chapter 1 cultures and values 文化与价值观
路德维希《文化和价值》
CULTURE AND VALUE文化和价值(英)路德维希·维特根斯坦著黄正东唐少杰译中译者序序言文化和价值中译者序路德维希·维特根斯坦(Ludwig Wittgenstein 1889-1951)是现代西方著名哲学家之一，1889年4月26日出生于维也纳。
他毕业于柏林高等技术学校，后在英国曼彻斯特大学学习航空学，1929年移居英国并加入英国国籍，1951年4月29日死于剑桥。
维特根斯坦二十年代初在哲学界开始崭露头角。
早年他曾受罗素的影响而成为逻辑经验主义的先驱之一，后来他脱离了该哲学流派而成为日常语言哲学的主要代表。
维特根斯坦早期所坚持的逻辑经验主义和后期所坚持的日常语言哲学是实证主义哲学中的两个不同流派。
它们都认为，认识不能超越于经验之外。
逻辑经验主义主张经验证实的原则，语言，语词、语句的意义是由它们所对应的经验事实决定的，而真理就是命题和经验事实的一致，真理的标准在于经验的证实。
日常语言哲学主张日常语言分析的原则，语言、语词、语句未有固定的经验对应者，它们的意义是由人们日常习惯中所约定的语言规则。
事实上，这两个流派都否定语言，语词、语句反映客观实在，从而殊途同归，陷入主观经验主义。
维特根斯坦的哲学曾经震动了西方哲学界，许多与他同时代的和在他之后的西方哲学家都不同程度地受到他的影响，包括他的老师罗素也曾—度接受了他的哲学。
维特根斯坦在现代西方哲学界独树一帜，其影响经久不衰。
他不仅对逻辑经验主义哲学、日常语言哲学的发展，而且对哲学方法论，逻辑学(尤其是数理逻辑)的发展都作出了不可磨灭的重大贡献。
近些年来，西方许多国家涌现出一大批研究维特根斯坦哲学的专家，学者，出版了大量的专著文献。
奥地利还多次举办了国际维特根斯坦专题讨论会。
在四方哲学界，有人称他的哲学为上一世纪唯心主义哲学转变为本世纪分析哲学的“革命”；也有人称他是把现代哲学方法“推进到决定性转折的第一人”。
英国大英百科全书出版社出版的《今日伟大思想》1979年卷和1980年卷把他列为二十世纪社会科学六十二项重大成果(其中哲学为五项)的代表之一。
文化维度与价值观概述(PPT 42页)
中国人真的是集体主义吗？
• Brewer & Chen (2007)提出，集体主义应进一步分为两种：
• 关系集体主义（relational collectivism）：聚焦于亲近的人际关系 • 群体集体主义（group collectivism）：聚焦于群体与社会认同
• 根据他们的理论，中国人属于典型的关系集体主义，在群体集体 主义上则低于美国人
维度3：个人主义-集体主义 （Individualism vs. Collectivism）
• 社会中的成员在多大程度上整合到群体中
• 个人主义：发达国家和西方国家；集体主义：不发达国家和东方 国家
个人主义/集体主义文化的典型特征
个人主义文化 每个人只需要照顾好自己和小家庭
强调“我” 强调隐私权 鼓励直抒胸臆 重视个人观念 违反规范导致内疚 语言使用中“我”是必不可少的 任务大于关系
• 遵从（conformity）：控制那 些可能伤害他人、违反规范的 行动或倾向
• 传统（Tradition）：尊重、赞 成和接受文化传统
轴2：自我提高（Self-Enhancement）
• 成就（Achievement）：通过 展现个人能力，获取成功
• 权力（Power）：社会地位和 声望，对于他人或资源的控制 和支配
维度2：等级性-平等性
• 等级性（Hierarchy）：强调权威与谦 卑，等级结构的正当性
• 平等性（Egalitarianism）：强调社 会公正和平等，关注他人福祉
维度3：和谐-掌控
• 和谐（Harmony）：与自然环境和谐 共处
• 掌控（Mastery）：支配环境，取得 个人成功
个人水平和国家水平结果的比较
与霍夫斯泰德文化维度的关系
文化价值认知英文作文高中
文化价值认知英文作文高中下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Culture is a fascinating concept that encompasses a wide range of values and beliefs. It shapes our identity and influences our behavior in various ways. Understanding cultural values is crucial in fostering mutual respect and appreciation among diverse communities.Culture is not just about art, music, or traditions. It is a complex system of shared beliefs, customs, and practices that define a group of people. These values can vary greatly from one culture to another, creating a rich tapestry of human experiences. Embracing cultural diversity allows us to broaden our perspectives and challenge our own assumptions.Cultural values play a significant role in shaping our behavior and attitudes. They provide a framework for understanding what is considered right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable in a particular society. For example, in some cultures, punctuality is highly valued, while inothers, a more relaxed approach to time is preferred. Recognizing and respecting these differences is essentialin building meaningful relationships and avoiding misunderstandings.Cultural values also influence our perception of beauty and aesthetics. What is considered beautiful in one culture may be completely different in another. This diversity adds vibrancy to our world, as it allows for the celebration of various forms of artistic expression. By appreciating and embracing different standards of beauty, we can challengethe narrow definitions that often dominate mainstream media.Moreover, cultural values shape our understanding of family and community. In some cultures, the extended family plays a central role in daily life, while in others, individualism is emphasized. These differences in family structures and social dynamics reflect the uniquepriorities and values of each culture. Understanding and respecting these diverse approaches to family life can help us build stronger communities and foster a sense of belonging.Cultural values are not fixed or static; they evolve and adapt over time. As societies become more interconnected, cultural exchange becomes inevitable. This exchange of ideas and values can enrich our own cultural heritage and broaden our horizons. By embracing cultural diversity, we can create a more inclusive and tolerant world.In conclusion, cultural values are an integral part of our identity and shape our behavior and attitudes. Understanding and appreciating cultural diversity is crucial in fostering mutual respect and building stronger communities. By embracing different values and beliefs, we can create a more inclusive and vibrant world.。
《文化与核心价值观》课件
文化的基本元素
语言
语言是文化最基本的元素之一，它不仅仅是交流 工具，更是价值观和思想体系的载体。
艺术
艺术作为文化的创造和表达形式，反映了人们的 理念、审美和情感。
宗教
宗教在很大程度上影响人们的道德观念和行为准 则，对文化的塑造具有重要作用。
食物
食物是文化的一个重要组成部分，它代表着地域 特色和传统习俗。
3
文化传承
核心价值观是文化的灵魂和核心，它们的传承有助于保护和传承文化遗产。
如何传承和弘扬核心价值观
教育
通过教育系统传授核心价值观， 培养下一代对价值观的认同和 理解。
媒体
媒体可以通过宣传、报道和文 化表达，传播核心价值观，影 响公众意识。
社会实践
参与社会实践活动和公益事业， 体验和践行核心价值观，落实 到日常生活中。
结语
通过弘扬文化和核心价值观，我们可以建立一个更加和谐、繁荣和包容的社会。让我们共同努力，为实现这个 目标作出贡献！
《文化与核心价值观》 PPT课件
本课件介绍文化的概念和核心价值观的重要性，以及它们在社会建设中的作 用。通过我们的分享，你将更好地理解和弘扬核心价值观。
什么是文化
文化是由一组共享价值观、信仰、习俗和传统构成的，它塑造了一个社会的 行为和思维方式。文化在塑造个人身份、社会结构和交流方式方面起着关键 作用。
核心价值观的概念与特点
核心价值观是一个社会共同接受和认同的基本原则和理念，它们反映了社会 共同追求的目标和行为准则。
核心价值观在社会建设中的作用
1
Hale Waihona Puke 道德观念引领核心价值观为社会提供了道德准则和行为规范，促进了和谐、公平和团结。
2
社会稳定因素
《跨文化商务交际》课程学习大纲课程名称：跨文化商务交际课程英文
《跨文化商务交际》课程学习大纲课程名称：跨文化商务交际课程英文《跨文化商务交际》课程学习大纲课程名称: 跨文化商务交际课程英文名称:课程编码: 401022060 学时/学分: 32学时 3学分适用对象: 商务英语专业编写人: 张宁一、课程介绍《跨文化商务交际》为我国高等英语专业商务类核心课程之一。
同英语国家的人们用英语进行有效的交流是应用英语类专业教学的重要目的之一。
然而有效的交流不仅仅是一个语言技巧问题，还涉及到许多文化因素。
本课程的主旨是帮助学生解决在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种问题。
二、课程学习目标通过本课程的学习，学生应能够认识语言、文化和交际三者之间的关系;对各类交际形式有所认识;对对象国文化有更进一步的了解,更有效地进行交流;预料和避免由于不同的文化期望而产生的误解;解释手势和其他形式的体态语;讨论有关文化适应和相容的问题。
学习目标一览表1. 掌握本课程的基础性内容，包括跨文化交际学的需求,发展简史及内涵等基本知识点的识记和理解。
知识2. 对跨文化交际理论有较系统的理解和掌握。
目标3. 能够结合本专业特点理论联系实际，透过现象把握其基本规律。
1. 通晓跨文化交流的本质、基本理论和技巧。
2. 了解文化差异产生的过程。
能力目标 3. 掌握基本的沟通方法和策略。
4. 提高英语语言运用能力和跨文化交际能力1. 培养科学、严谨的学习态度、执着探索、创新改革的科学精神。
文化素质2. 培养自身的国际视野、创新意识、跨文化交际和人际交往意识。
目标三、课程教学内容《跨文化商务交际》课程的教学内容共分为八个模块，每个模块由基础性内容、提高性内容、拓展性内容三部分构成，基础性内容是必须掌握的内容，提高性内容是在基础性内容的基础上对基本问题的探讨和梳理，拓展性内容是对所学知识的延伸性学习，是课程内容的前瞻性分析和理论延展。
第1至4章以跨文化交际学的基本理论为框架，阐述阐述交际、文化、跨文化交际等基本概念、交际与文化的关系;介绍文化差异在言语和非言语交际方面的表现;不同的文化价值观的理论划分，以及在文化层面上分析了人们在跨文化商务交际中存在的众多价值观念差异。
Art, Culture, and Values
• Important Sumerian developments include: 1. The concept of a city state was developed by the Sumerians 2. Writing was developed by the Sumerians Cuneiform characters on clay tablets 3. One of the most important cultural developments of this period is the concept of the powerful god communicating their desires to humanity through the medium of a powerful priest class or autocratic ruler who serves as the intermediary. - Theocracy govt. of the gods/priest class - ruler may be divine himself, or chosen by the god/gods - each city had it's own gods This system centralizes power in the hands of a small group of people and gives political decisions a religious authority
Ancient Mesopotamian Art
大学英语跨文化交际chapter 1 Culture
1. Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspective
“Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the di, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”.
INTEGRATED
1. Culture Is Learned
Activity: Group Work H a ve yo u l e a r n e d cul tu r e through the above channels? Discuss with your group members and give examples of your own experiences of learning culture.
DEFINITIONS OF ‘CULTURE’
1. Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspective 2. Defining Culture from the Psychological Perspective 3. Defining Culture from the Sociological Perspective 4. Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective 5. Our Definition of Culture
(完整版)大学跨文化交际期末总结word打印版
Chapter 1 CultureDefinitions:1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。
(P12/P29)2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
(P19/29)3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29)4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
e.g. the women in Victorian period
In Thailand, unmarried couples are not allowed to live together.
In China, we should love our country. Children should have filial piety, and take care of their parents in their old age.
Behavior
e.g. money
◆ culture is not innate, it is learned.
learn cultures in many ways and from various resources. (e.g. baby learning; American and Mexican )
“Ethnocentrism is the universal tendency for any people to put its own culture and society in a central position of priority and worth”
◆ culture is subject to change.
4
5 6 7 8
Liking spicy food
Preferring playing football to reading a book Eating regularly Eating with knife, fork and spoon Being wary of strangers
9
Calling a waiter with a hissing sound
◆ culture is selective.
The culture we select is important to our country. There are boundaries of different group. Cultural separation e.g. attitude to work (Japan, Mexican) etiquette (Thailand, Brazil )
☆ Culture
◆ culture is transmitted from generation to generation.
Spread cultures through spoken words, written words and non-verbal actions. e.g. Americans---taught by parents to look forward Chinese------taught by parents to look to the past. “以史为鉴” e.g. national flags
◇Islam: Allah; Koran 《古兰经》 信安拉；信天使；信仰 “前定” 开斋节、宰牲节和圣纪节 （按回历算） 开斋节(我国新疆地区称“肉孜节”)是穆斯林最热闹喜庆的日子，每到教 历10月1日这一天，穆斯林们在封斋一个月后身着盛装，到清真寺或广场 会礼，
圣纪节，是纪念伊斯兰教的复兴者，也是最后一位使者——穆罕默德诞辰 的节日诵吟《古兰经》以及《穆合麦斯》、《卯路德》等阿拉伯文赞美诗， 讲述穆罕默德的生平、圣训、历史功绩和高尚品德，以及他在传教中所遭 遇到的种种磨难。
Ingredients of culture
Material/symbol level (superficial) Visible Institutions/system level Value/belief and behavior level invisible
Artifacts
Concept
Social principles, Standards （deepest manifestation）
Rituals
Religion, cultural practices, festivals, wedding ceremony ◇Christian: Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant 三位一体 ,信原罪，信天国和永生；圣诞节，复活节 与基督教徒的交往礼仪：在教堂要保持肃静气氛，不 可大声谈笑嬉戏，也不可鼓掌吹哨。在星期五或13日， 不邀请基督教徒参加私人的喜庆活动。
Understanding cultures and values
Chapter 1
1.我没文化，不识字。 2.我文化水平不高，欣赏不了这幅画。
Greek culture
Egyptian culture
Chinese culture
Music opera ballet art
Parthenon 帕提农神庙
◆ culture is interrelated.
Culture is a complex. All the elements in the system are interrelated. e.g. America “women movement”
◆ culture is ethnocentric.
Three types of cultural values
Universal value Cultural-specific value
Peculiar expression or deviation of individuals within cultures
On your own or with a group, look at the following list and decide which category each behavior comes into: „U‟ for universal, „P‟ for personal or „C‟ for cultural. 1 2 3 Sleeping with a bedroom window open Running from a dangerous animal Respecting older people
There are many reasons for the culture to change, such as economic development, new technology, war and disaster. Material culture may change quickly. But, values are stable, not easy to change.
Samovar and Porter, “the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. ”
10 Regretting being the cause of an accident
Байду номын сангаас
11 12 13
Feeling sad at the death of your mother Wearing white mourning robes for 30 days after the death of your mother Not liking to wear mourning clothes for 30 days after the death of your mother
Culture affects the behavior of the a relatively large number of people. E.g. visit and invitation (British, French)
List the things (food, dress, art, dance, architecture, etc.) that can represent American culture, Chinese culture, Japanese culture
Sphinx 狮身人面像
Discussion: list the things which are culture in your mind.
Culture is like an iceberg
广义的文化，人类创造的一切物质产品和精神产品的总和。 狭义的文化，指语言、文学、艺术及一切意识形态在内的精神产品。
☆ Even ☆ We
some biological phenomenon are cultural.
(e.g. sneezing, feeling hungry, giving birth ) is learnable. We can learn more than one culture. (e.g. students learning foreign language; an American born in China)