Concrete mixture proportioning with water-reducing admixtures to enhance durability A quantitative m
PEC土木工程英语证书考试-施工专业术语大全
PEC土木工程英语证书考试-施工专业术语大全试件sample；test coupon；test piece试件材料material for test试件个数number of test-pieces试块coupon；test block试孔prospect hole；test well龄期age；instar；stadium龄期强度关系age strength relation混凝土坝concrete dam；concrete weir混凝土拌和设备concrete mixing plant混凝土保护层concrete cover混凝土板桩concrete sheet-piling混凝土拌合料concrete mix混凝土泵concrete pump；pumpcrete machine混凝土泵送concrete pumping混凝土标号concrete grade混凝土标准立方体standard cube of concrete 混凝土表面光洁度concrete finish混凝土表面振捣vibrating concrete float混凝土剥落concrete scaling混凝土掺合料concrete additive；concrete admixture混凝土层段lift line混凝土层concrete layer；layer of concrete混凝土厂concrete plant；ready-mix plant混凝土成分concrete composition；concrete ingredient；constituents of concrete；ingredients of concrete混凝土稠度concrete consistence混凝土稠度试验consistency test of concrete 混凝土处理treating with concrete混凝土大块体concrete monolith混凝土当量concrete equivalence混凝土挡墙concrete guard wall混凝土导墙concrete guide wall混凝土捣实器concrete vibrator混凝土捣碎机concrete breaker混凝土的钢筋腐蚀损坏steel corrosion damage of concrete 混凝土的加速养护accelerated curing of concrete混凝土的泵送性能pumpability of concrete混凝土的搅拌mixing of concrete混凝土的配合proportioning of concrete混凝土的收缩shrinkage of concrete混凝土的熟化maturing of concrete混凝土的可浇置性concrete placeability混凝土的怜性fluidity of concrete混凝土的机械加工mechanical tooling of concrete混凝土的分批拌合量batch of concrete混凝土导管tremie混凝土当量concrete equivalence混凝土带输送灌注塔concrete belt placing tower混凝土充填管柱concrete-filled tube column混凝土沉箱concrete caisson混凝土衬砌concrete lining混凝土板concrete slab混凝土板护坡concrete slab revetment混凝土板桩防波堤concrete sheetpile breakwater混凝土鞍座concrete saddle钢筋bar reinforcement；concrete iron；concrete reinforced bar；concrete reinforcement bar；concrete reinforcing bars；iron reinforcement；rebar；reinforced bar；reinforcement；reinforcement bar；reinforcement metal；reinforcing bar；reinforcing iron；reinforcing steel；reinforcing steel reinforcement；steel bar；steel reinforcement钢筋百分比percentage reinforcement；steel ratio钢筋百分率percentage of reinforcement；steel ratio钢筋保护层cover；cover to reinforcement钢筋搭接mutual anchorage钢筋的断配和弯曲cutting and bending of reinforcement钢筋调直bar straightening；straightening of bars钢筋调直机bar straightener；reinforcement bar straightening machine 钢筋调直切断机reinforcing steel adjusting cutter钢筋腐蚀reinforcement corrosion钢筋工作reinforcing work钢筋构成bar formation钢筋构架reinforcement frame钢筋骨构架焊接机reinforcing cage welding machine 钢筋骨架cage of reinforcement；framework of steel reinforcement；reinforcement cage钢筋规格bar gauge钢筋棍reinforcing rod；steel reinforcing rod钢筋和混凝土的共同酌mutual action of steel and concrete 钢筋横截面bar cross section钢筋混凝土armored concrete；armoured concrete；ferroconcrete；iron concrete；reinforced concrete；steel concrete钢筋混凝土坝reinforced concrete dam钢筋混凝土板armored concrete slab；armoured concrete slab；reinforced concrete slab钢筋混凝土工程reinforced concrete works钢筋混凝土构件reinforced concrete member钢筋混凝土构架reinforced concrete frame；reinforced concrete framework钢筋混凝土构件厂casting plant钢筋混凝土骨料aggregate for reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土骨架reinforced concrete skeleton frame 钢筋混凝土过梁reinforced concrete lintel钢筋混凝土管concrete reinforced pipe；reinforced concrete pipe (RCP)钢筋混凝土轨枕reinforced concrete sleeper；steel concrete sleeper钢筋混凝土合成梁steel concrete composite girder钢筋混凝土弧形闸门reinforced concrete radial gate钢筋混凝土基础reinforced concrete foundation钢筋混凝土剪力墙reinforced concrete shear wall钢筋混凝土建筑reinforced concrete construction钢筋混凝土建筑物concrete steel building钢筋混凝土结构reinforced concrete structure；reinforced framing钢筋混凝土结构规范code for reinforced concrete structure 钢筋混凝土井架concrete headframe钢筋混凝土空心板reinforced concrete hollow slab钢筋混凝土块结构reinforced concrete block construction 钢筋混凝土框架结构reinforced concrete frame structure钢筋混凝土拉杆reinforced concrete tie rod模板casting box；DNA；DNA templateDNA；follow board；form；form board；formwork；match board；match plate；mother plate；mould；moulding board；mounted pattern；mplate；pattern plate；shuttering；stencil；template；templet；templete模板安全性formwork safety模板保温form insulation模板比较template matching模板表面加工surface finish from formwork 模板工form fixer；form setter模板工作shuttering work模板骨架form cage模板胶合板form plywood模板接缝form joint模板拉杆form tie；formwork tie模板拉条form brace模板涂油form coatig；form coating模板支撑form bracing；form hanger；formwork supports 模板支架falsework模板支柱stud模板支撑装配form-tie assembly卷扬机drawing machine；hoist；hoisting machine；winch；windlass卷扬机卷筒lifting drum卷扬绳hoist rope；lift rope卷杨能力hoisting capacity凿岩机blast hole drill；bore hammer；drifting machine；drill carriage；drill hammer；drill jumbo；gadder；hammer drill；hammerdrill；jack drill；jack hammer；jackdrill；jackhammer；percussion borer；plugger；quarrying machine；rock boring machine；rock drilling machine 凿岩机司机drill runner测量admeasurement；gaging；measuration；measure；measurement；measurement；measuring；measuring out；mensuration；meterage；metering；survey；surveying；taking off测量比较仪measuring comparator测量比例尺survey scale测量臂gage beam测量变换器measurement translator测量变换器测量传感器measuring transducer测量标surveying marker测量标尺surveying rod；surveyor's rod测量标杆overcasting staff；surveyor's pole；surveyor's rod测量标记survey mark测量标石survey monument测量标志survey beacon；survey marker测量标桩measuring plug测量标准误standard error of measurement 测量补偿器measuring compensator测量不确定度uncertainty of measurement 测量不确定性measuring uncertainty测量长度gage length经纬仪altazimuth；altometer；theodolite；transit；transit instrument水准仪balance level；bubble level；gradienter；level；level gauge；level instrument；levelling box；levelling instrument；sight level；surveyor's level水准仪三脚架levelling tripod水准原点basic levelling origin；leveling origin水准仪常数level constant水准仪调节器level compensator水准仪管level tube水准原点basic levelling origin；leveling origin水准指示器stage indicator；water level indicator；water-level indicator钢结构steel construction；steel structure；steel work；steelwork钢结构安装工steel erector钢结构防火包壳encased steelwork for fireproofing；encasing steelwork for fire protection 钢结构工程steel structure work；structural steelwork基础布置图foundation arrangement drawing基础anlage；base；basis；bottom；foot；footing；foundation；fundament；grassroots；ground；infrastructure；rudiment；substructure；underpinning；understructure基础沉降foundation settlement；yielding of foundation基础底基foundation ground基础底面bottom of foundation；foundation bed基础底板foundation mat；foundation slab；sole plate基础底座sole plate基础地层学prestratigraphy基础工程foundation work基础类别base class基础结构base structure；foundation architecture 基础框架foundation framework 主体case；key body；main block；main body；main bulk；main part主体工程main work主体结构major structure主体框架main body frame图纸blueprint；drawing；drawing paper；drawing sheet；working drawing图纸名称designation of drawing；title of drawing图纸编号drawing number；图纸更改通知drawing change notice 图纸设计blue print；drawing design；layout design图纸资料information and drawing 图纸校正revision of map变更alteration；change；variation变更合同variation on contract变更记录change record变更通知field order施工construct；construction；execution；execution of works施工安装图construction and erection drawing 施工办公室building office施工便道pioneer road施工标桩construction stake施工布置图construction plan施工步骤construction procedure；construction steps施工材料费用cost of construction materials施工测量construction survey施工场地construction plant施工程序construction program；construction sequence；execution programme for works 施工程序表construction schedule施工程序网络图project network施工贷款construction loan施工单位builder；construction organization施工道路builder's road；construction road施工地点job location施工吊车construction hoist施工定额construction norm施工队construction corps；construction team施工方法construction methods；job practice；job practices施工方式form of construction work 施工费用construction cost施工缝construction joint；constuction joint施工工程construction work；construction works施工工程师construction engineer；operating engineer施工工期construction period施工工种construction trade施工管理construction management；construction practice；construction supervision；execution control施工规程construction regulations施工规模scope of construction item；size of construction施工过程work progress施工合同construction contract施工荷载construction loads；working load施工机械building machinery；construction equipment；construction machinery施工机械费cost of constructor's mechanical plant 施工机械化mechanization of building operation；mechanization of construction施工基面formation level施工计划construction plan；construction program(me)施工计划图execution scheme drawing施工监督monitoring；supervision；supervision of construction；supervision of works施工检查inspection of construction施工检查员construction inspector施工建议书construction recommendations施工阶段construction phase；construction stage施工进度construction progress施工进度表schedule of construction；schedule of operations；work-schedule 施工进度计划detailed construction schedule 施工经理construction manager施工经验construction experience施工卷扬机builder's hoist；builder's winch施工临时螺栓construction bolt施工坑道construction adit施工流水作业法construction streamline method 施工面积floor space under construction 施工平面图construction plan施工期construction period施工企业construction enterprises施工起重机construction hoist施工前阶段preconstruction stage施工区construction area施工缺陷constructional deficiency施工人员builder；constructor施工人员升降机personnel job hoist施工日志builder's diary施工容许误差construction tolerances；constuction fits施工设备construction equipment；plant for construction施工设计detailed engineering；tail design；working design施工水平仪builder's level施工说明general description of construction施工说明书construction specifications施工台架builder's staging质量保证计划quality control system质量保证控制程序quality assurance operating procedure 质量保证手册quality control (assurrance) manual 质量保证体系quality assurance (control) system质量保证验收标准quality assurance acceptance standard 质量保证制度quality certification system质量变坏debase质量标准quality level；quality specification；quality specifications；quality standard螺栓bolt；gudgeon；screw bolt；threaded bolt螺栓柄grip of bolt螺栓端bolt end螺栓杆bolt shank；shank of bolt螺栓杆bolt shank；shank of bolt螺栓钢料bolt stock螺栓固定bolting螺栓和螺母screw bolt and nut螺栓挤压bolt shank extruding螺栓间距pitch of bolts螺栓紧固bolt-on；bolt-up螺栓孔bolt hole；holes for screw螺栓孔数量number of bolt hole螺栓孔直径diameter of bolt hole螺栓连接bolt connection；bolt fastening；bolt joint；bolted connection；bolting；pin connection螺栓直径diameter of bolt螺栓中心圆直径diameter of centre hole in bolts 螺栓有效长度grip吊车crane；crane truck；derrick truck；hoisting machine；sling van；suspended ceiling吊车臂arm of crane；crane boom；gib arm of crane吊车吊架crane link吊车钢轨steel beam for crane吊车钢丝绳crane rope吊车轨crane rail吊车过头防止装置hoist over-wind device吊车梁crane (runway) girder开窗装置windowing facility平台deck；flat；flatbase；flatform；floor；gallery；level table；plain stage；platform；surface plate；table；terrace平台式框架结构platform frame construction 罐jar；kettle；pot；tank罐底tank bottoms电站electric station；generating plant；power plant；power station电站布置layout of power station电站厂房上部结构power-house superstructure电站厂房下部结构power-house substructure电站地上部分power-house superstructure block 电站地下部分power-house substructure block电站锅炉station boiler；utility boiler电站汽轮机power station steam turbine；steam-turbine for power plant电站设备power station equipment电站输水道plant waterway电站位置plant location电站装机容量installed capacity of power station；installed plant capacity污水处理厂sewage treatment works污水处理场sewage disposal plant；sewage farm；sewage thertment plant；waste water treatment污水处理系统sewage disposal system；sewage treatment system污水处理装置sewage-treatment plant污水净化池sewage purificer污水滤池sewage；sewerage filter污水量配池dosing chamber；dosing tank污水渗井leaching cesspool；pervious cesspool循环水系统circulating water system；circulation烟囱chimney；chimney flue；chimney stack；funnel；heating tube；shaft；smoke pipe；smoke stack；stack；stovepipe烟囱标志funnel mark烟囱标志灯funnel light烟囱抽风chimney draught；chimney ventilation；stack draught烟囱抽气罩chimney aspirator烟囱出灰门soot door of chimney烟囱调节风门funnel damper烟囱顶部chimney top；chimneyhead烟囱顶盖chimney pot烟囱顶罩funnel apron；funnel bonnet；funnel cap；funnel umbrella烟囱泛水chimney flashing烟囱废气stack gas烟囱风挡chimney damper烟囱风帽chimney cap；chimney cowl烟囱风门chimney damper；damper of chimney烟囱盖funnel cover烟囱高度chimney height；stack height烟囱隔板withe；wythes烟囱基座funnel base烟囱截面stack cross section烟囱连接段connected stack烟囱内衬chimney lining；flue lining烟囱排放smoke stack emission烟囱漆funnel paint烟囱身chimney shaft烟囱头smoke stack head化学水处理chemical water treatment沥青混凝土asphalt concrete；bituminous concrete沥青冷底子油asphalt primer；asphaltic base oil；bituminous primer；bituminous priming solution沥青块asphalt blocks沥青卷材屋面asphalt prepared roofing；asphalt roll roofing；bitumen felt roofing沥青结合层asphalt binder course；asphalt intermediate course；bituminous binder course沥青绝缘bitumen insulation沥青混凝土路面asphalt concrete pavement沥青锅asphalt heating pot沥青防潮层asphalt damp-proof course；bitumen damp-proof course沥青薄膜防水asphalt membrane water-proofing 沥青拌和装置bituminous mixing plant沥青asphalt；asphalt(um)；asphaltum；bitum；bitumen；mineral pitch；pitch；tar沥青拌合料压成的路面road mix surface沥青比值bitummen ratio油漆coating compound；oil paint；oil varnish；paint油漆工程painter's work抹灰plastering；rendering；troweling抹灰凹圆角plaster cove抹灰板条firring；furring；lath；rendering lath；single lath抹灰爆裂blowing of plaster抹灰层floated coat抹灰打底key rendering；pricking up；rendering抹灰的底层key floating抹灰的墙plastered wall抹灰底层key for plaster；plaster base；primary coat；rendering coat抹灰顶棚plastered ceiling抹灰格间floating bay抹灰工灰板plasterer's hawk抹灰工抹子plasterer's float抹灰工手锤lath hammer抹灰刮板wet screed抹灰厚度depth of plastering；thickness of plastering 抹灰护角条plaster bead；plaster head；plaster staff抹灰灰浆rendering mortar抹灰基层plaster base抹灰基层修整dubbing out抹灰空鼓gaul抹灰麻刀plasterer's hair抹灰面层finish coat of plaster；finish plaster；plaster skin coat；setting coat抹灰面疵病plastering defect抹灰面发裂crazing of plaster抹灰面刮尺floating rule抹灰泥刀plasterer's trowel抹灰腻子plasterer's putty抹灰平顶flat plaster ceiling抹灰砂plastering sand；rendering sand抹灰饰面floated finish抹灰天花板plaster ceiling panel；plaster ceiling slab抹灰托板hawk抹灰脱层addling抹灰线脚plaster moulding 抹灰压光面hard finish；putty coat；trowel finish in plastering 抹灰用钢丝网steel lathing抹灰用毛发plasterer's hair抹灰找准木条plaster grounds抹灰罩面层set；setting coat；skimming coat抹灰准尺nning rule抹灰准木plaster ground抹灰准条running screed；screed抹灰子float砖厂brick field；brickyard砖工bricklaying；brickwork砖过梁brick beam砖拱brick arch砖地面brick flooring砖壁brick wall砖衬brick lining；bricking；brick-set；lining防火砖fire proofing tile空心砖air brick；cavity brick；cell brick；holbrick；hollow block；hollow brick；hollow tile空心砖楼板构造hollow tile floor construction空心桩hollow pile焊接点pad；point of weld；soldering point；weld；wiped joint焊接方法welding method；welding process焊接钢结构welded steel structure焊接附件welded attachment焊接符号welding symbol焊接方向direction of welding；welding direction焊接方位direction of welding焊接板材的准备preparation of plates for welding 焊接变形welding deformations；welding distortion焊接部分welding portion焊接部件welding assembly；welding sub assembly焊接部位welding position 焊接残余变形welding residual deformation焊接残余应变residual strain by welding焊接残余应力residual stress by welding；welding residual stress焊接衬垫welding backing焊接程序welding procedure；welding procedure specification；welding sequence焊接程序评定welding procedure qualification 焊接的超声检验ultrasonic examination of welds 焊接的结构welded structure焊道bead；weld bead焊道裂纹bead crack焊道间未熔合incomplete inter-run fusion；inter-bead lack of fusion焊道隆起humping bead焊道弯曲试验Lehigh bead bend test焊点spot weld焊段长度length of increment焊缝bead；weld；weld bead；weld joint；welded joint；welded seam；welding seam焊缝背垫weld back-up焊缝背面back of weld焊缝边界toe of the weld焊缝边裂纹toe crack焊缝编号welding seam No焊缝表面face of weld；surface of weld；weld surface；zone of weld焊缝表面边缘weld edge焊缝波纹ripple；weld ripple焊缝成形appearance of weld；formation of weld焊缝长度fusion length；length of weld；weld length；welding bead length焊缝尺寸不对incorrect weld size焊缝处退火seam annealing焊缝对口错边量unfitness of butt weld焊缝反面加强weld root reinforcement焊缝反面坡口backing groove of weld焊缝高度weld bead height焊缝合格weld is accepted焊缝厚度actual weld-throat thick-ness；throat depth；throat thickness；weld thickness；weld throat；weld-throat thickness depth 焊缝加厚reinforcement of weld焊缝记号weld mark焊缝根部边缘root edge焊缝根部钝边root face of weld；shoulder of weld焊缝根部间隙root gap of weld；root opening of weld；weld root opening gap水气供热系统water air heating system水水加热器water to water heater水水系统water to water system水坝dam；weir水坝式发电站dam type power plant水坝排水闸dam outlet水坝取水口dam intake水泵compressed water pump；water pump；water pump水泵出水管water pump outlet pipe水泵房pump house；water pump house水泥拌合机cement mixer水泥标号cement grade；cement mark；fineness of cement；grade of cement水泥饼pat of cement水泥薄浆灌入injection of grout水泥厂cement mill；cement plant水泥成品finished cement水泥冲筋cement screed水泥袋bag of cement水泥地面cement floor；cement flooring；cement mortar flooring水泥钉cement nail；concrete nail；masonry nail水泥缝cement (cemented) joint；cement joint水泥工业cement industry水泥含量高的混凝土rich concrete水泥花砖cement tile水泥缓凝剂cement retarder水泥混凝土cement concrete水泥活性activity of cement水泥基粘结剂cement based adhesive水泥及土混合料soil cement 水泥计量器cement batcher水泥浆cement grout；cement paste；cement slurry；grout水泥浆灌法cement injection；cementation method 水泥浆刷面cement wash水泥浆涂料cement paint；cement-water paint 水泥浆找平cement screed；cement screeding水泥桨liquid cement水泥胶cement gel水泥胶结cement bond；cementing水泥焦渣cement cinder水泥焦渣预制块cement cinder block 砂浆mortar；sand pulp砂浆拌和机mortar mill砂浆标号grade of mortar；mortar grade砂浆衬里mortar lining砂浆垫层mortar bed砂浆钩缝mortar-calked joint 砂浆骨料mortar aggregate砂浆集料结合力mortar-aggregate bond (strength) 砂浆配合比mortar mix ratio砂浆铺砌mortar paving；paving with mortar砂浆砌砖brick laid with mortar砂浆强度mortar strength砂浆试块试验mortar-cube test砂浆养生curing of the mortar砂浆找平mortar levelling砂坑sand pit砂砾grail；granule；gravel；grit；gritting material；shingle砂粒sand grain；sand grains砂粒分析mechanical analysis of sand砂粒级配sand-grading预制precut；prefabricate；prefabricatel；prefabrication；preforming预制安装建筑prefabricated building预制板block；precast slab预制板材prefabricated panels预制板材施工法panel construction预制板楼盖precast slab floor预制板式房屋panel-type house；precast panel house预制板式结构precast-slab-type construction 返工do poorly done work over again 返工成本rework cost返工单位数reworked units返工和浪费rejection and waste返工损失率rate of rework losses操作人员attending personnel；operating personnel；operating staff；operation crews操作人员控制台operator's console操作人员误差personal error操作室cab；control room；manipulator cell操作事故operation accident；operation exception操作手册operation manual；workbook一次X射线primary X-ray合格accept；acceptability；acceptable；acceptance；all correct；conformity；合格标记proofmark合格不合格判别GO/NO judgement合格板on-gauge plate合格部分sound part合格操作工qualified operator合格产品目录qualified products list (QPL) 合格的acceptable；eligible；qualified合格的燃料proper fuel合格的人qualifier合格地下泵certified submersible sump 合格防火线certified fire lane合格分数passing score合格焊工qualification welder合格混凝土块grade block合格或不合格acceptance or rejection合格极限acceptance limit合格检查qualification test合格检验人competent surveyor 合格考试qualification test合格可靠性水平acceptable reliability level 合格粒度release mesh合格梁grade beam合格率percent of pass合格品acceptable end-product；quality part合格缺陷标准acceptable defect level合格设备proved apparatus；qualified apparatus合格试验qualification test合格条件acceptance condition合格土粒certified soil particle合格系数acceptance coefficient合格性qualification合格性检验approval test合格压条法certified marcottage合格油correct oil；corrected oil合格原料acceptable material合格证明conformity certificate合格证书certificate of qualification 合格值acceptance value合格指示器accepted indicator合格质量标准acceptable quality level (AQL) 合格质量水平acceptable quality level合格自动焊工qualification welding operator 通过approve；gate through；get by；get through；go in (on)；go-by；got by；pass；passage；plying；sift through；thread through；through；through the medium of通过测试pass test通过初审short-list进行测验test for进行carry through；line feed；make time；proceed；run进行连续取样run continuous samples进行实验experiment on；experimentize管道安装pipe installation；piping erection管道安装工pipe erecter；pipelayer管道安装图isometrics；piping erection drawing 管道保护pipe protection管道保温pipe insulation；pipe lagging；piping insulation管道泵inline pump管道泵站pipe-line pumping station 管道标称尺寸size of pipe and tubing管道布置piping layout；tube arrangemen管道布置图piping diagram管道材料pipeline material管道操作符pipe operator管道尺寸line size防腐antisepsis；antisepticise；antisepticize；asepsis；imbalm；mitigate corrosion；moth balling；防腐材料antiseptics防腐层anticorrosive coating；erosion resistant coating 防腐衬里anticorrosive lining；resistant lining防腐处理anti-corrosive treatment；antiseptic treatment；embalmment；preservative treatment防腐处理过的木桩treated pile防腐处理木材preservative-treated timber防腐的antiputrefactive；antiputrescent；antiseptic；antiseptic(al)；corrosion proof；corrosion resistant；rotproof防腐地面chemical proof floor防腐电杆treated wood pole防腐电缆anti-corrosion cable防腐法preservative process防腐工序preservative process防腐合金覆层木材kalamein sheathing防腐化合物corrosion preventive compound 防腐技术aseptic technic；aseptic technique防腐剂anticorrodant；anticorrosive agent；anticorrosive compound；antiseptic；antiseptic agent；antiseptic substance；antiseptical agent；antiseptics；aseptic；conserving agent；corrosion inhibitor；corrosion remover；preservative；preservative agent防腐配料antirust composition防腐漆anti-decaying paint；anti-fouling paint防腐条件aseptic condition防腐涂料anticorrosive paint；anti-corrosive paint防腐涂饰anticorrosive coating防腐要求requirement for anticorrosion 防腐油漆anti-corrosive paint；antifouling paint防腐作用preservation保温heat insulation；insulation work；lagging；thermal retardation保温板heated board保温材料heat insulating material；heat insulator；thermal insulating material 保温层insulating layer；insulation course保温层找坡insulation to falls保温衬里insulating lining保温工作heat insulation work保温管道utilidor保温管insulating tube保温炉die casting furnace；holding furnace；maintaining furnace保温内衬insulating lining保温木模板insulating form board 保温砖insulating brick保温毡insulation quilt保温性能heat-insulating property 烘干机dryer；drying apparatus；drying machine；warm air drier烘干器drying apparatus烘干砂baked sand烘干土oven-dried soil急救室first aid room急救站dressing station；first-aid station中心center；centrality；centre；centricity；centrum；epicenter；foco；heart中心板center plate 中心标度centre scale中心标记centre mark中心播送室main studio试验报告test report (TR)试验报告编号test report No试验标准test criteria；test norm试验步骤test procedure试验部分test portion试验部门testing department试验材料experimental material；test material试验参数test parameters试验厂trial plant试验厂规模pilot plant scale试验场experimental area；proof ground；proving ground；test site；testing field；testing ground；trial ground试验场地test site试验场设施proving-ground facilities 试验池test tank；testing tank试验次数。
混凝土结构基本原理课程英文
混凝土结构基本原理课程英文Concrete structures are widely used in the construction industry due to their durability and load-carrying capacity. Understanding the basic principles of concrete structures is essential for engineers and architects involved in designing and constructing buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure. This article aims to provide a brief overview of the fundamental principles of concrete structures.1. Constituent Materials:Concrete is made up of several constituent materials, including cement, aggregate (such as sand and gravel), water, and sometimes admixtures (chemical additives that enhance specific properties of concrete). Cement acts as a binder that holds the aggregate particles together, while water is necessary to initiate and facilitate the chemical reaction (hydration) that hardens the mixture into a solid mass.2. Mix Proportions:The proportions of cement, aggregate, and water in a concrete mix are critical for achieving the desired strength and durability. The mix design process involves selecting appropriate proportions based on the required properties and performance criteria of the structure. Factors such as strength requirements, exposure conditions, and construction methods influence the mix design process.3. Mixing and Placing:Concrete should be thoroughly mixed to ensure a uniform distribution of materials. Mixing can be done manually or using mechanical mixers. After mixing, the concrete needs to be placed into the desired location before it starts hardening. Proper placement techniques, such as vibration or compaction, are essential to minimize voids, ensure uniformity, and improve the strength and durability of the structure.4. Curing:Curing involves providing adequate moisture and temperature conditions to facilitate the hydration process, ensuring optimal strength development. Proper curing is crucial for preventing early-age cracking, reducing shrinkage, and enhancing the long-term durability of the concrete structure. Common curing methods include moist curing, ponding, and membrane curing.5. Structural Behavior:Concrete structures rely on the ability of concrete to resist various types of forces and loads. Understanding their structural behavior is vital for designing safe and economical structures. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension, which is why reinforcing steel is often used to provide tensile strength and enhance the overall performance of concrete structures. Understanding principles such as equilibrium, compatibility, and structural analysis methods helps engineers design efficient and stable concrete structures.6. Design Codes and Standards:Designing concrete structures involves complying with national or international design codes and standards. These codes provide guidelines, formulas, and safety factors for designing structures capable of withstanding expected loads and potential hazards. Understanding the relevant design codes is essential to ensure structural integrity and safety.7. Quality Control and Inspection:Quality control measures are necessary to ensure that the concrete used meets the required specifications. This includes conducting tests on constituent materials, monitoring concrete mix proportions, and inspecting the construction process to ensure compliance with the design requirements. Quality control measures help prevent potential structural defects and ensure the overall performance and durability of concrete structures.In conclusion, understanding the basic principles of concrete structures is vital for engineers and architects to design and construct safe and durable buildings and infrastructure. The constituent materials, mix proportions, mixing and placing techniques, curing methods, structural behavior, design codes, and quality control processes are essential aspects that contribute to the successful implementation of concrete structures.。
沥青混凝土中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照翻译Asphalt Mixtures-Applications, Theory andPrinciples1 . ApplicationsAsphalt materials find wide usage in the construction industry. The use of asphalt as a cementing agent in pavements is the most common of its applications, however,and the one that will be considered here.Asphalt products are used to produce flexible pavements for highways andairports. The term “flexible” is used to distinguish these pavements from those made with Portland cement, which are classified as rigid pavements, that is, having beam strength. This distinction is important because it provides they key to the design approach which must be used for successful flexible pavement structures.The flexible pavement classification may be further broken down into high andlow types, the type usually depending on whether a solid or liquid asphalt product is used. The low types of pavement are made with the cutback, or emulsion, liquid products and are very widely used throughout this country. Descriptive terminology附 录has been developed in various sections of the country to the extent that one pavement type may have several names. However, the general process followed in constructionis similar for most low-type pavements and can be described as one in which the aggregate and the asphalt product are usually applied to the roadbed separately and there mixed or allowed to mix, forming the pavement.The high type of asphalt pavements is made with asphalt cements of some selected penetration grade.中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献Fig. ·1 A modern asphalt concrete highway. Shoulder striping is used as a safely feature.Fig. ·2 Asphalt concrete at the San Francisco International Airport.They are used when high wheel loads and high volumes of traffic occur and are, therefore, often designed for a particular installation.2 . Theory of asphalt concrete mix designHigh types of flexible pavement are constructed by combining an asphalt cement, often in the penetration grade of 85 to 100, with aggregates that are usually divided into three groups, based on size. The three groups are coarse aggregates, fineaggregates, and mineral filler. These will be discussed in detail in later chapter.Each of the constituent parts mentioned has a particular function in the asphaltmixture, and mix proportioning or design is the process of ensuring that no function is neglected. Before these individual functions are examined, however, the criteria for pavement success and failure should be considered so that design objectives can be established.A successful flexible pavement must have several particular properties. First, itmust be stable, that is to resistant to permanent displacement under load. Deformation of an asphalt pavement can occur in three ways, two unsatisfactory and one desirable.附 录Plastic deformation of a pavement failure and which is to be avoided if possible. Compressive deformation of the pavement results in a dimensional change in the pavement, and with this change come a loss of resiliency and usually a degree of roughness. This deformation is less serious than the one just described, but it, too, leads to pavement failure. The desirable type of deformation is an elastic one, which actually is beneficial to flexible pavements and is necessary to their long life.The pavement should be durable and should offer protection to the subgrade. Asphalt cement is not impervious to the effects of weathering, and so the design must minimize weather susceptibility. A durable pavement that does not crack or ravel will probably also protect the roadbed. It must be remembered that flexible pavements transmit loads to the subgrade without significant bridging action, and so a dry firm base is absolutely essential.Rapidly moving vehicles depend on the tire-pavement friction factor for control and safety. The texture of the pavement surfaces must be such that an adequate skid resistance is developed or unsafe conditions result. The design procedure should be used to select the asphalt material and aggregates combination which provides a skid resistant roadway.Design procedures which yield paving mixtures embodying all these properties are not available. Sound pavements are constructed where materials and methods are selected by using time-tested tests and specifications and engineering judgments along with a so-called design method.The final requirement for any pavement is one of economy. Economy, again, cannot be measured directly, since true economy only begins with construction cost and is not fully determinable until the full useful life of the pavement has been recorded. If, however, the requirements for a stable, durable, and safe pavement are met with a reasonable safety factor, then the best interests of economy have probably been served as well.With these requirements in mind, the functions of the constituent parts can be examined with consideration give to how each part contributes to now-established objectives or requirements. The functions of the aggregates is to carry the load imposed on the pavement, and this is accomplished by frictional resistance and interlocking between the individual pieces of aggregates. The carrying capacity of the asphalt pavement is, then, related to the surface texture (particularly that of the fine aggregate) and the density, or “compactness,”, of the aggregates. Surfa ce texture中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献varies with different aggregates, and while a rough surface texture is desired, this may not be available in some localities. Dense mixtures are obtained by using aggregates that are either naturally or artificially “well graded”. This means tha that are either naturally or artificially “well graded”. This means that the fine t the fineaggregate serves to fill the voids in the coarser aggregates. In addition to affecting density and therefore strength characteristics, the grading also influences workability. When an excess of coarse aggregate is used, the mix becomes harsh and hard to work. When an excess of mineral filler is used, the mixes become gummy and difficult to manage.The asphalt cement in the flexible pavement is used to bind the aggregateparticles together and to waterproof the pavements. Obtaining the proper asphalt content is extremely important and bears a significant influence on all the items marking a successful pavement. A chief objective of all the design methods which have been developed is to arrive at the best asphalt content for a particularcombination of aggregates.3 . Mix design principlesCertain fundamental principles underlie the design procedures that have beendeveloped. Before these procedures can be properly studied or applied, someconsideration of these principles is necessary.Asphalt pavements are composed of aggregates, asphalt cement, and voids.Considering the aggregate alone, all the space between particles is void space. The volume of aggregate voids depends on grading and can vary widely. When the asphalt cement is added, a portion of these aggregate voids is filled and a final air-voidvolume is retained. The retention of this air-void volume is very important to thecharacteristics of the mixture. The term air-void volume is used, since these voids are weightless and are usually expressed as a percentage of the total volume of thecompacted mixture.An asphalt pavement carries the applied load by particle friction and interlock. If the particles are pushed apart for any reason , then the pavement stability is destroyed. This factor indicates that certainly no more asphalt should be added than the aggregate voids can readily hold. However ,asphalt cement is susceptible to volume change and the pavement is subject to further compaction under use. If the pavement has no air voids when placed, or if it loses them under traffic, then the expanding asphalt will overflow in a condition known as bleeding. The loss of asphalt cement throughbleeding weakens the pavement and also reduces surface friction, making the roadway附 录hazardous.Fig. ·3 Cross section of an asphalt concrete pavement showing the aggregate framework bound together by asphalt cement.The need for a minimum air-void volume (usually 2 or 3 per cent ) has been established. In addition, a maximum air-void volume of 5 to 7 per cent should not be exceed. An excess of air voids promotes raveling of the pavement and also permits water to enter and speed up the deteriorating processes. Also, in the presence of excess air the asphalt cement hardens and ages with an accompanying loss of durability and resiliency.The air-void volume of the mix is determined by the degree of compaction as well as by the asphalt content. For a given asphalt content, a lightly compacted mix will have a large voids volume and a lower density and a greater strength will result. In the laboratory, the compaction is controlled by using a specified hammer and regulating the number of blows and the energy per blow. In the field, the compaction and the air voids are more difficult to control and tests must be made no specimens taken from the compacted pavement to cheek on the degree of compaction being obtained. Traffic further compact the pavement, and allowance must be made for this in the design. A systematic checking of the pavement over an extended period is needed to given factual information for a particular mix. A change in density of several per cent is not unusual, however.Asphalt content has been discussed in connection with various facets of the ix design problem. It is a very important factor in the mix design and has a bearing an all the characteristics ld a successful pavement: stability, skid resistance, durability, and economy. As has been mentioned, the various design procedures are intended to provide a means for selecting the asphalt content . These tests will be considered in中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献detail in a future chapter ,but the relationship between asphalt content and the measurable properties of stability, unit weight, and air voids will be discussed here.Fig.4 Variations in stability, unit weight, and air-void content with asphalt cement content.If the gradation and type of aggregate, the degree of compaction, and the type of asphalt cement are controlled, then the strength varies in a predictable manner. The strength will increase up to some optimum asphalt content and then decrease with further additions. The pattern of strength variation will be different when the other mix factors are changed, and so only a typical pattern can be predicted prior to actual testing.Unit weight varies in the same manner as strength when all other variable arecontrolled. It will reach some peak value at an asphalt content near that determined from the strength curve and then fall off with further additions.As already mentioned, the air-void volume will vary with asphalt content. However, the manner of variation is different in that increased asphalt content willdecrease air-void volume to some minimum value which is approached asymptotically. With still greater additions of asphalt material the particles of aggregate are only pushed apart and no change occurs in air-void volume. In summary, certain principles involving aggregate gradation, air-void volume, asphalt content, and compaction mist be understood before proceeding to actual mix design. The proper design based on these principles will result in sound pavements. If these principles are overlooked, the pavement may fail by one or more of therecognized modes of failure: shoving, rutting, corrugating, becoming slick when the max is too …rich‟; raveling, cracking,having low durability when the mix is too …lean‟.It should be again emphasized that the strength of flexible is, more accurately, a附 录stability and does not indicate any ability to bridge weak points in the subgrade by beam strength. No asphalt mixture can be successful unless it rests on top of a properly designed and constructed base structure. This fact, that the surface is no better than the base, must be continually in the minds of those concerned with any aspect of flexible pavement work.中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献译文：译文：沥青混合料的应用、理论和原则1、应用沥青材料如今在建筑行业广泛使用。
外加剂基准混凝土凝结时间
外加剂基准混凝土凝结时间引言在建筑工程中，混凝土是一种常用的材料，被广泛应用于各种结构中。
为了提高混凝土的性能和使用寿命，常常会添加外加剂来改善其性能。
其中一个重要的指标就是混凝土的凝结时间。
本文将探讨外加剂对基准混凝土凝结时间的影响，并介绍一些常见的外加剂及其作用。
基准混凝土的特性基准混凝土是指未添加任何外加剂的普通混凝土。
其主要成分包括水泥、砂、骨料和水。
在施工过程中，通过搅拌、浇筑和养护等步骤，基准混凝土最终形成坚固的结构。
外加剂对基准混凝土的影响加速剂加速剂是一种常见的外加剂，可以显著缩短混凝土的初次和最终凝结时间。
它们通过促进水泥颗粒之间的化学反应来实现这一效果。
加速剂可以提高混凝土的早期强度，从而加快施工进度。
然而，过量使用加速剂可能会导致混凝土的收缩和开裂。
减缓剂减缓剂是另一种常见的外加剂，可以延长混凝土的凝结时间。
这对于大型施工项目来说非常重要，因为它给施工人员提供了更多的时间来操控混凝土。
同时，减缓剂还可以提高混凝土的流动性和可泵性。
塑化剂塑化剂是一类能够增加混凝土流动性和可塑性的外加剂。
它们通过改变水泥和骨料之间的相互作用来实现这一效果。
塑化剂可以使混凝土更易于施工和模具拆卸，并提高其表面光洁度。
空气包裹剂空气包裹剂是一种能够在混凝土中形成微小气泡并稳定其分布的外加剂。
这些微小气泡可以提高混凝土的抗冻融性能和耐久性。
空气包裹剂还能够降低混凝土内部应力和渗透性。
高性能混凝土外加剂高性能混凝土外加剂是一类特殊的外加剂，可以显著改善混凝土的性能。
它们可以提高混凝土的强度、耐久性和抗裂性能，同时降低渗透性和收缩率。
高性能混凝土外加剂常用于需要承受较大荷载或极端环境条件下的工程结构。
外加剂基准混凝土凝结时间测试方法为了评估外加剂对基准混凝土凝结时间的影响，通常使用以下测试方法： 1. 开始和终止时间法：通过观察混凝土表面开始变硬和完全干燥的时间来确定其凝结时间。
2. 压实法：使用压实仪测量在不同时间点施加相同压力时混凝土的变形情况，以确定其强度发展和凝结时间。
路基施工中水泥稳定混合料的配合比设计
路基施工中水泥稳定混合料的配合比设计摘要：水泥稳定混合料是一种半刚性基层材料，在国内外高速公路建设工程中被广泛用作道路基层、底基层填筑材料。
水泥稳定混合料的配合比方案直接影响到路面质量和道路的安全耐用性，施工时必须结合道路设计要求和相应原材料的特性进行配合比设计、试验和试铺。
关键词：道路；路基；水泥稳定；配合比；设计Abstract: the cement stabilized mixture is a kind of semi rigid base course materials, in the domestic and foreign highway construction project has been widely used as road base, filling material. Cement stabilized mixture proportioning scheme directly affects the quality of pavement and road safety durability, construction must be combined with the road design requirements and corresponding to the characteristics of raw materials, mix design, experiment and test shop.Key words: road; roadbed; cement stabilization; mix design;前言随着道路施工技术的发展，以沥青混凝土为代表的柔性路面具有了越来越高的稳定性和耐久性，这就对道路结构中用于承重的路基施工提出了更高的要求。
半刚性水泥稳定混合料具有良好的力学性能，适合于各种等级的道路施工，同时具有良好的抗滑、抗渗、耐疲劳的性能以及高温稳定性和低温抗裂性，因而被国内外道路工程广泛应用。
土木工程专业英语Chapter2
Chapter 2 Structural Material
2.1 2.2 2.3
Materials for Concrete and Mix Proportions
Properties of Concrete
Steel Materials
2.4
The aggregate’s physical and chemical properties also affect concrete properties; aggregate size, shape, and grade influence the cement of water required. For example, limestone aggregate requires more water than marble aggregate of similar size. Aggregate surface texture influences the bond between the aggregate and the cement paste. In properly mixed concrete, the paste surrounds each aggregate particle and fills all spaces between the particles. The elastic properties of the aggregate influence the elastic properties of the concrete and the paste’s resistance to shrinkage. Reactions between the cement paste and the aggregate can either improve or harm the bond between the two and consequently, the concrete’s quality.
英文翻译后
Concrete consist primarily of a mixture of cement and coarse aggregates (sand,gravel,crushed rock,and/or other materials)to which water has been added as a necessary ingredient for the chemical reaction of curing. The bulk of the mixture consists of the fine and coarse aggregates. The resulting concerete strength and durability are a function of the proportions of the mix as well as other factors, such as the concrete placing , finishing and curing history.混凝土主要由水泥和粗骨料（沙子、碎岩石和其它材料）的混合物构成，其中必须添加水以完成固化反应。
混合物的大部分是粗细沙石。
合成的混凝土的强度和耐用度受混合比例的影响，也受其它因素如混凝土浇注、精加工和固化时间等的影响。
The compressive strength of concrete is relatively high.Yet it is a relatively brittle material,the tensile strength of which is small compared with its compressive strength.Hence steel reinforcing rods(which have high tensile and compressive strength)are used in combination with the concrete;the steel will resist the tension and the concrete the compression.Reinforced concrete is the result of this combination of steel and concrete.In many instances,steel and concrete are positioned in members so that they both resist compression.混凝土的抗压强度相对较高。
土木工程外文翻译
英文翻译1外文原文出处：ACI Structural Journal; Nov/Dec2009, Vol. 106 Issue 6, p858-867, 10p, 2 Diagrams, 4 Charts, 6 Graphs.Gholamreza Fathifazl, A. G. Razaqpur, O. Burkan Isgor, Abdelgadir Abbas, Benoit Fournier, and Simon A再生骨料生产的钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯性能一种混合配制新方法被用于检测以粗再生混凝土骨料(简称RCA)制成的钢筋混凝土梁的弯曲性能，在这个方法中，RCA被视为由剩余砂浆和天然骨料两种材料组成的混合物；然而，当它以一定比例混合时，每个阶段的含量和性质就应该被分开来考虑。
几种钢筋混凝土梁的制作和测试过程都是采用了混凝土混合物设计的新方法，比如他们的挠度；开裂时刻，屈服时间，最终时刻；裂缝间距，开裂模式和失效模式等方面都还在研究中。
调查结果显示，在适用性和承载能力极限状态两方面表明，用RCA混合配制新方法制造的混凝土梁的抗弯性能要比传统的混凝土梁还好。
一般的弯曲理论和当前有关弯曲设计的规定是可行的，该规定对再生钢筋混凝土梁不进行任何的更改。
关键字：弯曲强度；混合物比例；钢筋混凝土；可操作性能；废物管理。
简介尽管经济和环境因素有利于用再生混凝土骨料(简称RCA)作原料的RCA混凝土的生产，但是建筑业已不能容纳它,特别是在结构应用性方面，部分原因正如以前的研究结论所说的那样，RCA混凝土从本质上来说比用天然骨料制造的常规混凝土差一点。
在过去，混合物配制新方法在常规混凝土原料上所做的修改，就是用来设计RCA 混凝土混合物的。
主要修改就是增加了水泥量，但没有考虑RCA混凝土的剩余灰浆体积分数。
虽然在水泥量、水灰比(w/c)以及RCA混凝土的混合比例方面做了适当的调整，所造出的混凝土比最早先生产的RCA混凝土具有更高的抗压强度。
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K. C. Hover
interface and within the paste. Voids in the paste range from capillary pores of 10 nm to 1 pm in approximate diameter5*6 to gel pores of only l-10 nm in equivalent diameter. Aggregate pores are minimized by appropriate aggregate selection, as little can be done to alter aggregate porosity. Cohen7 showed how mineral admixtures can dramatically reduce paste/aggregate interface porosity. Our primary subject in this paper, however, is the paste porosity itself, as indicated in Fig. 1.’ The ‘fuzzy’ ball-shaped objects are hydrating grains of cement, with hydration products forming on the grain surfaces. Cement grains connected to their neighbors via hydration products provide the microstructural framework in the hardened paste for the transfer of loads. The large volume of interstitial void space evident in the figure is striking, however, and it is through these voids that deleterious gases, liquids, and dissolved solids move through the paste. It is also evident that an improvement in the mechanical behavior of the paste, as well as an improvement in durability could be achieved by finding ways to move the cement grains closer to one another, enhancing their mutual bond, and reducing the interstitial void space. It is also evident that it would not be necessary to
eliminate the void space altogether to improve durability; it would be necessary only to block the connectivity of the pores so that gases and liquids could no longer permeate the paste. For these reasons, most of our standard practices for concrete construction have as their objective the minimization of paste porosity, which consequently increases both strength and durability. Low water/cement ratio, control of water addition, consolidation of fresh concrete, and curing so as to maintain appropriately warm and moist conditions for development of the hydration products all reduce porosity and decrease the average proximity of cement grains. Curing is essential because grain-to-grain bonds are established as hydration products extend from grain surfaces, and such development is temperatureand moisture-dependent. Consolidation attempts to remove additional void space contributed by air trapped in the concrete as a result of placing. Control of water addition seeks to minimize the void space occupied by mix water, as does control of water/cement ratio as discussed in the next section. CONTROL OF WATER/CEMENT RATIO: ESSENTIAL WITH OR WITHOUT ADMIXTURES When the relationship between the total mix water and the total amount of cement is expressed as a volume ratio rather than the more common weight or mass basis for water/ cement ratio, the importance of the relationship becomes clear, as shown in Fig. 2.
ratio, durability, mixture proportioning, water-reducers, superplasticizers, microstructure, admixtures.
INTRODUCTION
the purpose of increasing the durability of conprimarily by means of decreasing crete, permeability and improving mechanical properties. Such improvements not only slow the rate of ingress of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and dissolved solids, but also provide increased resistance to stresses generated by external or internal loads. External loads include typical service loads, impact, or abrasion, while internal loads include internal expansion of freezing water, alkali-silica gel, swelling aggregates, Ettringite crystals, or thermal stresses. At the heart of this paper is the principle that all such benefits are derived from a densified microstructure of the hardened cement paste. This densification can be theoretically achieved from judicial use of water and cement alone, but pragmatically, can only be realized in other than laboratory conditions through the use of chemical admixtures, or mineral admixtures, or both. When concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures while in a near saturated condition, air entraining admixtures can be added to the concrete to provide necessary frost resistance, another aspect of ‘durability’. Air entrained concrete is a separate topic within concrete material technology (and discussed in detail elsewherelm4), and is not addressed in this paper.
BACKGROUND: PASTE MICROSTRUCes on the use of normal-, mid-, and high-range water-reducing admixtures for