词汇的翻译

第二节词汇的翻译在掌握了词汇的确切含义之后，就需要用最贴切、最合乎习惯的汉语来表达了。

由于一词多义以及各种色彩的存在，英汉词汇之间一对一的翻译并不多，往往需要译者按照翻译标准对原词信息进行引申、推移。

2．2．1 引申所谓引申，就是在不能做到和原语语义完全等值的情况下，根据目的语的习惯，从原义出发获得一种新的语义的翻译方法，这种新语义必须具有最大的篇章合理性。

引申的方法一般有：具体与抽象之间的引申，具体与概括之间的引申，含蓄与明晰之间的引申等。

其中尤其以具体与抽象之间的引申在英汉翻译实践中最为常用，这是因为汉语缺乏词尾变化，汉语的用词多具体而少抽象,这和英语正好相反。

所以在英译汉中，把抽象的意义具体化就成了最常用的引申方法。

例如：1.He is the admiration of the whole world. 他是全世界所敬佩的人。

2.He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions. 在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。

3.What they wan ted most was an end of un certa in tie 那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。

4.It must have been this obvious aimlessness that led to my downfall. 肯定是这种明显的无目的游逛使我倒了霉。

5.A shilling life will give you all the fact. 读一本廉价的传记，就会了解全部事实。

英汉翻译中也有使具体语义抽象化的情况。

例如：1.They have their smiles and tears. 他们也有自己的欢乐与悲哀。

2.Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有苦有甜。

3.Application of laser in medicine is still in its i n fa n cy .激光在医学中的应用仍处于发展的初期。

除了抽象与具体之间的相互引申以外，还有含蓄与明晰之间的引申：1.Didn't she swear she'd never again believe anything in trousers? 她不是曾发誓她再也不相信男人了吗？2.This is the policy upon which we will act, come what will. 这就是我们奉行的政策，成败利害，在所不计。

3.Mr Brown is a very white man. He was looking rather green the other day. He has been feeling blue lately. When I saw him he was in a brown study. I hope he'll soon be in the pink again.布朗先生是个非常忠实可靠的人。

那天，他脸上颇有病容。

近来他闷闷不乐。

我见到他时，他在沉思之中。

希望他早日恢复健康。

有的时候还要根据搭配进行语义的合理变化。

例如著名翻译家杨必翻译的《名利场》中有这样一个句子：yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone cutter curves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, child, wife or husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss. … ……不过偶然也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的好话。

真的是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母，孝顺的儿女，贤良的妻子，尽职的丈夫，他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼他们……2．2．2 词类转译根据汉语表达的需要，在词汇翻译中，往往还要用到另外一个翻译技巧，那就是词类的转译。

名词——词1)After the accomplishment of the present task, there will follow a more arduous one. 完成目前任务后，还有更艰巨的任务。

2)His weariness determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade. 他感到疲惫，因此下决心，一遇到就近的荫凉处就坐下来休息。

3)I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. 我非常感激父亲，因为在我小时候他总是不断地鼓励我。

4)His very appearance at any affairs proclaims it a triumph. 无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。

5)He urged upon citizens of the country the necessity of persisting in participation in political controversies.他告诫全国人民，必须坚持参加政治论战。

6) A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念堂的全景。

7) A view of Mt. Fuji can be obtained here. 在这儿可以看到富士山。

8)Every morning she would go to the lake area for a walk. 每天早上她都要到湖区去散步。

9)I am afraid I can't teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 恐怕我教不了你游泳，我弟弟教得比我好。

10)She had high praise for Dr. Higpan, although she complained about his strictness. 她高度赞扬了西格潘医生，但抱怨他过于严格。

介词————动词1)She went to the shop for a bottle of sauce. 她到商店去买瓶酱油。

2)"Coming"! Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch."来啦"！她转身蹦着跳着跑了，越过草地，经过小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。

3)We drove home a bit after midnight, over the river and through the lovely old sleeping town.时过午夜，我们驱车回家。

先过了河，又穿过了这个在酣睡中的古老而可爱的城市。

4)I'm always with you.我永远支持你。

形容词一词1)He is too ignorant of the ways of the world. 他太不懂世道常情了。

2)We are hopeful of success in this experime nt 我们希望这个实验能成功。

3)It was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了许多信息。

4)This house is un heated and un furnished这座房子没有暖气设备，也没有任何家具。

动词——词1)Edison patented over one thousand separate inventions during his life. 爱迪生一生中获得了一千多种发明专利。

2)It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure. 它的主要特点是结构简单。

3)He was motivated by a desire to reach a compromise他的动机是达成某种妥协。

4)He objected that the plan is not practical.他的反对理由是：这个计划不现实。

5)A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.一个穿着考究的人上了车，他的外表和谈吐都像美国人。

形容词--名词He looked at me as if I were mad.他那样看着我好像我是个疯子。

副词————名词1)He is strong physically but weak mentally.他体力很强，可智力很弱。

2)It is as morally hard to turn her away as it is a lost dog. 从道义上讲，你很难将她赶走，就像你很难赶走一条丧家之犬一样。

3)It was officially announced that Paris is invited to the meeting. 官方宣布，巴黎方面被邀请出席会议。

名词————形容词1)In all this great serenity of ocean it is seldom that we espy so much as another ship. 在这平静的大海上，我们难得看见其它船只。

2)In depe ndent thinking is an absolute n ecessity in stud y独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。

名词————副词1)The man nodded with satisfaction.那人满意地点了点头。

2)The girl wore all smiles on meeting those guests from remote areas. 姑娘们笑容满面地欢迎这些远道而来的客人们。