认知语言学第三章隐喻与转喻

结构隐喻（Structural Metaphor）
以一种概念的结构来构造另一种概念，使两种概 念相叠加，将谈论一种概念的各方面的词语用于 谈论另一概念。
TIME IS MONEY I don’t have the time to give you.
How do you spend your time these days? 一寸光阴一寸金 我们何不省点时间，现在就吃饭呢？
Basic correlations: guide us in understanding the events and actions in the world around us. ‘cause<>effect’, action/change<>motion…
Culture-dependent evaluations: restricted to the members of a specific culture.
映射（Mapping）
隐喻不仅是根据对具体事物的认知模式来认识和 构造对其他事物的认知模式，而是将整个认知模 式的结构、内部关系转移，这种转移被称为源模 式向目标模式结构的映射。
隐喻本质上是一种认知现象，是思维相互作用的 产物。它以已知喻未知、以熟悉喻不熟悉，以简 单喻复杂、以具体喻抽象，以通俗喻科学。
Second stage(1930-1960): Focus on the structure and meaning of metaphor. This is a period of time that regard as the transitory stage between the study of metaphor as rhetoric devices and the study of metaphor as a cognitive model. Main representatives of this stage are R. Jakobson, E. Benveniste and M. Black.
Three stages of Metaphors studies
Initial stage(300BC-1920s): During this stage, Metaphors and Metonymies are studied as kinds of rhetoric devices. Aristotle, who first began to study the properties and functions of Metaphor, defined metaphor as the Transference of meaning between concepts in her book Rehetoric and Poetry. Representatives of this stages are Aristotle, Quintilian…
①一般而言，隐喻的源域为具体范畴，而目标域是后认知的具体范畴或抽 象范畴，而不是相反。
②常规隐喻是一个语言集团文化和经验的沉淀。人们根据经验和文化传统 来选择源域。
③源域与目标域之间形成一定的隐喻结构网，同一源域可以隐喻多个目标 域，
LIFE IS A JOURNEY, AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY 同一目标域也可以由多个源域隐喻。
容器隐喻（Container metaphor）
The ship is coming into view. VISUAL FIELDS AS CONTAINERS
Are you in the race on Sunday? RACE AS CONTAINER There is a lot of land in Kansas. AREAS AS CONTAINERS How did you get into window-washing as a profession? THE ACTIVITY OF WASHING AS CONTAINER We are out of trouble now. TROUBLE AS CONTAINER
Third stage( 1970-now): Metaphors and Metonymies are regarded as cognitive models and been studied within multidisciplinary fields.
相似原则（principle of similarity）
Metaphor involves using words from one domain to talk about the other. The domain from which words been selected is called the source domain, and the domain been described is regarded as the target domain.
常规隐喻（conventional or dead metaphors）
“……通过长期建立的常规关系而无意识进入语 言的隐喻才是最重要的。”（Ungerer & Schmid 1996: 117）
莱考夫（1980）把隐喻看做是人们思维、行为和 表达思想的一种系统的方式，即隐喻概念 （metaphorical concept or conceptual metaphor）。
IDEAS (or MEANINGS) ARE OBJECTS LINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS ARE CONTAINERS COMMUNICATION IS SENDING It’s hard to get that idea across to him. It’s difficult to put my ideas into words. ARGUMENT IS WAR He attacked every week point in my argument.
突显原则（principle of prominence）
人们的注意力更容易观察和记忆事物比较突显的方面。
相似原则&顺接原则是隐喻的认知原则。 接近原则&凸显原则是转喻的认知原则。
好的语言是一种圆满的实现，能表达人的感知本 身所不能表现的事情。——查理
语言学上，把由于两个事物的特征上所存在的某 一类似之处，而用指一个事物的词来指代另一个 事物的演变方式叫做隐喻（Metaphor）。
人们容易将相同或相似的东西看做是一个单位。这 一原则在概念和语言的形成中是最重要的原则。
顺接原则（principle of good continuation）
在识别和记忆事物时，人们倾向于寻找有规律、变化 小的整体。
接近原则（principle of proximity）
在认知上，距离相近的事物容易被看做是一个单 位。
Metaphor not only used for poetic effect, also enables human beings to understanding and describing abstract things. And the source domains tend very often to be concrete, things that we can experience directly. While the target domains tend to be abstract.
AN ARGUME源自文库T IS A JOURNEY, AN ARGUMENT IS A BATTLE, AN ARGUMENT IS A CONTAINER, AN ARGUMENT IS A BUILDING
结构隐喻
方位隐喻
实体隐喻
常规隐喻
创新隐喻
文学隐喻
科学中的隐喻
转喻定义
1. Lakoff & Johnson ( 1980)
03
Metaphors as a way of thinking: examples from science and politics
04
Pragmatic applications of Metaphors and
Metonymies
All the world’s a stage And all the man and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrance, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages... 问君能有几多愁?恰似一江春水向东流 . 下馆子/上饭店 Do metaphors or metonymies only exist in literature? What kind of roles that metaphors and metonymies do in our daily life?
创新隐喻
来源于文学家个人独特的感受和体验的——文学隐喻 THE WORLD IS A STAGE THEORIES/ARGUMENTS ARE BUILDINGS His theory has thousands of little rooms and long winding
corridors. 出于表达新事物的需要——科学中的隐喻
Metonymy has primarily a referential function, that is, it allows us to use one entity to stand for another. […] It also serves the function of providing understanding.
方位隐喻（Orientational Metaphor）
参照空间方位而组建的一系列隐喻概念。 HIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWN RATIONAL IS UP; EMOTIONAL IS DOWN CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONCIOUS IS DOWN A meeting has been planed for next Wednesday. Now,
隐喻的抽象认知能力来源于对两个概念的“相似（
similarity）”的认知。
映射域即人脑中两个概念建立相似性的地方。
Three major components of mapping scopes：
Image schemas: firmly grounded in our bodily experiences, are the most probably shared by all human beings. ‘in-out’
Chapter3 Conceptual metaphor and metonymies
主讲人：
Outline
01
Metaphors and Metonymies: from figures of speech to cognitive models
02
Metaphors and Metonymies: as cognitive instruments
Let’s move the meeting forward two days. When does the meeting take place?
实体隐喻（Ontological Metaphor）
将抽象概念具体化 My fear of insects is driving my wife crazy. It will take a lot of patience to finish this book. The ugly side of his personality comes out under pressure. The pressure of his responsibilities caused his breakdown.