备战2018年高考英语考点一遍过专题05介词和介词短语(含解析)

考点05 介词和介词短语高考频度：★★★★★【命题解读】介词在英语中比较活跃，然而在高考中直接考查介词的题不是很多，但是介词却是考生最容易犯错误的语法项目之一。

【命题预测】预计2018年高考对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词，将会更加注重对介词固定搭配中的介词的考查，精细化考查介词短语的辨析。

在学习介词时，应重点掌握介词的基本用法，同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。

【复习建议】1. 掌握介词的常见用法及易混介词的辨析；2. 掌握介词与其他词所构成的一些固定短语；3. 掌握在定语从句中介词的使用情况。

介词的分类考向①介词短语的功能介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。

考向②常考介词的辨析介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，使用频率相当高，其用法跟冠词一样复杂。

但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看，考生需要掌握以下内容。

1.表示相同或相似概念的介词（短语）的区别1.（2017·北京·单项填空）Many people who live along the coast make a living _______ fishing industry.A. atB. inC. onD. by【答案】B2.（2017·江苏·单项填空）Determining where we are ____________ our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.A. in contrast toB. in defense ofC. in face ofD. in relation to【答案】D【解析】考查介词短语。

A. in contrast to对比，截然不同；B. in defense of为……辩护；C. in face of面对；D. in relation to与……有关。

句意：根据周围的环境辨别方位仍然是我们生存的一项极其重要的技能。

故选D。

3. （2017·北京·单项填空）When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, youwill be ___________ trees that are over 1,000 years old.A. amongB. againstC. behindD. below【答案】A4. （2017·新课标II卷·语法填空）It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __crowds__(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and ___62__ work. 【答案】A from【解析】考查介词，to and from来回，故填from。

2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别3．容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组【难点释疑】一、常用介词辨异1. about，on，of 关于①on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。

常见于＂学术上＂的＂论文＂或＂演说＂等题目，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读，有＂论及＂之意。

②about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式，有＂述及＂之意。

③of作＂关于＂讲，表示提及、涉及某人（事）时，只表示事情存在或发生，并不涉及详情；有时与about意义相近，但有时意义很不同，常与动词know、hear、learn（听说）、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。

2. except，except for，except that，but，besides，beside①except＂除……之外＂，指不包括……，后面常接名词、代词（人称代词常用宾格），还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式，此时相当于but，但不定式常不带to。

②except for＂除了，只有＂，意思和except一样，主要指说明基本情况后，而在细节上加以修正，后面常接名词性短语。

③except that＂除了，只是＂，意思和except、except for一样。

但在用法上，其后常接名词性从句，也可接when、where等词引导的其他从句。

④but所含＂除……外＂的意思不如except明确。

but多用在代词（主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词）之后。

⑤besides表示＂除……外还有＂，所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。

另外，besides可用作副词，相当于also，有＂而且，加之，何况＂之意。

⑥beside也是介词，表示＂在附近＂，只不过形似besides，容易相互混淆。

如果在区别前后有同类的词语时，就用except，否则就用except for。

3. including，included①including是一个介词，意为＂包括＂，它一般放在包括对象的前面。

②included是一个过去分词，意为＂包括＂。

它一般用于被动语态中，也可放在包括对象的后面。

4. in，later，during 都与时段名词搭配①in作介词，同时段名词搭配，即＂in + 时段名词＂，一般用于将来时。

②later表示＂……以后＂，常同时段名词搭配，即＂时段名词 + later＂，常与过去时连用。

③during作介词时，同时段名词搭配，即＂during + 时段名词＂，常与现在时或将来时等连用。

5. in，with，by 用①with通常指＂用＂具体的或有形的工具、器官等，有时也表示＂用＂某种手段、音调等。

②by作介词表示＂用＂时，一般指＂用＂方式、手段等。

后面常接动名词或名词，后面接名词时，该名词前面一般不加修饰语。

③in指＂用＂语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方式、现金、顺序等。

二、介词的省略1. 当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等时，介词常省略。

Come any day you like. 你想哪天来就哪天来。

2. 表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作＂每一……＂解时，前面不用介词。

An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天吃一个苹果，医生不找我。

3. 习惯搭配中介词的省略一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常省略，常见的此类搭配有：spend money/time (in) doing sth，waste money/time (in) doing sth，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth，be busy doing sth，stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth等。

三、介词不可遗漏的情况1. 含有不及物动词的不定式在形容词easy，hard，difficult，comfortable等后作状语，且构成不定式的动词与句子的主语存在动宾关系或主语是不定式动作发生的地点时，介词不能遗漏。

The chair is comfortable to sit on/in. 这把椅子坐着舒服。

The man is difficult to work with. 这个人很难共事。

2. 当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。

The problem is well worth paying attention to. 这个问题很值得关注。

3. 在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。

Your pronunciation should be paid attention to. 你应该注意你的发音。

4. 在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。

The library which we often go to is not far away from our school. 我们经常去的那个图书馆离我们的学校不远。

5. 在too...to...，enough... to...，so... as to...等结构中，含有不及物动词的不定式作结果状语，构成不定式的动词为不及物动词，且该动词与主语构成动宾关系或主语为不定式动作发生的地点时，介词不能遗漏。

The ice is too thin to skate on. 冰太薄了，不能在上面滑。

题组一基础过关单句改错1. I lent to her some money in order that she could go for a holiday._________________________________________________________________________2. Joe wasted a lot time before he got down to work._________________________________________________________________________3. The biggest problem was in that almost all communication systems were destroyed._________________________________________________________________________4. Only a few months ago, this area suffered by the worst drought in a century._________________________________________________________________________5. It was very kind for them to invite me to visit their country._________________________________________________________________________6. Appreciate and honor what you have instead focusing on what you do not._________________________________________________________________________7. The boy wanted to join in the army but was turned down because he was under age._________________________________________________________________________8. I just cou ldn’t laugh to his jokes the way I used to._________________________________________________________________________题组二能力提升I.单项填空1.This experience teaches me a lesson: Never judge a person simply ________ the first impression.A.in the form ofB. with the help ofC. on the basis ofD.in case of2.It was quite________ me why people preferred to go to the island on such a cold night.A. againstB. overC. beyondD. above3. ________ our disagreements, we have been able to find some common ground.A. BeyondB. ForC. DespiteD. By4.Sometimes it’s tough to get off the couch and go for a run. With so many digital devices at your fingertips, how can you possibly keep________?A.in turnB.in shapeC.in returnD.in charge5.I feel that one of my main duties ________a teacher is to help the students to become better learners.A. forB. likeC.asD. with6.These comments came specific questions often asked by local newsmen.A. in memory ofB. in response toC. in touch withD. in possession of7.Most people work because it’s unavoidable. , there are some people who actually enjoy work.A. As a resultB. In additionC. By contrastD. In conclusion8.A common memory they all have_______ their school days is the school uniform.A. ofB. onC. toD. with9.Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive isto live_________nature.A. in view ofB. in need ofC.in touch withD. in harmony with10.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around _______ Thomas Edison.A. thanks toB. regardless ofC. aside fromD. but forII.语篇填空As I walked __1__the city streets，I passed a young man searching through a small block of land that contained a mix of leaves and rubbish. I was somewhat puzzled why someone __2__him would be searching through rubbish. Finding this a little odd，I asked him，＂What are you searching __3__？＂ He replied very simply that he was looking for money.After talking __4__him for a little longer，I found out that he had become homeless aftergetting laid __5__ from his job. Since then，he had been working __6__ part-time jobs in a doctor's office and in a food bank to earn some money. But he made so little that he lost heart. The man seemed fairly talented，although he was a little dirty.I told him that our thoughts create our reality，and I suggested that he not give __7__ and think __8__ a positive way. During the whole talk，what I stressed was that he was young and that everything was possible. Although he didn't respond __9__ the spot，my sense told me that what I said seemed to have an effect __10__ him.题组三体验真题1.（2017·天津·单项填空）We offer an excellent education to our students. ___________, we expect students to work hard.A. On averageB. At bestC. In returnD. After all1.（2017·天津·完形填空）… My goal was to lose 150 pounds in one year and raise $50,00025 a movement founded 30 years ago to end hunger.A. in search ofB. in need ofC. in place ofD.in support of3. （2017·新课标I卷·语法填空）There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community （医学界） a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side (effects) (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.4. （2017·新课标I卷·短文改错）It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road.5. （2017·新课标II卷·短文改错）They have also bought for some gardening tools. beside, they often get some useful information from the internet.6.（2016·天津卷·单项填空）The dictionary is ______: many words have been added to the languagesince it was published.A. out of controlB. out of dateC. out of sightD.out of reach7.（2016·浙江卷·单项填空）The study suggests that the cultures we grow up _______ influence the basic processes by which we see world around us.A. onB. inC. atD. about8.（2016·全国新课标卷II·语法填空）Most of us are more focused 44 our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.9.（2016·浙江）That young man is honest , cooperative , always there when you need hishelp .______, he’s reliable.A. Or elseB. In shortC. By the wayD. For one thing10.（2015·重庆）Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 ℃____ the average.A. belowB. onC. atD. above题组一基础过关单句改错3. 去掉in 【解析】句意：最大的难题是，几乎所有的通讯系统都被破坏了。