Compensatory Growth of Olive Flounder

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2023-2024学年黑龙江省哈尔滨市六校高二下学期期末联考英语试卷

2023-2024学年黑龙江省哈尔滨市六校高二下学期期末联考英语试卷Four Must-visit Campsites in Western AustraliaFair HarvestPlaying host to campers looking for a more environmentally-friendly stay, Fair Harvest has an outdoor kitchen made from wood harvested on site and a farm cafe where you can buy fresh produce and home cooked meals. Guests are free to wander in the gardens, go bushwalking in the private forest, or take a class in the on-site yoga (瑜伽) barn — the only campsite yoga studio in the area. Lucky BayIn 2017, a scientific study was carried out to discover which Australian beach had the whitest sand and Lucky Bay, in Cape. Le Grand National Park on the southern coast of Western Australia, emerged victo rious. Up close, the beach is often frequented by kangaroos bounding at the sand’s edge. The Lucky Bay campground sits right behind the beach and is well-equipped with toilets, showers, barbecues and picnic tables-though campers do need to bring their own drinking water. Rottnest IslandMore commonly a day trip destination, Rottnest is a car-free island best explored by bike and ringed by glorious Indian Ocean beaches. There are options for luxurious glamping (豪华野营) at Discovery Parks Rottnest Island, but those looking for a more traditional camping experience should head instead to the Rottnest Island campground. Here, you’ll find bathroom blocks, a camp kitchen and barbecues, but the highlight is the site’s large population of quokkas, which are close rela tives of the kangaroo.ImintjiLocated at the foothills of the Wunaamin Miliwundi Ranges, Imintjii is a simple yet well-maintained campground that includes washing facilities, fire pits, barbecue shelters,outdoor seating and water taps. It’s a great base f or visiting the dramatic landscapes of Bell Gorge, Tunnel Creek and Windjana Gorge. It’s also one of the few campsites in the world that are famous for their own art center, with works by local artists on sale.1. What can campers do at Fair Harvest?A．See kangaroos. B．Buy home-cooked meals.C．Admire the whitest sand. D．Get works from local artists.2. Which is the best way to tour Rottnest Island?A．Walking. B．Driving. C．Taking a boat. D．Riding a bike. 3. Where should campers go if they want to visit Bell Gorge?A．Imintji. B．Lucky Bay. C．Fair Harvest. D．Rottnest Island.Born on March 21, 1958, in Louisiana, Grant Cardone is not a typical celebrity. He didn’t come from a wealthy family. He’s not a Hollywood superstar, nor does he have some amazing tal ents, like script-writing, politics or athleticism. However, what he has is something that is available to us all, and that is a determination to succeed.At the age of 25, Cardone took the first job that he could find. That job was as a car salesman. It was a title and a position that Grant was not very fond of. However, the economy was slow, which meant he didn’t have many options, so he made it work.Cardone was committed to becoming the best salesperson he could be. So, he invested (投资) heavily in his own self-improvement by reading books and studying his craft and his industry. After committing himself to becoming his very best, his income quickly doubled. And soon thereafter, he became one of the best car salesmen in the country. He eventually moved on to running his own business, and was extremely smart and disciplined (自律的) with his money. Cardone only spent money on what was absolutely necessary for food and housing. He would place anything left over into an investment fund just for the property market.Cardone’s focus on learning more so that he could earn more, along with having the discipline to invest his extra money, instead of wasting it on useless things, helped him become a self-made millionaire just five years later by the age of 30.Cardone has since gone on to become a well-known international businessman, speaker and the owner of Cardone Capital, a $ 1.5 billion investment firm. He’s authored the New York Times bestselling books If You’re Not First, You’re Last, and other famous books like The 10X Rule, and Axiom Award winning Sell or Be Sold. In addition to this, he also founded Cardone University, a popular sales training platform that has over 50,000,000 and growing users.It took Cardone only five years to completely change his entire life. With the right mindset and sufficient willpower, just imagine what five years could do for you.4. Why did Cardone choose to become a car salesman?A．To meet a superstar. B．To do research on cars.C．To support himself. D．To maintain his interest.5. How did Cardone handle his money?A．He bought many clothes. B．He helped his family members.C．He spent it on useful things. D．He put most of it in the bank.6. What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us about Cardone?A．His achievements. B．The plans for his company.C．His experiences of education. D．The reasons for his popularity.7. What can we learn from Cardone’s story?A．Failure is the mother of success.B．Investment is risky but rewarding.C．Making money calls for professional advice.D．Success requires determination and efforts.A team of researchers at the University of Cambridge have created an innovative floating device that uses solar power to transform polluted water or seawater into clean hydrogen (氢气) fuel and purified water.This device is particularly beneficial for areas with limited resources or without access to the electricity, as it can operate with any open water source and does not rely on external power sources. It takes its inspiration from photosynthesis, the process by which plants turn sunlight into food. However, unlike earlier versions of the “artificial leaf”, which could produce green hydrogen fuel from clean water sources, this new device operates from polluted or seawater sources and can produce clean drinking water-at the same time.“In remote or developing regions, where clean water is relatively scarce and the basic facilities necessary for water purification are not readily available, water splitting (分解) is extremely difficult,” said Ariffin Mohamad Annuar, a member of the research team. “The device that could work using polluted water could solve two problems at once: it could split water to make clean fuel, and it could make clean drinking water.”The device that can make clean fuel and clean water at once using solar power alone could help address the energy and the water crises facing so many parts of the world. For example, the indoor air pollution caused by cooking with “dirty” fuels, such as kerosene, is responsible for more than three million deaths annually, according to the World Health Organization. Cooking with green hydrogen instead could help reduce that number significantly.“It’s such a simple design as well: in just a few steps, we can build a device that works well on water from a wide vari ety of sources,” said Ariffin Mohamad Annuar. “In addition, the new device uses more of the sun’s energy. The light-driven process for making solar fuels only uses a small portion of the solar spectrum (光谱) —there’s a whole lot of the spectrum that goes unused.”8. What do we know about the new device?A．It can hardly produce clean hydrogen fuel.B．It needs a lot of power to function properly.C．It is not as convenient as the “artificial leaf”.D．It can turn polluted water into purified water.9. What does the underlined word “scarce” in paragraph 4 mean?A．Insufficient. B．Cheap. C．Available. D．Useless.10. Which word can best describe the new device?A．Costly. B．Environmentally-friendly.C．Outdated. D．Complex.11. Why does the author mention the example in paragraph 5?A．To stress the harm of air pollution to human beings.B．To predict how many people will buy the new device.C．To show the potential impact of the new device on the world.D．To explain the skills of selling the new device to the poor people.Recent research has found that Martian (火星的) soil contains all the essential nutrients necessary for growing rice, planetary scientist Abhilash Ramachandran of the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, reported at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, providing new possibilities for agriculture on the Red Planet.The study, conducted by a team of researchers from the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, tested simulated (模拟的) Martian soil to determine its suitability for growing rice. The researchers found that the soil contained all the essential nutrients needed for the crop to grow.However, it would be a bit challenging for the plants to survive in the soil that has perchlorate, a chemical that has been detected on Mars’ surface and can be poisonous to plants.The team grew rice plants in a Martian soil simulant primarily made of Mojave Desert basalt (玄武岩). However, the new-grown plants developed slighter shoots and thinner roots than the plants that grew from the potting mix. Even replacing just 25 percent of the simulant with a potting mix made a big difference, the team found.The team of researchers then conducted an experiment to grow rice in soil containing perchlorate. They used a wild rice variety and two genetically edited varieties, which were designed to stand up to environmental stressors such as drought, and tested them in Mars-simulated soil with and without perchlorate.The study revealed that a concentration of three grams of perchlorate per kilogram of soil resulted in no growth of rice plants. However, when the concentration was reduced to one gram per kilogram, one of the genetically edited lines successfully grew both a shoot and a root, while the wild variety was only able to grow a root.“We want to send humans to Mars but we cannot take everything there. It’s going to be expensive,” said Ramachandran. The discovery could be a game-changer for future missions to Mars, as it could enable astronauts to grow their own food on the planet, reducing the need for costly and complex resupply missions.12. How did the researchers conduct their study?A．By asking questions. B．By carrying out experiments.C．By making a case study. D．By referring to former studies.13. The gene-edited variety grows better in one kilogram of soil containing ______.A．one gram of perchlorate B．two grams of perchlorateC．three grams of perchlorate D．four grams of perchlorate14. Why did the researchers want to grow rice on Mars?A．To find a wonderful way to make money.B．To support the growing population on Earth.C．To help astronauts feed themselves on Mars.D．To enable people to eat new varieties of rice.15. What’s the best title for the text?A．What Should We Grow on Mars?B．How Did Martian Soil Change Over Time?C．People Are Likely to Live on Mars Years LaterD．Martian Soil May Have All the Essential Nutrients Rice NeedsWriting a poem is about observing the world within or around you. 16 , from love to loss to the gate at the old farm. Writing poetry seems difficult. However, with the right approach, you can write a poem that you can be proud to share with others.Pick a specific theme or idea. This can make it easier for you to narrow down what images and descriptions you are going to use in your poem. For example, you may decide to write a poem around the theme of love and friendship. 17 .Avoid cliché(陈词滥调). Your poetry will be much stronger if you avoid cliches, which are phrases that have become so familiar that they have lost their meaning. 18 . By doing so, your reader is surprised and attracted by your writing. If you feel a certain phrase or image is too familiar to your reader, replace it with a more unique one.19 . Poetry is made to be read out loud. So you should write your poem with a focus on how it sounds on the page. Pay attention to the structure of your poem and your word choice. Notice how each line of your poem flows into one another and how placing one word next to another creates a certain sound.Get feedback(反馈) from others. You can also share your poem with other poets to get feedback from them and improve your poem. 20 , where you discuss your poems with other poets and work on your poetry together. Or you may take a poetry writing class, where you work with an instructor and other poets to improve your writing.Urquhart finished running 1,402 kilometers over the course of 28 days in Antarctica, setting the record for the longest-ever run in a polar region.Australian Urquhart is an _________ mar athon runner. But running on Antarctica’s Union Glacier _________ Urquhart to a wholly different challenge. “No female had _________ this before,” she says.Urquhart spent 10 months preparing for the challenge, turning to some _________ training methods.A container company _________ her to put a treadmill (跑步机) in a refrigerated storage unit and run for hours each weekend, while she also _________ with an automotive parts company to train inside an industrial wind tunnel.The _________ Urquhart faced in Antarctica were numerous. She had to fight through temperatures as low as -20℃ and winds as _________ as 50 miles per hour — moments in which Antarctica lived up to its _________ as the coldest, windiest and driest place on the Earth. Urquhart would__________ stumbled (绊倒) as she struggled to put one foot in front of the other. She would usually wear four layers but had to __________ her body temperature while running. Happily, Urquhart’s body soon __________ to the physical rigors (严酷) of running 30 miles each day.A huge __________ has been formed behind her run in Antarctica. “It was actually showing what females are __________ of doing and that we can push our __________ and explore what seems impossible,” says Urquhart.21.A．attractive B．experienced C．independent D．ordinary22.A．admitted B．applied C．exposed D．expanded23.A．attempted B．evaluated C．appreciated D．enhanced24.A．simple B．realistic C．unusual D．typical25.A．allowed B．forced C．begged D．warned26.A．dealt B．chatted C．agreed D．partnered27.A．choices B．challenges C．decisions D．secrets28.A．gentle B．strong C．graceful D．basic29.A．satisfaction B．guarantee C．glory D．reputation30.A．frequently B．actually C．purposely D．precisely31.A．pay attention to B．put up with C．make up for D．get along with 32.A．responded B．compared C．adapted D．related33.A．policy B．inspiration C．schedule D．objective34.A．fond B．afraid C．capable D．proud35.A．researches B．speeds C．paces D．limits阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

关于高中生物花钱的英语作文

Title: The Value of Investing in High School Biology EducationIn the realm of academic pursuits, few subjects hold as much promise for fostering curiosity, critical thinking, and a deep understanding of life's intricate mechanisms as biology. As students embark on their high school journey, investing in biology education goes beyond mere tuition fees; it's an investment in their future, their intellectual growth, and their ability to contribute positively to society. This essay delves into the myriad reasons why spending money on high school biology education is a worthwhile endeavor.Fostering Scientific LiteracyFirstly, biology education plays a pivotal role in enhancing students' scientific literacy. In an era where scientific advancements shape our daily lives, understanding basic biological principles becomes imperative. From genetics and evolution to ecology and human physiology, biology provides a framework for comprehending the complexities of our world. By investing in biology classes, schools equip students with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate the information age critically and make informed decisions about health, environmental issues, and biotechnology. Cultivating Critical ThinkingMoreover, biology education fosters critical thinking skills that transcend the classroom. Through experiments, fieldwork, and discussions, students learn to observe, hypothesize, test, and analyze data. This process not only deepens their understanding of biological concepts but also trains them to approach problems creatively and logically. Critical thinking is a transferable skill that benefits students across disciplines and throughout their lives, enabling them to adapt to changing circumstances and solve real-world challenges.Preparing for Future CareersInvesting in high school biology education also paves the way for students interested in pursuing careers in science, medicine, and related fields. Biology serves as a foundational subject for many university programs, including biology, biochemistry, medicine, nursing, and environmental science. A strong foundation in high school sets students apart in college admissions and prepares them for the rigorous coursework ahead. Furthermore, biology graduates enjoy diverse career opportunities, from research scientists to healthcare professionals to educators, all of which contribute significantly to society.Promoting Environmental Awareness and StewardshipIn today's world, environmental concerns are paramount. Biology education instills in students a sense of responsibility towards the natural world. By studying ecosystems, conservation biology, and the impact of human activities on the environment, students develop an appreciation for the interconnectedness of life and the fragilityof our planet. This awareness encourages them to become active stewards of the environment, taking steps to mitigate climate change, protect biodiversity, and promote sustainable practices.Enhancing Personal Growth and Well-beingLastly, biology education contributes to students' personal growth and well-being. Understanding the human body and its functions empowers students to make healthier choices, manage stress effectively, and maintain good physical and mental health. Additionally, the study of biology can inspire a sense of wonder and awe about the natural world, fostering a lifelong love of learning and exploration.In conclusion, investing in high school biology education is a strategic decision that yields far-reaching benefits. It fosters scientific literacy, cultivates critical thinking, prepares students for future careers, promotes environmental awareness, and enhances personal growth and well-being. As such, it is a worthwhile investment that enriches not just individual lives but also the collective knowledge and progress of society.。

像油菜花一样做个有用的人英语作文

像油菜花一样做个有用的人英语作文英文回答：A meticulous observer of nature will marvel at the remarkable qualities of rapeseed flowers, which haveinspired countless poets and artists throughout history. Their vibrant yellow petals, arranged symmetrically in clusters, not only evoke a sense of cheerfulness but also hold profound lessons for human beings.Like rapeseed flowers, we should strive to be useful members of society. This utility manifests in various forms, just as the rapeseed plant offers multiple benefits. Its oil, rich in vitamins and fatty acids, nourishes our bodies and provides energy. Its leaves, a valuable source of nutrients, contribute to a healthy diet. And its flowers, a feast for the senses, uplift the spirits and beautify our surroundings.As individuals, we possess unique talents and passionsthat can enrich the lives of others. By harnessing our abilities and directing them towards meaningful endeavors, we can create a positive impact in the world. Just as rapeseed flowers collectively contribute to a bountiful harvest, our individual contributions, however small, can collectively make a significant difference.Furthermore, rapeseed flowers exhibit resilience and adaptability. They thrive in diverse soil conditions and can withstand various weather challenges. Similarly, we should cultivate a strong and adaptable mindset to overcome obstacles and navigate life's challenges. By embracing resilience, we can bloom in adversity and contribute to society even in difficult circumstances.The vibrant yellow color of rapeseed flowers represents hope and optimism. In the same vein, we should approachlife with a positive and hopeful outlook. This optimismwill fuel our motivation to pursue our goals and overcome setbacks. It will also inspire us to spread joy and positivity to those around us, creating a more harmonious and vibrant society.Like rapeseed flowers that turn into seeds, our endeavors should bear fruit. The seeds represent the legacy we leave behind, conveying our values and contributions to future generations. By living a life of purpose and integrity, we sow seeds that will continue to nourish and inspire others long after we are gone.In conclusion, by emulating the qualities of rapeseed flowers, we can become useful and meaningful contributors to society. Our talents, resilience, optimism, and integrity, like the oil, leaves, flowers, and seeds of the rapeseed plant, can create a lasting positive impact on the world. Let us bloom with purpose and scatter seeds of hope and inspiration for the betterment of humanity.中文回答：如同油菜花般做个有用的人。

细胞衰老英语作文

细胞衰老英语作文Title: Understanding Cellular Senescence: Implications and Mitigation Strategies。

Cellular senescence, the phenomenon where cells cease to divide and undergo functional changes as they age, is a crucial aspect of biological aging. This intricate process involves various molecular mechanisms and has significant implications for human health and disease. In this essay, we will delve into the intricacies of cellular senescence, its underlying mechanisms, its impact on aging, and potential strategies to mitigate its effects.At the core of cellular senescence lies the gradual accumulation of cellular damage and the activation of specific signaling pathways. One of the key mechanisms driving senescence is telomere shortening, where the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes progressively erode with each cell division. Once telomeres reach a critical length, cells enter a state of replicativesenescence, halting further proliferation.Apart from telomere attrition, cellular senescence can also be triggered by various stressors, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, and oncogene activation. These stressors activate signaling pathways such as the p53-p21 and p16INK4a-Rb pathways, leading to cell cycle arrest and the acquisition of a senescent phenotype.The consequences of cellular senescence extend far beyond the individual cells. Senescent cells secrete a myriad of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases, collectively termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP not only perpetuates the senescent phenotype but also contributes to chronic inflammation, tissue dysfunction, and age-related pathologies.The impact of cellular senescence on aging and age-related diseases is profound. Accumulation of senescent cells is observed in various tissues and organs with advancing age, correlating with age-related functionaldecline and disease susceptibility. For instance, in the context of cardiovascular aging, senescent endothelialcells impair vascular function and promote atherosclerosis. Similarly, in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, senescent glial cells contribute to neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction.Given the detrimental effects of cellular senescence, there is growing interest in developing strategies to mitigate its impact and promote healthy aging. One promising approach is the selective elimination of senescent cells, a concept termed "senotherapy." Several senolytic agents, such as dasatinib and quercetin, have shown efficacy in targeting and clearing senescent cells in preclinical studies. These compounds selectively induce apoptosis in senescent cells while sparing healthy ones, thereby rejuvenating aged tissues and ameliorating age-related pathologies.Moreover, interventions targeting the SASP, termed "senomorphics," hold therapeutic potential in modulating the detrimental effects of senescent cells. By dampeningthe pro-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic components of the SASP, senomorphics could attenuate age-related inflammation and tissue dysfunction.In addition to pharmacological interventions, lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and stress management play a crucial role in modulating cellular senescence and promoting healthy aging. Caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, and dietary supplementation with anti-oxidants have been shown to mitigate cellular senescence and extend lifespan in various model organisms. Regular physical activity also exerts anti-senescent effects by promoting DNA repair, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing mitochondrial function.In conclusion, cellular senescence is a multifaceted process that plays a central role in biological aging and age-related diseases. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of senescence and developing targeted interventions to alleviate its effects hold promise for promoting healthy aging and extending lifespan. By harnessing the power of senotherapy, senomorphics, andlifestyle modifications, we can strive towards a future where aging is not just prolonged but characterized by vitality and resilience.。

低浓度NaCl_对油葵芽苗菜生长及品质的影响

第46卷第6期2023年11月河北农业大学学报JOURNAL OF HEBEI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYVol.46 No.6Nov.2023低浓度NaCl对油葵芽苗菜生长及品质的影响尹伟僮，王明姣，范辉，李青云，薛占军（河北农业大学园艺学院，河北保定 071001）摘要：以油葵种子‘S667’为试材，从催芽到芽苗菜收获的整个过程分别连续施用10 d 0（CK）、5、10、15、20和25 mmol/L NaCl溶液，测定油葵芽苗菜的生长、产量和品质指标，探索低浓度NaCl对油葵芽苗菜生长及品质的调控效应。

与对照（CK，0 mmol/L NaCl）相比，15 mmol/L NaCl对油葵芽苗菜的生长和品质的调控效应最明显，其中下胚轴的长度、粗度、可溶性蛋白和Vc含量分别增加41.57%、8.58%、1548.03%和169.57%，子叶的面积、Vc和多酚含量分别增加45.49%、37.10%和81.49%，同时油葵芽苗菜的可食率和经济产量分别提升了13.68%和73.76%，叶绿素总量/类胡萝卜素含量增加了30.77%；但是，低浓度NaCl处理显著降低了油葵芽苗菜下胚轴和子叶的游离氨基酸含量，分别较CK降低了47.00%～77.70%和56.63%～74.96%。

由此可见，施用15 mmol/L NaCl可显著提升油葵芽苗菜的产量和品质。

关键词：油葵；芽苗菜；低浓度NaCl；生长；品质中图分类号：S649开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：文献标志码：AEffects of low concentration NaCl on the growth and quality of oilsunflower sproutsYIN Weitong, WANG Mingjiao, FAN Hui, LI Qingyun, XUE Zhanjun(College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China)Abstract: The oil sunflower ‘S667’ was treated with 0 (CK), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mmol/L NaCl solutions from seedgermination to sprout harvest followed by measurement of the growth, yield and quality indexes of oil sunflower sproutsafter 10 days to explore the effects of low concentration NaCl on the growth and quality of oil sunflower sprouts.Compared with the control (0 mmol/L NaCl), 15 mmol/L NaCl treatment had the most obvious effects on the growth andquality of oil sunflower sprouts, in which the length, thickness, soluble protein and Vc contents of hypocotyl increasedby 41.57%, 8.58%, 1548.03% and 169.57%, respectively, and area, Vc and polyphenol content of cotyledon increasedby 45.49%, 37.10% and 81.49%, respectively. Meanwhile, edible percentage, economic yield and total chlorophyll/carotenoid content of oil sunflower sprouts increased by 13.68%, 73.76% and 30.77%, respectively. However, lowconcentration of NaCl significantly reduced the content of free amino acids in hypocotyl and cotyledon of oil sunflowerseedlings, which decreased by 47.00%-77.70% and 56.63%-74.96% compared with CK, respectively. In conclusion,application of 15 mmol/L NaCl significantly increased the yield and quality of oil sunflower sprouts. Our resultsprovided a simple, safe and effective regulation technology to produce oil sunflower sprouts.Keywords: Oil sunflower; sprouts; low concentration of NaCl; growth; quality收稿日期：2023-06-07基金项目：河北省现代农业产业技术体系设施蔬菜创新团队项目（HBCT2021030213）.第一作者：尹伟僮（1997-），女，河北廊坊人，硕士研究生，从事蔬菜栽培生理与品质调控研究.E-mail：**************通信作者：薛占军（1983-），男，内蒙古商都县人，博士，讲师，从事蔬菜栽培生理与品质调控研究.E-mail：****************本刊网址：文章编号：1000-1573(2023)06-0052-06DOI：10.13320/ki.jauh.2023.009253第6期芽苗蔬菜生产因其具有生育周期短、产品质量等级优、生物效率高和对设施及装备要求低等特点，率先实现了工厂化优质高效生产，不同程度地推动了新型芽苗菜产业的快速发展。

以花芽为题目的英语作文

以花芽为题目的英语作文Floral Buds: The Latent Blossoms of Spring.In the heart of winter, when the icy grip of frost cloaks the world in a monochrome tapestry, there lies a hidden promise of beauty waiting to unfold. Deep beneath the barren earth, encased within protective layers of bud scales, reside the floral buds—the dormant embryos of the springtime spectacle.Floral buds are the future flowers, miniature marvels awaiting the opportune moment to burst forth into vibrant life. They embody the essence of hope and renewal, concealed within the silent depths of winter's embrace. Their journey from dormancy to full bloom is a breathtaking symphony of nature's artistry.Anatomy of a Floral Bud.Floral buds are composed of a complex arrangement oftissues and structures that work in harmony to ensure the successful development of the flower. At the core lies the apical meristem, a cluster of undifferentiated cells responsible for the growth and development of all floral parts.Surrounding the meristem are the primordia, small mounds of tissue that will eventually give rise to the various flower structures—petals, sepals, stamens, and carpels. These primordia are arranged in a specific spiral pattern known as the floral formula, which determines the number and arrangement of each type of floral organ.The primordia are enclosed within protective layers of bud scales. These scales, often covered in a waxy or hairy coating, shield the developing flower from desiccation, cold temperatures, and mechanical damage. As the bud matures, the bud scales gradually soften and spread apart, allowing the flower to emerge.Dormancy and Environmental Cues.Floral buds enter dormancy during the unfavorable conditions of winter. This period of arrested development allows the buds to conserve resources and protect the delicate flower primordia from freezing temperatures.The release of buds from dormancy is triggered by a combination of environmental cues, primarily temperatureand photoperiod. As the days lengthen and temperatures rise, the buds sense the approaching spring and begin to break their winter slumber.The Miracle of Flowering.With the arrival of spring, the floral buds emerge from dormancy and embark on an extraordinary transformation. The bud scales unfold, revealing the vibrant colors andintricate patterns of the flower. The petals, initially tightly furled, gradually unfurl like delicate origami creations, showcasing their full glory.The stamens, bearing pollen grains, protrude from the center of the flower, ready to transfer their geneticmaterial to the carpels, the female reproductive organs.The carpels, consisting of the ovary, style, and stigma, await the arrival of pollen grains to initiatefertilization and seed production.The Purpose of Flowers.Flowers, the culmination of the floral bud's journey, serve a vital role in the plant's reproductive strategy. They attract pollinators, such as bees or butterflies,which carry pollen from one flower to another, ensuring genetic diversity and the production of new seeds.Seeds, carried by the wind or animals, disperse theplant's offspring to new locations, allowing the species to colonize new territories and adapt to changing environments. Flowers, therefore, are essential for the survival and propagation of plant species.Floral Buds in Literature and Art.Floral buds have long captured the imagination ofartists, writers, and poets. Their symbolism of hope, beauty, and renewal permeates various cultures and artistic expressions.In Japanese culture, cherry blossom buds, known as "sakura-tsubomi," are celebrated as a symbol of springtime and the ephemeral nature of life. The delicate pink buds are often depicted in paintings, poems, and traditional crafts, inspiring a sense of wonder and awe.In Western art, the floral bud has been used to symbolize purity, innocence, and the promise of new beginnings. Painters from the Renaissance to the present day have captured the beauty of floral buds in their still-life compositions and allegorical paintings.Conclusion.Floral buds are unassuming marvels, the silent precursors of springtime's glorious display. Hidden within their protective layers, they embody the promise of renewal and the extraordinary beauty that nature has in store. Asthey emerge from dormancy and burst forth into bloom, floral buds remind us of the cyclical nature of life and the indomitable spirit of nature. From their humble beginnings to their radiant blossoms, floral buds are a testament to the wonders that lie dormant, awaiting the right moment to reveal their full potential.。

芙利莲英语作文

芙利莲英语作文In the world of fashion and beauty, few names resonate as powerfully as the elegant and timeless Florentine brand, Florentine. Since its inception, the brand has been synonymous with elegance, sophistication, and unparalleled quality. Its influence extends far beyond the realm of fashion, touching the lives of millions around the globe.Florentine's journey began with a vision. A vision to create a line of products that would embody the timeless elegance and refinement of the Florentine city, a city renowned for its rich cultural heritage and artistic prowess. This vision was brought to life through meticulous attention to detail, innovative design, and the use of only the finest materials.The brand's signature style is a harmonious blend of classic elegance and modern sophistication. Its designs are timeless, able to transition seamlessly from day to night, from casual to formal occasions. This flexibility is what makes Florentine such a popular choice among fashion-forward individuals who appreciate the art of dressing well.But Florentine's appeal is not limited to its aesthetic value. The brand embodies a philosophy that resonates deeply with its customers. It champions the idea of self-expression through fashion, encouraging individuals to embrace their unique sense of style and confidence. This philosophy is reflected in the brand's diverse range of products, catering to a wide array of tastes and preferences.The impact of Florentine extends beyond the realm of fashion. Its products are not just accessories; they are statements of personal style and confidence. They empower individuals to express themselves in a way that is true to their personalities, values, and aspirations. In this way, Florentine has become a symbol of empowerment and self-expression, a testament to the transformative power of fashion.The legacy of Florentine is one that is built on a foundation of quality, innovation, and style. Its products are not just fashion statements; they are heirlooms that are passed down from generation to generation. They are a testament to the enduring power of elegance and refinement,a reminder of the timeless beauty of Florentine and its enduring influence on the world of fashion.In conclusion, Florentine is not just a fashion brand;it is a cultural icon. Its influence extends far beyond the realm of fashion, touching the lives of millions around the globe. Its products are not just accessories; they are statements of personal style and confidence. They empower individuals to express themselves in a way that is true to their personalities, values, and aspirations. As we move forward into a new era of fashion, Florentine remains a constant, a beacon of elegance and refinement that will continue to inspire and influence for generations to come.**芙利莲的魅力与影响**在时尚与美丽的世界里，芙利莲这个优雅且永恒的品牌名字，无疑是最具影响力的。

增加花的养分英文作文

增加花的养分英文作文英文回答：Nourishing Your Blooms: A Comprehensive Guide to Enriching Your Flowers。

Flowers, with their vibrant colors, captivating fragrances, and delicate forms, are a true testament to nature's artistry. To ensure their thriving growth and radiant beauty, it is essential to provide them with ample nourishment. This comprehensive guide will delve into the various ways to increase the nutrient content of your blooms, encompassing both organic and inorganic methods.1. Soil Health: A Foundation for Floral Flourishing。

The soil in which your flowers reside serves as the primary source of nutrients. Healthy, fertile soil is rich in organic matter, which decomposes to release vital elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and traceminerals. By improving soil health, you lay the foundation for robust flower growth.a) Compost: Nature's Nutrient-Packed Treat。

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JOURNAL OF THE Vol.40,No.4 WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY August,2009 Compensatory Growth of Olive Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus, Fed the Extruded Pellet with Different Feeding RegimesYoung Jin Cho and Sung Hwoan Cho1Division of Marine Environment and BioScience,College of Ocean Science and Technology,Korea Maritime University,Busan606-791KoreaAbstractThis study was performed to determine compensatory growth of juvenile oliveﬂounder fed the extruded pellet(EP)with different feeding regimes.Seven treatments with triplicates of differentfeeding regimes were prepared;αﬁsh was daily fed for6d a week throughout8wk(8WF);αﬁsh was starved for1wk and then fed for3wk twice[(1WS+3WF)×2];βﬁsh was starvedfor2wk and then fed for6wk(2WS+6WF);χﬁsh was starved for5d and then fed for9d four times[(5DS+9DF)×4];δﬁsh was starved for10d and then fed for18d twice[(10DS+18DF)×2];εﬁsh was starved for2d,fed for5d,starved for3d,and then fed for4d four times[(2DS+5DF+3DS+4DF)×4];andφﬁsh was starved for4d,fed for10d,starvedfor6d,and then fed for8d twice[(4DS+10DF+6DS+8DF)×2],respectively.Total feeding daywas all same,36d except for control group(48d).Weight gain ofﬂounder in the8WF treatment washigher than that ofﬁsh in other treatments.And weight gain ofﬂounder in the2WS+6WF treatmentwas higher than that ofﬁsh in the(5DS+9DF)×4and(4DS+10DF+6DS+8DF)×2treatments.Feed consumption ofﬂounder in the8WF treatment was higher than that ofﬁsh experienced feeddeprivation.Feed efﬁciency ratio(FER),protein efﬁciency ratio(PER),and protein retention(PR)were not signiﬁcantly different among treatments.Chemical composition of the whole body ofﬁsh withand without liver,except for moisture content of liver,was not different among treatments.T3levelofﬁsh in the8WF and2WS+6WF treatments was higher than that ofﬁsh in the(5DS+9DF)×4treatment.It can be concluded that juvenile oliveﬂounder achieved better compensatory growth at6-wk refeeding after2-wk feed deprivation compared with that ofﬁsh with different feeding regimes.And T3level ofﬁsh seemed to partially play an important role in achieving compensatory growth.Oliveﬂounder,Paralichthys olivaceus,is one of the most commercially important marine ﬁnﬁsh in Eastern Asia including Korea,Japan, and China.Therefore,many studies on the effective production ofﬂounder have been conducted;dietary nutrient requirements(Lee et al.2000a,2000b;Kim et al.2002;Lee et al. 2002),alternative protein sources forﬁshmeal in the diet(Sato and Kikuchi1997;Kikuchi 1999),optimum feeding frequency(Lee et al. 2000b),and the feeding strategy(Cho and Lee 2002;Cho2005b;Cho et al.2006).The optimum periods for the growth of olive ﬂounder were between the late spring and early autumn in Korea,however,red tide and cold-water mass frequently occurred in this period as well.Flounder are commonly starved to minimize mass mortality atﬁsh farms during 1Corresponding author.the occurrence of red tide and cold-water mass, and it eventually resulted to the economical loss ofﬁsh farmers due to a decrease inﬁsh production.Because feed cost and discharged water pollution source fromﬁsh farms were directly related to the use of the diet,not only the nutritional and physiological status ofﬁsh but also the environmental conditions directly affectingﬁsh performance must be carefully considered atﬁsh farms before the supply of feed toﬁsh.Compensatory growth ofﬁsh,which is rapid or faster than normal growth rate ofﬁsh,result-ing from refeeding after undernutrition could be an applicably effectiveﬁsh culture technique in the occurrence of red tide and cold-water mass(Cho et al.2006).Compensatory growth ofﬁsh was largely inﬂuenced by several fac-tors,such asﬁsh size or age(Bilton and Robins 1973),feeding protocol(Jobling and Koskela©Copyright by the World Aquaculture Society2009505506CHO AND CHO1996;Rueda et al.1998;Gaylord and Gatlin 2000),nutrient levels in the diet(Gaylord and Gatlin2001),feeding regimes(Wang et al. 2000;Cho and Lee2002;Tian and Qin2003, 2004;Cho2005a,2005b;Cho and Jo2005; Cho et al.2006;Oh et al.2007),and so on. Also compensatory growth has been observed in most of the cold-,warm-,and tropical-water ﬁnﬁsh species(Bilton and Robins1973;Quin-ton and Blake1990;Damsgaard and Dill1998; Rueda et al.1998;Gaylord and Gatlin2000, 2001;Wang et al.2000;Tian and Qin2003, 2004;Cho2005a;Cho and Jo2005).In the earlier studies(Cho2005b;Cho et al.2006),ﬂounder achieved full compensatory growth whenﬁsh were starved up to2wk in the8-wk feeding trials.The use of extruded pellet(EP)is highly rec-ommended in most of theﬁsh farming because of easy observation of feeding activity,easy management,and minimal water pollution.And a short-term feed deprivation ofﬁsh for grad-ing,transporting,and medicating frequently occurred around the year atﬂounder farming. Therefore,the purpose of this study is to deter-mine the possibility of compensatory growth of ﬂounder with successive short-feed deprivation compared with that ofﬁsh with long-term feed deprivation.Materials and MethodsFish and Experimental Conditions Juvenile oliveﬂounder was purchased from a private hatchery(Kyungbook,Korea)and accli-mated to the experimental conditions for2wk. During the acclimation period,ﬂounder were fed the commercial EP twice a day.Fortyﬂoun-der averaging12.6g were randomly chosen and distributed to21–80Lﬂow-through tanks (water volume:150L)each.Water tempera-ture ranged from14.8to24C(mean±SD= 18.6±2.89C)and photoperiod followed natu-ral conditions.Theﬂow rate of water into each tank was9.7L/min,and aeration was supplied to each tank.Design of the ExperimentSeven treatments with triplicate of different feeding regimes were prepared:ﬁsh was daily fed for6d a week during8wk(8WF),which was used as a control group;αﬁsh was starved for1wk and then fed for6d a week during 3wk twice[(1WS+3WF)×2];βﬁsh was starved for2wk and then fed for6d a week during6wk(2WS+6WF);χﬁsh was starved for5d and then fed for9d four times[(5DS+ 9DF)×4];δﬁsh was starved for10d and then fed for18d twice[(10DS+18DF)×2];εﬁsh was starved for2d,fed for5d,starved for3d, and then fed for4d four times[(2DS+5DF+ 3DS+4DF)×4];andφﬁsh was starved for4 d,fed for10d,starved for6d,and then fed for 8d twice[(4DS+10DF+6DS+8DF)×2], respectively.Thus,total feeding day was all same,36d except for the control group(48d). The EP(Suhyup feed;52.0%crude protein and 11.0%crude lipid)was hand-fed to satiation twice(0900and1630h)a day as feeding schedules.Remaining EPs in each tank were collected in30min after feeding and deducted from total feed consumption.The experiment lasted for8wk.Analysis of Proximate Composition and BloodChemistry of FishFiveﬁsh from each tank at the end of the experiment were sampled for the chem-ical analysis.Analysis of proximate compo-sition of the whole body ofﬁsh with and without liver was conducted based on AOAC (1990).Crude protein content was determined using the Kjeldahl method(Auto Kjeldahl Sys-tem,Buchi B-324/435/412,Switzerland),lipid content determined using the ether-extraction method,moisture content determined by dry-ing the sample in a dry oven at105C for24h,ﬁber content determined using automatic ana-lyzer(Fibertec,Tecator,Sweden),and ash con-tent determined using mufﬂe furnace at550C for4h.Blood samples were obtained from the cau-dal vein of randomly chosen threeﬁsh from each tank by using a heparinized syringeCOMPENSATORY GROWTH OF FLOUNDER WITH DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMES507after they were starved for24h and anes-thetized with MS-222at the concentration of 100mg/L.Plasma was collected after centrifu-gation(890g for10min),stored in freezer at–70C as separate aliquots for analysis of total protein,glucose,cholesterol,triglyc-erides(TG),glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT),and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT),and enzymatically analyzed by using automatic chemistry system(HITACHI7180 and7600–210,Hitachi,Japan)based on the manual of Daiichi Pure Chemicals Co.Ltd (2005).In addition,total plasma T3(tri-iodothyronine)and T4(thyroxine)hormones of ﬁsh at the end of feeding trial and starved ﬁsh every week throughout the feeding trial were analyzed by radio-immunoassay(Gamma Counter,Cobra II,Packard,USA)using Coat-A-Count kit(DPC,Los Angeles,CA,USA).Statistical AnalysisOne-way ANOV A and Duncan’s multiple range test(Duncan1955)were applied to detect the differences among treatments by using SAS Version9.1(SAS Institute,Cary,NC,USA).Results and DiscussionSurvival(%),weight gain(g/ﬁsh),and spe-ciﬁc growth rate(SGR)of oliveﬂounder fed the EP with different feeding regimes are given in Table1.Survival ranging from98.3to 100%was not signiﬁcantly(P>0.05)differ-ent among treatments.However,weight gain of ﬂounder in the control group(8WK),in which ﬁsh were fed for48d during8wk without star-vation,was signiﬁcantly(P<0.05)higher than that ofﬁsh in all other treatments,in whichﬁsh were fed for36d with successive starvation and feeding regimes during8wk in this study.Sim-ilar trend that weight gain of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus,fed daily for99d (control)was higher than that ofﬁsh fed for 63–67d with different starvation and feeding regimes(Heide et al.2006).Difference in partial compensatory growth ofﬂounder in the2WS+6WF treatment in this study and full compensatory growth ofﬁsh in the2WS+6WF treatment in the previous studies(Cho2005b;Cho et al.2006)could be resulted from the difference inﬁsh size in those studies;smallﬁsh(12.5g)in this study versus largeﬁsh16(Cho et al.2006)and54g(Cho 2005b).Smaller sizeﬁsh is more susceptible to feed deprivation than largerﬁsh,so smaller ﬂounder did not compensate fully in the same feeding regime in this study.The possibility of full compensatory growth ofﬁsh varies depend-ing onﬁsh species,ﬁsh size,feeding proto-col,water temperature,feed nutrients,dura-tion of feeding trial,etc.(Bilton and Robins 1973;Jobling and Koskela1996;Rueda et al. 1998;Gaylord and Gatlin2000,2001;Wang et al.2000;Tian and Qin2004;Cho2005a, 2005b;Cho and Jo2005).However,weight gain ofﬂounder in the2WS+6WF treatment was signiﬁcantly(P<0.05)higher than that ofﬁsh in the(5DS+9DF)×4and(4DS+Table1.Survival(%),weight gain(g/ﬁsh),and speciﬁc growth rate(SGR)of juvenile oliveﬂounder fed the extruded pellet with different feeding regimes for8wk1.Initial weight Final weight Weight gainTreatments(g/ﬁsh)(g/ﬁsh)Survival(%)(g/ﬁsh)SGR28WF12.5±0.0240.0±1.7098.3±1.6727.5±1.71a 2.4±0.09abc (1WS+3WF)×212.5±0.0732.2±0.7499.2±0.8319.7±0.79bc 2.6±0.08ab 2WS+6WF12.7±0.1034.1±0.4499.2±0.8321.4±0.53b 2.7±0.06a (5DS+9DF)×412.6±0.0129.1±1.87100±0.0016.5±1.87cd 2.3±0.18bc (10DS+18DF)×212.6±0.0531.2±1.1699.2±0.8318.7±1.14bcd 2.5±0.10abc (2DS+5DF+3DS+4DF)×412.5±0.0132.1±2.1599.2±0.8319.6±2.15bc 2.6±0.18ab (4DS+10DF+6DS+8DF)×212.5±0.0527.6±0.39100±0.0015.1±0.40d 2.2±0.04c 1Values(mean±SE)in the same column sharing a same letter are not signiﬁcantly different(P<0.05).2SGR=(Lnﬁnal weight ofﬁsh–Ln initial weight ofﬁsh)×100/d of feeding.508CHO AND CHO10DF +6DS +8DF )×2treatments,but not signiﬁcantly (P >0.05)different from that of ﬁsh in the (1WS +3WF )×2,(10DS +18DF )×2and (2DS +5DF +3DS +4DF )×4treatments.A similar result was reported in Atlantic halibut (Heide et al.2006)in that one initial longer period of starvation achieved clear compensatory growth over two to three shorter intermediary periods.Also,SGR of ﬂounder in the 2WS +6WF treatment was sig-niﬁcantly (P <0.05)higher than that of ﬁsh in the (5DS +9DF )×4and (4DS +10DF +6DS +8DF )×2treatments,but not signiﬁ-cantly (P >0.05)different from that of ﬁsh in other treatments.These results probably indi-cated that one initial long period of feed depri-vation (2wk)is preferred to achieve better compensatory growth of ﬂounder over the suc-cessive short period of feed deprivation for aquaculture purposes.Although ﬂounder accept EP as well,its application is very limited in ﬂounder farm-ing in reality as a result of poor growth of ﬁsh probably resulted from its swollen diges-tive tract and mistrust of ﬂounder farmers on EP,which is still controversial.Besides,com-pensatory growth of ﬂounder fed the dry pellet instead of EP with same feeding strategy in this study came out with different result from this study and will be reported in another study.Feed consumption (g/ﬁsh),feed efﬁciency ratio (FER),protein efﬁciency ratio (PER),pro-tein retention (PR),condition factor (CF)and hepatosomatic index (HSI)of olive ﬂounder fed the EP with different feeding regimes are shown in Table 2.Feed consumption of ﬂoun-der in the 8WF treatment was signiﬁcantly (P <0.05)higher than that of any ﬁsh expe-rienced feed deprivation in other treatments,probably resulting to poorer growth of ﬁsh in the latter than in the former.Weight gain of ﬂounder seemed to be proportionally affected by feed consumption of ﬁsh in this study.Hyperphagia is one of the primary mechanisms leading to compensatory growth of ﬁsh after feed deprivation and was commonly accompa-nied especially when ﬁsh achieved full compen-satory growth (Rueda et al.1998;Gaylord and Gatlin 2000;Wang et al.2000;Xie et al.2001;T a b l e 2.F e e d c o n s u m p t i o n (g /ﬁs h ),f e e d e f ﬁc i e n c y r a t i o (F E R ),p r o t e i n e f ﬁc i e n c y r a t i o (P E R ),p r o t e i n r e t e n t i o n (P R ),h e p a t o s o m a t i c i n d e x (H S I )a n d c o n d i t i o n f a c t o r (C F )o f o l i v e ﬂo u n d e r w i t h d i f f e r e n t f e e d i n g r e g i m e s .1T r e a t m e n t sF e e d c o n s u m p t i o n F E R 2P E R 3P R 4H S I 5C F 68W F 21.8±1.59a1.26±0.0312.25±0.05639.8±0.901.82±0.111b c1.03±0.014a b c(1W S +3W F )×216.6±0.37b c1.19±0.0412.12±0.07337.1±1.611.68±0.063c d1.01±0.009b c2W S +6W F 17.5±0.96b1.23±0.0372.19±0.06538.1±1.561.60±0.028d1.05±0.017a b(5D S +9D F )×414.7±1.45b c1.12±0.0161.99±0.02834.6±0.892.15±0.041a1.04±0.015a b(10D S +18D F )×215.6±0.40b c1.20±0.0482.13±0.08537.3±0.921.99±0.042a b1.06±0.001a(2D S +5D F +3D S +4D F )×415.8±0.81b c1.24±0.0752.21±0.13338.6±3.201.71±0.051c d0.99±0.024c(4D S +10D F +6D S +8D F )×213.6±0.52c1.11±0.0331.98±0.05934.2±0.962.04±0.079a1.02±0.012a b c1V a l u e s(m e a n ±S E )i n t h e s a m e c o l u m n s h a r i n g a s a m e l e t t e r a r e n o t s i g n i ﬁc a n t l y d i f f e r e n t (P <0.05).2F E R =w e i g h t g a i n o f ﬁs h /f e e d c o n s u m e d .3P E R =w e i g h t g a i n o f ﬁs h /p r o t e i n c o n s u m e d .4P R =p r o t e i n g a i n o f ﬁs h ×100/p r o t e i n c o n s u m e d .5H S I =l i v e r w e i g h t ×100/ﬁs h w e i g h t .6C F =ﬁs h w e i g h t ×100/(t o t a l l e n g t h )3.COMPENSATORY GROWTH OF FLOUNDER WITH DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMES509Tian and Qin2003;Cho2005b;Cho et al. 2006;Oh et al.2007).Also,feed consumption ofﬂounder in the2WS+6WF treatment was signiﬁcantly(P<0.05)higher than that ofﬁsh in the(4DS+10DF+6DS+8DF)×2treat-ment,but not signiﬁcantly(P>0.05)different from that ofﬁsh in other treatments.The low-est feed consumption ofﬂounder in the(4DS+ 10DF+6DS+8DF)×2treatment resulted to the poorest weight gain ofﬁsh in this study. FER ranging from1.11to1.26,PER rang-ing from1.98to2.25,and PR ranging from 34.2to39.8ofﬂounder were not signiﬁcantly (P>0.05)different among treatments.Simi-larly,FER and PER of Atlantic halibut expe-rienced feed deprivation were not affected by feeding regimes(Heide et al.2006).Although ﬁsh achieved compensatory growth,improve-ment in feed efﬁciency was not observed(Wang et al.2000;Tian and Qin2003).HSI ofﬂounder in the(5DS+9DF)×4and(4DS+10DF+6DS+8DF)×2treat-ments,in whichﬁsh achieved poor weight gain, was signiﬁcantly(P<0.05)higher than that ofﬁsh in the8WF,(1WS+3WF)×2,2WS+ 6WF,and(2DS+5DF+3DS+4DF)×4treatments,but not signiﬁcantly(P>0.05) different from that ofﬁsh in the(10DS+ 18DF)×2treatment.Similarly,HSI ofﬂoun-der decreased in proportion to weight gain of ﬁsh whenﬁsh were refed after feed depriva-tion(Cho2005b).However,CF ofﬂounder in the(10DS+18DF)×2treatment was signiﬁ-cantly(P<0.05)higher than that ofﬁsh in the (1WS+3WF)×2and(2DS+5DF+3DS+ 4DF)×4treatments,but not signiﬁcantly(P> 0.05)different from that ofﬁsh in other treat-ments in this study.However,unlike this study, HSI and CF ofﬁsh were the good indices to indicate the possibility of compensatory growth ofﬁsh and decreased rapidly with feed depri-vation period and increased rapidly with subse-quent refeeding(Gaylord and Gatlin2000;Cho et al.2006).Proximate composition of the whole body ofﬁsh with and without liver,except for moisture content of liver,was not signiﬁ-cantly(P>0.05)different among treatments (Table3).Moisture content of liver inﬁsh in the2WS+6WF and(2DS+5DF+3DS+ 4DF)×4treatments was signiﬁcantly(P< 0.05)higher than that ofﬁsh in the8WF,Table3.Proximate composition(%)of oliveﬂounder at the end of the feeding trial1.Whole body ofﬁsh without liverTreatments Moisture Crude protein Crude lipid Ash8WF74.0±0.3217.1±0.13 3.3±0.28 3.6±0.20 (1WS+3WF)×274.9±0.5116.8±0.18 3.1±0.21 3.4±0.18 2WS+6WF74.7±0.4116.8±0.33 3.1±0.09 3.5±0.22 (5DS+9DF)×475.1±0.4316.6±0.19 2.9±0.17 3.7±0.14 (10DS+18DF)×274.3±0.2916.8±0.27 3.2±0.10 3.6±0.20 (2DS+5DF+3DS+4DF)×474.9±0.2816.8±0.45 2.8±0.31 3.6±0.17 (4DS+10DF+6DS+8DF)×275.6±0.4816.6±0.26 2.5±0.27 3.4±0.35LiverMoisture Crude protein Crude lipid8WF68.9±0.51b10.0±0.9510.4±1.38 (1WS+3WF)×270.3±0.58ab10.0±0.8910.5±1.24 2WS+6WF71.5±0.55a10.0±1.1310.9±1.99 (5DS+9DF)×467.9±0.55b9.5±0.1512.4±0.99 (10DS+18DF)×268.7±1.02b9.9±0.3111.9±1.58 (2DS+5DF+3DS+4DF)×472.3±1.39a10.2±0.3912.0±0.53 (4DS+10DF+6DS+8DF)×268.7±0.10b9.0±0.8511.9±1.531Values(mean±SE)in the same column sharing a same letter are not signiﬁcantly different(P<0.05).510CHO AND CHO(5DS +9DF )×4,(10DS +18DF )×2,and (4DS +10DF +6DS +8DF )×2treatments.Similarly,chemical composition of ﬁsh was not affected by feeding regimes with short-and long-term starvation and refeeding (Cho and Lee 2002;Cho 2005b;Cho et al.2006;Heide et al.2006).Blood chemistry of olive ﬂounder at the end of the 8-wk feeding trial is presented in Table 4.Plasma protein,glucose,TG,GOT,GPT,and T 4levels of ﬂounder were not signif-icantly (P >0.05)different among treatments.However,cholesterol level of ﬂounder in the 8WF and (10DS +18DF )×2treatments was signiﬁcantly (P <0.05)higher than that of ﬁsh in the (5DS +9DF )×4,(2DS +5DF +3DS +4DF )×4,and (4DS +10DF +6DS +8DF )×2treatments,but not signiﬁcantly (P >0.05)different from that of ﬁsh in the (1WS +3WF )×2and 2WS +6WF treatments.T 3level of ﬂounder in the 8WF and 2WS +6WF treatments was signiﬁcantly (P <0.05)higher than that of ﬁsh in the (5DS +9DF )×4treat-ment,which was the lowest.A trend toward an increased T 3level of ﬁsh in proportion to weight gain of ﬁsh,which was the highest T 3level in the 8WF treatment,followed by ﬁsh in the 2WF +6WF treatment and relatively low for ﬁsh in the (4DS +10DF +6DS +8DF )×2treatment in this study,probably indicated that T 3level of ﬁsh played an important role in achieving compensatory growth of ﬁsh after feed deprivation and partially agreed with Van der Geyten et al.’s (1998)study.Eales (1988)explained that inhibition of thyroid function appeared to be one of the most consistent endocrine responses to feed deprivation,and feed deprivation resulted to the decrease in growth and circulating levels of the T 3and T 4.Similarly,feed restriction affected the thyroid function.Circulating T 3level correlated with the weight gain of red drum,Sciaenops ocella-tus ,at lower feeding ratio levels,actually reach-ing maximum levels at a feeding ratio below that yielding maximal weight gain,whereas T 4level did not differ among ﬁsh at different feed-ing ratios (Mackenzie et al.1993).However,in this study,it was difﬁcult to explain why the lowest T 3level was observed in ﬂounder inT a b l e 4.P l a s m a c h e m i s t r y o f o l i v e ﬂo u n d e r a t t h e e n d o f t h e 8-w k f e e d i n g t r i a l .1P l a s m a c h e m i s t r yG l u c o s e C h o l e s t e r o l T r e a t m e n t sP r o t e i n (g /d L )(m g /d L )T G 2(m g /d L )G O T 3(I U /L )G P T 4(I U /L )(m g /d L )T 3(n g /m L )T 4(n g /m L )8W F 3.4±0.0817.0±4.3297.2±11.9411.0±1.855.6±0.58192.2±13.09a4.9±0.30a69.1±19.23(1W S +3W F )×23.5±0.0813.6±0.67114.9±7.3813.0±1.594.0±0.17183.2±9.37a b4.5±0.26a b65.0±3.242W S +6W F 3.6±0.1116.3±1.45127.2±21.0718.8±0.946.5±0.33181.5±8.19a b4.7±0.07a62.9±9.24(5D S +9D F )×43.5±0.0917.0±5.82108.1±12.9616.5±3.894.5±1.39154.3±4.39c3.7±0.12b70.8±17.50(10D S +18D F )×23.5±0.2018.0±3.44119.8±39.5817.7±3.206.0±0.91207.9±2.26a4.1±0.17a b58.3±8.36(2D S +5D F +3D S +4D F )×43.2±0.0116.2±3.6996.7±16.0016.7±3.103.6±0.15152.2±8.38c4.1±0.46a b98.4±21.01(4D S +10D F +6D S +8D F )×23.4±0.1015.5±5.75106.8±29.1813.7±2.744.6±0.69161.9±7.78b c 4.0±0.38a b 93.0±18.231V a l u e s (m e a n ±S E )i n t h e s a m e c o l u m n s h a r i n g a s a m e l e t t e r a r e n o t s i g n i ﬁc a n t l y d i f f e r e n t (P <0.05).2T G =t r i g l y c e r i d e s .3G O T =g l u t a m i c o x a l o a c e t i c t r a n s a m i n a s e .4G P T =g l u t a m i c p y r u v i c t r a n s a m i n a s e .COMPENSATORY GROWTH OF FLOUNDER WITH DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMES511the(5DS+9DF)×4treatment rather than the (4DS+10DF+6DS+8DF)×2treatment,in which theﬁsh achieved the lowest weight gain with the least feed consumption.Gaylord et al. (2001)reported that plasma thyroid hormone following realimentation minimized the effects of feed deprivation on growth and feed efﬁ-ciency of channel catﬁsh subjected to the3-d feed deprivation treatment when compared with longer periods(5-and7-d feed deprivation). 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