Abstract_writing__英文摘要写作方法
Abstract_writing__英文摘要写作方法
3.1. Topic Sentence
The
first sentence in an abstract is usually called the “topic sentence”. By answering the question of “what”, the topic sentence always goes straightforwardly to the subject or the problem and indicate the primary objectives of the paper.
"A
well-prepared abstract enables readers to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety" (American National Standards Institute, 1979b).
3.1. Examples (4)
The experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of… The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of… Experiments on… were made in order to measure the amount of… The emphasis of this study lies in…
Abstract--Writing-英语摘要写作
Functions of Abstracts
ToБайду номын сангаасhelp readers identify articles of interest
To outline the main points of an article To guide the reading of longer
7
Types of Technical Abstract
3. Informative Abstract To inform, to present the principal facts and
conclusions given in the original work. Sic-tech paper abstracts are usually written in this form. E.g. Title: Composing Letters With a Simulated listening Typewriter
documents An important measure for retrieving
papers and for promoting the international sic-tech exchange
Types of Technical Abstract
According to their functions: 1. Descriptive abstract tells what the full report contains.
英文摘要的类型
指示性文摘（Indicated Abstracts） 指示型摘要也称为介绍型摘要或陈述型摘要，它
只是简要地介绍论文的论题，仅使读者对论文主要 内容有一些概括了解。一般那不介绍方法、结果、 结论的具体内容，不包含任何数据。它仅指出论文 的综合内容，适用于综述性文献，图书介绍及编辑 加工过的专著等。
论文英文摘要的撰写方法
论文英文摘要的撰写方法When writing an abstract, it is crucial to use clear and concise language. Avoid jargon or technical terms that may not be familiar to a general audience. Use simple andstraightforward language to convey the main ideas and findings of the research. Additionally, it is advisable to use active voice and present tense to give a sense of immediacy and engagement to the abstract.The length of an abstract can vary depending on the requirements of the journal or conference. However, a general guideline is to keep the abstract between 150 and 250 words. This word count allows for sufficient information to be included while still maintaining the brevity and clarity expected of an abstract. Some journals may have specific guidelines for word count, so it is important to check the target journal's submission guidelines.A well-structured abstract should have a logical flow and coherence. It should be organized into sections that correspond to the main elements of the research paper. For example, the introduction of the abstract provides a brief background and context for the study, the methodology section outlines the research design and methods used, the results section summarizes the key findings, and the conclusion section highlights the implications and significance of the research.。
英文摘要的写作技巧
英文摘要的写作技巧
一、写作方法
1、确定主题：写英文摘要时，要确定文章的主题，这是写英文摘要
的首要任务，这样才能把握全文的主旨，为摘要写作构思提供依据。
2、确定摘要内容：接下来，要确定摘要内容，一般来说，英文摘要
是对文章的全部内容进行精简总结，要考虑哪些是文章的重点内容，哪些
是支撑性的内容。
3、分析文章结构：然后，要进行文章的结构分析，把握文章的结构，以及每段内容的主要情节，这样才能把握文章的全部内容。
4、梳理摘要结构：接下来，要根据文章的结构确定摘要的结构，一
般来说英文摘要的结构是以“主题+逻辑分论点”的形式来进行总结。
5、撰写英文摘要：最后，要开始撰写英文摘要，写英文摘要时，要
注意字数，一般英文摘要占整篇文章的20%左右，不宜过多或过少，要适
当精炼。
二、写作注意
1、要注意文章的主旨：写英文摘要时，要注意文章的主旨，去掉无
用的信息，强调核心信息，而不是把全文都写了一遍。
2、要注意语言：写英文摘要时，要注意语言的表达，要尽量使用客观、简洁明了的表达，不要冗长繁琐，也不要太过牵强附会。
3、要注意语法：在写英文摘要时，要注意语法。
英语论文摘要写作方法
2.
Deciding “yes” or “no” Expanding the circulation
3.
Many international conference sponsors just review the abstract and make the decision without referring t o t h e w h o l e t e x t . First, it frames the writer’s ideas for those who are beginning to read his paper. Second, it identifies the writer’s contribution for those who are using an information-retrieval ser vice.
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English paper writing
Part II Abstract pqyuan@
Abstract (1)
1.
General function of abstract An abstract is a condensed statement of the contents of a Miniaturizing the text paper, which servers as a useful tool
Abstract (1)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Concluding sentence It is concluded that … The results of the experiment indicate that … The research we have done suggests that … All our preliminary results throw light on the nature of … These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that … The data obtained appear to be very similar to those reported earlier by …
AbstractWriting详解
Abstract Writing英文摘要的写法现在我国的科技期刊都要求一篇论文应包括：（ 1 ）题名；（2 ）作者及作者单位；（3 ）摘要；（ 4 ）关键词；（5 ）正文（可包括致谢词）；（ 6 ）参考文献六部分。
为了便于国际间的学术交流，中文期刊也要求同时包括一定的英文信息，如英文题名，作者（拼音或外文）及英文作者单位，英文摘要与英文关键词。
如果因为英文摘要写不好，结果无法被很多国际检索机构收录，就会直接影响文章的对外学术交流作用。
因此，提高科技期刊文章的英文摘要的质量是非常重要的，这是我国科技期刊（特别是中文版）与国际接轨的重要途径。
世界几大著名检索机构科学引文索引SCI ( Science Citation Index )工程索引EI ( Engineering Index )科学评论索引ISR ( Index to Scientific Reviews )科学技术会议索引ISTP ( Index to Scientific and TechnicalProceedings )化学文摘CA ( Chemical Abstracts )第一节：题名1.题名的写法：题名有三个作用：便于读者选读；便于审选编排：便于编制索引。
具体的写法：(1)首先遵循三个原则：准确，简练，清晰。
简称A ( accuracy )B ( brevity )C ( clarity ).例1：Development and Exploration on Utilization of New Resources for Countryside. 农村新能源的开发和探讨点评：此文章是研究沼气在农村的利用，所以题名太泛，应改为Utilization of Marsh Gas for Countryside. 农村沼气的利用。
例2: Actions of Antibiotics 抗生素的作用。
点评：文章是阐述苯锉青霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌的作用，由于抗生素的种类很多，因此这个题目太笼统，应该具体化为：Actions of Oxazolyl Penicillin onStaphylococcus Aureus. 苯锉青霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌的作用。
Abstract writing∶摘要的写法
Types of abstracts
Descriptive abstract
Descriptive abstracts may tell what subjects are in the paper, but they tell nothing about the details, much less the conclusions, of your paper. They tease, rather than inform. Consider, for example, this excerpt from a hypothetical abstract: __ Saturable(可饱和的) dyes（染料） for laser Q switches are found to degrade (退色)with time. The cause of this degradation is discussed and a possible solution is proposed. This example gives me no useful information and requires me to read the paper.
Four basicjectives of the research paper(论文所研 究的具体对象 ) Methodology you used in the research(运 用的具体方法 ) The findings from the research(得出的具体 结果 ) Conclusions induced from the finding or experiments(结果进行剖析而得出的具有创 新性的结论 )
Summary
Size: brief, not as brief as that of abstract Purpose: presents the most important information contained in the reports, for a story, it covers the serial events occurred in it. Similar with abstract, it is an independent part.
英文摘要的写作方法
英文摘要的写作方法论文摘要的时态基本上有两种: 一般现在时、一般过去时。
由于学术论文写作通常采用一般现在时, 摘要也多用一般现在时。
目的、方法、结果及结论部分多用一般现在时, 背景介绍常采用一般过去时。
一般现在时用于描述研究目的和范围、研究内容、结果和结论;一般过去时用于描述论文撰写前作者已做的工作, 也可用于表示转述已发表文献的报导、讨论和研究内容。
语态与人称主张多采用被动语态。
因为使用被动语态不仅可以省略施动者, 避免出现“Ｗｅ”表示式, 而且还可以使需强调的事物做主语而突出了它们的地位, 有利于说明事实。
英文摘要往往采用第三人称的被动语态, 可以避免提及有关执行者, 使行文显得客观。
同时, 被动语态句子在结构上有较大的调节余地, 有利于使用恰当的修辞手段, 扩展名词短语, 扩大句子信息量。
但有时采用主动语态比用被动语态在结构上更简练, 表达更英文摘要的翻译英文摘要应直接用英文写, 这样能按英文思维方式更直接、准确地表达原文。
但是, 这对一些作者尚有难度。
在翻译过程中, 要避免按中文字面意义逐字翻译, 应从语篇层次把握原文, 选择恰当的翻译单位。
刘士聪认为, 在翻译过程中, 分析和转换是一个难以截然分开的思维过程, 以主述位作翻译单位, 一方面是注意到了它本身的形式特点, 另一方面也注意到了它在语篇中的衔接功能, 可以把对原文的分析和转换统一起来。
英文摘要的写作根据《ＥＩ》的要求, 一篇较好的英文摘要应较好地回答以下4 个方面的问题:1) What you want to do ( 目的);2) How you did it ( 方法); 3) What results did you get and what conclusions can you draw ( 结果和结论); 4) What is original in your paner ( 创新独到之处) 。
在开头交待论文的目的时, 英文摘要的首句不要重复题名或题名的一部分, 同时摘要中要尽量少谈或不谈背景信息。
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3.1. Topic Sentence
The first sentence in an abstract is usually called the “topic sentence”. By answering “topic sentence”. the question of “what”, the topic sentence always goes straightforwardly to the subject or the problem and indicate the primary objectives of the paper.
The Formalized Structure of Abstract
An abstract usually consists of the following three major parts: topic sentence, supporting sentences and concluding sentences.
Abstract Writing
Definition and components of an abstract Samples of abstract writing
What Is Abstract
An abstract should be viewed as a miniature version of the paper. The Abstract should provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion. Discussion. As Houghton (1975) put it, "An abstract can be defined as a summary of the information in a document."
3.1. Examples (2)
The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish… establish… The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the following… The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of… With his many years’ research, the author’s endeavor is to explain why…
2.2 Indicative abstract (1)
Another common type of abstract is the indicative abstract (sometimes called a descriptive abstract). This type of abstract is designed to indicate the subjects dealt with in a paper, making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper. However, because of its descriptive rather than substantive nature, it can seldom serve as a substitute for the full paper.
3.1 Examples (1)
The purpose of this paper is… The primary goal of this research is… The intention of this paper is to survey… The overall objective of this study is… In this paper, we aim at… at… Our goal has been to provide… The chief aim of the present work is to investigate the features of…
When writing the Abstract, examine every word carefully. If you can tell your story in 100 words, do not use 200. Most of the Abstract should be written in the past tense, tense, because it refers to work done. The Abstract should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. References to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract (except in rare instances, such as modification of a previously published method). Likewise, the Abstract should not include or refer to tables and figures.
2.2 Indicative abstract (2)
Thus, indicative abstracts should not be used as “heading” abstracts in research papers, but they may be used in other types of publications (review papers, conference reports, the government report literature, etc.); such indicative abstracts are often of great value to reference librarians.
"A well-prepared abstract enables readers wellto identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety" (American National Standards Institute, 1979b). 1979b
2.1 Informative abstract
An informative abstract is designed to condense the paper. It can and should briefly state the paper. problem, the method used to study the problem, and the principal data and conclusions. Often, conclusions. the abstract supplants the need for reading the full paper; without such abstracts, scientists would not be able to keep up in active areas of research. This is the type of abstract that is used as a “heading” in most journals today.
The Abstract should (1) state the principal objectives and scope of the investigation； investigation； (2) describe the methods employed； employed； (3) summarize the results； results； (4) state the principal conclusions.
Types of Abstracts
Informative abstract (more detailed, and may include quantitative details) 信息性/报道性/ 信息性/报道性/资料性摘要 Indicative /descriptive abstract (brief and qualitative, indicating what kind of research has been done) 指示性/说明性/ 指示性/说明性/描述性摘要 InformativeInformative-indicative abstract 报道报道-指示性摘要
The Abstract should not exceed 250 words and should be designed to define clearly what is dealt with in the paper. The Abstract should be typed as a single paragraph.
3.1. Examples (4)
The experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of… The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of… Experiments on… were made in order to measure the amount of… The emphasis of this study lies in… in…