智能家居外文翻译文献
智能家居节能外文翻译文献编辑
文献信息：文献标题：Energy conservation through smart homes in a smart city: A lesson for Singapore households（智能城市的智能家居节能：新加坡家庭的一课）国外作者：Abhishek Bhati，Michael Hansen，Ching Man Chan文献出处：《Energy Policy》,2017,104:230-239字数统计：英文3346单词，18633字符；中文5741汉字外文文献：Energy conservation through smart homes in a smart city:A lesson for Singapore householdsAbstract Energy saving is a hot topic due to the proliferation of climate changes and energy challenges globally. However, people's perception about using smart technology for energy saving is still in the concept stage. This means that people talk about environmental awareness readily, yet in reality, they accept to pay the given energy bill. Due to the availability of electricity and itsintegral role,modulating consumers' attitudes towardsenergysavingscan be a challenge. Notably, the gap in today's smart technology design in smart homes is the understanding of consumers' behaviour and the integration of this understanding into the smart technology. As part of the Paris Climate change agreement (2015), it is paramount for Singapore to introduce smart technologies targeted to reduce energy consumption. This paper focused on the perception of Singapore households on smart technology and its usage to save energy. Areas of current research include: (1)energyconsumptioninSingaporehouseholds, (2) public programs and policies in energy savings, (3) use of technology in energy savings, and (4) household perception of energy savings in smart homes. Furthermore, three casestudiesarereviewedinrelation to smart homes and smart technology, whilediscussing the maturity of existing solutions.Keywords:Energy conservation, Household perception, Smart homes, Singapore1.IntroductionClimate change is a global challenge. The change in the global climate system is directly caused by human activities, which is giving rise to the highest greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in human history (Pachauri and Meyer, 2014). Studies have shown that GHG have attributed to extreme weather and changes to natural and human systems (Pachauri and Meyer, 2014). These climate changes include floods, droughts, and interrupted food production, which ultimately force people to migrate to safer areas. Extensive exposure to heat waves also affect people's health negatively, and may even spread diseases across multiple territories (Xu, 2015). According to Pachauri and Meyer (2014), electricity and heat production contributed to 25% of the highest proportion of total global GHG emission. This highlights the importance and urgency of sustainable energy consumption to reduce GHG emissions.In line with the Paris agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2015 (National Climate Change Secretariat, 2016a), Singapore has pledged to reduce 36% of GHG emissions from year 2005 by 2030. Even as a relatively small country, Singapore is also affected by climate change. Statistics show that Singapore's average temperature has risen from 26.6°C to 27.7 °C from year 1972 to 2014, with the rise in annualsea levels at between 1.2 and 1.7 mm from year 1975 to 2009 (National Climate Change Secretariat, 2016b). Besides making international commitment, Singapore has made conscious efforts to change internally to deal with climate change.Given the global environmental issues, there is a global trend and demand for energy saving and smart technology to increase the efficiency of energy consumption. According to the Energy Market Authority (EMA; 2015), households account for approximately 15% of electricity consumption in Singapore. Under the Energy Conservation Act (2012), the Mandatory Energy Labelling was introduced for registered goods in Singapore. This means that all electrical appliances (refrigerators,air conditioners, etc.) sold in Singapore must be energy labeled.The role of smart home technologies to increase energy efficiencies in households is becoming increasingly important. A survey has been conducted on the consumers' perception and awareness towards adapting new technologies, as wellas therole of thesetechnologiesin saving energy. According to Balta-Ozkan et al. (2014), a smart-home is a home equipped with connected devices, appliances and sensors that can communicate with each other, and can be controlled remotely. These functions provide consumers the flexibility of monitoring its electricity consumption and making lifestyle changes to save electricity. Moreover, Balta-Ozkan et al. (2013) noted that a smart home does not only provide benefits of efficient energy management, but also provides benefits such as improved lifestyle, security and safety. Smart metering, appliances and home automation devices are some of the many technologies that can be used to change electricity consumption patterns of households (Paetz, 2011).This article aims to find out the households' behaviors on energy consumptions; it also attempts to identify the benefits and obstacles on the implementation on smart home technologies, and how it should be done for it to be successful.2.Methods and aimsThere is a global trend and demand for smart technology to reduce energy consumption. According to Pachauri and Meyer (2014), electricity and heat production contributed to 25% of the highest proportion of total global GHG emission. This highlights the importance and urgency of sustainable energy consumption in order to reduce the emissions of GHG. Although the Singapore government has been promoting a lot of policies and programs about energy saving, there has been very few empirical studies on energy saving conducted in Singapore households. Many overseas studies have shown that households are very positive to the idea of saving energy through smart homes and are willing to invest in new technologies. However, those findings cannot be generalized to Singapore's context, as culture, infrastructure, eco-system, support from government and other factors might be different inSingapore. Therefore, there is a critical need to understand energy saving in Singapore households through smart homes.The current research will explore the perception of households on energy saving and give fair understanding about the acceptance of smart technologies in Singapore households. The research aims to achieve the following:A1: To evaluate success stories on saving energy in urban households through smart homesA2: To explore Singapore household perceptions on saving energy through smart homesA1 covers the research of three case studies that have implemented smart homes to save energy in urban cities. These success stories will provide better insights on how smart homes and how smart technologies can be used to save energy. The case studies have been selected based on their research with smart home technology and related energy savings. Moreover, they aligned with this papers sections covering policies, smart homes and consumer's perception of energy savings.A2 covers an online survey conducted to receive insights on energy consumption in Singapore households by looking at the effectiveness of government policies to save energy, usage of smart technologies in households, and households' perception about energy saving through smart homes Two hundred households were randomly selected for the study. A total of 131 valid responses were received via mail showing a 66% response rate. The questionnaire comprised of closed ended questions categorised under four sections: energy consumption in Singapore; public policy on energy saving in Singapore; use of technology in energy saving and household perceptions of energy saving.Since Singapore is one of the most developed countries in the world and its government is actively promoting policies and programs to save energy, it is predicted that Singapore households will have a positive perception towards energy saving and will see benefits of using smart technologies. This will directly address some of the environmental issues and reduce households' electricity bills.Case studies: Global success stories of energy savings in urban households.Case 1:Chinese consumer attitudes towards energy saving: The case of household electrical appliances in Chongqing.Key words: Government Policies, Energy efficiency, energy savingsMa et al. (2013) conducted a case-study which explored 246 consumer's attitudes towards energy savings through a questionnaire over a one-year period from 2009 to 2010. The survey was conducted in Chongqing, China and was conducted via face-to-face surveys due to previous experience of no or low feedback.The findings are based on a survey of questionnaires covering knowledge, awareness, and behavior patterns around saving energy. Results show a high level of knowledge among the respondents that energy is a challenge, but less knowledge about saving energy at home. Knowledge about government policies was clearer among the younger respondents and those with higher education level. Moreover, the results show a good level of awareness around energy pricing. This was matched up against the knowledge of which appliances consumed the most energy, and rightfully, the respondents consistently ranked airconditioners and refrigerators highest, whereas light bulbs and fans at the lowest. The study concluded that the willingness to save energy is high among the citizens, given that their comfort of living are not affected. It also show that general information about government policies and awareness about energy savings could be provided in a more informative manner with better results to build energy-saving behaviors among the citizens.In conclusion, the study showed that there was a general awareness about energy savings and government policies, though little understanding about energy savings. Nevertheless, participants were willing to save energy, yet they lacked the proper guidance and awareness about proper energy saving behavior.Case 2: Consumers' Perspective on Full-Scale Adoption of Smart Meters: A Case Study in Västerås, Sweden.Keywords: Smart meters, energy saving, electricity consumptionThis recent case study (Vassileva and Campillo, 2016) described a full-scale implementation of smart meters integrated with a smart grid in Västerås, Sweden. A survey was conducted to evaluate the consumer's perspective and feedbacks in regardsto energy savings and information given to the consumers around pricing and other information. Over the years, appliances have become more energy-efficient, but consumers tend to have more energy-consuming appliances than before, which results in a higher combined energy consumption.The survey was conducted online, which was considered to get the best feedback from the participants as they felt they had greater privacy. Questions included perceptions from consumers on smart meters and energy savings, but also covered their expectations of using smart meters, and if they find energy saving important. The survey is distinct between genders, age groups, and whether the consumers receive the energy bill by paper or electronic format. Findings show that consumers would have to learn how the usage of their appliances affect energy consumption, and therefore, learn to change their behavior patterns to use the appliances more efficiently. Higher energy efficiency was also indicated among consumers with smart meters over time.To sum up, this case study evaluated the energy consumers in a city with smart meters, and show that smart meters can provide detailed energy consumption information and possibility for consumers to choose between pricing plans. However, it was also revealed that in reality this has not been achieved yet, furthermore the higher level of energy savings through knowledge of smart meters and electricity price offerings has not been reached. Results show that there was not enough information provided by the smart meter data, thus consumers would not be able to understand or take action based on the data provided. This highlighted that consumers need to be better informed and educated in understanding appliance energy consumption. Concomitantly, energy providers must also provide adequate information around the energy consumption data.Case 3: Case Study of Smart Meter and In-home Display for Residential Behavior Change in Shanghai, China.Keywords: Smart meters, energy savings behaviorA case study conducted by Xu and colleagues (2015) has covered one of the national issues, which is the high energy consumption levels in Shanghai, one of the most densely populated urban cities in China. Energy saving behaviors in householdswere investigated through inhome displays and smart meters. The study claimed that one of the main contributors to high carbon emission is the building sector in China and there is a huge demand to reduce energy consumption in those buildings. Since households are part of the buildings, the case study has explored energy consumptions behavior of households through implementation of smart meters and in-home displays.In this case study, smart meters and in-home displays were installed in two newly-built apartment buildings. A total of 131 households participated in this study (76 without in-home display devices, 55 with the devices). There were additional sensors and devices installed to assist data gathering from smart meters and inhome displays. Data from smart meters were shown on in-home displays and transferred to back-end system via the internet. Raw energy data, statistical data, and background information data were stored in dedicated databases, so researchers could work on the respective data separately.In conclusion, this case study was successful as it showed that households' behavior towards saving energy positively changed due to installation of smart home technologies. This study is relevant to Singapore's context as it was conducted in a similar densely populated urban city.3.Survey findings and discussionIn the survey, 50% of the responses from households' have monthly energy bills ranging from SGD$100 to 200. While, 53% of the respondents believed that the price of their energy bill is “about right”, 31% believed that it is “too high”and 9% believed it is “far too high”. Respondents also indicated their awareness of which household appliances consume the most energy. Air-conditioners, washing-machines, and water heaters have scores that ranged from medium to high (in terms of energy consumption), with air-conditioners scoring the highest among all choices. It should be noted that Singapore is situated on the equator and experiences a hot and humid climate for most of the year. As a result, air conditioners may be used throughout the year. In addition, respondents mostly agreed on the fact that using energy efficientappliances would help them to save energy. This finding is consistent to Case Study 1, whereby households also recognized the particular appliances that consume most energy.With regards to the perceptions on using smart home meters, inhome displays, and relevant smart home devices, respondents indicated that they were less convinced that the technology was capable of helping them to save energy, in comparison to using energy efficient appliances directly. This might be due to the fact that the respondents have not 'visualized' the actual effect on the devices and technologies before. As in Case Study 3, households became more aware of their energy usage and saved their consumption when they had in-home smart meters and devices installed, as they allowed them to easily control their energy consumption patterns and behaviors to save energy.Next, respondents mostly agreed that the reduction of energy consumption could be encouraged by educating the public on environmental issues. Therefore, educating individuals earlier on would result in successful knowledge on environmental issues as well as linking it to how it could affect their lives, thereby resulting in appropriate energy consumption. As we could also observe in the Chongqing case study, lack of proper education and guidance could have a negative impact on households' energy savings visions.Government legislation on available market products is another aspect that survey respondents tend to accept and agree on its effectiveness. The ideas behind the legislations of Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme and Minimum Energy Performance Standard do not only apply to Singapore's context. As observed in Case Study 1, the Chinese government have these policies implemented to raise energy efficiencies in households too.On the other hand, respondents in general were either not familiar or did not pay enough attention on relevant government policies. The Energy Efficiency Programme office provides a holistic energy efficiency plan across all sectors, which also include households. The office has a dedicated website that provides information and tips to households on easy-to-follow procedures for consumers. Nevertheless, it seemed thatthe respondents were not aware of this. The descriptive statistics indicated the Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme draws the most familiarity as compared to other policies, and it maybe because whenever households are choosing which appliances to purchase, they could see the corresponding labels on each of the appliance. This legislation does not only exist in Singapore, but also in other major cities, like Chongqing that was mentioned in the case study.In conclusion, with the pledge of the government to the Paris agreement, its vision to tackle global warming and other climate issues are evident. As a result, they would further contemplate strategies and policies across all sectors including households to achieve its vision. Energy saving and efficiency certainly is one big aspect that they would research and tackle. They would continue to build on the existing National Policy Energy Framework. Smart home technologies could play a crucial role to have an impact on households' behaviors in energy consumptions, and to be taken into considerations by the government while they contemplate the relevant strategies and policies.In regards to the usage of technology in energy savings, responses from the survey indicated that smart technology in appliances could help saving electricity. This highlighted the awareness about energy savings, and the purchase decision may often reveal the consumer's plan for long term energy savings.The majority of the participants would invest in smart technology to save energy in their household. Smart technology and smart home devices will eventually be interconnected with health-sector platforms as well as to power plants and other utility providers. Such integration will host the risk of privacy and confidentiality over personal data (e.g., patient records in hospitals). Therefore, there is a big concern about security on smart technology (Popescul and Radu, 2016), and how to manage security risks to secure the privacy of personal data (Bugeja et al. 2016). This is considered a critical risk, as a hacker could take control over the smart home controller or appliances, like surveillance cameras. In the survey, this security risk was reflected from the concern of the participant.The survey also shows a focus on energy savings using smart technology,followed by an increase of security. (Note that security is part of comfort and safety in the home.) This is where surveillance comes in, in the forms of cameras and motion detectors. In the survey, energy savings and comfort are voted more favorably, followed by security as the least important among the three options.Finally, survey results show that 67 Singapore households either agree or strongly agree that “smart home”concept is associated with energy efficiency. Moreover, these households also perceived “convenience”as one of the important aspects of a smart home. Survey findings have highlighted that close to 52% of households are concerned about environmental issues, which was their main reason to save energy. On the other hand, close to 44% of respondents have associated energy saving with reduction of electricity bills.In summary, the findings are very much aligned with other studies in terms of household perceptions on saving energy through smart homes. Households (in particular, aspiring energy savers and monitor enthusiasts) in Singapore have shown concerns on environmental issues, and are willing to invest in smart home technologies to address them.4.Conclusion and policy implicationsMost people perceive electricity as a normal commodity which is readily available. Smart technology and smart homes will require the consumers to take action in order to control appliances and to save energy. Findings from the case studies show that the behavioral patterns of consumers may not change just to save energy. Even though an individual claimed to be concerned about the environment and energy-saving, it is evident that comfort and security play a bigger role in people's life. The present research showed a gap on the maturity and design of the technology as it does not take people's behaviors and perceptions as part of the smart home design functionality. Therefore, smart home technologies would not be efficient if it is not designed with artificial intelligence modules that allow the technology to seamlessly interact with consumers. Also, to achieve a successful smart home solution in Singapore, smart technology must be integrated into public services and utility sectors,such as smart grids and health sectors. For example, smart meters should detect behavioral patterns and proactively take action, so that consumers no longer have to actively turn on light if needed. Likewise, notifications through mobile gadgets or house consoles can provide advice for the best time to turn on certain appliances (e.g., washing machines). Lastly, the findings in this research showed that the maturity of the smart meters are still at its early phase, but projects like Singapore Smart Nation might be one of the leading projects to improve the technology and smart homes in the near future.中文译文：智能城市的智能家居节能：新加坡家庭的一课摘要由于全球气候变化和能源挑战的激增，节能成为了一个热门话题。
智能家居技能英文作文
智能家居技能英文作文Embracing the Future: The Rise of Smart Home TechnologyIn the ever-evolving landscape of modern living, the concept of smart home technology has gained unprecedented prominence, transforming the way we interact with our domestic environments. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected and technology-driven, the integration of intelligent systems into our homes has become more than just a luxury – it has become a necessity. From seamless automation to enhanced energy efficiency, the benefits of smart home technology are far-reaching, and its impact on our daily lives is undeniable.At the heart of this technological revolution lies the convergence of various innovative components, including sensors, artificial intelligence, and wireless connectivity. These elements work in tandem to create a seamless and intuitive user experience, empowering homeowners to effortlessly control and monitor their living spaces. From adjusting the temperature and lighting to securing the perimeter and managing home appliances, smart home technology has revolutionized the way we interact with our domestic environments.One of the most significant advantages of smart home technology is its ability to enhance energy efficiency. By integrating sensors and intelligent algorithms, smart home systems can optimize energy consumption, reducing both environmental impact and utility costs. Automated climate control, for instance, can adjust the temperature and humidity levels based on occupancy patterns and weather conditions, ensuring that energy is utilized only when and where it is needed. Similarly, smart lighting systems can automatically adjust brightness and turn off lights in unoccupied rooms, further contributing to energy savings.Beyond energy efficiency, smart home technology also offers unparalleled convenience and accessibility. With the touch of a button or the sound of a voice command, homeowners can control a wide range of household functions, from locking doors and arming security systems to scheduling appliances and managing entertainment systems. This level of integration not only streamlines daily tasks but also provides a sense of security and peace of mind, as homeowners can monitor and manage their homes remotely, even when away.The integration of smart home technology has also revolutionized the way we approach home safety and security. Advanced sensors and surveillance systems can detect intruders, monitor for fire andcarbon monoxide hazards, and even alert emergency services in the event of an emergency. Furthermore, homeowners can receive real-time notifications and access live video feeds from their smartphones, allowing them to stay connected and in control of their home's security, even when they are not physically present.The benefits of smart home technology extend beyond the confines of the home, as it also has the potential to improve overall quality of life. For individuals with disabilities or the elderly, smart home systems can provide increased independence and accessibility, enabling them to control their environments with ease and maintain a higher level of autonomy. Additionally, the data collected by smart home systems can be leveraged to provide personalized recommendations and insights, helping homeowners optimize their living experiences and make more informed decisions.As the adoption of smart home technology continues to grow, the industry is also evolving to address emerging concerns and challenges. Issues surrounding data privacy and cybersecurity have become increasingly important, as homeowners seek to protect their personal information and ensure the integrity of their smart home systems. Manufacturers and developers are responding to these concerns by implementing robust security measures and providing transparent data management policies, ensuring that the benefits of smart home technology are balanced with the necessary safeguards.In conclusion, the rise of smart home technology has ushered in a new era of domestic living, where convenience, efficiency, and security converge to create a seamless and intuitive user experience. From energy-saving automation to enhanced safety and accessibility, the advantages of this transformative technology are undeniable. As we continue to embrace the future, the integration of intelligent systems into our homes will only become more prevalent, paving the way for a more connected, sustainable, and empowered way of life.。
家居科技英语作文带翻译
家居科技英语作文带翻译标题，The Impact of Smart Home Technology on Daily Life。
With the rapid development of technology, smart home technology has become increasingly prevalent in modern society. Smart home technology refers to the integration of various devices and appliances within a household, allowing for automated control and monitoring through the use of the internet. This essay explores the benefits and challenges associated with smart home technology and its impact ondaily life.智能家居科技对日常生活的影响。
随着技术的迅速发展，智能家居科技已经在现代社会中变得越来越普遍。
智能家居科技是指在家庭内集成各种设备和电器，通过互联网实现自动化控制和监控。
本文探讨了智能家居科技的优点和挑战，以及其对日常生活的影响。
In recent years, the adoption of smart home technologyhas grown significantly, driven by the increasingavailability of affordable devices and the desire for convenience and efficiency in daily life. One of the key benefits of smart home technology is its ability to enhance home security. With smart security cameras, motion sensors, and door locks, homeowners can remotely monitor their property and receive instant alerts in case of any suspicious activity. This not only provides peace of mind but also serves as a deterrent to potential intruders.近年来，智能家居技术的应用已经显著增加，这得益于价格逐渐变得实惠的设备的增加，以及人们对日常生活便利和效率的渴望。
智能型住宅安防报警系统外文文献及翻译
Automatic fire alarm system based on MCUZhang Kun,Hu Shunbin College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Agricultural UniversityofHebeiBaoding,071001,ChinaE-mailaddress:********************** om Li Jinfang Baoding Baoling Transformer Co. Ltd. Tianwei Group Baoding, 071056,ChinaE-mailaddress:****************Abstract:The paper introduced an automatic warehouse fire a1arm system based on MCU. The system was mainly made up of ATmega16, temperature sensors, smoke sensors, and EX-1 auto dialed alarm module. In the system, temperature signals were transformed to serial data, and smoke signals were transformed to voltage signals. All the data were processed by MCU. When the surveillance system checked fire in warehouse, alarm signal was turn on, meanwhile the messages were transmitted to managers through EX-1. Application of the system was convenient to deal with fire in-time, efficiently by warehouse manager.Keywords: fire alarm transducer;smoke sensor system;ATmega16;temperature transducer;smoke sensorI. INTRODUCTIONAutomatic fire alarm control system has experienced a process from the simple to the complex and intelligence system increasingly in China. The characteristic is automatic fire detection and alarm technology has a great progress along with computing and detection technology development. At present, automatic fire alarm control system was used in bulk storage plant, shopping malls, high-level office buildings, hotels and other places. They were used in a number of collections focused on one area of intelligent alarm control method with higher levels of bus-type alarm control system, and in some residential areas and commercial buildings were installed by a single automatic fire alarm detection device. These alarm detection devices fail to report sometimes, or misinformation. Its reliability is not high because of using single sensor. Therefore, it is needed to develop a simple structure, low cost, high reliability, fast responding, automatic fire detection system.II. GENERAL PROJECT OF THE SYSTEMThe hardware block diagram shown in Figure 1, hardware by temperature sensors,smoke sensors, signal processing module, MCU modules and automatic alarm module. Non electrical quantity that is through the sensing element sensors (smoke sensors and temperature sensors) will be on-site temperature, smoke and other non-electrical signal into an electrical signal, as well as signals for signal processing to convert analog quantity to digital quantity. Finally, the sampled data were processed and compared with the limits by MCU system. This system can produce local and remote auto-alarm signals.Figure 1. Automatic fire alarm system structureⅢ. THE HARDWARE COMPONENTSA. ATmega16The system used by the U.S. Atmel’s micro controller ATmega16 micro controller. ATmega16 is based on the AVR RISC architecture to enhance low-power 8-bit CMOS micro controller. Because of its advanced instruction set and a single clock cycle instruction execution time, ATmega16 data throughput of up to 1 MIPS / MHz. Thereby mitigate the system in the power and the contradiction between the processing rate. ATmega16 has the following characteristics: 16K bytes in-system programmable Flash (with the ability to read and write at the same time, that is, RWW), 512 bytes EEPROM, 1K bytes SRAM, 32 general-purpose I / O port lines, 32 general-purpose working registers, for the JTAG boundary scan interface, support the on-chip debugging andprogramming, 3 has a more flexible mode of timer / counter (T / C), chip internal / external interrupts, programmable serial USART, there are initial conditions detector universal serial interface, 8-channel 10-bit with optional differential input stage programmable gain (TQFP package) of the ADC, with on-chip oscillator of programmable watchdog timer, an SPI serial port, as well as six can be selected by software power-saving mode.The chip is based on Atmel high-density nonvolatile memory technology production on-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory through the ISP serial interface or a general-purpose programmer for programming; you can also run on the AVR core among the bootstrap to program. Boot program can use any interface to download the application to the Flash memory area (Application Flash Memory). Application of Flash storage area is updated when the boot Flash area (Boot Flash Memory) program continues to run, RWW operation achieved. ATmega16 to become a powerful micro controller by 8-bit RISC CPU and the system programmable flash in a single chip, for many embedded control applications provides a flexible and cost-effective solution. ATmega16 has a set of programming and system development tools, including: C language compiler, macro assembler, program debugger / software emulator, emulators and evaluation boards.B. Temperature SensorTemperature sensor manufactured by DALLAS Semiconductor DS18B20-type single intelligence temperature sensor, its performance features include:1)This sensor have single-bus-specific technology, either through the serial port cable also through other I / O port lines and computer interfaces,without going through other conversion circuits Direct output measured temperature value (9-bit binary number, with sign bit).2) Temperature range is -55 ℃ ~ +125 ℃, measurement resolution of 0. 0625 ℃.3) Containing 64 as amended through the laser-read-only memory ROM.4) Fit a variety of SCM or system machine.5) Users can set separate ways each temperature upper and lower limit.6) Includes parasitic power.DS18B20 and the main chip connection diagram shown in Figure 2: DS18B20 number one pin grounded, then on the 3rd pin high and the 2nd pin then a 5. 1K of the pull-up resistor, at the same time received a single output signal of the PD0 pin. Pull-up is to pull the uncertainty signal through a resistor embedded in the high places, resistanceat the same time current－limited . Program from the DQ pin in high impedance state to ensure that the beginning, so that you can pull on the pull-up resistor to the high DQ. At the same time the main chip also can be an external site alarm buzzer.Figure 2. ds18b20 and the main chip connection diagram.C. Smoke Monitoring ModuleSmoke sensors choose HIS-07 ion smoke detectors when the flow through the inside and outside the ionization chamber ionization electron flow is unbalanced, collector charges current until the ionization balance. In a smoke-free or non-combustion, the collector being subject to the impact ionization current statistical fluctuation, the potential to maintain a balance. Ionization current have impact when the smoke into the ionization chamber, easily into the ionization chamber smoke outside than inside the ionization chamber of the affected, ionization current decline in and collector to re-charge until the new equilibrium potential, this potential change can be used to trigger the alarm circuit. Technical parameters such as Table 1.TABLE I.HIS-07 ION SMOKE SENSOR THCHNICAL DATASmoke signals are processed on the chip of choice is the Motorola company’s MC14468, MC14468 for DIP 16-pin package, contain oscillator, timer, latch, alarm control logic circuit, high input impedance comparator etc. When not detected smoke, MC14468 internal oscillator that oscillation cycle 1.67s. Each 1.67s cycle the internal power supply is provided to the work of the entire chip. It’s all kept det ect any smoke in addition to LED flashes, battery voltage alarm and smoke alarm. The oscillator oscillation period becomes 40ms when the MC14448 Once detection smoke, this time piezoelectric buzzer driving circuit to start oscillation, start to be able to output to maintain the high 160 ms after the cessation of 80ms.Continued during the detection of smoke cessation of changes, at this time if not detected smoke beeper will not be issued a warning sound.In figure 3, the MC14468 1 pin joint PD1 pin of SCM when the ion chamber of the ion current as the scene of smoke detection and change, voltage change generation a weak side-spread seized 15, by the MC14468 internal logic processing circuit processing, the smoke is detected by 1 pin-out high micro controller for processing. 13-pin then slide rheostat is set to facilitate detection sensitivity when the led flashes and the buzzer sounded a piercing sound of an audio alarm when the department has a fire alarm signal-based.In figure 3, the MC14468 1 pin joint PD1 pin of SCM when the ion chamber of the ion current as the scene of smoke detection and change, voltage change generation a weak side-spread seized 15, by the MC14468 internal logic processing circuit processing, the smoke is detected by 1 pin-out high micro controller for processing. 13-pin then slide rheostat is set to facilitate detection sensitivity when the led flashes and the buzzer sounded a piercing sound of an audio alarm when the department has a fire alarm signal-based.Figure 3.Smoke detection circuitD. Auto-dial alarm moduleDial-up alarm module choices are the EX-1 dial-up module is a DTMF signal receiving, storing, and sending as integration communications circuits. Module built-in micro controller and dial-up management process can provide users with a variety of signal input and output ports, in security alarm, signal acquisition, automatic control, remote communication and information transmission areas such as flexible application. 5 groups can have cell phone or group of seven local telephone numbers are stored, power-down is not lost; Telephone line status detection, automatic fault signal output ;Telephone / external switching two kinds of dial-up state control; Trigger time, nine times loop dial preset numbers; To work independently, independent dial-up, do not rely on telephone and other external devices.EX-1 wiring diagram shown in figure 4, The PD4 pin to connect the main chip HTO , the module began to dial alarm when PD4 output high level signal, PD5 connection ON / OFF pin input is high level signal to open the dial-up settings, the inputdoes not work when this pin become low, ERR pin connected to PD6 pin of MCU, PD6 output 1 begun to test whether the telephone line failure, READY pin connect MCU PD7 pin detection and alarm is completed, the alarm is end when PD7 pin is high .Figure 4. EX-1 wiring diagramIV. SOFIW AREDESIGNFigure 5. The main program flow chartBecause in the early stages of fires and the smoldering phase will produce a large number of aerosol particles and smoke particles .In the stage of incipient fire substances in the combustion process produces a lot of heat, so should make the smoke sensor and temperature sensor used in conjunction, first with the smoke sensor detects whether there is smoke generation, then the temperature sensor detects the temperature, temperature sensor alarm value is set to 50 degrees. When the smoke is detected R0 is 1, not smoke R0 is 0. Then test the temperature when the temperature reaches the value of seasonal early warning R1 is 1, the value of seasonal temperature not to reach an early warning R1 to 0, at this time compared to the R0 and R1 is equal to the main chip when the dial-up alarm, if not equal is not to alarm re-tested. This smoke sensor and temperature sensor used in conjunction with greatly improved the reliability of detection to prevent the omission of false positives, program flow diagram shown in Figure 5.V. CONCLUSIONBy the cooperation of using of temperature and smoke sensors, through detecting the temperature and smoke on-site, the automatic alarm system could find any fire in warehouse and send the message to managers of warehouse in the early time by the form of short messages. So its application could greatly reduce fire losses and enhanced the safe reliability of warehouse more than the former single equipment of fire alarm, and prevent failing of reporting and misinformation. The system has a high reliability, low price and high sensitivity.REFERENCES[1] Shunning Miao,Guangming Xiong,Yongping Li etc.Automatic Fire Alarm System Design and Research, Equipment Manufacturing Technology, 2006(2), P909.[2] Liang Ge, Qi Cong. Intelligent Analysis of office building fire.[3] Ti Zhou. Building Fire System Design, Yunnan Construction,2008(6).[4] Honeywell (Honeywel1)'s construction equipment Monitoring System, Intelligent Building and City Information, 2008(4).[5] Derek Clements-Croome, Intelligent buildings: design, management and operation, Thomas Telford Publishing, 2004.[6] Zhang Huazhong, Commanding System of Fire Automatic Alarm and Fire Control Linkage based on Internet, Computer Engineering, 2001.[7] ANSI, Radiant Energy-Sensing Fire Detectors for Automatic Fire Alarm Signaling, US: ANSI/FMRC FM3260-2004.基于单片机的火灾自动报警系统张坤，胡顺滨机电工程学院河北农业大学，保定，071001，中国的电子邮件地址：************************李锦芳保定宝灵变压器有限公司保定天威集团，071056，中国的电子邮件地址：****************摘要：本文介绍了基于单片机的自动仓库火灾自动报警系统。
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基于GSM网络的智能家居系统设计外文文献及译稿正文
The smart home control system solutionsPart 1Intelligent home network with the network technology and communication technology continues to evolve and requirements of people living continuously improve and achieve family intelligent remote control has become an inevitable trend. Ministry of Construction and Housing Industrialization Promotion Center proposed residential area to achieve the six intelligence requirements, including safety precautions implemented automated monitoring and management: on residential fires, toxic gas leak to implement automatic alarm; anti-theft alarm system should be installed such as infrared or microwave various types of alarm detector; system should be integrated with the computer security management system network; computer system burglar alarm system can be centrally managed and controlled. However, as wireless technology immature, operating expenses of higher malpractice, intelligent home controller and the external network of wireless communications technology as leading to a low degree of market acceptance of the important factors, the characteristics of GPRS system can be a good solution to the problem. GPRS network communication business Communication Company launched a data communication service, the GPRS network coverage area, unlimited transmission distance, communication cost is relatively low transfer rate faster. This article related to intelligent systems and GPRS technology family background, analysis of its basic characteristics and their basic functions to be achieved, and on this basis was proposed the overall intelligent control system solutions based on GPRS wireless communication service. At last, the core GPRS chip system software and hardware realization.Overall system architecture The popularity of network applications and the production of a variety of information appliances are made within the family visit on the Internet, no longer limited to a single PC, each family will be faced with how to transfer Internet data within the family and how the various appliances problems connecting, based on this, intelligent home networks come into being. Intelligent home network is the basic unit of information society. The future of the family, all kinds of appliances will form a home LAN and Internet access through the smart home controller. Intelligent home network market potential is considerable, several large manufacturers Intel, IBM, Microsoft and Sony are already involved in them.Intelligent home network that is in a home in a communications network, the various appliances connected together, to achieve all the intelligent home network appliances for remote access and control, and any request for information exchange, such as music, television or data. Intelligent home network architecture, including within the family network system, intelligent home controller and the intelligent home network and external Internet networks of data communications. Among them, the smart home smart home network controller is an integral part of the core to play the management, control and communications role with the external network. It is the management platform and home through the family life of the combination of the various subsystems of a system is to connect the family intelligence network inside and outside the physical interfaces, complete with external communication networks within the family, the data exchange between functions, but also for families equipment management and control.Smart home controller on the one hand the need for cabling to provide communication interface within the family, to collect information on household equipment, and processing, automatic control and regulation; other smart home controller as a home gateway, to provide for external network interfaces, connectivity within the family network and external Internet networks, so users can access the home network, internal network, to achieve monitoring and control. In addition, smart home controller should also be equipped with automatic alarm and other functions, that is, when found, such as alarm signal: it was a malicious intrusion, high temperature, etc., the controller can be dealt with immediately send alarm signals to the user.ARM embedded system design can be used to automatically run, processing of data, management and control through the RS485 bus, the control terminal. And the controller through the GPRS module to achieve the family system and the external network communications, so users can SMS and the Internet, etc. to achieve the family system, remote control, while the controller through the keyboard and display for the user interface, easy users to achieve local control. Control terminal for the SCM control system composed of a number of small control various home appliances, and by controlling the bus, the control system composed of these small networks, connected to the smart home controller, by the smart home controller.Specific smart home controller features include: Household equipment data collection: Collection of household equipment, including indoor temperature, lighting appliances, security doors and other equipment of the state data, processed by the controller feedback to the user.Local control: the user through the controller keyboard and display, for home monitoring equipment.Remote Control: Remote users can send text messages or via the Internet on the family system to control and query.Automatic alarm: when the controller detects high temperature, such as illegal intrusion or alarm signal, triggering indoor alarm in time and send alert messages by means of promptly notify the user.Temperature check: the user can check the room temperature by the controller. Security door password settings: local or remote user can modify the password security door; enter the correct password at the door before they can open the door.Infrared Appliance Control: receiving user commands via infrared transmitter control TV, air conditioning and other infrared controlled appliances.Other lamps and so on-off control: receiving user commands control the amount of lighting and other switching equipment.Smart home controller through GPRS module, to achieve the family system and the external network communication as a central part of the smart home system to solve the bottleneck before the key technology. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is short, the existing GSM system is to add a new GGSN (Gateway Support Node) and SGSN (Service Support Node) node developed a new packet data bearer services. GPRS with the existing GSM system the most fundamental difference is, GPRS is a packet switching system, particularly suitable for intermittent, sudden or frequent, small amounts of data transfer, but also to the occasional large data transfers. The main advantage of GPRS network transmissions are: always online, according to traffic accounting, quick log on, high-speed transmission, within a restricted range (transmission distance, terrain, weather, etc.), and data transmission reliability.Part 21. IntroductionThe booming Internet has broadened the traditional concept of smart consumer appliances. Originally, smart consumer appliances are just stand-alone devices that have the control program running by themselves. Due to hardware limitations, these appliances can only implement somesimple control algorithms that can at most achieve local optimal control effects. Nowadays more and more consumer appliances have the capabilities to benter connected by many kinds of communication media such as phone lines, utility lines, and wireless technology, and even can be connected to the Internet. This trend of development brings promising prospects to future home appliances that will not only let users maintain, monitor, and control appliances more easily and conveniently, but also will make the long-time expected remote-controlled home appliances feasible.A remote-controllable home appliance can be considered as a slave device to the remote controller that resides in far end and has powerful mainframe running advanced control algorithms. The appliance runs its own control program while at the same time can receive control commands, configuration parameters or even updated control algorithms from there mote controller to achieve optimal control effect in the global level. In order to meet this challenge, a new architecture for smart consumer appliances systems needs to be proposed.On the other hand, Hardware implementation of control systems will be one of important issues in the development of smart consumer electronics. For simple applications, such as smart toys, microwaves, and washing machines, simple control algorithms can be used and implemented on a single chip that may cost very little. However, for more complex problems, such as smart heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (WAC) for individual houses or office buildings, advanced control methods must be utilized and implemented with sophisticated hardware that would cost significantly more than the conventional controllers. For example, an intelligent PLC (programmable logic controller) for energy efficient and waving temperature control may cost several times more than a household air conditioning unit. This might be justified for some industrial applications but obviously not acceptable for average individual customers. Therefore, to make smart consumer electronics marketable for this type of applications, innovative approach for implementation must be established to reduce the cost to a level acceptable to average customers.In the following sections, the architecture of intelligent control systems for consumer appliances via Internet is briefly presented, and then a network-based memos-fuzzy implementation is described. 2. Architecture of Networked AppliancesFigure shows two versions of architecture for networked appliances. Both architectures can be seen composed of two different types of functional devices: home-based appliances, and remote controllers. The remote controllers in both architectures play the same role as: a) running advanced control algorithms and issue control commands; b) monitoring the running status of appliances.The difference between these two architectures is on the home side. In architecture (I), home appliances must first connect to Home Control System, which functions in part as a common gateway to the Internet for all appliances. This architecture is suitable for current implementation because networked appliance is still in its early stage of development; they are still lack of standard software and hardware interfaces to the Internet. Besides, the data exchange between home appliances and remote controller at current stage are limited, therefore the utility lines and phone lines are enough for transmitting simple control signals. Architecture (II) is the choice for future development while all home appliances have direct access to the Internet. In this case, large amounts of real-time data from home appliances can be fed back to remote controller as the control input through Internet, and control output, which could vary from simple control parameters or set values to updated algorithms, can also be downloaded to the corresponding appliances.The architectures proposed here have their origins in Distributed Control Systems (DCS), which is widely used in industrial automation and proved to be mature and reliable. From topologypoint of view, the networked appliances systems and DCS are similar, and those functional devices in networked appliances systems can also find their counterpart in DCS. But a significant difference lies in the fact that DCS uses proprietary communication protocols in a local area network for data exchange, thus it is not an open architecture that makes devices from different vendors very difficult, if it’s not impossible to be interconnected, while networked appliances systems rely on the Internet that uses TCP/IP, the de facto protocol for network communication, so any appliances that is TCP/IP compatible can be easily interconnected and communicate with other appliances that are already on the net.3. ConclusionThis paper presents architecture of the intelligent control systems for consumer appliances by applying the idea of Distributed Control Systems (DCS) to the home environment, and a network-based neuron-fuzzy implementation of this architecture. The basic idea of this implementation is to use simple and reliable in-system programmable devices for on-line field control execution with fuzzy logic, and communication networks and computers for off-line learning and optimization through neural networks. An ongoing research project in consumer electronics is to implement this architecture to the network- based intelligent control of smart heating and air-conditioning systems, which could lead to significant saving in energy and reduction in pollution.家庭智能控制系统解决方案第一部分随着网络技术和通信技术的智能家庭网络的不断发展和生活水平不断提高，实现家庭智能远程控制已成为必然趋势人的要求。
智能家居室内感应定位系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
智能家居室内感应定位系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)A Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor-based Indoor Location-AwareSystem for the Smart HomeSuk Lee, Member, IEEE, Kyoung Nam Ha, Kyung Chang Lee, Member, IEEE Abstract —Smart home is expected to offer various intelligent services by recognizing residents along with their life style and feelings. One of the key issues for realizing the smart home is how to detect the locations of residents. Currently, the research effort is focused on two approaches: terminal-based and non-terminal-based methods. The terminal -based method employs a type of device that should be carried by the resident while the non-terminal-based method requires no such device. This paper presents a novel non-terminal-based approach usingan array of pyroelectric infrared sensors (PIR sensors) that can detect residents. The feasibility of the system is evaluated experimentally on a test bedIndex Terms— smart home, location-based service, pyroelectric infrared sensor (PIR sensor), location-recognition algorithmI. INTRODUCTIONThere is a growing interest in smart home as a way to offer a convenient, comfortable, and safe residential environment [1], [2]. In general, the smart home aims to offer appropriate intelligent services to actively assist i n the resident’s life such as housework, amusement, rest, and sleep. Hence, in order to enhance the resident’s convenience and safety, devices such as home appliances, multimedia appliances, and internet appliances should be connected via a home network system, as shown in Fig. 1, and they should be controlled or monitored remotely using a television (TV) or personal digital assistant (PDA) [3], [4].Fig. 1. Architecture of the home network system for smart home Especially, attention has been focused on location-based services as a way to offer high-quality intelligent services, while considering human factors such as pattern of living, health, and feelings of a resident [5]-[7]. That is, if the smart home can recognize the resident’s pattern of living o r health, then home appliances should be able to anticipate the resident’s needs and offer appropriate intelligent service more actively. For example, in a passive service environment, the resident controls the operation of the HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) system, while the smart home would control the temperature and humidity of a room according to the resident’s condition. Various indoor location-aware systems have beendeveloped to recognize the resident’s location in the smart home or smart office. In general, indoor location-aware systems have been classified into three types according to the measurement technology: triangulation, scene analysis, and proximity methods [8]. The triangulation method uses multiple distances from multiple known points. Examples include Active Badges [9], Active Bats [10], and Easy Living [11], which use infrared sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and vision sensors, respectively. The scene analysis method examines a view from a particular vantage point. Representative examples of the scene analysis method are MotionStar [12], which uses a DC magnetic tracker, and RADAR [13], which uses IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (LAN). Finally, the proximity method measures nearness to a known set of points. An example of the proximity method is Smart Floor [14], which uses pressure sensors. Alternatively, indoor location-aware systems can be classified according to the need for a terminal that should be carried by the resident. Terminal-based methods, such as Active Bats, do not recognize the resident’s location directly, but perceive the location of a device carried by the resident, such as an infrared transceiver or radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. Therefore, it is impossible to recognize the resident’s location if he or she is not carrying the device. In contrast, non-terminal methods such as Easy Living and Smart Floor can find the resident’s location without such devices. However, Easy Living can be regarded to invade the resident’s privacy while the Smart Floor has difficulty with extendibility and maintenance. This paper presents a non-terminal based location-aware system that uses an array of pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors [15], [16]. The PIR sensors on the ceiling detect the presence of a resident and are laid out so that detection areas of adjacent sensors overlap. By combining the outputs of multiple PIR sensors, the system is able to locate a resident with a reasonable degree of accuracy. This system has inherent advantage of non-terminal based methods while avoiding privacy and extendibility, maintenance issues. In order to demonstrate its efficacy, an experimental test bed has been constructed, and the proposed system has been evaluated experimentally under various experimental conditions. This paper is organized into four sections, including this introduction. Section II presents the architecture of the PIR sensor-based indoor location-aware system (PILAS), and the location-recognition algorithm. Section III describes a resident-detection method using PIR sensors, and evaluates the performance of the system under various conditions using an experimental test bed. Finally, a summary and the conclusions are presented in Section IV.II. ARCHITECTURE OF THE PIR SENSOR-BASED INDOORLOCATION-AWARE SYSTEMA. Framework of the smart homeGiven the indoor environment of the smart home, an indoor location-aware system must satisfy the following requirements. First, the location-aware system should be implemented at a relatively low cost because many sensors have to be installed in rooms of different sizes to detect the resident in the smart home. Second, sensor installation must be flexible because the shape of each room is different and there are obstacles such as home appliances and furniture, which prevent the normal operation of sensors. The third requirement is that the sensors for the location-aware system have to be robust to noise, and should not be affected by their surroundings. This is because the smart home can make use of various wireless communication methods such as wireless LAN or radio-frequency (RF) systems, which produce electromagnetic noise, or there may be significant changes in light or temperature that can affect sensor performance. Finally, it is desirable that the system’s accuracy is adjustable according to room types.Among many systems that satisfy the requirement, the PIR sensor-based system has not attracted much attention even though the system has several advantages. The PIR sensors,which have been used to turn on a light when it detects human movement, are less expensive than many other sensors. In addition, because PIR sensors detect the infrared wavelengthemitted from humans between 9.4~10.4 μm, they are reasonably robust to their surroundings, in terms of temperature, humidity, and electromagnetic noise. Moreover, it ispossible to control the location accuracy of the system by adjusting the sensing radius of a PIR sensor, and PIR sensors are easily installed on the ceiling, where they are not affected by the structure of a room or any obstacles.Figure 2 shows the framework for the PILAS in a smart home that offers location-based intelligent services to a resident. Within this framework, various devices are connected via a home network system, including PIR sensors, room terminals, a smart home server, and home appliances. Here, each room is regarded as a cell, and the appropriate number of PIR sensors is installed on the ceiling of each cell to provide sufficient location accuracy for the location-based services. Each PIR sensor attempts to detect the resident at a constant period, and transmits its sensing information to a room terminal via the home network system.Fig. 2. Framework of smart home for the PILAS.Consequently, the room terminal recognizes the resident’s l ocation by integrating the sensor information received from all of the sensors belonging to one cell, and transmits the resident’s location to the smart home server that controls the home appliances to offer location-based intelligent services to the resident.Within this framework, the smart home server has the following functions. 1) The virtual map generator makes a virtual map of the smart home (generating a virtual map), and writes the location information of the resident, which is received from a room terminal, on the virtual map (writing the resident’s location). Then, it makes a moving trajectory of the resident by connecting the successive locations of the resident (tracking the resident’s movement). 2) The home appliance controller transmits control commands to home appliances via the home network system to provide intelligent services to the resident. 3) The moving pattern predictor saves the current movement trajectory of the resident, the current action of home appliances, and parameters reflecting the current home environment such as the time, temperature, humidity, and illumination. After storing sufficient information, it may be possible to offer human-oriented intelligent services in which the home appliances spontaneously provide services to satisfy human needs. For example, if the smart home server “knows” that the resident normally wakes up at 7:00 A.M. and takes a shower, it may be possible to turn on the lamps and some music. In addition, the temperature of the shower water can be set automatically for the resident.B. Location-recognition algorithmIn order to determine the location of a resident within a room, an array of PIR sensors are used as shown in Fig. 3. In the figure, the sensing area of each PIR sensor is shown as a circle, and the sensing areas of two or more sensors overlap. Consequently, when a resident enters one of the sensing areas, the system decides whether he/she belongs to any sensing area by integrating the sensing information collected from all of the PIR sensors in the room. For example, when a resident enters the sensing area B, sensors a and b output ‘ON’ signals, while sensor c outputs ‘OFF’ signal. After collecting outputs, the algorithm can infer that the resident belongs to the sensing area B. According to the number of sensors and the arrangement of the sensors signaling ‘ON’, the resident’s location is deter-mined in the following manner. First, if only one sensor outputs ‘ON’ signal, the resident is regarded to be at the center of the sensing area of the corre sponding sensor. If the outputs of two adjacent sensors are ‘ON’, the resident’s location is assumed to be at the point midway between the two sensors. Finally, if three or more sensors signal ‘ON’, the resident is located at the centroid of the centers of the corresponding sensors. For example, it is assumed that the resident is located at point 1 in the figure when only sensor a signals ‘ON’, while the resident is located at point 2 when sensors a and b both output ‘ON’ signals.The location accuracy of this system can be defined the maximum distance between the estimated points and the resident. For example, when a resident enters sensing area A, the resident is assumed to be at point 1. On the assumption that a resident can be represented by a point and the radius of the sensing area of a PIR sensor is 1 m, we know that the location accuracy is 1 m because the maximum error occurs when the resident is on the boundary of sensing area A. Alternatively, when the resident is in sensing area B, the resident is assumed to be at point 2, and the maximum location error occurs when the resident is actually at point 3. In this case, the error is 3 / 2 m which is the distance between points 2 and 3. Therefore, the location accuracy of the total system shown in Fig. 3 can be regarded as 1 m, which is the maximum value of the location accuracy of each area. Since the number of sensors and the size of their sensing areas determine the location accuracy of the PILAS, it is necessary to arrange the PIR sensors properly to guarantee the specified system accuracy.Fig. 3. The location-recognition algorithm for PIR sensors.In order to determine the resident’s location precisely and increase the accuracy of the system, it is desirable to have more sensing areas with given number of sensors and to have sensing areas of similar size. Fig. 4 shows some examples of sensor arrangements and sensing areas. Fig. 4(a) and 4(b) show the arrangements with nine sensors that produce 40 and 21 sensing areas, respectively. The arrangement in Fig. 4(a) is better than Fig. 4(b) in terms if the number of sensing areas. However, the arrangement in Fig. 4(a) has some areas where a resident can not be detected and lower location accuracy than that in Fig. 4(b). Fig. 4(c) shows an arrangement with twelve sensors that five 28 sensing areas without any blind spots.Fig. 4. Location accuracy according to the sensor arrangement of PIRsensors. (a) 40 sensing areas. (b) 21 sensing areas. (c) 28 sensing areaswith twelve sensors.When PIR sensors are installed around the edge of a room, as shown in Fig. 4(c), it sometimes may give awkward results. One example is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5(a) shows the path of a resident. If we mark the estimated points by using the sensor location or the midpoint of adjacent sensors, it will be a zigzagging patterns as shown in Fig. 5(b). In order to alleviate this, we may regard the sensors on the edges to be located a little inwards, which give the result shown in Fig. 5(c).Fig. 5. The effect of compensating for the center point of the outer sensors.(a) Resident’s movement. (b) Before compensating for the outer sensors. (c)After compensating for the outer sensors.III. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE PILASA. Resident-detection method using PIR sensorsSince the PILAS recognizes the resident’s location by combining outputs from all the sensors belonging to one cell, determining whether a single sensor is ‘ON’ or ‘OFF’ directly influences location accuracy. In general, because the ‘ON/OFF’ values can be determined by co mparing a predefined threshold and the digitized sensor output acquired by sampling the analog signal from a PIR sensor, it is necessary to choose an appropriate signal level for the threshold. For example, Smart Floor, which is another non-terminal method, can recognize a resident’s location exactly by comparing the appropriate threshold and a sensor value, because a pressure sensor outputs a constant voltage based on the resident’s weight when he remains at a specific point. However, because a PIR sensor measures the variation in the infrared signal produced by a moving human body, its output is in analog form, as shown in Fig. 6. That is, as the variation in the infraredradiation from a resident increases when a resident enters a sensing area, the PIR sensor outputs an increasing voltage. Conversely, the voltage decreases as the resident leave the sensing area. If the resident does not move within the sensing area, the variation in the infrared radiation does not exist and the PIR sensor outputs zero voltage. Therefore, it is very difficult to deter-mine when a resident is staying resident within a specific sensing area using only the voltage or current threshold of a PIR sensor.Fig. 6. Signal output of PIR sensor.In order to guarantee the location accuracy of the system, the resident-detection method must meet several requirements. First, if no resident is present within a sensing area, the PIR sensor should not output ‘ON’ signal. That is, the PIR sensor must not malfunction by other disturbances such as a moving pet, temperature change and sunlight. Second, it should be possible to precisely determine the point in time when a resident enters and leaves a sensing area. That is, in spite of variations in sensor characteristics, resident’s speed and heig ht, it should be possible to determine the time point exactly. Finally, because the output voltage of a PIR sensor does not exceed the threshold voltage when the resident does not move within a sensing area, it is necessary to know if a resident stays within the sensing area.In order to satisfy these requirements, this paper introduces the following implementation method for the resident detection method for PIR sensors. First, in order to eliminate PIR sensor malfunctioning due to pets or temperature changes, a Fresnel lens, which allows human infrared waveforms to pass through it while rejecting other waveforms, is installed in front of the PIR sensors. Second, when the output of a PIR sensor exceeds the positive threshold voltage, and this state is maintained for several predefined sampling intervals, that the resident has entered a sensing area. Here, the threshold must be sufficient for the method to distinguish variation in the resident’s infrared from an environmental infrared signal caused by pets o r temperature change. Moreover, when the sensor’s output falls below a negative threshold voltage and this status is maintained for several sampling intervals, it is assumed that the resident has left the sensing area. Finally, when the output voltage remains between the two threshold voltages, for example when the resident is not moving inside the sensing area, the output of the corresponding PIR sensor is changed from ‘ON’ to ‘OFF’. At this time, if other sensors installed near this sensor do notoutput ‘ON’ signal, the method regards the resident as remaining within the corresponding sensing area.B. Performance evaluation using an experimental test bedIn order to verify the feasibility of the PILAS, an experimental test bed was implemented. Since the intelligent location-based service in the smart home does not require very high location accuracy, we designed the system to have a location accuracy of 0.5 m. Figure 7 shows the experimental test bed in a room measuring 4 ×4 ×2.5 m (width ×length ×height). In the experiment, twelve PIR sensors were fixed on the ceiling, using the arrangement shown in Fig. 4(c). An Atmel AT89C51CC001 microcontroller [17] was used for signal processing and judging ‘ON/OFF’, and a Nippon Ceramic RE431B PIR sensor [18] and N L-11 Fresnel lens were used. Especially, a horn was installed on each PIR sensor to limit the sensing area to the circle with 2 m diameter. Fig. 8 shows the experimental results with the horn. In the figure, the RE431B sensor outputs the signal shown in (a) when a resident passes through the sensing circle, while it outputs the irregular signal shown in (b) when the resident moves within the circle. Finally, no signal is detected when the resident moves outside the circle, as shown in (c). From these experimental results, we verified that the PIR sensor detects residents within the sensing area only. In addition, in order to judge whether the signal is ‘ON’ or ‘OFF’, it is necessary to choose a threshold for the RE431B sensor that considers external environmental disturbance. Initially, several experiments were performed to determine the threshold with respect to the internal temperature change caused by a air conditioner or heater and other disturbances, such as wind or sunshine. Based on these experimental results, when the threshold of the RE431B sensor was ±0.4 V, external environmental temperature change did not affect its performance at detecting the resident. In addition, we verified that pets did not affect the sensing performance with the same threshold.Fig. 7. Experimental test bed for the PILAS.Fig. 8. Ensuring the exact sensing range with a horn.Next, in order to determine the resident’s location using the information received from PIR sensors, a PC-based locationrecognition algorithm was implemented, as shown in Fig. 9. Here, a PC collects data from the PIR sensors every 10 msec using an NI 6025E data acquisition (DAQ) board [19]. In the figure, the line in the left window was drawn using a mouse to show the path of the resident graphically, while that in the window on the right is the estimated movement trajectory of the resident drawn by connecting the resident’s locations acquired using the DAQ board.Finally, in order to verify the efficacy of the system, three experiments were performed with residents between 160 and 180 cm tall, moving at speeds between 1.5 and 2.5 km/h. Figure 9 shows the trajectory of a resident moving along a Tshaped path. The trajectory made by connecting the resi-dent’s locations recognized by the PILAS, shown on th e right, was similar to the target path shown on the left. We know that the maximum location error is about 30 cm without compensating for the outer sensors. Fig. 10 shows the trajectory when the resident follows an H-shaped path. In this experiment, the location accuracy was similar to that in Fig. 9. We verified that the system could locate a resident with accuracy of 0.5 m, even if three or more sensors were activated. Figure 11 shows the trajectory of a resident moving along a square path. In this case, the location error is the largest, and the trajectory is not a straight line. We note that serious location errors occurred at each point marked by A due to the inaccurate judgment of the outer sensors. Nevertheless, the location error is still smaller than 0.5 m when moving in the square path. Here, the compensation method for outer sensors, which was explained in Fig. 5, reduces the location error at each point A. When the resident moves in a straight line, as shown in Fig. 12(a), the location error is relatively large without using the compensation method, as shown in Fig. 12(b). However, after applying the compensation method, we verified that the detection results for the areas in the small circles are enhanced by roughly about 30%.IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThis paper presents a PIR sensor-based indoor location aware system that estimates the resident’s location for location-based intelligent services in the smart home. This paper introduces the framework of smart home for the location-aware system, and a location-recognition algorithm that integrates the information collected from PIR sensors. In addition, this paper presents a resident-detection method. Finally, an experiment is implemented to evaluate the efficacy of the PILAS.Based on several experiments conducted under various conditions, we verified that the PILAS can estimates resident’s location sufficiently well. Moreover, because the location accuracy of the system is less than 0.5 m without any terminal for location recognition, the system can be very practical. Furthermore, it should be possible to enhance the location accuracy of the system by increasing the number of sensing areas, by equalizing the sensing areas based on the sensor arrangement, or by compensating for the centers of outer sensors.Since the location accuracy of this system differs according to the sensor arrangement, it is necessary to determine the optimal sensor arrangement that offers the greatest location accuracy. In order to enhance the location accuracy, it is also necessary to enhance the method of processing the PIR sensors using more advanced techniques such as probabilistic theories and soft computing. Finally, the proposed PILA system should be extended to deal with a room occupied by more than one residents.基于热释电红外传感器的智能家居室内感应定位系统Suk Lee，电机及电子学工程师联合会会员Kyoung Nam Ha, Kyung Chang Lee,电机及电子学工程师联合会会员摘要——智能家居，是一种可以通过识别具有不同生活习惯和感觉的住户来提供各种不同的智能服务。
智能家居英文作文
智能家居英文作文英文：Smart home is a concept that has gained popularity in recent years. It refers to the use of technology to make homes more convenient, comfortable, and efficient. There are many different types of smart home devices that can be used to achieve this goal.One of the most common types of smart home devices is the smart thermostat. This device can be programmed to adjust the temperature in your home based on your schedule and preferences. For example, you can set it to turn down the heat when you leave for work in the morning and turn it back up when you return home in the evening.Another popular smart home device is the smart lighting system. This system allows you to control the lights in your home from your smartphone or other device. You can turn lights on and off, dim them, and even change theircolor. This can be especially useful for creating different moods in different rooms of your home.Smart home security systems are also becoming more popular. These systems can include things like smart locks, security cameras, and motion sensors. You can monitor your home from your smartphone and receive alerts if anything unusual happens.Finally, smart appliances are another type of smart home device that can be very useful. These appliances can include things like smart refrigerators, ovens, and washing machines. They can be programmed to adjust their settings based on your preferences and can even be controlled from your smartphone.Overall, smart home technology can make our lives easier and more convenient. By automating certain tasks and allowing us to control our homes from our smartphones, we can save time and energy and enjoy a more comfortable and efficient living space.中文：智能家居是近年来越来越流行的概念。
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智能家居外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：提高个人的生活质量，通过他们的智能家居该项目的假设是：可以增加一个人的生活质量的“智能技术”集成到他们的家庭环境。
这个假设是非常广泛的，因此，研究人员将调查它考虑到多方面的，潜在的过度研磨，分节的人口。
特别是，该项目将重点放在与卫生保健需求的环节，因为它认为，这些子章节将获得最大的受益于这种增强的方法住房。
两个研究问题流从这一假说：什么是保健，可以改善通过“智能住宅”的问题，什么是技术问题需要解决，让“智能住宅”建造？虽然存在少量的措施，在加拿大境外，据称这方面的调查，没有这方面的全球视野。
工作往往是在小范围内的各个部分是如何有助于实现更大的目标只有有限的想法。
这个项目有一个非常强烈的责任感，并认为，如果没有这一全球性的方向，其他措施将失败，以解决各部分的重要问题，而且正确的全局方向的总和的部分会产生更大的回报比的各个组成部分。
这个新的领域与业务流程工程领域，有许多相似之处，很多产品失败的原因只考虑一个子集的问题，通常是技术的子集。
成功的项目和实施才开始启动，当人们开始认识到，一个全面的方法是至关重要的。
这种整体性的要求也适用于领域的“聪明屋”，如果我们真的希望它有利益于社区，而不仅仅是技术的兴趣。
话虽如此，下面列出的大部分工作是非常重要的，在其个人的主题包含了大量新奇的。
医疗保健和保障性住房：至目前为止，很少有人协调，研究如何“聪明屋”的技术可以帮助体弱的老人留在家里，或降低成本所经历的非正式照顾者。
因此，建议研究的目的是确定帮助老年人保持自己的独立性和帮助照顾者维持他们的爱心活动中的各种住宅技术的实用性。
整体设计的研究是集中在两个群体的老年人。
首先是老人出院急性护理环境的潜在能力下降，保持独立。
一个例子是有髋关节置换手术的老年人。
本集团可能会受益于技术，这将有助于他们成为适应他们的行动不便。
第二个是老年人有慢性健康问题，如老年痴呆症和接受援助的非正式护理员的生活在距离。
关心的高级生活的距离是非正式照顾者在照顾者的职业倦怠的高风险。
监测的关心，高级健康和安全是通过这样照顾者的重要任务之一。
如地面传感器和访问控制来确保安全的入侵者或指示私奔与老年痴呆症的高级设备，可以减少护理员的时间花在上下班的高级监控。
对于这两种样品，试验将包括长时间内的“聪明屋”的居住。
急性护理医院出院急性护理的老年人。
这些老年人照顾的非正式照顾者的距离可以招募老年痴呆症诊断诊所或通过请求照顾者喘息的机会。
数量有限的临床和医疗服务研究已进行了复杂的健康问题，在老年人中控制的环境中，如为代表的“智能家居”。
例如，它被称为夜视老人是可怜的，但很少有有关醒来后照明或夜间活动的最佳水平。
跌倒是老年人的一个主要问题，它导致受伤，残疾和额外的医疗费用。
对于那些痴呆的疾病，安全的关键问题是在性能日常生活活动（ADL）。
至关重要的是，我们能够监控病人会下降，在ADL。
患者和照顾者的活动进行监测和数据将被收集在下列情况下。
项目将集中于亚人群，以收集科学数据，其条件和技术的影响，在他们的生活方式。
例如：稳定的慢性中风后的残疾和他们的照顾者的人：研究优化模型，对于此类患者（这些患者可能有疏忽，偏瘫，失语和判断问题）的各种传感器的类型和位置，在行走运动的发展模式研究，使用轮椅或拐杖上各种不同类型的地板材料，研究照顾者支持监测频率和位置的瀑布;智能家电，以评估的价值为中风病人及照顾者对信息进行评估，并通过电子医疗技术;通信技术促进远程家庭护理评估技术接口，用于远程家庭护理的工作人员和客户的各种照明部分的房子，以评估最有效的方法，修改或开发新技术，以提高舒适性和便利性中风患者和照顾者，以评估值的监控系统，协助照顾者。
人与阿尔茨海默氏病和他们的照顾者：通过智能房子陌生的环境的影响，以评估他们的能力，以进行自我保健和没有提示的情况下，评估他们的能力，以使用不熟悉的设备中的智能房子，以评估和监测人与阿尔茨海默氏症的运动方式，评估和监控跌倒或徘徊;评估的类型和型号的传感器，以监测患者的效果进行评估，墙面的颜色为病人和照顾者适当的照明，以评估值。
普适计算技术：无处不在的计算基础设施被视为在家里的“智能”的骨干。
在与无处不在的计算系统，这个系统的主要组成部分是：阵列传感器，通信基础设施和软件控制（基于软件代理）基础设施。
同样，它被认为是必要的，从整体上研究这个话题。
传感器设计：在这里研究的重点将是发展的（微型）传感器和传感器阵列使用智能材料，如：压电材料，磁致伸缩材料和形状记忆合金（形状记忆合金）。
特别是，形状记忆合金是一类智能材料，是有吸引力的用于感测和致动的应用，主要是因为它们的异常高的工作输出/体积比相比，智能材料的形状记忆合金进行适当的机械和热负荷的制度时，经过固—固相变，导致在一个宏观的尺寸和形状的变化，这种变化是通过反转的热机械加载收回，并且被称为一个单向形状记忆的效果。
由于这种材料的功能，形状记忆合金可以用来作为一个传感器和致动器。
一个非常最近的发展是努力，将形状记忆合金在微机电系统（MEMS）等，这些材料可以使用作为微传感器和致动器的组成部分。
MEMS领域的活动，其中一些技术已经足够成熟，可能的商业应用出现。
一些例子是微化学分析仪，湿度和压力传感器，MEMS 流量控制，合成射流激励器和光学MEMS（下一代互联网）。
将形状记忆合金在MEMS研究界是一个相对较新的努力，据我们所知，只有一组（格雷格·卡门教授，机械工程，美国加州大学洛杉矶分校）已经成功地演示了动态特性，基于SMA- MEMS。
在这里，重点将是利用传感和驱动功能的智能材料设计和制造有用的和经济上可行的微型传感器和执行器。
通讯：“智能屋”的建设和使用提供了广泛的机会，以家庭为基础的无线和有线通信服务来分析和验证。
虽然其中一些已经广泛地探讨，许多问题已经得到很少或根本没有注意。
建议探讨以下问题：测量的信道统计在住宅环境：室内无线信道统计的知识是至关重要的，使高效率的发射器和接收器的设计，以及确定适当水平的信号功率，数据传输速率，调制技术，差错控制码的的无线链路。
干扰，信道失真，频谱限制，产生的结果为残疾人（轮椅的设备，四站，监控设备等）特别感兴趣。
增强室内无线通信天线的设计，分析和验证。
室内无线通信的需要结构紧凑，坚固耐用的天线。
新的天线设计，优化所需的数据传输速率，工作频率和空间的要求，可以考虑。
最近已经商业化的验证和分析的室内无线网络：无线网络标准，家庭自动化操作。
整合这些系统的智能家居中的一个或多个提供的机会，以验证这些系统的操作，检查其局限性，并确定是否过度设计标准，以满足一般的需求。
有效的通信线路计划确定为“智能家居”：存在有线和无线基础设施的性能/成本权衡。
不同的无线网络配置的测量和分析，以便确定适当的网络设计。
代价较大规模的通信系统：室内无线网络的室内通信系统的协调是当地的住所附近。
存在更广泛的大规模网络，如蜂窝式电话网络，固定无线网络，和基于卫星的通信网络。
保健监测的目的，这些服务之间的相容性的可行性和实用性，老年痴呆症患者的跟踪，等需要考虑。
软件代理和他们的工程：嵌入式代理可以被认为是相当于提供一个友好的专家与产品。
嵌入式代理智能建筑带来许多的挑战，无论是在水平的设计方法以及详细的实施。
在这方面的项目将包括：人类居住环境的大型智能体系统的架构：住宅长期护理的环境中成功部署代理技术需要新的架构，这些系统的设计。
一个合适的架构应该是简单而灵活地提供实时有效的代理操作。
同时，它应该是分层的刚性，以允许执行的规则和限制，确保的居民建筑系统的安全。
必须解决这些矛盾的要求，通过设计一个新的架构，将系统中的所有代理共享。
强大的决策和控制结构，学习代理：实现终身学习的能力，代理商需要配备强大的机制，学习和适应。
隔离使用一些传统的学习系统是不可能的，因为这些药物的高预期寿命。
我们要发展的几个学习和表现方法，在一个新兴的时尚相结合的混合式学习系统。
这样的系统会采用不同的方法，根据自己的成熟度和量的变化，以适应新的情况或学习新的行为。
为了应付高层次的不确定性从这些来源不可预测的人类用户的互动，强大的行为将被设计和实施能够处理不同类型的不确定性（如概率和模糊不确定性）采用了先进的技术，感觉和数据基于计算智能技术的融合和推理机制。
自动建模现实世界的对象，包括个别住户：这个问题在这里是：“定位和提取”的个性和习惯一个人的代表性是至关重要的信息;系统是“遵循和采用”个人的情绪和行为的发展。
基于数据挖掘和进化的技术，解决方案，将利用：（1）聚类方法，分类的树木和关联发现重要的不同属性之间的关系属于个人的各种功能的分类和分区技术，这是一个基本要素在寻找一个人的行为模式，和（2）神经模糊和以规则为基础的系统，用于个人的特性发展模式的学习和适应能力，这是必要的估计和预测的潜在活动和远期规划。
调查的框架普适计算的特点：考虑分布式和基于互联网的系统，这也许是最常见的，无处不在的计算，最大的影响是不特定的软件工程过程，但是从现有的软件框架或工具包“，这让在这些领域的许多系统的快速建设和部署。
因此，它提出的“聪明屋”无处不在的计算基础设施的建设也应利用作为一个软件工程的研究。
研究人员将首先参观一些真正的无处不在的计算系统中存在的今天，试图建立一个初始图片的功能的框架。
（这种方法有明显的相似之处伽玛的方法，约翰逊和Vlissides部署他们的开创性工作，“设计模式”。
不幸的是，在他们的工作相比，这里的样本量将是非常小的，因此，额外的工作将需要可靠的答案。
）初步框架，随后将作为智能家居的软件系统的基础上。
毫无疑问，这个初步框架将大幅进化的系统建设过程中，无处不在的计算环境的要求展开。
它被认为是一个真正有用的和可靠的神器，体系建设等密切参与是一个必要的组成部分。
施工阶段的末尾，预计将产生一个稳定的框架，它可以表明，大量的基本特征（或图案）已发现的普适计算。
无处不在的计算问题的确认和验证（V＆V）：希望调查确认和验证（V＆V）普适计算的问题，房子会提供一个测试床。
房子将被用作评估车辆，以确定哪些V＆V技术，工具或方法，如果没有，在此环境中是有用的。
此外，计划提供给全世界的研究人员使用这种车辆的增加，使这个试验设施。
长远来看，预计这种基础设施所提供的设施，将演变成一个国际公认的“标杆”的网站V＆V活动中无处不在的计算。
其他技术领域：该项目还计划调查了一些其他领域，如照明系统，安防系统，加热，通风和空调等，例如，能源效率方面，该项目目前预计承担的两项研究：测定绝缘百叶窗的效果：外部绝缘百叶窗随着时间的推移是无效的，因为密封问题。
室内百叶窗是优越的，可以用来帮助减少热量的损失。
然而，它们的移动和定位，需要适当的控制，以防止由于热冲击的窗口破损。