短语(participial phrase) e.g--- Located on the harbor, the Statue of Liberty is one of the famous landmarks of NY.
6) 状语---- 是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的， 常由副词或相当于副词的短语或从句担任。修饰动 词时，可置于动词之前，亦可置于动词之后；修饰 形容词或副词时，常置于它们之前。
e.g ---- Elaine did badly on exam. ---- Houses are so expensive now that we simply can’t afford to buy one. ---- Frankly, I don’t think the plan will succeed. ---- He ran up to her breathing heavily. ---- As I approached, Reid gave me a nod of greeting.
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3) 复合句（complex sentence )--- 由关联词 把主句和一个或一个以上的从句合成的句 子。 e.g --- He said he would come in the evening. 如果并列句的两个分句又内含从句的话， 那就成为一种更加复杂的并列复合句。 e.g --- While the men worked to strengthen the dam, the rain continued to fall, and the river, which was already well above its normal level, rose higher and higher.
根据结构句子形式可分为
1）简单句（simple sentence)--- 一个含有主 语（或并列主语）和谓语（或并列谓语） 的句子。 e.g --- Thomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, on February 11, 1847. . 2) 并列句（compound sentence)--- 由等立 连词把两个或两个以上的简单句（分句） 合成的句子。 e.g --- I cam home early, but she remained to the end of the concert.
句子成分归总
----Dee
句子成分种类
1） 主语（Subject ) 2）谓语或谓语动词（predicate or predicate verb) 3) 宾语（object ) object 4) 补语(complement ) 和表语 （predicative) 5) 定语（attribute) 6) 状语（adverbial)
例题比较： We have no idea that her mother was a doctor ten years ago.(同位语） This is the book that I bought. (定 语从句）
句子结构
1）主语+谓语（SV) e.g --- Day dawns. 2) 主语+谓语+宾语（SVO) e.g --- Michael speaks Spanish. . 3)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOO) e.g --- He told us the whole story. (He told the whole story to us)
4) 主语+谓语+主语补语（SVC）或 主语+连系动词+表语 （SLP) e.g --- Tom’s father is a professor. --- He died a poor man. . 5) 5)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语 + + + （SVOC) e.g --- He found George intelligent.
短语的种类
1） 名词短语（Noun phrase)---相当于名词。 e.g ---- My cousin is a university student. 2) 动词短语（Verb phrase) ---- 相当于动词。 e.g ---- I can’t believe Jason has failed the exam. 3) 形容词短语(adjectival phrase) ---- 相当于形 容词。 e.g ---- Her little stories are very charming indeed. 4) 副词短语（adverbial phrase) ---- 相当于副 词。 e.g ---- Kev plays the piano very nicely.
7) 句子独立成分---- 它与全句没有语法关系，通常为 感叹词，称呼语或插入语。
e.g---- Miss, what time is flight 452 for Boston due to depart? ---- Oh, please don’t ask me any more. 8) 虚词---- 句子中一般不担任句子成分。 位置比较固定。 1】 冠词---置于名词前。 2】介词---置于名词或代词之前。 3】 连词置于词与词，短语与短语，分句与 分句，主句与从句之间，或置于从句之首。
让步状语从句中主要连词有： though, although, as; even if, even though; whether … or… ；no matter +疑问词；疑问 词+ ever * 6) 同位语从句（appositive clause) e.g ---- The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别： ---- 同位语从句所修饰词通常为少数一些表 示抽象意义的名词。如： belief, fact, doubt, hope, idea…. ---- 定语从句的先行词可指人，物等。
e.g --- Twilight was falling as Jerry left the fruit store. ---- Robin teaches Math in our school. ---- I found my dictionary in the teacher’s office.
3) 宾语--- 是表示及物动词的动作对象和介词 所联系的对象的， 常由名词或相当于名词的 词担任，置于及物动词或介词之后。
Hale Waihona Puke e.g ---- Michael received a warning for speeding. ---- One must endorse a cheque before one cashes it. 支票兑现前必须先签字。
从句的种类
1） 主语从句（Subject clause) e.g ---That we shall be late is certain. 2) 表语从句（predicative clause) e.g --- The trouble is that I have lost his address. 3)宾语从句(object clause) e.g ---- She asked me which I liked best.
5） 定语---- 是限定或修饰名词或相当于名词的
词的，常由形容词或相当于形容的短语或从句 担任。形容词置于名词之前，相当于形容词的 短语从句常置于名词之后。
e.g --- The whole house was ill with the flu. ---- She had a great desire to travel. ---- Children who live by the sea usually begin to swim at an early age.