实用文体翻译第4讲EST
高职高专实用英语Unit 4课文+译文

Unit 4TrainA train is a connected series of vehicles for rail transport that move along a track to transport cargo or passengers from one place to another. The track usually consists of two rails, but might also be a monorail or maglev guideway.Propulsion for the train is provided by a separate locomotive. Most modern trains are powered by diesel locomotives, although historically (from the early 19th century to the mid-20th century) the steam locomotive was the dominant form of locomotive power.There are various types of train designed for particular purposes. A train can consist of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars.A passenger train may consist of one or several locomotives, and one or more coaches. Passenger trains travel between stations, at which passengers may board and disembark. In most cases, passenger trains operate on a fixed schedule and have superior track occupancy rights over freight trains.Oversight of a passenger train is the responsibility of the conductor. He or she is usually assisted by other crew members, such as service attendants or porters. During the heyday of North American passenger rail travel, long distance trains carried two conductors: the aforementioned train conductor, and a Pullman conductor, the latter being in charge of sleeping car personnel.Some passenger trains, both long distance and short distanced, may use bi-level (double-decker) cars to carry more passengers per train. Car design and the general safety of passenger trains have dramatically evolved over time, making travel by rail remarkably safe.Freight trains comprise wagons , though some parcel and mail trains are more like passenger trains. Much of the world's freight is transported by train, and in the United States the rail system is used more for transporting freight than passengers. Under the right circumstances, transporting freight by train is highly economic, and also more energy efficient than transporting freight byroad. Rail freight is most economic when freight is being carried in bulk and over long distances, but is less suited to short distances and small loads.译文列车列车是铁路运输中连接起来的一组车辆,它们在轨道上行驶,从一地向另一地运输旅客或货物。
科技文本翻译

英语科技文章在词汇方面的另一特征是使用大量 派生词,包括动词和形容词的名词化,即在动词 后加词缀-ation、-ment、-ence、-al、-sion等构成 名词,在形容词尾加-ability、-ty等构成名词。派 生名词的使用可以有效简化叙事层次和结构,减 少从句的使用频率,从而使科技英语的行文更加 直接、精炼。汉语以动词占优势,可以以动词连 用表达动作概念,英语以名词占优势,尤其是科 技文章,因此在翻译中不管是英译汉还是汉译英 都应注意顺应译入语特点。
人们普遍认为陆地动物是由海洋动物进化而来。
Land animals are generally believed to have developed from sea animals.
英语是屈折语言,主要依赖形态表意,而一般认为汉语没 有屈折形态变化,主要依仗词汇表意。因此,不论英译汉 或汉译英科技文章,都应该注意译入语特点。英译汉时, 常常要将英语以屈折形态变化表达的语法意义转换为汉语 的词汇意义,加词意译就不可避免。汉译英时,则需将许 多汉语的词汇意义转换为英语的屈折式。
1.词汇特点(lexical features) 专业术语的大量使用,排斥多义性,即一个术语在某个学
科中一般只能具有唯一意义。(多义势必造成歧义,从而 引起概念混乱,论点模糊)
有时,同一词语在不同学科中甚至是概念截然不同的术语, 如seed在植物学中意为“种子”,而在体育科学中则为 “种子选手”;transmission在无线电工程学中意为“发射、 播送”,在机械学中意为“传动、变速”,在物理学中为 “透射”,在医学中为“遗传”。
尽管有效地抗菌素特别是青霉素应用已久,但肺 炎球菌病仍然造成大量死亡,患有慢性病的人尤 甚。
实用文体翻译教程(英汉双向)课件(董晓波主编)第四章新闻文体的

第四章新闻文体的翻译新闻文本是英语中常见的实用文本之一。
新闻传播作为一种有组织的大众传播形式,随着现代传播手段的不断更新、变化,已由原来的仅以报刊为主的传播手段逐渐发展成为包括阅读、视听、网络传播在内的多种手段。
新闻的种类很多。
按传播工具,可分为网络新闻报纸新闻、杂志新闻、广播新闻、电视新闻、有线电视新闻和通讯社新闻。
按新闻发生的地域和范围,有国际新闻、国内新闻和地方新闻;按报道的内容课分为政治新闻、经济新闻、科技新闻、文化新闻、体育新闻及娱乐新闻等若干类;按体裁分,新闻主要有三大类:消息(news reporting)、特写(features)和新闻评论(commentaries)按照事件的性质,新闻还可以分为“硬新闻”和“软新闻”两大类。
硬新闻即纯消息报道指题材比较严肃、具有一定时效性的客观事实报道;软新闻则指人情味较浓、写法轻松活泼的社会新闻,题材可能略显陈旧或无关紧要,但绝非枯燥乏味。
可见新闻翻译涉及的范围极为广泛。
第一节新闻文体的语言特点与翻译一.新闻文体的语言特点新闻语体属于中性语体。
对英语而言,实际通用的中性语体就是标准英语(Standard Engish)或者叫做通用英语(General English)。
这是受教育者、出版机构和广播、电视等媒体使用最广泛的语体,比商议语体更正式一些,但还达不到正式语体的程度,这是为了满足媒体大众化的需求而采用的语体。
其词汇、语法、拼写和语音层面等方面都力求符合大众需求。
词汇通用、易懂、多样;句法结构正统、完整、简洁;逻辑关系严谨、明确。
新闻语体的翻译在原则上应当与新闻写作的语体保持一致。
既然新闻写作使用中性语体,翻译自然也应当使用中性语体。
英译汉要采用现代标准汉语——普通话;汉译英要采用标准英语。
在词汇层面使用通用、易懂、鲜活的词语;在语法层面使用正统、完整句法和简洁的句式;在语篇上使用规范、严谨的衔接手段,以充分实现朴实型、新颖性、具体性、简明性等新闻文本特点。
科技英语翻译

科技英语翻译科技英语(English for Science and Technology,简称EST)是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语,是英语的一种变体(科技文体)。
科技英语自70年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和研究,目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体。
本节所讨论的科技英语主要指描述、探讨自然科学各专业的著作、论文、实验报告,科技实用手段(包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等)的结构描述和操作说明等。
一、科技英语的文体特点科技英语由于其内容、使用域和语篇功能的特殊性,也由于科技工作者长期以来的语言使用习惯,形成了自身的一些特点,使其在许多方面有别于日常英语、文学英语等语体。
这些特点主要表现在词汇和句法两个层面上:(一)词汇层面(1)专业术语多。
专业术语指某一学科领域所特有或专用的语汇,其词义常不为专业外读者所明白,如cryogenics (低温学)、norepinephrine (新肾上腺素)等。
这些专业术语的特点是:a. 词形较长,大多含有源于拉丁语、希腊语和法语的词根、词缀。
这类词语的语义范围较为狭窄,意义较为明确固定,符合科技英语准确明晰的要求。
如:nucleonics (核子学),semisomnus (半昏迷),autoradiography (自动射线照相术),excoriation (表皮脱落)等。
b. 多复合词。
人们常常通过各种构词方法创造出一些复合词来表示科技发展中出现的新事物,如radiophotography (无线电传真),anti-armored fighting vehicle missile(反装甲车导弹)等。
c. 多缩略词。
为使用便利和节省时间,科技英语同经贸英语一样,也有许多缩略词,如cpd (compound化合物),FM (frequency modulation 调频),telesat(telecommunications satellite通讯卫星)等。
(2)准专业术语和词汇多。
科技英语翻译

第一章概论1.科技英语翻译的概念翻译包括口译和笔译.在笔译中,又可分为科技翻译、文学翻译、政论文翻译和应用文翻译等等.翻译就是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来".因而,翻译本身并不是一门独立的创造性科学,它既带有创造性,又带有科学性,它是用语言表达的一门艺术,是科学性的再创作。
随着国际学术交流的日益广泛,科技英语已经受到普遍的重视,掌握一些科技英语的翻译技巧是非常必要的。
科技英语(English for Science and Technology,简称EST)。
作为一种重要的英语文体,与非科技英语文体相比,具有词义多、长句多、被动句多、词性转换多、非谓语动词多、专业性强等特点,这些特点都是由科技文献的内容所决定的.因此,科技英语的翻译也有别于其他英语文体的翻译。
2. 科技英语翻译的标准及要求科技英语的语域特征有别于其它语篇体裁。
充分认识和把握好科技英语的语体特征,对于研究科技翻译的标准,从而真正实现翻译中的语际意义转换,达到功能对等具有重要意义.综合以上分析,科技英语翻译的标准及要求可定位于以下几方面。
(一)准确性科技英语由于语场,语旨而决定其翻译也有别于其它翻译形式。
对于一般翻译,译文必须忠实于原文内容。
科技英语翻译除要忠实反映原文内容外,还要确保其信息传递的准确性.科技译文一般不用或很少用"可能",”大概"等模棱两可的修饰语言.因此,准确性是科技英语翻译最重要的标准。
失去了"准确性”,科技翻译就失去了灵魂(许树椿:4MNE)。
要保证科技译文的准确性,译者必须精心研究原文,充分理解原文,然后用准确流畅的译入语表达。
(二)通顺完整性通顺既包括译文的表达,也包括译文的完整.表达是译者在理解原文的基础上,把所理解的东西用另一种语言阐述的过程.这一过程必须在确切理解原文的前提下进行,并且在尽量保持原文表达形式的同时,必须保证译文合乎译入语的规范,行文尽量通顺流畅,简单明了,让读者一看就懂。
EST 术语与名词化结构翻译

1)Formula one racing一级方程式赛车2)obese specialist vs. obesity specialist胖专家与肥胖病专家3)different sensitivity vs. difference sensitivity不同的敏感性与敏感性差异4)Some reactions such as those between soluble acids and bases occur very rapidly.有些反应,如酸碱溶液之间的反应进行的很快。
5)Convert the following denary numbers base 8.把下列各十进制数换算成以8为基值的数。
6)Large missiles are typically witho ut a rail launching system, and whether tied do wn o r simply standing o ntheir base is subject to wind effects.大型导弹一般是没有导轨发射系统的,不论是系装还是竖立在发射场上,都受风的影响。
7)The base is the fo undation of all the machines and is the part on which all other parts are mo unted.底座是所有机器的基础,所有其它部件都固定在它上面。
8)The co llector, the emitter and the base fo rm the three regions of a transisto r.集电极、发射极、基极三者形成晶体管的三个区。
9)They made their base at Cape Evans and planned the jo urney to the Pole in three stages.他们在埃文斯海角建立了大本营,并计划分三个阶段来完成到南极的全部旅程。
EST-4

句子的翻译
Lecture ----March 29,2010
句子成分的翻译
主语的译法 谓语的译法 表语的译法 宾语的译法 定语的译法 状语的译法
主语的译法
照译 转译
转译为谓语 转译为宾语 转译为定语 转译为状语
"直译"练习
转译为主语
Boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere. 沸点的定义 定义就是气压等于大气压时的温度. 定义 Tests showed that the cooling air must flow at a rate of at least 17 m/s. 实验表明,冷却空气的流速至少应为17 m/s. Black holes act like huge drains in the universe. 黑洞的作用 作用像宇宙中巨大的吸管 作用
转译为宾语-- Passive voice: 主宾互换
Passive voice: 主宾互换,无主句或泛指人称代词作主语 主宾互换, To get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed. 为了使火箭各级全部离开地面,需要有一个巨大的第一次推 力. Work must be done in setting a body in motion.(P261) 使一个物体运动,就必须做功. Nuclear energy thermoelectric generators are proposed as power sources for the solar system deep space explorers. (P261) 有人建议将核能温差电池用作太阳系远程空间探测器的能源.
实用文体-商务英语翻译

行文严谨
• 1. This Agreement is made and entered into in Shanghai on 18th May, 2003 by and between AA (hereinafter referred to as the “Seller”) and BB (hereinafter referred to as the “Buyer”). • 本协议由 AA(以下称“卖方”)和 BB 以下称“买方”) 于 2003 年 5 月 18 日在上海签订。 • 2. In the event the Buyer does not furnish the Seller with shipping information on or before May 19, 2003, the Seller may at his option cancel this contract. • 若买方未在 2003 年 5 月 19 日或上此之前向卖方提供装 船通知,卖方可撤销本合同。 • 3. Any and all notices and communications in connection with the Contract shall be written in the English language. • 所有与本合同有关的通知和通讯均用英文书写。 • 4. Shipment is to be made in two equal lots at an interval of 30 days. • 货分两批按相等数量间隔 30 天装运。
措辞委婉
• 1) Enclosed please find a copy of our price list. • 随函寄上我方的价目表一份,请查收。 • 2) However, up to the present writing, we have not had the pleasure of hearing from you. • 然而,迄今为止未见贵方赐复。 • 3) We should be much obliged if you could make us a firm offer for 100 tons. • 如能报给我方一个一百吨的实盘,我方将不胜感激。 • 4) If you will kindly inform us as to his financial standing, reliability and reputation for paying bills, we shall greatly appreciate the favor. • 如蒙贵方将他的信用状况、财务情况及付款方面的信誉情 况告知我方,我方将非常感谢。
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I. What Is EST ?
English for Science and Technology (EST) is a functional varying style. It is a scientific and technological register formed by scientists and technicians to meet the needs of communication in the field of science and technology. It is a language used by scientists and technicians in a special situation. From the register’s viewpoint, EST is the register of science and technology for modern English.
2. Word Formation of EST Lexicon
sources of EST words
A. From common words:
power (功率), cap (盖层), bed (岩床)
B. From Latin and Greek roots and affixes:
geography, geology, geosciences, geophysics, geopark, geochemistry, geothermy, geophone, geodynamics
English for Specific Purposes (ESP)
Lecture One
An Introduction to English for Specific Purposes (ESP)
Contents
1
2 3 4
5
What Is EST?
Characteristics of EST Principles for EST Translation Aesthetic Orientation in EST Translation
1. Lexical Features of EST
Classification of EST Lexicon
Nontechnical words
English Vocabulary Function words: a, the, if, but, and, or, in, of Other general words: man, sun, it, red, fast, very Semi-technical words (半技术词): circuit, pressure, power, friction Sub-technical words (次技术词): gravity, bearing, calcium, weld Highly technical words (纯技术词): pupil, binary, resistor, thinning Rare technical words (罕用技术词): rutterite (微斜钠长岩)
5) Onomatopoeia (拟声法)
40%
30%
25%
粘附词根 bound root 粘附词素 屈折词缀 (只有后缀,不生成新词) bound 词缀 inflectional affix 派生词缀 (前缀、后缀,生成新词) affix morpheme derivative affix 单一自由词素 free morpheme 构成 单纯词 simple word 如 take, come, back, red, man 等 自由复合词 free compound (两个或两个以上自由词根构成)comeback 复合词 粘附复合词 bound compound 词 compound (两个或两个以上粘附词根构成) word word (此外,还 anthropocentric (人类中心说的) 由两个粘附词根构成 有缩略词) “anthropo- (人,人类)” 和 “-centric (以…为中心的)” 自由派生词 free derivative word 派生词 (自由词根+词缀 构成)mistake,unmistakable derivative 粘附派生词 bound derivative word word (粘附词根+词缀 构成)exceed,proceed
词素 morpheme
自由词素 free morpheme
自由词根 free root
1) Derivation (Affixation)
Derivation ( 派 生 法 ), also known as affixation (词缀法): a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word.
on
language
appropriate to those activities in lexis, syntax, discourse, semantics and so on, and analysis of the discourse; ·EST is in contrast with ―General English‖.
II. Characteristics of EST
·EST is designed to meet specific needs of the learners; ·EST is related in content to science and technology;
·EST
is
centered
1) high frequency words 500 core words: 70% (50 function words) (400 other general words) (50 general semi-technical words)
II. Characteristics of EST
II. Characteristics of EST
1. Lexical Features of EST Classification of EST Lexicon
Business and Finance Agriculture Common MedicineCore
Petroleum
IT
II. Characteristics of EST
Technical words
N o distinct division
II. Characteristics of EST
616,500 words (OED2 in 1989)
Distribution of Petroleum English Vocabulary (16,000w)
2) middle frequency words 4200 general words: 25% (3000 other general words) (1200 other semi-technical words)
EST’s position in ESP
ESP (English for Specific / Special Purposes) has traditionally been divided into two main areas: English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and English for Occupational Purposes (EOP). The classification can be presented in a tree diagram, which divides EAP and EOP according to discipline or professional area. From the figure, we can see that EST belongs to EAP.
II. Characterisive style to exchange information, EST demands that the writers should state matter-of-fact descriptions with concise words, and they should avoid using meaningless words to have messages rendered accurately and efficiently. To sum up, EST put emphasis on descriptions of objectivity, judgment of facts or the reasoning of logical definitions. Therefore, EST embodies accuracy, logicality and objectivity, different from literary English that tends to seek elegant style or carry strong personal emotions or inclinations of the authors.