Screening Azadirachta indica tree for enhancing azadirachtin and oil contents in dry areas of Gu
高二英语下学期第二学段(期中)试题 文-人教版高二全册英语试题
天水一中2015-2016学年第二学期高二第二阶段考试试卷英语须知事项：1.本试卷分第1卷〔选择题〕和第II卷〔非选择题〕两局部。
2.答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考号填涂在答题卡相应的位置。
3. 全部答案在答题卡上完成，答在本试卷上无效。
4. 考试完毕后，将答题卡交回。
第I卷〔选择题〕第一局部阅读理解〔共两节，总分为40分〕第一节〔共15小题；每一小题2分，总分为30分〕阅读如下短文，从每题所给的四个选项〔A、B、C和D〕中，选出最优选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
AChoose Your One-Day-Tours!Tour A—Bath &Stonehenge including entrance fees to the ancient Roman bathrooms and Stonehenge —￡37 until 26 March and ￡39 thereafter.Visit the city with over 2,000 years of history and Bath Abbey, the Royal Crescent and the Costume Museum, Stonehenge is one of the world’s most famous prehistoric monuments dating back over 5,000 years.Tour B—Oxford & Stratford including entrance fees to the University St Mary's Church Tower and Anne Hathaway's —￡32 until 12 March and ￡36 thereafter.Oxford: Includes a guided tour of England's oldest university city and colleges. Look over the “city of dreaming spires(尖顶〕〞from St Mary’s Church Tower. Stratford: Includes a guided tour exploring much of the Shakespeare wonder.Tour C—Windsor Castle &Hampton Court including entrance fees to Hampton Court Palace —￡34 until 11 March and ￡37 thereafter.Includes a guided tour of Windsor and Hampton Court, Henry VIII’s favorite palace. Freetime to visit Windsor Castle(entrance fees not included).With 500 years of history, Hampton Court was once the home of four Kings and one Queen. Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction. Visit the palace and its various historic gardens, which include the famous maze(迷宫)where it is easy to get lost!Tour D—Cambridge including entrance fees to the Tower of Saint Mary the Great—￡33 until 18 March and ￡37 thereafter.Includes a guided tour of Cambridge, the famous university town, and the gardens of the 18th century.1. Which tour will you choose if you want to see England’s oldest university city?A. Tour AB. Tour BC. Tour CD. Tour D2. Which of the following tours charges the lowest fee on 17 March?A. Windsor Castle & Hampton CourtB. Oxford & StratfordC. CambridgeD. Bath & Stonehenge3. Why is Hampton Court a major tourist attraction?A. It is a world-famous castleB. It used to be a well-known mazeC. It is the oldest palace in BritainD. It used to be the home of royal familiesBThe kids in this village wear dirty, ragged clothes. They sleep beside cows and sheep in huts made of sticks and mud. They have no school. Yet they all can chant the English alphabet, and some can make words.The key to their success : 20 tablet computers(平板电脑) dropped off in their Ethiopian village in February by a U.S. group called One Laptop Per Child.The goal is to find out whether kids using today’s new technology can teach th emselves to read in places where no schools or teachers exist. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers analyzing the project data say they’re already amazed. “What Ithink has already happened is that the kids have already learned more than they would have in one year of kindergarten,〞 said Matt Keller, who runs the Ethiopia program.The fastest learner—and the first to turn on one of the tablets—is 8-year-old Kelbesa Negusse. The device’s camera was disabled to save memory, yet within weeks K elbesa had figured out its workings and made the camera work. He called himself a lion, a marker of accomplishment in Ethiopia.With his tablet, Kelbasa rearranged the letters HSROE into one of the many English animal names he knows. Then he spelled words on his own.“Seven months ago he didn’t know any English. That’s unbelievable,〞 said Keller.The project aims to get kids to a stage called “deep reading,〞 where they can read to learn. It won’t be in Amharic, Ethiopia’s first language, but in English, whic h is widely seen as the ticket to higher paying jobs.4.How does the Ethiopia program benefit the kids in the village?A. It trains teachers for them.B.It helps raise their living standardsC. It contributes to their self-study.D. It provides funds for building schools.5.What can we infer from Keller’s words in Paragraph 3?A.They need more time to analyze data.B.He is confident about the future of the project.C.More children are needed for the research.D.The research should be carried out in kindergartens.6.It amazed Keller that with the tablet Kelbesa could _______.A. learn English words quickly.B. draw pictures of animals.C. write letters to researchers.D. make phone calls to his friends.7.What is the aim of the project?A. To offer Ethiopians higher paying jobs.B. To make Amharic widely used in the world.C. To help Ethiopian kids read to learn in English.D. To assist Ethiopians in learning their first language.CIt was once common to regard Britain as a society with class distinction. Each class had unique characteristics.In recent years, many writers have begun to speak the“decline of class〞and “classless society〞in Britain. And in modern day consumer society everyone is considered to be middle class.But pronouncing the death of class is too early. A recent wide-ranging society of public opinion found 90 percent of people still placing themselves in particular class; 73 percent agreed that class was still a vital part of British society; and 52 percent thought there were still sharp class differences. Thus, class may not be culturally and politically obvious, yet it remains an important part of British society. Britain seems to have a love of stratification.One unchanging aspect of a British person’s class position is accent. The words a person speaks tell her or his class. A study of British accents during 1970s found that a voice sounding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the most attractive voice, Most people said this accent sounded “educated〞and “soft〞. The accents placed at the bottom in this study, on the other hand, were regional〔地区的〕city accents. These accents were seen as “common〞and “ugly〞. However, a similar study of British accents in the US turned these results upside down and placed some regional accents as the most attractive and BBC English as the least. This suggests that British attitudes towards accent have deep roots and are based on class prejudice.In recent years, however, young upper middle-class people in London, have begun to adopt some regional accents, in order to hide their class origins. This is an indication of class becoming unnoticed. However, the 1995 pop song “Common People〞 puts forward the view thatthough a middle-class person may “want to live like common people〞 they can never appreciate the reality of a working-class life.8. A recent study of public opinion shows that in modern Britain ________.A. it is time to end class distinctionB. most people belong to middle classC. it is easy to recognize a person’s classD. people regard themselves socially different9. The word stratification in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________.A. divisionB. varietyC. authorityD. qualification10. The study in the US showed that BBC English was regarded as _________.A. regionalB. educatedC. unattractiveD. prejudiced11. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The middle class is expandingB. A person’s accent refle cts his classC. Class is a key part of British societyD. Each class has unique characteristics.DWould it surprise you to learn that, like animals, trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth to the next generation?UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined .Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest, Simard shows just how wrong he was. In fact, the opposite is true: trees survive through their co-operation and support, passing around necessary nutrition “depending on who needs it〞.Nitrogen〔氮〕and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi〔真菌〕networks, making sure that all trees in the forest ecological system give and receive just the right amount to keep them all healthy. This hidden system works in a very similar way to the networks of neurons〔神经元〕in our brains, and when one tree is destroyed, it affectsall. Simard talks about “mother trees〞, usually the largest and oldest plants on which all other trees depend .She explains how dying trees pass on the wealth to the next generation, transporting important minerals to young trees so they may continue to grow .When humans cut down “mother trees〞with no awareness of these highly complex “tree societies〞or the networks on which they feed, we are reducing the chances of survival for the entire forest.“We didn't take any notice of it .〞Simard says sadly. “Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying, but we never give them chance.〞If we could put across themessage to the forestry industry, we could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future.12.The underlined sentence “the opposite is true〞 in Paragragh2 probably means thattrees________.A. compete for survivalB. depend on each otherC. provide support for dying treesD. protect their own wealth13. “Mother trees〞 are extremely important because they________.A. look the largest in size in the forestB. know more about the complex “tree societies〞C. pass on nutrition to young treesD. seem more likely to be cut down by humans14. The underlined word “it〞in the last paragraph refers to .A. how “tree societies〞workB. how trees grow oldC. how forestry industry developsD. how young trees survive15. What would be the best title for the passage?A. Old Trees Communicate Like HumansB. Young Trees Are In Need Of ProtectionC. Trees Contribute To Our SocietyD. Trees Are More Awesome Than You Think第二节根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最优选项。
银杏树介绍英语作文
The Ginkgo Biloba,a living fossil among the plant kingdom,has been a subject of fascination for many due to its unique characteristics and rich history.This ancient tree,known for its distinctive fanshaped leaves and resilience,has been a part of the Earths ecosystem for over200million years,surviving multiple extinction events that wiped out many of its contemporaries.One of the most striking features of the Ginkgo Biloba is its foliage.The leaves,which emerge in a unique shape reminiscent of a fan or a ducks foot,are a vibrant green during the spring and summer months,providing a refreshing canopy of shade.As autumn approaches,these leaves transform into a stunning golden hue,creating a breathtaking display of color that is unmatched by many other species.This visual spectacle is not just aesthetically pleasing it also serves a functional purpose,as the tree prepares for the winter months ahead.The Ginkgo Biloba is not only a visual marvel but also a survivor.It has adapted to various climates and environments,from the harsh winters of the northern hemisphere to the warmer climates of the east.This adaptability has allowed the Ginkgo to thrive in urban settings,where it is often used as a street tree due to its tolerance to pollution and ability to withstand the rigors of city life.Its roots,although they can spread wide, are not invasive,making it an ideal choice for areas with limited space.In addition to its aesthetic and adaptive qualities,the Ginkgo Biloba has been revered for its medicinal properties.Its leaves,seeds,and nuts have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries,believed topossess properties that can improve memory,circulation,and overall health.Modern research has begun to explore these claims,with some studies suggesting that compounds found in Ginkgo leaves may indeed have beneficial effects on cognitive function.The cultural significance of the Ginkgo Biloba extends beyond its practical uses.In many Asian cultures,the tree is seen as a symbol of longevity and good fortune.Its ability to live for thousands of years,outlasting many civilizations,has imbued it with a sense of wisdom and timelessness.In Japan,for example,Ginkgo trees are often planted near temples and shrines,where they are believed to offer protection and blessings.One cannot discuss the Ginkgo Biloba without mentioning its role in the natural world.As a dioecious plant,meaning it has separate male and female trees,the Ginkgo relies on pollinators for reproduction.The male trees produce pollen,which is carried by the wind to the female trees, where fertilization occurs.This process is a testament to the trees resilience and adaptability,as it has managed to survive and reproduce despite the absence of its closest relatives.In urban landscapes,the Ginkgo Biloba serves as a bridge between nature and the city.Its presence in bustling city centers reminds us of the importance of preserving green spaces and the value of biodiversity.The trees ability to withstand pollution and adapt to urban environments is a testament to its resilience and a reminder of the need for sustainable urban planning that incorporates greenery.In conclusion,the Ginkgo Biloba is more than just a tree it is a symbol of endurance,a source of inspiration,and a testament to the interconnectedness of life on Earth.Its unique characteristics,rich history, and cultural significance make it a fascinating subject for study and appreciation.As we continue to learn more about this ancient species,we are reminded of the importance of preserving and protecting the natural world for future generations to enjoy.。
沙美特罗联合甲泼尼龙治疗重症支气管哮喘的效果观察
牙周指数相关指标水平，减少短期复发率，可为后续该类患儿治疗方式的改进提供理论支持。
4 参考文献[1]Silva LA, Romualdo PC, Silva RA,et al. Antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide with or without chlorhexidine as intracanal dressing in primary teeth with apical periodontitis[J]. Pediatr Dent, 2017,39(1):28-33.[2] 郭莉,陈曦,李佩,等.Vitapex 糊剂在根管治疗乳牙慢性根尖周炎中的效果分析[J].现代生物医学进展,2017,17(27):5287-5289.[3] 张安安,王莹,贺晓丽,等.Vitapex 糊剂用于乳牙根管治疗的临床疗效观察[J].中国临床医生杂志,2017,45(4):90-92.[4]Chen X, Liu X, Zhong J. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of pulpectomy in primary teeth: A 18-months clinical randomized controlled trial[J]. Head Face Med, 2017,13(1):12.[5] 石四箴.儿童口腔科学[M].3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2008:80-107.[6] 张勇哲,张宇,王多诚,等.两种不同糊剂治疗慢性根尖周炎的疗效对比[J].重庆医学,2018,47(6):791-793.[7] 曾素娜.Vitapex 糊剂联合根管填充治疗小儿乳牙慢性根尖周炎研究[J].中国地方病防治杂志,2018,33(5):580.[8]李玲,杨细虎,李俊.乳牙根尖周炎对继承恒牙发育影响的影像学研究[J].口腔医学研究,2021,37(11):994-998.[9]Tanvir Z, Jabin Z, Agarwal N, et al. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of nanosilver solution, Azadirachta indica, sodium hypochlorite, and normal saline as root canal irrigants in primary teeth[J]. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent, 2023,41(1):76-82.[10] 邹帆.常规根管治疗与一次性根管治疗慢性根尖周炎效果对比[J].现代诊断与治疗,2021,32(22):3606-3607.[11] 赵如玲,朗江蓉,马婷婷,等.一次性根管治疗术与常规根管治疗术治疗根尖周炎的效果对比[J].中国实用医刊,2020,47(7):72-75.[12] Cenk H, Erdogan Y, Goksin Ş, et al. Irritant contact dermatitis caused byzinc oxide eugenol and formocresol used in dental operation[J]. J Cosmet Dermatol, 2021,20(6):1946-1947.[13] 王贵玲.Vitapex 糊剂治疗对乳牙慢性根尖周炎儿童疗效NLRP-3IL-1β及IL-18的影响[J].中国妇幼保健,2021,36(20):4732-4734.[14] Bresolin CR, Marques RPS, Okamura B,et al. Efficacy of an iodoform-based filling material for pulpectomy of primary teeth: A 24-month non-inferiority randomized clinical trial[J]. Int J Paediatr Dent, 2022,32(5):668-677.[15] 刘倩.口腔种植修复在牙周炎牙列缺损患者中的应用效果[J].当代医学,2021,27(16):122-124.[2023-12-08收稿]支气管哮喘是一种由于气道慢性炎症、气道高反应性、病毒感染等多种因素引起的慢性气道炎症，可导致患者反复发作喘息、胸闷、咳嗽、气促等症状[1]。
值得引种开发利用的经济林木——印度楝
值得引种开发利用的经济林木——印度楝
陈温舒
【期刊名称】《生物质化学工程》
【年(卷),期】1990(000)006
【摘要】印度楝(Azadirachta indica A.Juss.)又名Melia azadirachta、Melia indica(A.Juss) Brand,俗称neem、neem tree、margosa tree,属楝科(Meliaceae)。
原产印度-巴基斯坦次大陆及缅甸。
印度楝速生常绿,树高10～20米,直径30～80厘米,树皮灰色、厚,呈鳞片状,内皮粉红色。
具收敛性无涩味,树皮单宁含量高。
核果,长圆形,13～20毫米长,由淡黄色转变为紫色,果肉带苦味;种核大,椭圆形,内含一粒大籽。
树龄四、五年生时,果
【总页数】3页(P34-36)
【作者】陈温舒
【作者单位】中国林业科学研究院林产化学工业研究所
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TQ351
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介绍木棉花树的英文作文
介绍木棉花树的英文作文The Magnificent Kapok Tree.Nestled in the heart of tropical regions, the kapoktree stands tall and proud, a symbol of resilience and vitality. With its distinctive red flowers bloomingbrightly against the green foliage, the kapok tree is a beautiful sight that captures the essence of tropical beauty.The kapok tree, scientifically known as Ceiba pentandra, belongs to the Malvaceae family. Native to Central andSouth America, it has since spread to various tropical regions around the world, including Asia and Africa. Its name, derived from the Nahuatl word "kapok," means "cotton" in Spanish, referencing its light, fluffy seed pods that resemble cotton balls.The kapok tree is a large deciduous tree, typically growing to heights of up to 30 meters. Its trunk is thickand strong, with a distinctive fluted bark that peels offin long, fibrous strips. The branches spread out widely, forming a dense canopy that provides shade and shelter to a diverse range of wildlife.The leaves of the kapok tree are large, green, and heart-shaped, with a distinctive veining pattern. They flutter gracefully in the breeze, creating a rustling sound that adds to the tranquility of the tropical forest. The flowers of the kapok tree are its most striking feature, blooming in clusters at the tips of the branches. They are a bright red color, sometimes with orange or yellow hues, and are shaped like stars, with five petals and a yellow center. The flowers bloom year-round, but their abundance peaks during the rainy season.The kapok tree is not only visually appealing but also holds significant ecological value. It plays a crucial role in soil conservation and water regulation, stabilizing slopes and preventing erosion. Its dense canopy traps rainfall and releases it slowly, ensuring a constant supply of water to the surrounding plants and soil. The tree alsoprovides habitat and food for a variety of animals, including birds, monkeys, and insects.The kapok tree has also been used by humans for various purposes. The soft, fibrous inner bark has beentraditionally used for making rope, fishing nets, and even clothing. The wood of the kapok tree is strong and durable, making it suitable for construction and furniture making. However, due to its slow growth rate and the availability of other more economically viable materials, its use in these industries has declined in recent years.Despite its多功能性和 ecological importance, the kapok tree faces several threats today. Deforestation, urbanization, and agricultural expansion have led to the loss of its natural habitats. Wildfires and climate change have also taken a toll on the species, affecting its population and genetic diversity.Fortunately, conservation efforts are being made to protect the kapok tree. Its inclusion in protected areas and conservation programs helps ensure its survival andallows its population to recover. Additionally, education and awareness-raising campaigns are aimed at increasing public understanding of the tree's value and the need to conserve it.In conclusion, the kapok tree is a remarkable species that embodies the essence of tropical beauty and vitality. Its beauty, ecological importance, and culturalsignificance make it a cherished part of our natural world. It is our responsibility to ensure its survival and protect its habitats, so that future generations can also witness the magnificence of the kapok tree.。
苦楝油 Neem Oil
苦楝油Neem Oil苦楝油英文：Neem Oil苦楝树是已被证实具有多种疗效的印度传统药草，可抗细菌和病毒，预防感染。
可用于治疗腹泻、发烧、烧伤、泌尿系统疾病、皮肤疾病和发炎症状。
由于用处多多，已赢得“奇迹树”的美名。
苦楝树和从种子提炼的苦楝油都可作药用。
苦楝油可用在种植，宠物，消毒环境以及手工皂。
苦楝油含有一种称为印楝素(Azadirachtin)的化学成分，具有强效的抗微生物活性，同时具有杀虫效果，可用来作为天然杀虫剂，市售的杀虫剂商品内也会添加这种成分。
借由喷洒苦楝萃取液，可使植物变得不好吃，而阻止昆虫取食。
如昆虫继续取食，则会抑制昆虫的产卵和脱皮能力。
对人、动物、鸟类无害无毒，完全环保.但是因为印度苦楝温和而环保的资材，并非一般的化学农药、杀虫剂,所以并不会马上毒杀昆虫，会慢慢使昆虫无法进食、成长及繁殖而死亡。
作用方式主要是让昆虫不喜欢停留喷洒的区域而离开需要保护的植物，并且吸收到印度苦楝而发生发育不全的状况，所以需要一段时间（昆虫的发育周期大约7到14天)。
苦楝油防制的范围十分广泛，包含蚜虫、吉普赛舞蛾、潜叶性昆虫、尺蠖蛾、粉介壳虫、蓟马和粉虱等。
也可杀死重要性害虫，如马铃薯叶甲虫、玉米穗虫、叶跳甲虫等，另外对于白粉病、露菌病、炭疽病、锈病等亦有防制效果。
用于预防病虫害: 苦楝油加水稀释200倍(害虫),稀释500倍(虫子)。
早晨或傍晚均匀喷洒植物全株使用，当温度高于32度时，注意药害发生情形。
宠物除虫用: 将2-5ml苦楝油加入100ml洗毛精中摇匀使用。
环境喷雾: 加水稀释200倍喷。
苦楝油稀释后会慢慢失效,请于12小时内用完。
用前需搖晃均匀。
P.S.：水温在35度以下以免破坏驱虫成分。
Oil- 苦楝油" title="Neem Oil- 苦楝油"action-data="http%3A%2F%%2Fbmiddle%2F 6c51dcb5gaa9b0317594f%26690" action-type="show-slide">在芳疗师的药典里，它经常可与精油调和，用来处理伤口，切割伤与擦伤，它具有极佳的抗霉菌效果，所以对抗香港脚十分有效。
植物王国英语翻译
3D技术揭示了一个全新的层面，在植物的生命，从最离奇最美丽的。
在这种耸人听闻的系列，拍摄超过一年的过程中，戴维·阿滕伯勒探索他们迷人的世界。
3D微距摄影中使用三维时间推移和开拓技术，他从他们的土地上开始追溯其性质的重要场所今天，一路上露出新的启示。
他走到他们从我们的时间尺度，揭示植物的本色，是每一个位动态和积极的作为动物的生物。
大卫发现这是肉眼看不见的微观世界，昆虫饲料和品种，花的荧光和植物相互沟通与动物利用气味和声音。
他会见了非凡的动物和真菌有牢不可破的关系，与植物的世界，从天蛾和蝙蝠微小的箭毒蛙...Using pioneering techniques in 3D macro and time-lapse photography, he traces them from their beginnings on land to their vital place in nature today, exposing new revelations along the way. He moves from our time scale to theirs, revealing the true nature of plants as creatures that are every bit as dynamic and aggressive as animals. And he does all this in one unique place, a microcosm of the whole plant world where some 90% of all known plant species are represented: The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. This spectacular adventure through the Kingdom of Plants is so immersive and compelling it has the capacity to amaze even the least green-fingered.Episode 1: Life in the Wet ZoneDavid begins his journey inside the magnificent Palm House, a unique global rainforest in London. Here, he explores the extraordinary plants that are so well adapted to wet and humid environments and unravels the intimate relationships between wet zone plants and the animals that depend on them.It was in the wet zones of the world that plants first moved on to land and in the Waterlily House David reveals how flowers first evolved some 140 million years ago.Watching a kaleidoscope of breath-taking time-lapses of these most primitive of flowers swelling and blooming in 3D, he is able to piece together the very first evolutionary steps that plants took to employ a wealth of insects to carry their precious pollen for the first time.David discovers clues to answer a question that even had Charles Darwin stumped: how did flowering plants evolve so fast to go on to colonise the entire planet so successfully? He marvels with signature enthusiasm at orchids, the largest family of flowering plants.Many of these captivating flowers evolved to be pollinated by a single insect species and in doing so developed such complicated contraptions of pollination it’s hard to imagine anything more beautiful. One orchid even looks like a bee.Episode 2: Solving the SecretsDavid uses the latest 3D technology to explore a world beyond the confines of our human senses. He begins with the secret world of plant movement and uses sinister carnivorous plants to show just how active plants can be.Bladderwort utricularia is a pond-dweller that is among the fastest known, its traps snapping shut in less than a millisecond.As the seasons change, David demonstrates how plants operate on a different time scale to us; how they modify their lives according to the time of year. We discover insects’hidden links with plants, both as pests and pollinators. UV-sensitive 3D cameras reveal the invisible alter-ego of plants and their flowers’mesmerizing patterns; a parallel-dimension of strange colours and stunning patterns through which plants communicate with them.With the aid of visual effects, David steps among the swirling vortices of plant scent; communication signals with which plants are inextricably plugged in to the natural world. And using a tuning fork, he demonstrates how plants and insects can even communicate with music.As autumn envelopes the Gardens, fungi reveal themselves not as the enemies of plants but their vital allies. In Kew’s atmospheric Fungarium, David discovers a specimen that has the power of mind control and another that lives underground where it has grown to be so big it can be counted as the largest single organism on the planet. It is 6 times bigger than Kew Gardens itself.David concludes the film in the Princess of Wales Conservatory, where he meets an old friend, the great Titan arum. At 8ft tall, it is the largest flower in the world and a plant he remembers from a previous filming trip to Sumatra. Using heat sensitive cameras, David reveals the Titan arum’s secrets, how it uses a combination of heat and powerful scent to punch a hole in the stratified layers of air in the rainforest, enabling it to broadcast its presence across vast distances.Episode 3: SurvivalDavid discovers the plants that have evolved to shed their dependency on water enabling them to survive in the driest environments.The story begins at midnight in midsummer as David steps into the Princess of Wales Conservatory to witness the extraordinary nocturnal blooming of a cactus. The queen of the night, with its giant flowers, is the centre piece of a stunning symphony of cacti blooms that burst open in the desert (and at Kew) at night. In a mesmerizing 3D slow motion sequence, we discover the extraordinary connections between cacti and their natural pollinators: bats.The scene typifies the unique splendour of the 3D experience as bats seem to fly out of the screen and into the viewers’ living room.As the sun rises, David meets other amazing plants. Species like the century plant, theAgave franzosini, which grows steadily for over 50 years, only to then flower itself to death with one mighty telegraph pole sized bloom which literally bursts out of the roof of Kew’s green house.Cracking the code to plants’ survival strategies is the key to protecting their future and Kew have built a high tech long-term solution fifty miles south of the Gardens. Described as mankind’s ultimate insurance policy, and with 10% already safely stored deep frozen, Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank has the capacity to store seeds from the vast majority of remaining species of plant on the planet, thus saving plants from extinction in the future.。
金沙江干热河谷人工林地表的蚂蚁群落
金沙江干热河谷人工林地表的蚂蚁群落李巧;卢志兴;张威;马艳滟;冯萍【摘要】Objective]Because of the fragile ecological environment in arid-hot valleys of Jinsha River,Yunnan Province,China,the region has been the hot spots of vegetation restoration for which plantation is the main model. To reveal the diversity status of these plantations,and the potential role in biodiversity protection,the ground-dwelling ant community was studied in 7 different plantations in Jinsha River arid-hot valleys,by comparing the difference of ground-dwelling ant community in terms of species composition and diversity. It would be reference for revegetation and biodiversity protection in the arid-hot valleys.[Method]The experimental sites were in the Desert Ecosystem Observation Station of the State Forestry Administration in Yuanmou County. The sampled plots were set in the following tree plantations: Eucalyptus spp.; Jatropha carcas; Jatropha carcas +Leucaena leucocephala; Azadirachta indica; Azadirachta indica + Acacia auriculiformis; Azadirachta indica + Acacia glauca and Azadirachta indica + Leucaena leucocephala. Investigation of ground-dwelling ant community was carried out by pitfall trappings in all 7 plantations in April ( dry season) and August (wet season),2011,respectively. At each plot,two-three 200 m transects were established for ant collection. The 20 pitfall traps with 50ml 50% glycerol were set along each transect at 10 m intervals at ground level.Pitfall traps were made from plastic containers,8 cm diameter and 15 cm deep,covered by a stone plate to protect the trapfrom rain. Traps were set for 5 days. The contents of each transect were placed separately in plastic bottles and deposited in 95%alcohol.[Results]The resultswere as follows: 1 ) Ant community composition: 4001 ant individuals were collected,representing 36 species in 17 genera and 5 subfamilies. The collected Myrmicinae subfamily had the most abundant genus and species,with 18 species in 6 genera,followed by Formicinae with 10 species in 5 genera,then Dolichoderinae with 6 species in 4 genera,and the last groups were Ponerinae and Aenictinae,each only with 1 sepcies and 1 genus. The genus of Tetramorium had the most abundant species with 6 species,followed by genus Monomorium with 4 species. There were 2 127 ant individuals representing 18 species captured in dry season ( i. e. in April) ,among which,Tapinoma melanocephalum and Monomorium chinensis were the most abundant. In wet season ( i. e. in August) , there were 1 874 ant individuals were captured,amongwhich,Iridmyrmex anceps and Tetramorium cuneinode were the most abundant. There was significant difference of ground-dwelling ant community species composition between dry season and wet season. The ant community in wet season could indicate that the species composition accorded to the features of the vegetations. 2) Ant abundance and diversity: among 7 plantations,the ant abundance in Azadirachta indica plantation was highest regardless the season,and was significantly higher than that in Eucalyptus spp. plantation and Azadirachta indica + Leucaena leucocephala or Acacia glauca plantation. The ant species richness in Azadirachta indica + Acacia auriculiformis plantation was the highestamong all plantations,and ant species richness was lowest in Eucalyptus spp. plantation. There was no significant difference in species richness among the plantations in dry season. However,in wet season,the ant species richness in Azadirachta indica + Acacia auriculiformis plantation was significantly higher than that of other 6 plantations. There was low similarity of ant community composition among all selected plantations,which suggested higher β diversity. [Conclusion]The results indicated that Azadirachta indica + Acacia auriculiformis plantation has positive role in local biodiversity protection,and should be selected as a good model in restoration. The other 6 plantations also have certain role in increasing the biodiversity in regional level,owing to their different ant species composition.%【目的】比较金沙江干热河谷地区7种人工林地表蚂蚁群落的物种组成及多度和多样性，揭示各种人工林生物多样性状况及其对当地生物多样性保护的意义，为云南干热河谷地区的植被恢复和生物多样性保护提供参考。