英语专业八级语言学辅导材料

英语专业八级语言学辅导材料Section 1 What is Linguistics?nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal sysmbols used for human _____.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Language is _______.A. instinctiveB. non-instincitveC. staticD. genetically transmitted3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as ______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal4. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang5. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ____.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative6. _____ is a grammatical description of a language specially designed as an aid to teaching that language to native or foreign learners.A. Descriptive grammarB. Prescriptive grammarC. Pedagogical grammarD. Universal grammar7. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be sage and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive.C. Performative.D. Recreatioal.8. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barrirs caused by time and place, due to this featue of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. Transferability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.9. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play accoridng to the functiona of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. Emotive.B. Phatic.C. Performative.D. Interpersonal.10. Which branch of lingusitcs studies the similarities and differences among languages?A. Diachronic linguistics.B. Synchronic linguistics.C. Prescriptive linguistics.D. comparative linguistics.11. _____ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of therules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole12. _____ deals with language application to other fields, particualrly educaiton.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics参考答案：1-6 BBCACC 7-12 CCBDACSection 2 Phonology1.Pitch variation is known as ______ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a _____ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ______ of the p phoneme.A. analogues.B. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ____.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as ____ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ____.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phonetics.B. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phonetics.D. Neither of them.8. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [θ]D. [v]9. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]10. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]11. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrationg?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant12. Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [θ]C. [z]D. [s]参考答案：ACDADD 7-12 BBABBASection 3 Morphology1.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _______ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are _____ morphemes in the word denationalizaiton.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called _________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. free morphemes5. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and _________.A. affixationB. etymologyC. inflectionD. root6. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation7. ______ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. AffixationB. Back-formationC. InsertionD. Addition8. The word TB is formed in the way of _______.A. acronymyB. clipppingC. initialismD. blending9. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed”in the word “learned” is known as a(n) ________.A. derivaitonal morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form10. The words like cosmat and sitcom are formed by ______.A. blendingB. clippingC. backformationD. acronymy11. The stem of disagreements is _____.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement12. All of them are meaningful except for ______.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorph参考答案：1-6 AACBCC 7-12 BCCADBSection 4 Syntax1.The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is ______.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome2. The phrse “on the shelf” belongs to _____ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentric（离心结构）C. subordinateD. coordinate3. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves” isa _____ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex4. Iin a complete sentence, the incorporated, or subordinate clause is normally called a(n) _____ clause.A. finiteB. non-infiniteC. embedded （嵌入句）D. matrix5. _____ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A. MorphologyB. syntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics6. ________ does not belong to major syntactic categories.A. AuxiliaryB. NPC. ND. PP7. __________ refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another.A. ConjoiningB. EmbeddingC. CorcordD. Government8. The term __ is used in a narrow sense to conclude only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other.A. pronominalB. anaphorC. re-expressionD. binding9. In Halliday’s view, the _________ funciton of language is realized as the transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.A. ideationalB. interpersonalC. textualD. social10. The criterion used in IC analysis is ___________.A. transformationB. conjoiningC. groupingD. substitutability11. __________ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words incertain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category.A. ConcordB. GovernmentC. BindingD. C-command12. The phrase “my small child’s cot” is an ambiguous phrase, which can be revealed by ________ tree diagrams.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four参考答案：1-6 DBACBA 7-12 ABADBCSection 5 Semantics1._________ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum fromcasual to formal according to the type of communicative context.A. Stylistic variationB. Ideolectal variationC. Social variationD. Regional variation2. Cold and hot are a pair of _____ antonyms.A. gradableB. complementaryC. reversalD. converseness3. Idioms are _____.A. sentencesB. naming unitsC. phrasesD. communication units4. _______ describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood5. “John hit Peter” and “Peter was hit by John” are the same _______>A. propositionB. sentenceC. utteranceD. truth6. Bull: [BOVINE] [MALE] [ADULT] is an example of ______.A. componential analysisB. predication analysisC. compositionalityD. selection restriction7. The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word __________.A. is interpreted through the mediation of concept.B. Is related to the thing it refers to.C. Is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers/D. Is the image it is represented in the mind.8.When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b), and the falsityof sentence (b) guarantees the falsity of sentnece (a), we can say that _____.A.sentence (a) presupposes sentence (b)B. sentence (a) entails sentence (b)C. sentence (a) is inconsistent with sentence (b)D. sentence (a) contradicts sentence (b)9. “Tom likes apples.” is a case of ________.A. two-place predicationB. one-place predicationC. two-place argumentD. one-place argument10. “John killed Bill but bill didn’t die” ia a(n) _____.A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction11. The particular words or constructions that produce presuppotions is called _____.A. presupposition conditionB. truth conditionC. presupposition triggerD. truth value12. Lexical ambiguity arises from pplysymy or __ which can not be determined by the context.A. homonymyB. antonymyC. meronymyD. synonymy参考答案：1-6 AABBAA 7-12 ABADCASection 6 Pragmatics1._________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effectsuccessful communication.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Psycholinguistics2. ___________ found that natural language had its own logic and conclude cooperative principle.A. John AustinB. John FirthC. Paul GriceD. William Jones3. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ______.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics4. ________ proposed that speech act can fall into five general categories.A. AustinB. SearleC. SapirD. Chomsky5. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the ____.A. declarationsB. directivesC. commissivesD. expressives6. The illocutionary point of the _ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationB. expressivesC. commissivesD. directives7. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _____. X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner8. The violation of one or more of the conversational ______ (of the CP) can, when the listener fully understands the speaker, create conversational implicature, and humor sometimes.A. standardsB. principlesC. levelsD. maxims9. Most of the vilations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostitility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures10. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in 1962.A. SaussureB. AustinC. ChomskyD. Grimm11. The maxim of quantity requires: ________.A. contribute as informative as requiredB. do not contribute more than is requiredC. do not say what has little evidenceD. both A and B12. according to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.A. commissivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declaratives参考答案：1-6 BCBBCB 7-12 CDDBDASection 7 Language and society1.________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speechsituations.A. SlangB. Address termsC. RegistersD. Education varieties2. In sociolinguistics, ____ refers to a group of institutionalized social situations typically constrained by a common set of behavioral rules.A. domainB. situationC. societyD. community3. _____ is defined as any regionally or socially defined human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. A speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A country4. _____ variation of language is th emost discernible and definable in speech variation.A. RegionalB. SocietyC. StylisticD. Idiolectal5. ___________ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.A. CanadaB. FinlandC. BelgiumD. Germany6. ________ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communicaiton.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language7. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ____ and vocabulary.A. diglossiaB. bilingualismC. pidginizationD. blending8. _______ is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.A. Lanugage tabooB. SlangC. Address termsD. register variety9. _______ variety refers to speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. RegionalB. SocialC. StylisticD. Idiolectal10. In a speech community people have something in common _____ language or a particular variety of language and rules and rules for using it.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically11. Probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is ____.A. British EnglishB. American EnglishC. Black EnglishD. Australian English12. ______ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual to formal according to the type of communicative content.A. Regional variationB. Social variationC. Stylistic variationD. Idiolectal variation参考答案：1-6 CAAADC 7-12 CBABCDSection 8 Psycholinguistics1.______ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. PragmaticsD. Morphology2. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people?A. Language and speech.B. Visual and spacial skills.C. Redaing and writing.D. Analytic reasoning.3. Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ____.A. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and the angular gyrusB. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and cerebral cortexC. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and neuronsD. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and Exner’s area4. When we speak, words are sent to _______, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.A. Broca’s areaB. Wernicke’s areaC. the angualr gyrusD. motor area5. What kind of patients cannot convet a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa?A. The linguistic deprivationB. Broca’s aphasicsC. Wernicke’s aphasicsD. The damage on the angular gyrus6. When we listen, the word is heard and comprehend via ______ area.A. Broca’sB. motorC. neuronsD. wernicke’s7. ___________ is the mental functions under the control of the right hemisphere.A. Language and speechB. CalculationC. Holistic reasoningD. Associative thought8. Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is known as the _______.A. brain lateralizaitonB. linguistic lateralizationC. right ear advantageD. cerebral plasticity9. A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases:A. no-wordB. babblingC. talkingD. uttering10. At the age of four, children ____________.A. can master the essentials of their mother tongueB. can only babble several soundsC. can name the things around them onlyD. Can write out the grammatical rules of their language11. ________ refers to the gradual and suconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A. LearningB. CompetenceC. PerformanceD. Acquisition12. Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experienced the world differently, that is relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of ______________.A. linguistic determinationB. linguistic relativismC. linguistic nativismD. linguistic behaviorism参考答案：1-6 BBAADD 7-12 CCBADBSection 9 Language Acquisition1.___________ modifications are not only successful, but have the added advantageof providing learnrs with continued access to the very linguistic items they have yet to acquire.A. ElaborativeB. LinguisticC. ConversationalD. Discourse2. Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as ________.A. interferenceB. interlanguageC. fossilizationD. acculturation3. Beside the genetic predisposition for language acquisition, language ______ is necessary for successful language acquisition.A. instructionB. correctionC. imitationD. input and interaction4. Intelligibility means that any human being can be both a producer and a ________ of messages.A. senderB. receiverC. mediumD. none of above5. ________ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. CompetenceB. PerformanceC. LearningD. Acquisition6. In ______, researchers take part in the activities they are studying.A. particular observationB. non-participant observationC. experimentD. introspection7. _______ are devised to reveal what a learner knows: the rules he is using and the systems and categories he is working with.A. experimentsB. quasi-experimentsC. testsD. tasks8. ________ sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.A. error analysisB. performance analysisC. contrstive analysisD. discourse analysis9. It is a case of ________ when a speaker produced two negative utterances in close proximity to each other, in the same context, wile addressing the same person and with similar amounts of planning time:No look my card.Don’t look my card.A. free variationB. systematic variationC. linguistic variationD. context variation10. ________ is the language used when speakers are communicationg spontaneously and freely and consequently not atteding to the forms they choose.A. careful styleB. vernacular styleC. cognitive styleD. style continnum11. The characteristic of languistic environment for L2 acquisition is that linguistic adjustments and ______ have been made to non-native speakers.A. noisy utterancesB. caretaker speechesC. ill-formed structuresD. conversational adjustments12. ________ theories of learning of learning hold that an organism’s nuture, orexperience, is of more importance to development than its nature, or innate contributions.A. EnvironmentalistB. NativistC. InteractionalD. Mentalist参考答案：1-6 AADBCA 7-12 DCABDASection 10 Schools of Linguistics1.The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is _____.A. FirthB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Chomsky2. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of _____.A. functionB. meaningC. signsD. system3. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is ______.A. BoasB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Harris4. The theory of _______ considers that all sentences are generated from a semantic structure.A. Case GrammarB. Stratificational GrammarC. Relational GrammarD. Generative Semantics5. Generally speaking, the _____ specifies whether a cetain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.A. SlotB. ClassC. RoleD. Cohesion6. _________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.A. TraditionalB. StrucutralC. FunctionalD. Generative7. Hjelmslev is a Danish linguist and the central figure of the ______.A. Prague SchoolB. Copenhagen SchoolC. London SchoolD. Generative Semantics8. _______ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.A. StratificationalB. CaseC. RelationalD. Montague9. In Halliday’s view, the _ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.A. personalB. heuristicC. imaginativeD. informative10. The rheme in the the sentence “On it stood Jane” is ________.A. On itB. stoodC. On it stoodD. Jane11. Chomsky follows _________in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.A. empiricismB. behavirourismC. rationalismD. mentalism12. TG Grammar has seen _____ stages of development.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six参考答案：1-6 BACDAA 7-12 BABDCC。