(全英文论文)国内近十年来关于苔丝悲剧形成原因的研究综述
苔丝 论文
Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one of all Thomas Hardy’s works. The novel tells a tragic life about a beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. This thesis analyzes the personal character and society tragedy open out at that time. The author, Hardy, revealed a common girl, Tess, fought with the society helplessly. Finally, Tess’s tragic life can not be separated from her own weakness in character Keywords :Tess; Tragic Life; personal character；Victim of Society摘要《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯·哈代最为有影响力的一部著作。
该小说主要讲述了一个美丽纯真的少女失身后悲惨的命运。
论文分析了造成苔丝悲剧的原因，个人的性格和社会的因素。
苔丝的悲剧生活于其自身的弱点是分不开的。
作者哈代揭示了一个普通女孩，苔丝无助地与当时社会抗争，最终苔丝成为社会的牺牲品。
关键词：苔丝；悲惨的命运；性格因素；社会的牺牲品Introduction (3)I Historic al Background (5)1.1: A brief introduction to Hardy (5)1.2: Work Background (6)II Deep consideration about tragic fate (6)III Society tragedy (7)3.1 Family tragedy (7)3.2 Society tragedy (8)3.3Worldly prejudice (8)IV:Her own personality Conclusion (9)Bibliography (9)IntroductionTess was born in a poor family. One day, her father was told that he was the lineal descendants of ancient family of the D’Urbervilles. He and his vain and vulgar wife decided to sent Tess to a rich family also called D’Urbervilles’s descendant. In order to increase their society status, Tess went to the rich family, after that being raped and pregnant. The child was born, then died soon. Several years later, she left home to a milk factory to work. There did she meet her true love Angel Clare. They fell in love and engaged. She greatly admired Angel Clare and loved him. But Angel did not learn of her previous relationship with Alec until their wedding night. On the wedding night, Tess told all about it to his husband, but she did not get his understanding. After that Angel abandoned her then he went to Brazil to develop his business alone. When Tess and Alec met again, because of the hard life, she lived with Alec again. Several years later, Angel returned from abroad. He was very sorry for what he did. And he told Tess his thought. For Tess loved him so addicted, she wanted to back to Angel. So Tess murdered Alec.After she spent a few days of happiness with Angel, Tess was arrested and then died. Thomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages, an age of realism rather than of romanticism –a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are. Victorian literature in general truthfully represents the reality and spirit of this age long—realistic, thickly plotted, and crowded with characters. Hardy’s expression of the truth of this age which came from the agitation of life and fatalism of human being also had a high placein Western literature. The tragic idea in H ardy’s novels spring and develop in form and connotation. The tragedy consciousness in Hardy’s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society. And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say, the heroes or heroines would slip into the tragic path of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not, or where they hided. Tragedy was their final arrangement. When he was young, he derived a love of music from his father and a devotion to literature from his mother. He grew up in the Dorset shire, of which the environment there became the main backdrop of his writings. Thomas Hardy was afamous critical realistic wreter at the turn of the 19th century in England, His writings often reflected the change after capitalism intruded the countries in England and the people’s hard life. Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s. In the late 1890s, he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser-faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this period could not be changed. But Hardy’s works exactly clas hed with it, which reflected the tremendous changes of society due to the invasion of industrial capital to the village. Tess of the D’Urbervilles was published in the year of 1891, which was one of his most famous novels. This novel explosed women’s tra gic life in that time.The thesis discribs two reasons, one is Tess’s personality character, another one is society reasonsI Historical Background1.1: A brief introduction to HardyTess is the heroine of Tomas Hardy’s representative work—Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Thomas Hardy was a British post-realism, the most distinguished novelists and poet. Hardy is the most representative he claims to be "the character and environment of the novel" of a group of works in the late 19th century and the early 20th century.In many ways, he belonged more to the 20th century than to the 19th century.He was known as a Victorian Poet .He used his writings to elaborate his own pessimistic view of life.His poetry marks the transition from the Victorian Age to the modernist movement of the 20th century.He carried forward and developed the literary traditions of the Victorian Age. He described the tragic plots vividly and truthfully in his works. He was considered as ―Shakespeare of British novels‖. Hardy's langu age has the simplicity of a countryman’s speech coupled with the sophisticated vocabulary of an educated man.Symbolism is an important feature of Hardy’s words, so that many objects, natural phenomena and characters in the novels are given symbolic meaning s.Unlike some other authors, most of Hardy’s novels are tragic.His novels are so well-knit that they calls us for deep thought about the true life in Victorian age.1.2: Work BackgroundTess is the most representative work of Hardy as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer.This story happened in the late of ―Britain's Victorian era‖. At thattime, Capitalist class controlled the society, and all laws served for them. Farmers were at the bottom of the society, they had no equal right as the capitalist class. In addition, men were the center of the society and women has no right at all at that time. The story is about the tragic life of Tess Durbeyfield, the daughter of a poor family. She is sent to work as a maid for d’Urbervilles, because she has to support her poor family. Tess is seduced by Alec, the son of the family which she serves for, and then gives birth to a child. However, the child dies in infancy, which makes her very depressed. After that, she goes to work on a dairy farm, and then she is engaged to Angel Clare, the son of a clergyman. On their wedding night, they tell each other about their past hoping to be forgiven by each other. However, Clare leaves her after that because he can’t accept the truth. Then Tess becomes a labor again. She is insulted and ill-treated by her master. What’s worse, her father’s death and the bad condition of her family drive her to seek help from Alec who is a preacher now, and she can do nothing but to abbey him. Angel Clare comes back and wants to be reco nciled to Tess, but the fact that Tess’ living with Alec hinders her from coming back to Clare. At last, Tess kills Alec in despair and she is soon arrested, tried and hanged.Origins of Tess’ tragic destiny are mainly composed of three aspects—tragic fate,society tragedy and her own personalityII Deep consideration about tragic fateThis related with author's own personality and view. He believe there exist a super nature force.Hardy was pessimistic about life. The main theme of his novels is thefutilit y of man’s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate, chance, and circumstances, which are all predestined by the immanent will.Tess did not want to be seduced by man and she had no power to defender herself. So she lost her innocence and th at’s all! Angel also did the wrong thing and it was even more serious than Tess’ crime, but he was not blamed. Why it is always the woman who pays? Why they are always hurt? Why was Tess’ girlish purity lost? Why does the wrong man take the wrong woman? Why does the bad often ruin the good? Why is beauty damaged by ugliness? Women are too weak! Thousands of years of history have shown us that women have always been treated unfairly!III Society tragedy3.1 Family tragedyTess’ family is another important reason for her tragedy. On one hand, her family is very poor. Her father is a lazy vendor and her mother is a vulgar wash worker. She has young brothers and sisters who need care. So she has no choice but to try her best to make money to support her family. On the other hand, her parents want to live a better life and show off the so-called ―aristocrat‖ status, especially her mother. They are eager to send Tess to the D’Urbervilles family to work and marry the wealthy gentleman. It was if only a kinsman, an aristocrat, could approach her. To some extent, it is Tess’ parents who make the chance for Alec. In other words, Tess is a tool used to get money and reputation for her parents. Tess would not enter d’Urbervilles family if her family is better off; Tess would not be insulted by Alec if her family does not give her any pressure. What’sworse, her family never teaches her anything that a girl needs to know.Therefore, ―it is this homeless despair of a family which has lost its rights and independence in the village community that gives Tess finally into the invader’s power‖3.2 Society tragedyThe background times of the novel is late nineteenth century, when the British invaded the capitalist mode of production in agriculture in remote areas, it brought agricultural workers misfortune and bad luck. In this period the British Empire is going through a few bad turns, it was maintained in the world of industrial monopoly position in the gradual loss of the capitalist world because the outbreak of severe economic crisis in the seventies . After two decades, British was almost constantly in a crisis and depression. In rural areas, from 70 to 90 a corresponding outbreak of a serious crisis happened. Works in the background is a true reflection of the rural girl Tess short and tragic life.3.3 Worldly prejudiceTess is the unfortunate victim of secular morality prejudice. Tess was seduced by Alec .But she did not get married. She suffered from the gossips and blamed herself. She gained a bad reputation and nobody dared to go near her. On the wedding day, she told her unpleasant experience to Angel, hoping that she would be forgiven as she forgave him. Angel refused to forgive her, although he was also a play-boy.What a shame! The worldly prejudice sacrificed Tess’ pure love and deprived her wrights of pursuing happiness!IV:Her own personalityHer tragdy can’t be separated from her own weakness in character, because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character---resistance and compromise. As a common person, Tess fought with the society helplessly. In the end, she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of society like all other things which disobey the morality and ethic.ConclusionTess is actually a victim of her society. Hardy created the heroine Tess just to criticize the society in his time. Hardy’s works are known as ―novels of character and environment.‖ The origins of Tess’ tragic fate are various.Tess became a victim of the modern society. It raise us so many thoughts and it is great wealth to us .It reward us reading thousand times to experience tess's life.Bibliography［1］, Thomas Hardy. Tess of the D’Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation & Translation Press,2004.［2］，Li Jian, Yuanjing. The Reasons of the Tragedy of Tess［J］. Journal of Daqing Teachers’ College, 2005.［3］，Chenxia.. Analysis of the Tragic Mood in ―Tess of the D’Urbervilles‖ ［J］. Journal of Renmin University of China (social societies), 1998.［4］，陈焘宇编选：《哈代创作论集》，北京，中国社会科学出版社，1982。
英语论文 《德伯家的苔丝》苔丝的悲剧成因分析
contentsAbstract (I)内容摘要 (II)1. Introduction (1)1.1 About tragedy and Tess of D’urbervilles (1)1.2 About Thomas Hardy (2)1.3 Background of the Novel (3)2. Two Deep Stratification of the Tess’ tragedy in the ovel (4)2.1 Family and Society Caused Tess’s Tragedy (4)2.2 Hypocritical Capitalism Morals View and Unequal Legal System (5)2.3 Impoverishment and Decay of Small Farmers (6)3. Characters Analysis in the Novel (6)3.1 Tess’s Character (7)3.2 Alec’s Characters (9)3.3 Clare’s Characters (10)Conclusion (13)Bibliography (14)AbstractLiterature is a mirror of real life which can reflect all aspects of people’s lives. More and more scholars have begun to study a country from the roots of economy, politics and culture. As early as ancient Greece, there were some creations of tragedy. Thomas Hardy was a famous critical realistic writer at the turn of the 19th century in England; Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one of all his works. The British famous writer Thomas Hardy was one of the excellent novelists of the Victorian age. His novel reflected the real society. He delineated a lot of characters of tragedies, showing various persons’ enchantment. Hardy succeeded in portraying the image of heroine Tess and revealing the hypocritical ethics and morals of bourgeois society. This novel describes a tragic life about one beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. The article describes the society environment, then begins to analysis of characters’ personality and religion factors open out at that time. Tess’s tragic life is caused by that society and it’s the result of that time. Except this, it can’t be separated from her own weakness in character, because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character---resistance and compromise. As a common person, Tess fought with the society helplessly. In the end, she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of society like all other things which disobey the morality and ethic. This paper will discuss the causes of Tess tragedy in terms of environment and characters that Tess involved.Key Words：Tess’s Tragedy; Social Environment; Family Environment; Moral ethic; Character内容摘要文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子，反映了生活的方方面面。
《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧成因分析-文献综述
英语学术论文写作课程作业班级：0９级教学一班行政十班学号：姓名:一、文献综述《德伯家的苔丝》是十九世纪英国著名小说家托马斯·哈代的一部伟大著作,被认为是哈代思想艺术上最成熟的一部作品。
问世一百多年以来，深受读者喜爱，吸引着一批又一批学者的关注和研究。
国内外不少读者和评论者大多认为,此小说最突出的成就是成功塑造了女主人公苔丝的形象,他们都从不同的角度解读女主人公苔丝的形象。
刘开富(2０0７)从悲观主义角度出发来解读苔丝的命运,从而阐述了19世纪英国社会、经济、法律宗教和虚伪道德对人们生活带来的影响；钱艳秋（20１1)分析了苔丝的反抗精神，苔丝的反抗完成了从被动到主动，从无意识到富于理性,从盲目到成熟的转变,从而塑造了富有个性独具魅力的主人公形象。
杨阳(20１０)结合生态女性主义原则从男性与女性关系，人类与自然关系两方面来揭示哈代《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧根源。
通过用生态女性主义理论分析苔丝的悲剧根源，使读者认识到维多利亚时期社会转型期内的历史性的巨变不是进步,反而代表着失望和遗憾。
尤其对与自然有紧密联系的女性来说,工业革命和现代化的生活方式都导致她们逐步的脱离自然。
杜姝(２009)以马克思主义女性主义理论为基础，认为在资本主义社会和父权制社会下,苔丝的悲剧是不可避免的。
还有大多数读者从各种不同的角度对苔丝悲剧的根源进行探析,如:聂珍钊(19９２)先生在其著作《悲戚而刚毅的艺术家》中明确指出“直接决定这个女子悲惨命运的是她的贫穷,社会上虚伪的伦理道德和不公正的法律制度。
”杨永和，张小燕(200２)从英雄主义的定义和标准着手，探讨了哈代的小说《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝人物形象分析的一个重要方面,即苔丝的英雄主义形象。
通过对苔丝不同阶段的英雄主义行为的实证分析，探讨了苔丝的英雄主义行为和其悲剧的关系。
认为是苔丝的英雄主义导致了她的悲剧。
其中大部分人把苔丝的悲剧归咎于社会环境、苔丝的性格以及她自身的悲剧命运有些人认为她的悲剧归因于她的性格和命运。
苔丝悲剧分析论文
Analysis of Causes for T ess’s TragedyAbstract: Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the representative work of Thomas Hardy. The novel tells a beautiful, pure, kind girl Tess’s miserable life. Tess should have enjoyed sweet love and happiness of marriage, but her road of life is full of rough and bumpy. From Hardy's philosophy, Tess's tragedy result from super natural force, the fate. Indeed，destiny leads to Tess’s tragedy to some extent, but some other factors directly or indirectly give rise to Tess’s miserable lives.This article will describe the causes of Tess’s tragedy from historical materialism view. Her tragic life is caused by that society. Except for this, it can’t be separated from her own weakness in character, because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character---resistance and compromise.Key words: Tess; fate; causes; tragedy苔丝悲剧原因的分析摘要：徳伯家的苔丝是托马斯•哈代的代表作。
苔丝的悲剧及其现实意义分析文献综述
毕业论文文献综述题目名称：苔丝的悲剧及其现实意义分析学院（系）：外国语学院英语系专业班级：xx学生姓名：xx 指导教师：xx 辅导教师：完成日期：2013年12月30日文献综述学生：xx指导教师：xx1.前言哈代著的《德伯家的苔丝》早已有人评说,并且成为世界公认的经典之作。
凭心而论,作家哈代对苔丝倾注了全部的爱,的确是把苔丝作为理想的典型在那里塑造。
苔丝不仅外貌长得美若天仙,而且纯洁、诚实、天真、以善待人,是一个朴素可爱的农家姑娘。
她的不幸遭遇曾令无数读者唏嘘不已。
人们在对她的悲剧命运表示同情的同时,又对她的悲剧成因进行过无数探讨。
一般来讲,国外评论一直倾向于认为“苔丝是命运的牺牲品”；国内评论则倾向于认为苔丝的悲剧是社会的悲剧。
近年来,国内对苔丝悲剧成因的探讨有了一些发展,认为她的悲剧“既是社会的悲剧,同时也是性格悲剧与命运悲剧”。
本文将从社会、家庭、性格三个方面分析苔丝的悲剧产生原因,并对苔丝的悲剧所具有的现实意义进行分析。
2.苔丝的悲剧及现实意义分析2.1 社会角度2.1.1经济制约经济力量从根本上决定着苔丝的悲剧。
因此,社会中的人,在一定的经济条件下,在特定的阶级集团中形成他们的性格。
苔丝本人和与她产生关系的资产阶级人物身上都带有本阶级的印记,这种由社会所决定的性格在苔丝的悲剧中起到了作用。
(戚白雪,2013）在资本主义的冲击下,小农经济解体了,丧失了生产、生活资料的农民依靠勤劳是不可能摆脱贫困的。
贫困一直是苔丝悲剧的推动力,并且最终导致了她的毁灭。
在苔丝的父亲病死,母亲妹弟无处容身的情况下,有钱的亚雷得到了苔丝。
苔丝在强大的道德、宗教压力下不曾屈服,但面对经济压力,苔丝放弃了自己视同生命的爱情；亚雷利用暴力手段以及伪善的宗教面具,都没有使他得到苔丝,但他利用金钱帮助苔丝家人摆脱了经济困境,却使苔丝屈服了。
(戚白雪,2013）2.1.2社会伦理道德因素美丽纯洁农村少女苔丝一踏上社会就遭到不幸．她的悲惨遭遇并没有得到社会的同情．反而受到耻笑和指责。
分析苔丝悲惨命运的根源
。
哈代 以小 说女 主人 公 苔 的悲惨 命运 替 西方 悲剧 作 了一个 形 象 的 原则完全分不开的。内心纯洁、天资颖慧的苔丝 ，为哈代体现出劳
阐释 ：苔 丝本 是一 位 纯洁 美丽 又非 常 勤劳 的农 村姑 娘 ，她 向往人 生 动人 民的优美特征 ，他们在道德的伟大方面无可 比拟地超越了那些 的真 和善 ，但 又 时时 遭到 伪和 恶 的打击 。苔丝 的悲 剧始 于 为 了全家 贵族 和 有钱 的寄 生虫 。作者 在讲 述苔 丝 杀死 折磨 她 的亚雷 克 的 “ 堕 落 ”历 史 时 ，并 不 害怕 别人 非难 他显 然 的偏 见 ，他保 护她 ，而攻击 人 生计 去 远亲 家 打工 ，却 因年 幼无 知 而被 亚雷 骗去 了处 女 的贞 操 ， 成 了一个 “ 落 ”的 女人 ，受 到社 会舆 论 的非 议 ，把她 看 成不 贞 洁 虚伪 的资产 阶级 道德 ，攻击 为有 产 阶级 服务 的不 正 当的刑 律 。苔 丝 堕 的罪 人 ，苔丝 后来 与 青年 克莱 相爱 ，又 因为新 婚之 夜坦 诚 有污 点 的 整个 一 生都 是强 迫 和暴 力 的牺牲 品 ，社会 的法律 都认 为那 些侮 辱 和 过 去 而被 丈夫 遗 弃 ，而与 近在 眼 前 的幸福 失之 交臂 。这时 家庭 又遭 迫 害她 的人 是正 当的 ，因为 她不 能 自卫 。而 现在 ，当她有 生 以来 的
［ 关键 词］ 苔丝 悲剧 原因
苔丝的悲剧既有社会的因素，也与她的性格有关 ，但这些因素 都 与 当 时 的资 本 主 义 社会 有着 直 接 的联 系 ，是 资 本 主 义 的 种种 反 公认 的 ，他 既是 英 国 十九世 纪后 期批 判 现实 主义 小说 家 的代 表 ，又 是 英 国二 十世 纪 的大胆 探索 和 开拓 的 “ 现实 诗 歌之 父 ” ，在 小说 和 映 。因 而 ，从 根本 上说 苔丝 的毁 灭是 一个 社会 的悲 剧 。 诗 歌这 两个 领域 都为 人类 的 艺术做 出了杰 出 的贡献 。 秦水译 的 《 英国文学史 》这样评论过 《 苔丝 》，托马斯 ・ 哈代 百 年 多年 过 去 了 ，女 主 人 公 苔 丝 早 已 树 立 在世 界文 学 画廊 选 了一个 朴 素 的乡下 姑娘 一 女雇农 苔 丝作 小说 的 女主人 公 。作 家很
苔丝悲剧原因分析
An Analysis of Tess‟s tragedy in Tess of the d‟Urberville sAbstractTess of the D‟Urbervilles is one of the great works by Thomas Hardy. It is a great tragedy，which was published in 1891.This tragedy centers on Tess, a peasant girlborn in a po or family. Everything happening has its causes. Tess‟s tragedy is also not accidental. There are several aspects about the causes. In this paper,I try to explore thecauses for Tess‟s tragedy in three aspects: (1) the influence of fatalism; (2) the socialfactors concerned; and (3) Tess‟s dual personality.Key words: Tess of the D’Urbervilles;Thomas Hardy;tragedy; the causes摘要德伯家的苔丝是哈代的巨著之一，1891年出版的一部悲剧。
这部悲剧围绕着出生在贫苦农民家庭的少女苔丝展开。
一切万物皆有因果，苔丝的悲剧也不例外。
苔丝的悲剧结局并不是意外，有各个方面的原因所在。
在这里，我将从以下三个方面，即：哈代的宿命论，社会因素，和苔丝的性格来分析苔丝悲剧命运的原因。
关键字：德伯家的苔丝，哈代，悲剧，原因Table of ContentsAcknowledgements .................................................................................................................. (i)Abstract (ii)摘要................................................................................................................................................ i ii Table of Contents .......................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源英语论文
浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源英语论文《德伯家的苔丝》是英国文学巨匠托马斯?哈代的代表作。
女主人公苔丝的悲剧和不幸是由多种原因造成的。
本文以女性主义的角度为出发点，从两个方面分析导致苔丝悲剧命运的根源，即：教育和苔丝自身因素。
哈代；苔丝；悲剧命运；女性主义19世纪末出现妇女解放运动第一次 ___。
而“哈代的作品中反映了与时代相吻合的女性解放的思想,而且在作品中,女性对传统道德观念和社会的反抗是非常激烈的”。
托马斯?哈代大胆地将创作的目光投向农村，深入的 ___普通农家的悲剧命运。
他十分擅长刻画女性人物悲剧命运,旨在揭露男权社会给女性造成的伤害,批判男性中心主义。
托马斯?哈代是横跨19世纪和20世纪的著名小说家和诗人，英国批判现实主义文学的代表人物，被沃尔夫誉为“英国小说家中最伟大的悲剧 ___”。
其作品即承接英国维多利亚时代的文学精髓又体现 ___世纪的文学创新,气势磅礴。
以辽阔深远的背景与渺小的人物形象之间的巨大反差和动人的对比描写，给读者以深刻的印象和心灵的震撼。
《德伯家的苔丝》刻画了一个善良、坚强、自尊、宽容而美丽的女性形象——苔丝。
由于天真无知而受到富家浪子的侮辱，身心饱受摧残。
但“她并没有自暴自弃，怨天尤人，而是勇敢地面对挫折；为减轻家里的负担，应付虚荣的父母，她勇于承受重担，奔走于不同农场，养家糊口；对待爱情，她自尊又执着”。
她被“认为是唯一的一位逃脱了决定主义的人”， ___了传统的伦理道德。
哈代极力要摧毁的正是这种道德观念，让女性摆脱僵化的传统习俗的控制。
他对“堕落女性”的处境给予了极大的 ___，对苔丝给予了深切的同情和宽容，带给读者对妇女生存状态的反思。
苔丝从一位天使般的少女到绞刑架上的杀人犯,是何种邪恶力量在逼迫、摧残、毁灭着这“有自我意志，完整个性的女性？”，把这一优雅迷人的高尚女性一步步推向死亡深渊?苔丝悲剧的根源何在?以下从女性主义的角度审视《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝被 ___的血泪史,剥下男权中心主义这张 ___外皮。
分析苔丝悲剧的形成原因
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英美文学论文----德伯家的苔丝
英美文学论文----德伯家的苔丝T ess: A pure woman---An Analysis of T ess’s Tragic Fate 苔丝:一个纯洁的女人---对苔丝悲剧的分析AbstractWith the development of society, people pay more and more attention to women.However, especially in the pastdays, women were treated unfairly.Key wordsTess of the D’Urbervilles, tragedy，capitalism摘要随着社会的不断发展与进步，妇女的地位愈受关注。
然而，在过去的时代，封建观念根深蒂固，妇女仍受到不公平的待遇。
《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯·哈代的伟大著作，小说描述了一位纯洁姑娘的不幸命运。
这篇论文就是通过对女主人公苔丝的悲剧命运的详细分析。
IntroductionTess of D’Urbervilles,the book about ordinary people and common things, is one of Thomas Hardy’s famous works. The novel takes young lady’s fate as the thread. This paper makes an analysis of the causes of the lady’s fate in Tess of D’Urbervilles.I.The background of Hardy and his T ess of D’UrbervillesA.The background of HardyThomas Hardy (1840-1928) was born in Upper Bockhampton; Dorset.He is an outstanding realist in English literature and has many bitter known novels, such as The return of the Native, The Mayor of Caster Bridge, Jude the Obscure.Hardy studied about Greek tragedy and Shakespearean tragedy all this life, which resulted in his pessimistic attitudes towards fatalism.B.The background of Tess of D’UrbervillesIn his great work, the author demonstrates his point about the capitalist society as well as its system. In the wake of the industrial revolution in the UK, the exploiting class exploited the working class. Tess is one of the poor employees. She is the representative victim at that time.II.The causes of Tess’s tragedyA.It is no doubt that Tess’s tragedy is the socialtragedy. After the industrial revolution in the UK,the capitalism spreads to countryside, giving a hitto its economy. Tess’s families are an epitome ofthe whole countryside. Though beautiful, smart andhardworking, Tess is at lower position in thesociety. As a labror, she has no power or money, bearing a heavy burden, so she faces different kinds of oppression and humiliation.B.It is the direct cause of the tragedy that she isthe victim of the violence, vicious power as well as the laws that maintains rich people.Alec is the representative among them. Forced by the poor life, Tess has to find her distant relatives, though she is unwilling. There she is seduced by the young master as well as a hypocritical rogue, Alec, and returns home pregnant and disgraced. After the death of her baby, the priest refuses to give the baby a baptism because he thinks that Tess is nota purer. Why Alec can be so aggressive consists inhis wealth and the connive of the cabalism system.The society and law all hold the views that Alec is innocent, Tess guilty. The injustice proves the ruthless and hypocrisy of the capitalism laws.C.The spiritual ravagement to Tess fromtraditional ethics becomes another main cause of the tragedy. After being humiliated by Alec,Tess has to bear the worldly- opinion and traditionalmorality .She is so brave that she chooses toendure.However,her husband ,Angel Clare, knowsthis ,and discards her because he thought she is notvirgin. Clare pushes Tess to the edge of the danger,taking the only hope from the poor woman. Thisforced her back to Alec .Finally she kills Alec.Heronly revolt is the powerful illustration of all thetorment and mortification she has suffered. Herdeath is the focus and epitome of the dark society. ConclusionTess is a tragic character, and a victim of the society with darkness. Her tragedy results from not only the society, but her own flaccid character. Her death is inevitable.Notes(1)英美文学选读教材(2)《德伯家的苔丝》青岛出版社，王静（译者）(3)《T ess of the D’Urbervilles》Tomas Hardy中国对外翻译出版公司2009(4)http:///doc/9816118125.html,/ymwx/lw_11 3911_6.html。
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